Academic literature on the topic 'Laboratory arrangement'
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Journal articles on the topic "Laboratory arrangement"
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Hu, Xu Yue, Yi Fan Yang, and Xiao Xiong Shen. "Experimental Study on Flow Velocity in Open Channel with Different Arrangement Submerged Flexible Vegetation." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1093.
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Laboratory experiments using Nortek Doppler Velocimeter were performed to investigate the characteristics of water flow in open channels with submerged flexible vegetation in different arrangements. Test results reveal that the presence of vegetation influences water level variation. No matter what kind of arrangement the vegetation is, the water level variation of vegetation area can be divided into three processes: rise, and then fall, at last remains stable. While the variation ranges of water level in interlaced arrangement vegetation area is larger than the standard arrangement. Compared with standard arrangement, the water flow velocity of interlaced arrangement fluctuates much more greatly. The higher density of equidifferent vegetation area, the lower lodging degree and water flow velocity. The lateral water flow velocity fluctuates most greatly in densely vegetation area, while at sparse vegetation area, the lateral water flow above and below vegetation layer is reverse.
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Bertilson, Michael C., Per A. C. Takman, Anders Holmberg, Ulrich Vogt, and Hans M. Hertz. "Laboratory arrangement for soft x-ray zone plate efficiency measurements." Review of Scientific Instruments 78, no. 2 (February 2007): 026103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2472590.
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Perret, Emeline, Céline Berni, and Benoît Camenen. "Impact of bed surface arrangement on bedload rate: comparisons between loose, armored and water-worked beds." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 05036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184005036.
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Existing formulas for predicting bedload rate may be not adapted for mountain rivers with poorly sorted sediments, partly because they were often established using laboratory data with conditions far from those found in such rivers. Natural bed arrangement is particularly difficult to reproduce in flumes, although recent studies highlighted its importance on bedload dynamics. This study aims to quantify bed arrangement impact on bedload rate using original laboratory tests and to improve existing bedload formulas. Three types of bed composed with the same material but having different bed arrangements were studied: loose beds were installed manually in the flume and the others, packed and water-worked beds, were created using water power. Packed beds were assimilated to flat beds composed of a static armor layer whereas water-worked beds exhibited stronger bed organization, including large-scale bed forms. Laser-scanner surveys were used to characterize differences in bed morphology. Similar unsteady hydraulic conditions were applied over these beds. Results showed that bedload dynamics varies significantly depending on the initial arrangement. Compared to loose bed, bedload was enhanced over water-worked bed and reduced over packed bed. Bed surface indicators are thus important parameters to take into account when predicting gravel transport.
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Uehara, Yasushi, Masayuki Kataoka, Tetsuo Ogama, Atsushi Kawabata, Kazuo Nishihagi, and Kazuo Taniguchi. "Double Flat Crystal Spectrometer in Dispersive Arrangement for Laboratory XAFS Spectroscopy." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32, S2 (January 1, 1993): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.32s2.273.
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Cui, Qing Quan, Jing Ning, and Xun He Yin. "Research on the Intelligent Management of Access Control System for Laboratory Center." Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (September 2013): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.421.562.
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Access control system applied in laboratory center makes laboratory management more conveniently. The laboratory security can be guaranteed, even the efficiency of laboratory management and human resource arrangement are also improved. How to use the hardware and software resources of access control system sufficiently, and conduct intelligent management combined with experiment courses, which need deeper research and actual intelligent management. In the paper, take the Beijing Experimental Teaching Center-Experimental Teaching Center of Electrical and Intelligent Engineering on Building as example, the co-design of Access Control System and experiment courses arrangement is proposed according to the database technology, and the intelligent management process is analyzed and realized.
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Zeng, Lv Xian, Zu Yi Zheng, Jun Hua Wan, Xi Chen, Zhong Min Wan, Jing Ying Tan, and Jing Liu. "Experimental Investigation on Multi-Unit Parallel-Flow Type Condenser with Flat Tubes Distribution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 701-702 (December 2014): 1233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.701-702.1233.
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Three heat exchangers, all of which have 38 tubes in total and 6 passes, with different tube arrangements were manufactured to be experimental investigated in laboratory. The effect of flat tube distribution on heat transfer performance and pressure drop characteristic was experimental investigated. The effect of different air velocity and flow on heat transfer performance and pressure drop characteristic was also experimental investigated. The results show that similar tube distribution has little effect on heat transfer quality but has great effect on pressure drop. It was found the third arrangement has the best heat transfer and its pressure drop is small. Thus the third arrangement is the best solution. The heat transfer and pressure drop increase with the air velocity and refrigerant flow, so a proper value should be chosen, it was found that the simulation results were mainly agreement with the experimental results.
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Fang, Jianzhi, and Kau-Fui Vincent Wong. "OPTIMIZATION OF AN OIL BOOM ARRANGEMENT." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1367.
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ABSTRACT The equipment under study is an innovative boom arrangement consisting of a ramp boom and three other conventional booms of different drafts. To optimize the design, an advanced volume of fluid (VOF) algorithm is developed to calculate oil-water flows in the complex geometry. The effects of the gravity, current velocity, and depth; spans between the conventional booms; the ramp boom's draft and inclination angle; oil viscosity; and density are considered in the present numerical modeling. A comparison was made between the computational simulation and the laboratory experiment of the boom arrangement and satisfactory results were obtained. From the numerical investigations, it is found that the oil slick flowing behind the ramp boom is similar to that of a solid object traveling under the influence of gravity. To achieve a high performance, the ramp slope should be as small as possible and the span of the boom system should cover the oil's “landing distance.” Under the current tide conditions, the simulations show that the small amplitude tide may improve the system's performance, while the large amplitude tide significantly deteriorates it. The smaller angular-frequency tide is more harmful to the system, especially if the tide's amplitude is large at the same time.
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Pazderů, K., J. Hodoval, J. Urban, J. Pulkrábek, V. Pačuta, and J. Adamčík. "The influence of sweet sorghum crop stand arrangement on biomass and biogas production." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 9 (September 8, 2014): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/562/2014-pse.
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The possibility of sweet sorghum cultivation with different inter-row distances (20, 50, 75 cm) was verified in small scale plots with 3 cultivars (Bovital, Goliath, Sucrosorgho). The maize cv. Atletico (rows 75 cm) was used as a control. The influence of row width and cultivar on fresh and dry biomass, methane and biogas production per area was statistically significant. The methane and biogas production was evaluated in laboratory, via fermentation in Oxi Top Control Merck bottles. Generally, sorghum was more productive than maize. The highest biogas production per hectare was found in case of 25 cm row spacing. Goliath was the most yielding cultivar (in all parameters). The experiment proved possibility to produce biomass from sorghum in narrow rows for biogas stations in the Czech Republic.
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Lin, Wei-Ming, Cheng Rau, and Rea-Lon Su. "THE STRUCTURAL RESPONSES OF DOLOS ARMOR UNITS UNDER THE DYNAMIC LOADING." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 20 (January 29, 1986): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.152.
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The "Dolos" is now used widely for harbor and shore protection works in various ports of Taiwan (R.O.C.) and some damage has been noted. The purpose of this research is to understand the major factors which influence dolos breakage. The factors studied include plain or reinforced concrete, rebar arrangement, chamfered or enlarged fillet corner and the fracture behavior by pendulum and drop test. Site observations and laboratory dynamic tests are included in this paper. The site observation investigated the behavior of the broken dolos at each habor. In the laboratory dynamic tests 42 specimens of 1.5 tons dolos were used for drop tests; frontal and transverse pendulum tests (Fig.l). The results show that the fracture behavior in the laboratory tests agree with those of site observation, i.e. cracking due to frontal impact is more severe than that of transverse impact. The arrangement of rebar also influences the strength of the dolos. Therefore, it is suggested that the dynamic tests are necessary for dolos testing.
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Choi, Shin-Kyu, Jung-Min Lee, HanBeom Jeong, JiHeon Kim, and Tae-Hyuk Kwon. "Effect of Arrangement of Slit-type Barriers on Debris Flow Behavior: Laboratory-scaled Experiment." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 15, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2015.15.3.223.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Laboratory arrangement"
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Perret, Emeline. "Transport of moderately sorted gravels at low bed shear stress : impact of bed arrangement and fine sediment infiltration." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1223/document.
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Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre la dynamique des graviers au sein des rivières alpines à faible contrainte en utilisant des expériences en laboratoire. Ces rivières sont souvent composées d’une large gamme de sédiments, allant des argiles aux galets. Ces différentes classes sédimentaires peuvent interagir entre elles, ce qui peut rendre difficile l’estimation du transport solide. Des expériences en laboratoire ont été conduites en écoulements instationnaires dans un canal de 18m de long et 1m de large. Deux types de lits ont été étudiés : lits unimodaux et bimodaux. Une attention particulière a été portée sur la réalisation des lits de graviers dans notre canal. Ils ont été créés dans le but d’approcher au mieux la configuration des lits de rivières alpines, c’est-à-dire avec différents arrangements et degrés de colmatage du lit par des sédiments fins. Les lits unimodaux sont composés de graviers peu triés avec divers arrangements de surface. Les lits bimodaux sont composés d’une matrice de graviers peu triés dans laquelle des sédiments fins se sont infiltrés (sables ou limons). Les processus régissant le transport de graviers ont été mis en avant. Le transport de graviers est impacté par l’arrangement du lit, la concentration de sédiments fins dans la couche de charriage, et par le changement de propriétés du lit due à la présence de sédiments fins (cohésion, perméabilité du lit). Plus le lit est arrangé, plus le transport est difficile. Plus la couche de charriage est concentrée en sédiments fins, plus le transport est facile. La forme des sédiments fins est aussi un facteur important pouvant modifier le transport des graviers. La présence de sédiments fins cohésifs dans la matrice peut considérablement réduire le taux de graviers transportés. Un modèle conceptuel a été développé pour résumer les différents processus contrôlant le transport de graviers. Il décrit le comportement des graviers dans les différentes configurations étudiées. L’outil proposé peut aider à comprendre, estimer et interpréter le transport de graviers. Il a été appliqué et discuté sur un cas de terrain sur la rivière de l’Arc. Basé sur ce modèle, nous avons proposé une nouvelle analyse dimensionnelle pour la construction d’un modèle de prédiction de transport solide prenant en compte des paramètres décrivant l’arrangement du lit, les propriétés géotechniques du lit et la présence de sédiments finsThis PhD thesis aims to understand gravel dynamics in Alpine rivers at low bed shear stress using laboratory experiments. Alpine river beds are often poorly sorted and composed of sediments ranging from clay to pebble. To understand interactions between these classes is an issue for predicting bedload rate. Laboratory experiments were performed in a 18m long and 1m wide flume, under unsteady flows. Two types of bed were investigated: unimodal and bimodal beds. A particular attention was paid to the bed construction, which was conducted in order to obtain a nature-like bed 12with different bed arrangements and degrees of clogging. Unimodal beds were made of moderately sorted gravels with different bed surface arrangements. Bimodal beds were made of moderately sorted gravels in which fine sediments (sand or silt) were infiltrated. Gravel rate was found to be impacted by the bed arrangement degree, the fine sediment concentration within the bedload layer and the changes in bed properties due to fine sediment presence (bed cohesion, bed permeability). The more packed the bed is; the more difficult it is to move gravels. The more concentrated in fine sediment the bedload layer is; the easier the transport of gravels is. The shape of fine sediments can also be an important factor for modifying the gravel rate. The presence of cohesive fine sediments within the bed matrix reduces significantly the gravel rate. A conceptual model was developed to recap the different processes controlling gravel transport. It provides a phenomenological description of the overall bed responses to a hydrograph. This tool is designed to help understanding, estimating or interpreting gravel transport in Alpine rivers. The conceptual model was discussed and applied to a field case made on the Arc River. Using the model, we also suggest a new dimensionless analysis for the construction of a bedload predicting model involving parameters describing bed arrangement, bed properties and fine sediment presence
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Panascí, Marco. "Vliv dlouhých optovláknových tras na polarizační stav světla a jejich využití pro napájení polarizačních senzorů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442367.
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This diploma thesis deals with the influence of long fiber optic paths on the polarization state of light and their use for powering polarization sensors. The aim of the diploma thesis was to design the arrangement of optical fiber components so that the polarization properties of light at the end of the path are further usable for sensory purposes. Four partial measurements with a long path (in a laboratory setting, laying in the ground, on a curtain, under the influence of external influence) and one measurement without a path under the influence of external influence were designed. The overall measurement results demonstrate that for the functional power supply of long-distance sensor systems, an existing single-mode fiber can be used (laid by laying in the ground), into which a light source for a given sensor system would be multiplexed. In the discussion, all types of measurements are analyzed and compared with each other. Finally, the overall result is summarized and applications are described in which such a sensor system could be used.
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Yan-Ru, Li, and 李晏如. "Living Technology Laboratory Arrangement of 12-Year Compulsory Education." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x64vw4.
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碩士國立高雄師範大學
工業科技教育學系
106
Technology develops rapidly, which makes people around the world must possess technology literacy. The curriculum goal of Technology Area of 12-Year Compulsory Education is cultivating the technology literacy. To enhance the teaching efficacy and learning effectiveness, proper living technology laboratories urgently need to be arranged to benefit learning. The research purpose is arranging the living technology laboratory of 12-Year Compulsory Education, and providing the arrangement for all of the junior high schools to take it for reference. The arrangement is based on the curriculum competencies and learning activities in the Technology Area of 12-Year Compulsory Education. The methods include interview methods and panel discussion. To obtain the principles of arrangement, the researcher establishes the basic framework from the related literature and then establishes the requirements and standards of space arrangement by interviewing 1 committee members of guideline researching and training, 1 professor and 4 living technology teachers so as to arrange the living technology laboratory. According to the conclusion, it is expected that the arrangement would be a important reference for living technology laboratory of 12-Year Compulsory Education.
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Lo, Chin-fu, and 羅志福. "A Study of the Effect of Arrangement on the Behavior of Pile Groups in Sands under Cyclic Lateral Loading by Laboratory Model Test." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42020577400684059524.
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碩士逢甲大學
土木及水利工程所
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ABSTRACT The primary objective of this research utilized steel tank container and aluminum model pipe pile groups that were subjected to two-way displacement-control cyclic lateral loading carry on laboratory experiments. In order to probe into the pipe piles for varied the geometric arrangement of pile groups subjected to cyclic lateral loading in sand. Under the two-way displacement- control cyclic lateral loading, the tests has changed different direction spacing between piles and a quantity of model pile, to compare of whole resistance of cyclic lateral loading and influence of the bending moment of piles. Summarizing the results of this project, obtain some following conclusions: (1) Piles subjected to one-way lateral loading of single time in close spacings. The average lateral capacity per pile in a group will up to spacing between piles increase more increase progressively, and the increment rate trends towards the almost single resistance value result of the test to come down gradually. ( 2) 1*2 pile groups oriented in in-line arrangement, the group effects are small when center-to-center pile spacings exceed 10 pile diameters(10D), and this influences critical distance to increase with number of times of two-way displacement- control cyclic lateral loading. ( 3) The group effects will smaller when spacing between piles increase more increase progressively, After pile group subjected to two-way displacement- control cyclic lateral loading, The bending moment to produce in the front row is all much higher than the back row one. (4) Though the shearing stress range that the soil produces because of lateral displacement of pile group, will have the tendency to expand with the function of cyclic lateral loading gradually, and then cause an widely-spaced piles to be influenced, but the lateral resisting value of piles will not be lower than closely- spaced piles yet under the condition in the same cyclic lateral loading. (5) The average lateral resistance per pile in a group of 1*3 in the one-way lateral loading of single time are greater than pile group of 1*2 under the equal displacement condition, show that increases the number of piles in the same direction in the direction of application of force of closely-spaced piles cases, pile-soil-pile interactions will increase thereupon. (6) Piles oriented in in-line arrangement subjected to one-way lateral loading of single time or two-way cyclic lateral loading, the leading row have maximum moments for piles, then middle row, the back row have minimum moments for piles .The middle row have minimum shearing stress for piles, then back row one, one still receives strength biggest in the front row. (7)Test results from single rows of piles oriented normal to the load (side-by side arrangement) and piles oriented the direction of load (in-line arrangement), it is concluded that: At the closely-spaced piles cases, a single row of in-line piles will have greater pile-soil-pile interactions than piles in side-by-side arrangement. ( 8) Pile groups of 1*3 arrangement with space of 4 pile diameters, Both of the leading row and middle row have the increase trend in bending moment of piles , with the influence of the two-way cyclic lateral loading, But the back row piles are on the contrary. (9) Pile groups of 1*3 arrangement with space of 4 pile diameters, the bending moment per pile of group increase as the number of cyclic lateral loading increase. The middle row of pile groups have minimum moments. ( 10) Test results from pile groups of 2*1 arrangement and the pile groups of 3*1 arrangement ,it is concluded that: The influence of the two-way cyclic lateral loading for densify in sand, 3*1 arrangement higher than 2*1 arrangement , and influence degree become more obvious after the pile space greater than 4 pile diameters. (11) The influence in relation for each arranges and space of the group pile to the cyclic parameter .The relationship between piles space and the cyclic lateral loading parameter can be expressed as: 1*2 groups arranging y=-0.0063Ln(x)+0.0958 2*1 groups arranging y=-0.0008Ln(x)+0.0988 1*3 groups arranging y=-0.0225Ln(x)+0.1643 3*1 groups arranging y=-0.0266Ln(x)+0.0540 Where : piles space (Express with a diameter multiple) : Cyclic lateral loading parameter ( 12) Arrangement of 1*2 , 2*1 , 1*3 , 3*1, the cyclic lateral loading parameter decreases fast are 1*3 arrangement ,and increase fast are 3*1 arrangement ,that imply whether piles oriented normal to the of load arrangement(side-by side arrangement)or oriented the direction of load arrangement(in-line arrangement),the influence for the space of pile increase as the number of piles increase.
Books on the topic "Laboratory arrangement"
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Carugati, Federica. Creating a Constitution. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195636.001.0001.
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We live in an era of constitution-making. More than half of the world's constitutions have been drafted in the past half-century. Yet, one question still eludes theorists and practitioners alike: how do stable, growth-enhancing constitutional structures emerge and endure? This book argues that ancient Athens offers a unique laboratory for exploring this question. Because the city-state was reasonably well-documented, smaller than most modern nations, and simpler in its institutional makeup, the case of Athens reveals key factors of successful constitution-making that are hard to flesh out in more complex settings. The book demonstrates that the institutional changes Athens undertook in the late fifth century BCE, after a period of war and internal strife, amounted to a de facto constitution. The constitution restored stability and allowed the democracy to flourish anew. The analysis of Athens' case reveals the importance of three factors for creating a successful constitution: first, a consensus on a set of shared values capable of commanding long-term support; second, a self-enforcing institutional structure that reflects those values; and, third, regulatory mechanisms for policymaking that enable tradeoffs of inclusion to foster growth without jeopardizing stability. The book is an account of how political and economic goals that we normally associate with Western developed countries were once achieved through different institutional arrangements.
Book chapters on the topic "Laboratory arrangement"
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Schindler, Thomas E. "Behind the Laboratory Doors." In A Hidden Legacy, 99–110. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531679.003.0012.
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This chapter compares Esther Lederberg’s role with that of other notable women scientists whose achievements exhibited creative laboratory skills. Esther’s career peaked in 1956 when the Society of Illinois Bacteriologists jointly bestowed the Pasteur Medal on the Lederberg couple. Usually, Joshua Lederberg was the public face of their research program. Esther’s place was behind the laboratory doors where she managed the lab and performed the experiments. For over a hundred years, this was the typical arrangement for women and their male associates. Prestigious faculty positions and accolades were unattainable for so many women in science. For Esther and many of her female colleagues, the thrill of discovery was enough reward. Esther valued the camaraderie of the brilliant personalities that made up the circle of pioneering researchers. Stanley Falkow called her a kind of Boswell of bacterial genetics. Her extensive photographic collection is a who’s who of molecular biology, many as their younger selves.
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Hibbert, D. Brynn. "Accreditation." In Quality Assurance in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162127.003.0013.
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Accreditation is the procedure by which the competence of a laboratory to perform a specified range of tests or measurements is assessed against a national or international standard. The accreditation covers the kinds of materials tested or measured, the procedures or methods used, the equipment and personnel used in those procedures, and all relevant systems that the laboratory has in place. Once accredited, the laboratory is entitled to endorse test results with their accreditation status which, if it has any validity, is an imprimatur of some degree of quality and gives the client added confidence in the results. Accreditation therefore benefits the laboratory, by allowing the laboratory to demonstrate competence in particular tests, and the client, by providing a choice of accredited laboratories that are deemed competent. Accreditation is part of conformity assessment in international trade. Conformity assessment leads to the acceptance of the goods of one country by another, with confidence borne of mutual recognition of manufacturing and testing procedures. Figure 9.1 shows the relation between accreditation and the goal of conformity in trade. For accreditation to be a cornerstones of conformity in trade, each laboratory that is assessed, in whatever country, must be judged against the same standard (e.g., ISO/IEC 17025), and the assessment process must be essentially the same from one country to another. The standards are indeed international, through the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the accreditation bodies themselves are scrutinized under the auspices of the International Laboratory Accreditation Co-operation (ILAC), being accredited to the ISO/IEC Standard 17011 (ISO/IEC 2004a). Full membership in ILAC is open to recognized bodies that operate accreditation schemes for testing laboratories, calibration laboratories, and inspection bodies that have been accepted as signatories to the ILAC Mutual Recognition Arrangement. They must maintain conformance with appropriate international standards such as ISO/IEC 17011 and ILAC guidance documents, and the must ensure that all their accredited laboratories comply with ISO/IEC 17025 and related ILAC guidance documents. Table 9.1 lists the full members and signatories of the ILAC Mutual Recognition Arrangement. The National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) of Australia has the distinction of being the first accreditation body in the world (founded in 1947), and has long been in the vanguard of the approach to quality through accreditation.
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Douglas, Kenneth. "The Liver." In Bioprinting, 119–37. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190943547.003.0008.
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Abstract: This chapter reports on efforts to bioprint liver tissue, including the important types of liver cells and also the liver’s cytoarchitecture—the typical pattern of cellular arrangement within liver tissue. The chapter gives an account of the liver’s remarkable regenerative ability, its over 500 vital functions, its unusual blood supply, and the difficulty of growing liver cells in vitro (in the laboratory). The chapter includes a description of a hybrid printing/casting method employing human hepatocytes (liver cells) encapsulated in a hydrogel called a “liver tissue seed.” Implanted into mice with a liver injury, the seed tissue provided functional support to the failing liver and expanded in size by 50-fold over the course of 11 weeks. The chapter also mentions Organovo, the first commercial bioprinting company and a pioneer in bioprinting commercially available human tissues, notably their lead product, liver tissue.
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Mezzina, Mauro, Giuseppina Uva, Rita Greco, Giuseppe Acciani, Giuseppe Cascella, and Girolamo Fornarelli. "Structural Assessment of RC Constructions and Fuzzy Expert Systems." In Intelligent Computational Paradigms in Earthquake Engineering, 188–230. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-099-8.ch009.
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The chapter deals with the structural assessment of existing constructions, with a particular attention to seismic risk mitigation. Two aspects are involved: the appraisal of the actual conditions of the structure (material deterioration, preexisting damages) and the evaluation of the structural “vulnerability,” that is, the propensity to suffer damage because of the intrinsic geometric and structural arrangement, boundary conditions, specific structural details. Attention is first focused on the investigation protocol, which is organized through a multilevel, hierarchical scheme: the procedure includes visual inspections, surveys, experimental testing on site and in laboratory, and gradually proceeds into the details of the problem, progressively refining and verifying hypotheses and preliminary judgments. In a second part, the definition of effective tools for uncertainty management and decision making is performed, by presenting a genetic-fuzzy expert system which handles the procedure of the assessment properly accounting for uncertainty and errors, and is able to tune the parameters involved on the basis of experts’ knowledge, “training” the system. Finally, a case study is presented, applying the whole assessment procedure and the fuzzy genetic algorithm.
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Hamburg, David A., and Beatrix A. Hamburg. "Contact, Intergroup Relations, and Opportunities for Education." In Learning to Live Together. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195157796.003.0012.
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If groups are strange to each other and therefore fearful or hostile, why not bring them together so they can get to know each other and become friendly? This plausible approach is more complicated than it looks at first glance. Under what conditions will intergroup contact be helpful? Can it sometimes be harmful? A variety of field and laboratory experiments support the hypothesis that intergroup competition tends to strengthen social relations within each group and to disrupt relations between the groups. If the experiments are arranged in a way that deliberately fosters competition between the groups, these effects are heightened. But even in the absence of such direct instruction or arrangement, potent factors favor interpersonal attraction or mutual attachment within a group: frequency of social interaction, proximity to each other, familiarity, and similarity of attitudes and values. Almost any sort of interaction within a group tends to promote in-group favoritism. Actually, it seems rather difficult to avoid this effect even if one tries to do so. Humans are highly susceptible to invidious in-group/out-group distinctions. Extensive experimental work strongly confirms the rich variety of observations from fieldwork in many cultures over extended times and in a variety of societies. This does indeed seem to be a profound and pervasive human characteristic—one of great practical significance throughout history. We will return to this theme and examples throughout the book. Findings of this sort have led some psychologists to formulate a principle of social identity, which emphasizes the powerful effects of social categorization in its own right. Such categorization seems to highlight an important aspect of the individual self-concept (and self-esteem) based on group membership. Such membership has, from the evolutionary and historical record, been an important feature in human survival over the millennia. In contemporary people—at least, in those who participate in psychological experiments—the cognitive delineation into an in-group and out-group, even without invidious attributions, tends to set in motion a process by which there is an accentuation of similarities within groups and differences between groups. It seems very convenient, easy, and somehow natural for people to deal with these via simple schemas or stereotypes.
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Giegé, R., and A. Ducruix. "An Introduction to the Crystallogenesis of Biological Macromolecules." In Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199636792.003.0005.
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The word ‘crystal’ is derived from the Greek root ‘krustallos’ meaning ‘clear ice’. Like ice, crystals are chemically well defined, and many among of them are of transparent and glittering appearance, like quartz, which was for a long time the archetype. Often they are beautiful geometrical solids with regular faces and sharp edges, which probably explains why crystallinity, even in the figurative meaning, is taken as a symbol of perfection and purity. From the physical point of view, crystals are regular three-dimensional arrays of atoms, ions, molecules, or molecular assemblies. Ideal crystals can be imagined as infinite and perfect arrays in which the building blocks (the asymmetric units) are arranged according to well-defined symmetries (forming the 230 space groups) into unit cells that are repeated in the three-dimensions by translations. Experimental crystals, however, have finite dimensions. An implicit consequence is that a macroscopic fragment from a crystal is still a crystal, because the orderly arrangement of molecules within such a fragment still extends at long distances. The practical consequence is that crystal fragments can be used as seeds (Chapter 7). In laboratory-grown crystals the periodicity is never perfect, due to different kinds of local disorders or long-range imperfections like dislocations. Also, these crystals are often of polycrystalline nature. The external forms of crystals are always manifestations of their internal structures and symmetries, even if in some cases these symmetries may be hidden at the macroscopic level, due to differential growth kinetics of the crystal faces. Periodicity in crystal architecture is also reflected in their macroscopic physical properties. The most straightforward example is given by the ability of crystals to diffract X-rays, neutrons, or electrons, the phenomenon underlying structural chemistry and biology (for introductory texts see refs 1 and 2), and the major aim of this book is to present the methods employed to produce three-dimensional crystals of biological macromolecules, but also two-dimensional crystals (Chapter 12), needed for diffraction studies. Other properties of invaluable practical applications should not be overlooked either, as is the case of optical and electronic properties which are at the basis of non-linear optics and modern electronics (for an introduction to physical properties of molecular crystals see ref. 3).
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Richards, Bernard. "Radiolaria: validating the Turing theory." In The Turing Guide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747826.003.0046.
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In his 1952 paper ‘The chemical basis of morphogenesis’ Turing postulated his now famous Morphogenesis Equation. He claimed that his theory would explain why plants and animals took the shapes they did. When I joined him, Turing suggested that I might solve his equation in three dimensions, a new problem. After many manipulations using rather sophisticated mathematics and one of the first factory-produced computers in the UK, I derived a series of solutions to Turing’s equation. I showed that these solutions explained the shapes of specimens of the marine creatures known as Radiolaria, and that they corresponded very closely to the actual spiny shapes of real radiolarians. My work provided further evidence for Turing’s theory of morphogenesis, and in particular for his belief that the external shapes exhibited by Radiolaria can be explained by his reaction–diffusion mechanism. While working in the Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester in the early 1950s, Alan Turing reignited the interests he had had in both botany and biology from his early youth. During his school-days he was more interested in the structure of the flowers on the school sports field than in the games played there (see Fig. 1.3). It is known that during the Second World War he discussed the problem of phyllotaxis (the arrangement of leaves and florets in plants), and then at Manchester he had some conversations with Claude Wardlaw, the Professor of Botany in the University. Turing was keen to take forward the work that D’Arcy Thompson had published in On Growth and Form in 1917. In his now-famous paper of 1952 Turing solved his own ‘Equation of Morphogenesis’ in two dimensions, and demonstrated a solution that could explain the ‘dappling’—the black-and-white patterns—on cows. The next step was for me to solve Turing’s equation in three dimensions. The two-dimensional case concerns only surface features of organisms, such as dappling, spots, and stripes, whereas the three-dimensional version concerns the overall shape of an organism. In 1953 I joined Turing as a research student in the University of Manchester, and he set me the task of solving his equation in three dimensions. A remarkable journey of collaboration began. Turing chatted to me in a very friendly fashion.
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Weaver, Paul M., Michael B. Marks, Carina Skropke, Linda Marie Hogan, and Gabriella Spinelli. "Sustaining and Growing Social Innovations Using Integrated Development Models." In Social Entrepreneurship and Enterprises in Economic and Social Development, 96–132. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518298.003.0006.
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In this chapter on “Sustaining and Growing Social Innovations Using Integrated Development Models,” development models are considered to be integrated when activities that are primarily directed toward delivering positive social outcomes also generate income to cover their financial costs, thus providing scope for sustaining and scaling the activities and their social benefits. It identifies harbingers of integrated development models emerging through the efforts of some social innovators. Insights are drawn from the experiences of time bank success cases. The chapter explores their business models and, more generally, their contributions to the development of complementary local community economies that might offer structured, coherent, and coordinated approaches to asset-based community development. The chapter recommends that policy-makers legitimize experiments with complementary economies and currencies, digital currency platforms, and governance arrangements for these. It proposes a community laboratory approach to innovation, learning, and evidence gathering through experiments co-produced with local communities and stakeholders.
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Saltzman, W. Mark. "Delivery of Molecular Agents in Tissue Engineering." In Tissue Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141306.003.0017.
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The previous chapter provided some examples of tissue engineering, in which cells that were isolated and engineered outside of the body are introduced into a patient by direct injection of a cell suspension, typically into the circulatory system. But the field of tissue engineering also points to treatments that are conceptually different from variations on cell transfusion technology; tissue engineering promises the regrowth of adult tissue structure through application of engineered cells and synthetic materials. In support of this broad claim, the field of tissue engineering can point to some initial successes. For example, synthetic materials are now available that accelerate healing of burns and skin ulcers. In addition, in vitro cell culture methods now allow the amplification of a patient’s own cells for cartilage repair or bone marrow transplantation. But major obstacles to the widespread application of tissue engineering remain. Tissue engineers have not yet learned how to reproduce complex tissue architectures, such as vascular networks, which are essential for the normal function of many tissues. In fact, the tissue engineering concepts that have been demonstrated in the laboratory to date involve arrangements of cells and materials into precursor tissues (or neotissues) that develop according to natural processes that are already present within the cells or the materials at the time of implantation. These methods may be suitable for production of some tissues in which either the structure is relatively homogeneous (such as cartilage, in which a tissue structure can reform after the implantation of chondrocytes into a tissue defect) or the structure develops naturally (such as in some tissue-engineered skin, in which the stratified epithelium develops naturally by culturing at an air–liquid interface). The engineering of many tissue structures—such as the branching architectures found in many tissues or the intricate network architecture of the nervous system—will probably require methods for introducing and changing molecular signals during the process of neo-tissue development. For example, it is well known that chemical gradients of factors known as morphogens induce the formation of structures during development; some of the attributes of morphogens were introduced in Chapter 3.
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Gaur. "Facilitating Access to Indian Cultural Heritage." In Digital Rights Management, 817–33. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2136-7.ch038.
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It is estimated that India possesses more than five million manuscripts on varied subjects lying scattered or fragmented in India and foreign collections. This invaluable and unique pool of knowledge is under threat. Recognizing the need to encompass and preserve this knowledge resource and to make these accessible to scholars and researchers, Kala Nidhi Division of Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) initiated a microfilming of manuscripts programme of private and public institutions in 1989. IGNCA has, so far, microfilmed over 250000 manuscripts in 20,600 microfilm rolls, out of that 14,400 rolls have been digitized. National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) established in February 2003 seeks to unearth and preserve the vast manuscript wealth of India. The digitization of over 25000 manuscripts under NMM, IGNCA and also under project mode by Cultural Informatics Laboratory (CIL), IGNCA makes largest repository of copies of manuscripts at IGNCA. Besides, IGNCA is also having a unique collection of 2500 rare books, about 1,0,5000 slides, 2000 paintings, 3000 photographs, more than 3000 hours of video recordings, art objects, 10 personal collections of eminent scholars such as Dr. Suniti Kumar Chatterjee, Prof. Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Dr. Kapila Vatsyayan and Prof. Maheswar Neog, photo documentation work on Rock Art, and various museums in India etc. Many of these collections such as rare books, photographs etc are well covered and some are not covered under copyright laws. However, there are issues such as ownership rights, permission rights and access rights etc, which do not allow open access to these collections. As per the existing arrangements, consultation to all collections at IGNCA is allowed to all, 25% copies of the material are also allowed on cost basis. However, to get a copy of the material, user need to approach the concerned library (from where the copies have been obtained) to seek permission. This chapter attempts to describe factors considered as hindrance to providing access to Indian cultural heritage material. Lack of proper policy guidelines especially on copyright issues and intellectual property rights concerning both cultural heritage materials in original as well as in digital form are an obstacle. Open access initiatives worldwide are advocating access to even current information. Cultural heritage belongs to the humanity worldwide, therefore, access should be given to all. These issues, which may not be solved at individual level or institutional level, require debate, deliberations and formulation of policy framework at the highest level.
Conference papers on the topic "Laboratory arrangement"
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Kanzari, Meryem, Mohamed Youssef Al-Qaradawi, and Balakumar Balachandran. "Laboratory Scale Arrangement for Experimental Studies of Drill-String Motions." In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2016.eepp2149.
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Kuraev, Artjom V., Sergey A. Lisakov, Andrey N. Pavlov, and Eugene V. Sypin. "Laboratory sample of multipoint system to determine the arrangement of the explosion source." In 2013 International Conference of Young Specialists on Micro/Nanotechnologies and Electron Devices (EDM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edm.2013.6641976.
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Varga, Andrea, Janos Libor, Ervin Racz, and Peter Kadar. "A small laboratory-scale experimental method and arrangement for investigating wavelength dependent irradiations of solar cells." In 2014 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY 2014). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sisy.2014.6923573.
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Yashchuk, Valeriy V., Nikolay A. Artemiev, Ian Lacey, Wayne R. McKinney, and Howard A. Padmore. "A new x-ray optics laboratory (XROL) at the ALS: mission, arrangement, metrology capabilities, performance, and future plans." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Lahsen Assoufid, Haruhiko Ohashi, and Anand K. Asundi. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2062042.
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Borisov, Boris V. "Influence of the laboratory equipment mutual arrangement and an infrared emitter on the heat transfer processes in a heated room." In THERMOPHYSICAL BASIS OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (TBET 2020). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0046516.
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Petrov, Andrei Yu, Abdolreza Zaltash, Solomon D. Labinov, D. Tom Rizy, Xiaohong Liao, and Reinhard Radermacher. "Evaluation of Different Efficiency Concepts of an Integrated Energy System (IES)." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60285.
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The Integrated Energy System (IES) market in the United States (US) and worldwide has been increasingly expanding over the last few years. But there is still a lot of disagreement in interpretation of one of the most important IES performance parameters — efficiency. Some organizations, for example, use higher heating value (HHV) of fuel in efficiency calculations while some use lower heating value (LHV). Some accounts for auxiliary and parasitic losses while others do not. Some adhere to the “first-law” of efficiency while some use other methods, i.e., calculations recommended by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or the US Combined Heat & Power Association. Different efficiency concepts based on actual performance testing from the IES Laboratory at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) are evaluated in this paper. The equipment studied included: a 30-kW microturbine, an air-to-water heat recovery unit (HRU), a 10-ton (35 kW) hot water-fired (indirect-fired) single-effect absorption chiller, and a direct-fired desiccant dehumidification unit. Efficiencies of different configurations of the above-mentioned equipment based on various approaches are compared. In addition, IES efficiency gains due to the replacement of a 1st generation HRU (effectiveness of approximately 75%) with a 2nd generation HRU (effectiveness of approximately 92%) for the same IES arrangement are discussed. The results showed that the difference in HHV- and LHV-based efficiencies for different IES arrangements could reach 5–8%, and that the difference in efficiency values calculated with different methods for the same arrangement could reach 27%. Therefore, it is very important to develop standard guidelines for efficiency calculations that would be acceptable and used by the majority of IES manufacturers and end-users. At the very least, every manufacturer or user should clearly indicate the basis for their efficiency calculations.
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May Estebaranz, Alan R., Richard J. Williams, Simon I. Hogg, and Philip W. Dyer. "An Improved Test Facility for Studying Deposit Fouling on Steam Turbine Blades." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57575.
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A laboratory scale test facility has been developed to investigate deposition in steam turbines under conditions that are representative of those in steam power generation cycles. The facility is an advanced two-reactor vessel test arrangement, which is a more flexible and more accurately controllable refinement to the single reactor vessel test arrangement described previously in ASME Paper No. GT2014-25517 [1]. The commissioning of the new test facility is described in this paper, together with the results from a series of tests over a range of steam conditions, which show the effect of steam conditions (particularly steam pressure) on the amount and type of deposits obtained. Comparisons are made between the test results and feedback/experience of copper fouling in real machines.
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Liese, Eric. "Comparison of Pre-Anode and Post-Anode Carbon Dioxide Separation for IGFC Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59144.
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This paper examines the arrangement of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) within a coal gasification cycle, this combination generally being called an integrated gasification fuel cell cycle (IGFC). This work relies on a previous study performed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) that details thermodynamic simulations of IGCC systems and considers various gasifier types and includes cases for 90% CO2 capture [1]. All systems in this study assume a Conoco Philips gasifier and cold gas clean up conditions for the coal gasification system (Cases 3 and 4 in the NETL IGCC report). Four system arrangements, cases, are examined. Cases 1 and 2 remove the CO2 after the SOFC anode. Case 3 assumes steam addition, a water-gas-shift (WGS) catalyst and a Selexol process to remove the CO2 in the gas cleanup section, sending a hydrogen-rich gas to the fuel cell anode. Case 4 assumes Selexol in the cold-gas cleanup section as in Case 3; however, there is no steam addition and the WGS takes places in the SOFC, and after the anode. Results demonstrate significant efficiency advantages compared to IGCC with CO2 capture. The hydrogen-rich case (Case 3) has better net electric efficiency compared to typical post-anode CO2 capture cases (Cases 1 and 2), with a simpler arrangement and similar SOFC area. Case 4 gives an efficiency similar to Case 3, but at a lower SOFC power density, or a lower efficiency at the same power density. Carbon deposition concerns are also discussed.
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Estrada, Herb, Don Augenstein, and Ernie Hauser. "Traceability of Thermal Power Measurments: Modified Venturi Tubes." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77377.
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This is the second of two papers describing the traceability of nuclear feedwater flow measurements. The first considered the challenges and methodology for establishing the traceability of chordal ultrasonic flow meters. This paper considers the challenges of establishing the traceability in a measurement using a flow element of the modified venturi tube type. It specifically considers the assumptions and uncertainties associated with the extrapolation, for use in the field, of tube calibration factors measured in the laboratory. To quantify these uncertainties, the in-situ performance of four modified venturi tubes is compared with the performance of four 8-path chordal ultrasonic flowmeters. The data analyzed were collected in the feeds of four steam generators in a large pressurized water reactor plant, each feed containing one meter of each type. The meters were initially calibrated in this series arrangement in a NIST traceable calibration lab and then operated in the same arrangement in the field.
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Conder, Thomas E., Ralph S. Budwig, and Richard S. Skifton. "Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements in a Representative Gas-Cooled Prismatic Reactor Core Model: Distribution of Flow From the Upper Plenum to the Fuel Block Arrangement." In ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2013-16008.
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An experiment was conducted at Idaho National Laboratory to investigate the bypass flow associated with a Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor in direct support of Computational Fluid Dynamic validation [1]. Velocity fields within a representative quartz model, consisting of an upper plenum, upper block, and lower block, were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry; after which, flow rates were calculated in each section. The present study was carried out to determine flow distribution from the upper plenum to the fuel block assembly. It was found that the flow rates in the lower six coolant channels varied from their average only by 2.4, 4.6, and 2.5% for the low, medium, and high flow cases, respectively. Consequently, it was concluded that the non-uniform inlet velocity condition in the upper plenum had insignificant effect on flow distribution to the coolant channels and interstitial gap.