Academic literature on the topic 'Labour-abundant economy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Labour-abundant economy"
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Samusenko, Svetlana A. "What Drives Labour Productivity Growth: A Case of Regional Economy." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 14, no. 12 (December 2021): 1873–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0866.
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Labour productivity is a driver of national competitiveness, economic growth, and living standards. Labour productivity of the Russian economy is significantly lower than that of developed countries, and the gap is increasing. Labour productivity for most Russian regions tends to be lower than the average across the country. Those regions, where it is higher than the average, are resource-abundant. This article studies the drivers of regional labour productivity across a particular resource-abundant region and its sectors. We used regional statistical data from the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krai) statistical service. We evaluated the contribution of labour productivity across industries to the regional average and studied the impact of human capital quality, capital-labour ratio, and multifactorial productivity. Our results showed the predominant contribution of the export-oriented and mining sector to regional labour productivity growth. Moreover, we found that a significant driver was physical capital. A notable result was the increasing impact of multifactor productivity for many sectors
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Sultana, Tahmina, Md Moniruzzaman, Mrittika Shamsuddin, and Mohammad Tareque. "Endogenous growth model of a labour-abundant and land-scarce economy." Journal of Social and Economic Development 21, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40847-019-00088-8.
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Ommer, Rosemary E. "Merchant Credit and the Informal Economy : Newfoundland, 1919-1929." Historical Papers 24, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031001ar.
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Abstract Merchant credit systems and household production have usually been examined historically as two distinct entities which either bore no relationship to one another or else operated in opposition. This paper proposes instead that there has existed a somewhat unequal symbiosis between these two economic systems, not only in the early of settlement when labour was scarce, but also under conditions of abundant labour. It further suggests that merchant credit can fruitfully be regarded as the forerunner of state welfare systems insofar as both have provided the start-up capital for informal economies which, in their turn, then operate as an essential safety net for people living in marginal economies.
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Coxhead, Ian, and Muqun Li. "PROSPECTS FOR SKILLS-BASED EXPORT GROWTH IN A LABOUR-ABUNDANT, RESOURCE-RICH DEVELOPING ECONOMY." Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 44, no. 2 (August 2008): 209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00074910802168998.
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Imdad Ali Khowaja, Sikandar Hussain Soomro, and Muhammad Nawaz. "The Role of Small and Medium Enterprises in Perspective of Labour Abundant Economy of Pakistan." Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH) 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51872/prjah.vol3.iss1.83.
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The small and medium enterprise sector has played a significant role in theincome and employment generation in the developed and developingeconomies. The current study is conducted to find out the potential of theSMEs to achieve the economic and social objectives. The survey data of 300SMEs indicates the wider gap between the demands for SME financing and thesupply-side. The test result p<0.05 indicates that the lack of access to capitalinvestment, finance, and support from the public sector institutions to upgradethe technology and commutation means are the major obstacles for the SME'sto scale-up their performance in the current market reforms. While the resultof the regression model (r=0.992) indicates a strong correlation between thevariables. In fact, those SME's had overcome the issues of technology,communication, dearth of functional barriers because they had the access tothe formal sources of financing. Therefore, to attain the target of 10 millionjobs and reduce unemployment in the country, the policymakers have to makenecessary arrangements to establish new financial sources and facilitate theexisting financial firms to expand their network for the advancement andmodernization of SMEs operating in the formal and informal fold of theeconomy.
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Sengenberger, Werner. "INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE." Polityka Społeczna 551, no. 2 (February 29, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.8779.
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The foundation of the International Labour Organization is the off spring of a reform project to improve labour conditions in the face of revolutionary movements during and after World War I. In its 100-year history, the ILO has created a comprehensive system of minimum international labour standards largely laid down in Conventions and Recommendations, together with a supervisory mechanism and technical assistance for the application and control of the norms. The ILO norms are universally valid, independently of a country’s level of development, culture, tradition, and category of worker or enterprise. Conventions classifi ed as fundamental are rated as human rights. They have to be respected and promoted by ILO member countries independently of ratification. ILO labour standards are directed to set an eff ective fl oor to wages, hours of work, conditions of employment and social services for all countries engaged in international competition in order to prevent social dumping and achieve fair and stable globalization. The relevance of the standards has grown with the successive stages of global economic interdependence and integration, driven by multi-national companies, cross-national supply chains and trade agreements. Abundant empirical evidence shows that the observance of ILO rules generates economic, social and political dividends
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Tschirley, David L., and Rui Benfica. "Smallholder agriculture, wage labour and rural poverty alleviation in land-abundant areas of Africa: evidence from Mozambique." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 2 (June 2001): 333–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003585.
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This paper challenges the conclusions of earlier writers regarding the roles of smallholder agriculture, commercial agriculture and wage labour in rural poverty alleviation in Mozambique. We review literature from across Sub-Saharan Africa and use recently collected household level data sets to place Mozambique within this literature. Results show that, as in the rest of SSA, wage labour earnings are concentrated among the best-off rural smallholders; these earnings increase income inequality rather than reducing it. Results also suggest that the same set of households, who are substantially better-off than others, has tended to gain and maintain access to the ‘high-wage’ end of the labour market over time. Key determinants of access to ‘high-wage’ labour are levels of education and previously accumulated household wealth. Income from wage labour plays a key role in lifting out of relative poverty those ‘female-headed’ households that can obtain it, yet only about one in five such households earns wage income. We stress that the rural development question in Mozambique, and elsewhere in SSA, should not be framed as an artificial choice between promoting either wage labour opportunities or commercial agriculture or smallholder agriculture. The issue is what mix of approaches is needed to develop a diversified rural economy with growing total incomes, improving food security and rapid reductions in poverty. We suggest that commercial agriculture and increased rural wage labour are important components in any such strategy, but that this strategy will fail without substantial and sustained increases in the productivity and profitability of smallholder agriculture.
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Singh, Bharat. "Analysis of Composition of Workers in Indian Manufacturing Industries." Journal of Business Management and Information Systems 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/jbmis.2015.0201011.
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The Hecksher Ohlin (H-O) theoretical arguments and their further implications drawn by the Stopler-Samuelson model argue that, based on factor cost advantages, the labour surplus developing economies would have comparative advantage in producing and exporting labour intensive products, while the capital abundant developed economies would have comparative advantage in producing and exporting capital intensive products. This in turn would generate demand for less skilled workers in the developing economy and that of more skilled workers in the developed economies. However, contrary to the H-O trade theoretic predictions of rising relative demand for sector specific unskilled or less skilled employment in developing economies, empirical evidence for India suggests a different picture across different industries in Indian manufacturing sector.
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Inikori, Joseph E. "Africa and the globalization process: western Africa, 1450–1850." Journal of Global History 2, no. 1 (March 2007): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022807002045.
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The article examines the debate on globalization as a historical process and provides a context for the assessment of western Africa’s long-run contribution to the process, the main subject of the article. It argues that the process began in the Atlantic basin in the sixteenth century; in the nineteenth, it gave rise to an integrated Atlantic economy, the nucleus of the modern global economy. The process involved the transformation of the predominantly subsistence economies of the Atlantic basin in 1450 to market-based economies before their integration by the Atlantic market could occur. Large-scale specialization of the plantation and mining economies of the Americas was central to the transformation process. Because of abundant land, large-scale plantation agriculture in the Americas was made possible by coerced African labour. In the end, the unique characteristics of the export slave trade that supplied coerced African labour to the Americas retarded the development of the market economy in western Africa and kept the region’s economies out of the integrated commodity production processes of the Atlantic economy until that trade ended in the mid-nineteenth century. The analysis of the commercializing process in the Atlantic basin and its causal link to England’s Industrial Revolution, with its new technologies, and to the establishment of the integrated nineteenth-century Atlantic economy presents a powerful argument that places Africa at the centre stage of the globalization process
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Ahmed, Ayaz, Henna Iftikhar, and G. M. Chaudhry. "Water Resources and Conservation Strategy of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 997–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.997-1009.
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Water is one of the basic necessities of life. God has gifted Pakistan with abundant water resources, with rivers flowing down the Himalayas and Karakoram heights from the world’s largest glaciers and free and unique bounty for this land. Pakistan is basically an agrarian economy. Out of its total geographical area of 79.61 million hectares, cultivated area is 22.05 million hectares. The total area under irrigation is 19.02 million hectares [Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan (2005-06)]. Irrigated land supplies more than 90 percent of agricultural production and most of the country’s food. Agriculture sector is regarded as the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. It contributes 25 percent of the GDP. About more than 50 percent labour force is employed in this sector. Agriculture sector is also the major user of water and its consumption will continue to dominate water requirement. Similarly, for industrial development main source of energy is hydropower which is generated by dint of water stored in big dams and reservoirs. Therefore the importance of the water for the survival of our economy cannot be denied.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labour-abundant economy"
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Nguyen, Kien Trung. "Economic reforms, manufacturing employment and wage in Vietnam." Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/11889.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine patterns and determinants of manufacturing employment and wages in Vietnam during the process of economic transition from a centrally planned to a market- oriented economy during the period 1990-2011.
The thesis begins with an interpretative survey of the theoretical and empirical literature on manufacturing employment and wages in a labour-abundant economy, in order to provide the analytical context for the Vietnam case study. The second chapter surveys the market-oriented economic reforms in Vietnam over the last quarter century, with special emphasis on policies directly relevant for examining labour market outcomes. The next four chapters form the analytical core of the thesis. Chapter 4 examines structural changes in employment patterns in the economy with emphasis on the shift in the patterns of labour deployment from agriculture to manufacturing. Chapter 5 probes the impact of manufacturing export expansion on sectoral employment patterns. Chapter 6 deals with the determinants of inter-industry patterns of manufacturing employment, paying particular attention to the role of export orientation and firm ownership. Chapter 7 focuses on the determinants of manufacturing wages and wage premium. The empirical analysis in these four chapters makes use of a new firm-level panel dataset compiled from unpublished returns to the Annual Enterprise Survey undertaken by the Vietnamese General Statistical Office. The final chapter summarizes the key findings and provides policy implications.
The findings suggest that the reforms have resulted in a significant shift in the pattern of labour absorption in the economy from the agriculture to manufacturing over the past three decades. Employment expansion in the manufacturing sector has been underpinned by a significant change in the employment pattern by ownership. Private sector firms, especially foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) have played a pivotal role in labour market transition. In particular, FIEs in export-oriented industries have accounted for the bulk of new jobs in the manufacturing sector. The expansion of manufacturing exports contributed to a notable increase in overall employment growth. Additionally, there has been a considerable spillover effect of export expansion on job creation in other sectors. There is also evidence that FIEs generally pay higher wages compared to both state-owned enterprises and domestic private firms, and the presence of export-oriented FIEs has contributed to widening the wage premium between skilled and unskilled workers. In general, the Vietnamese experience of employment generation through export-oriented strategies is comparable to that of the other East Asian economies. However, growth of manufacturing employment in Vietnam has begun to falter from about 2006, owing to macroeconomic policy slippage. The findings in this thesis make a strong case for sound macroeconomic management in order to sustain the favourable labour market outcome of liberalization reforms.
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Bhengu, Nombuso. "How can South Africa, a resource rich and labour-abundant economy, employ upstream and downstream mineral beneficiation as a way of developing its economy further? A critical focus on the chromium mineral value chain as a case study." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20482.
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Thesis (M.Com. (Development Theory and Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic and Business Sciences.South Africa has been referred to as a country of “geological superlatives” because of its rich and diverse mineral resource base. Despite its unique endowment of precious metals and mineral resources, the country has fallen short of translating these resources into the required economic linkages that will lead to sustainable employment creation and economic emancipation for the majority of its people. Whilst the country has established, successful critical upstream industries based on its natural resource advantage, it has not managed to develop successful downstream value additions in most of its strategic value chains, most notably the chromium mineral value chain. This paper explores the significance of the chromium mineral value chain in the context of South Africa’s economic development trajectory, the dynamics between the mining and manufacturing sectors, the ongoing structural constraints, and the implications all these have on stainless steel fabrication. South Africa is a dominant player in chrome, consuming approximately 80% of the world’s chromite ore reserves and is undeniably one of the major producers of ferrochromium globally, with production accounting for approximately 34% of total world production. Despite a mature ferrochromium industry that boasts world-class ferrochromium manufacturing facilities and contributes massively to the domestic and global economies, a declining market share to China threatens the sector. The availability (or lack thereof) of power supply, high energy costs, uncompetitive domestic prices amongst other structural issues are contributing to this decline. The challenge remains in government, the mining industry, labour and all other affected stakeholders to engage robustly in order to preserve a value chain that possesses enough potential to enhance the development of the country, both socially and economically.
Books on the topic "Labour-abundant economy"
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Toulmin, Camilla. Cattle, Women, and Wells. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853046.001.0001.
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This book describes the choices open to farming families in the Sahelian village of Kala, in central Mali. Life in this drought-prone region is harsh and full of risk to health, crops, and livestock, yet there are also opportunities open to the hard-working, audacious and lucky, bringing considerable returns if the timing is right. Three inter-related themes underlie the analysis of production and investment decisions faced by households; the role of risk, the long timeframe within which decisions are made, and the close links between economic performance and household size and organisation. Climatic variability and demographic uncertainty lie at the heart of domestic structures; the extreme vulnerability faced by single individuals means people cluster in large kin-based groups, pooling risks and providing protection. The very limited development of labour markets means that households rely almost entirely on their own members for their workforce, and generating the capital needed for investing in ploughs, wells, carts and livestock must stem from a good year’s grain surplus and migration earnings. Based on field-research over the period 1980-82, this study illustrates a successful response to making ends meet in a land abundant region, despite high risks of drought. A follow-up study of this village was published in 2020: Land, Investment, and Migration. Thirty-five years of village life in Mali (OUP).
Book chapters on the topic "Labour-abundant economy"
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Marshall, Shelley. "Complementary or Functional Rival? Labour Regulation of Garment Industry Workers in Cambodia by Better Factories Cambodia." In Living Wage, 122–42. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830351.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 explores the formalisation of the Cambodian garment industry and the factors that have shaped and constrained the effectiveness of the combination of the US–Cambodia Bilateral Textile Agreement and the International Labour Organization’s Better Factories Project. Unlike the Mathadi Boards examined in Chapter 4, a great deal has been written about efforts to improve working standards in the Cambodian garment industry. The Chapter makes two important interventions in the already abundant literature on Better Factories Cambodia. Firstly, it focuses on the role of the trade agreement that led to the establishment of Better Factories Cambodia, as preferential treatment in trade played a critical part in encouraging investment in formal enterprises. It argues that trade incentives were just as important as the BFC in improving the labour standards of participating enterprises. Secondly, it examines the initiative in the context of Cambodia’s political economy showing how the Hun Sen government has used the initiative to its advantage and avoided investing in its own labour inspectorate. For this reason, the chapter asks whether Better Factories Cambodia has become a functional rival to the state labour inspectorate.
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Mäkinen, Ilkka Henrik, Yerko Rojas, and Danuta Wasserman. "Labour market, work environment, and suicide." In Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention, edited by Danuta Wasserman and Camilla Wasserman, 249–58. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0030.
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Work is an important sphere of human life. Besides economic subsistence, it also furnishes workers with social status and influences their life conditions. Social class seems to be connected with suicidality, but studies on the effects of specific occupations have produced few lasting results. In addition, lack of adequate data and problems with the methods cause problems in the estimates of suicide mortality by class or occupation. However, it seems that the most vulnerable position is that of those who do not work at all. There is abundant empirical evidence of a surplus risk for suicide among the unemployed, but the causal nature of this relationship still needs clarification. Globally, the labour markets differ greatly, and so does their connection with suicide. Labour-market-oriented suicide prevention issues concern unemployment policies, reduction of work-related access to means of suicide, and the use of the workplace as a base for suicide prevention.
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Britnell, Mark. "Entrepreneurial government—from under to oversupply." In Human: Solving the global workforce crisis in healthcare, 34–45. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836520.003.0005.
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The paradox of the global healthcare workforce is that while it has never been more abundant, it has never been scarcer relative to future patient needs. This workforce has largely been resistant to economic cycles of boom and bust, and has even flourished, relatively speaking, during recessions. But demand for health workers has surpassed our capacity to supply them and it has never been more important for governments to be progressive, agile, and courageous in tackling the looming crisis. In this chapter, Mark Britnell looks at entrepreneurial government, from under to oversupply. He shows how across the OECD, the functioning of the labour market for health workers—for good or ill—is characterized by strong government interventions affecting both supply and demand.
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Fernandez, Marilyn. "The Indian Information Technology Sector." In The New Frontier, 1–63. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199479498.003.0001.
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The theoretical and empirical context for the analyses of caste reproduction in Indian IT is outlined. A perfect storm of events, the Y2K hysteria, the abundant skilled labour, the extant technology infrastructure in India, and the east-west time difference that led to the bourgeoning IT sector were reviewed. The globalization paradox of Indian IT, the extant evidence of multi-layered inequalities, and the growing political and public backlash against quotas or set-aside privileges for SC/ST/OBCs present a volatile mix. Theoretically speaking, streamlined merit is used to create appropriate difference between IT merit and the earmarked or reservation merit. But that IT merit skills, even of the pure kind, is deeply embedded but obscured, in the social and economic privileges of the dominant castes and classes and the holistic merit requirements of a globalized sector open up spaces for hidden caste privileges to filter through and colour pure merit with caste undertones.