Academic literature on the topic 'Labor turnover – Canada'

Developing-world rural migrants provide crucial labor for global supply chains and economic growth in their native countries. Yet their high turnover engenders considerable organizational costs and disruptions threatening those contributions. Organizational scholars thus strive to understand why these workers quit, often applying turnover models and findings predominantly derived from the United States, Canada, England or Australia (UCEA). Predominant applications of dominant turnover theories however provide limited insight into why developing-world migrants quit given that they significantly differ from UCEA workforces in culture, precarious employment and rural-to-urban migration. Based on multi-phase, multi-source and multi-level survey data of 173 Chinese migrants working in a construction group, this study adopts an identity strain perspective to clarify why they quit. This investigation established that migrants retaining their rural identity experience more identity strain when working and living in distant urban centers. Moreover, identity strain prompts them to quit when their work groups lack supervisory supportive climates. Furthermore, migrants’ adjustment to urban workplaces and communities mediates the interactive effect of identity strain and supervisory supportive climate on turnover. Overall, this study highlighted how identity strain arising from role transitions and urban adjustment can explain why rural migrants in developing societies quit jobs.

This article uses the national sample of the 1901 census of Canada to compare the earnings of live-in domestic servants with the earnings of women in other occupations and to examine the ethnoreligious backgrounds of domestic servants. The hypothesis that domestic service offered relative material advantages, when room and board are taken into account, is rejected. The hypothesis that female domestic servants came from a narrow range of specific ethnoreligious backgrounds is also rejected. The changing backgrounds and expectations of female domestic servants in the early twentieth century exacerbated class tensions in the service sector, helping ensure that domestic service remained an occupation of short duration and high turnover. The conclusion is that domestic service did not simply decline; rather, a work process was transformed. Demographic changes combined with changes in family and individual strategies to limit the supply of labor. When efforts to increase labor supply failed, bourgeois employers attempted to replace labor with new household technology; the wage-paid occupation of the domestic servant declined and was replaced by that of the unpaid housewife.

Background: Currently, there is abundant research indicating that smoking and alcohol consumption have significant impacts on morbidity and mortality, though little is known about these behaviors among Canadian health care workers. The objective of this study was to examine health and coping behaviors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption as well as stress management techniques, among health care workers consisting of gendered, racialized, and immigrant employees. Methods: Drawing on a single-case, mixed-methods study in Ontario, Canada, this paper presents under-researched data about smoking practices, alcohol consumption, and stress management techniques among health care workers in labor-intensive, high-stress, high-turnover environments. In particular, it identifies the various mechanisms for maintaining health and well-being. Results: The findings suggest that 7.7% of survey respondents reported smoking while 43.4% reported alcohol consumption, which were reported more frequently among immigrants than among non-immigrants. Participants also reported health-promoting activities in face-to-face interviews, such as mindful breathing techniques and drawing upon social support, while a few respondents reported alcohol consumption to specifically cope with sleep disturbances and job stress. Conclusions: Although smoking and alcohol consumption were both connected with coping strategies and leisure, they were predominant in immigrant groups compared to non-immigrant groups.

The paper analyzes the growing costs of various fringe benefits in Canada and their impact on expanding employment. The empirical evidence is in support of fringe barrier hypothesis but not until labour turnover costs are added to fringe costs. It emphasizes that Canadian data on fringe benefits and overtime are extremely inadequate therefore, at the present time, no conclusive study is possible without collecting data on overtime, describing the causes of assigning it internally in a factory. This study attempted to fill in this gap by suggesting that external factors such as skill shortages and capacity output are not significant determinants of overtime.

The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationships among pay satisfaction, job satisfaction, and turnover. While there is a fairly large body of literature on pay satisfaction/dissatisfaction-turnover relationship, there are reasons to expect different outcomes in occupations – such as social work and nursing – where job satisfaction, versus pay, may be of equal, if not greater importance. Essentially, it may be argued that in these sectors, workers are driven more by job satisfaction rather than their paychecks. Yet, there is little empirical research on this issue; thus, a primary purpose of this study is to address this research need. This study will add to the recent research that has focused on key human resources management and industrial relations issues related to the nursing profession in Canada. Furthermore, many studies use a unidimensional measure of pay satisfaction even though the literature suggests that there are better measures. Using a four-dimensional instrument in this study, we improve on past practices. Using a sample of 200 nurses in a unionized hospital in Ontario to test our hypotheses, we found support for both (viz., 1. The four pay dimensions will affect turnover intent differently; and 2. Job satisfaction will add incrementally to the explained variance in the pay satisfaction-turnover relationship). The findings support the contention that nurses may be more motivated by their jobs, versus their pay. The findings may be good news for organizations that want to better manage labour costs. There are different ways for hospitals to improve their workplace environment in order to increase satisfaction with intrinsic job factors and reduce turnover.

The authors present a review and an assessment of the Candide1and Cofor2models as instruments for estimating manpower requirements at the industry and provincial levels. In summary form the approach is as follows. Following upon a forecast of Real Domestic Product by industry generated by Candide, Cofor allows the preparation of estimates of total employment by industry at the national level by making use of productivity equations of the following form: In Y/L = f (T) where Y is Real Domestic Product, L is employment and T is a time trend. In certain instances K (capital stock) is used instead of T. Then total employment by industry is estimated at the provincial level by extrapolating the ratio of total employment in the industry by province to that at the national level. Finally employment by occupation is obtained by applying the 1971 Census occupational distribution of experienced labour force by industry at the provincial level. Adjustments are made for death and retirement rates as observed at the all industry and Canada levels. The paper then illustrates the use of the models with results obtained for the Canadian industrial chemicals and Québec textiles and total Québec industries. Comments are then made concerning the strenght and weaknesses of the models. Among these are: 1) The use of average productivity estimates to examine manpower requirements in industries contemplating large scale projects. 2) An implicit hypothesis to the effect that capacity is utilized fully. 3) The aging of the occupational distributions, and the use of experienced labour force rather than employment in the analysis of occupational distributions. 4) Estimates for both sexes together rather than by sex. 5) Lack of adjustments to reflect the age-experience profiles by industry. 6) Lack of adjustment for recent significant increases in turnover rates. 7) Insufficient adjustment for cyclical effects. 8) Inadequate disaggregation at the provincial level, etc.. 1 Canadian Disaggregated Interdepartmental Econometric Model operated by the Economic Council of Canada. 2 Canadian Occupational Forecasting Model developed and operated by the Canadian Department of Manpower and Immigration.

If dissenting judgments perform a valuable function in the administration of justice, too little dissent may indicate that the administration of justice is not reaping the benefits of dissent. South Africa belongs to the common-law tradition, which has always allowed dissenting judgments. The civil-law system traditionally did not, and this is still the position in many countries. In the modern era, considerations of transparency and accountability favour the disclosure and publication of dissenting judgments. Although they can play a role in the development of the law, their most valuable function is to improve the quality of judicial output by requiring majority judgments to confront the dissenting judgments’ reasoning. Factors which may affect the extent of dissent in appellate courts include case complexity and control over rolls; panel sizes; judicial diversity, personality and turnover; court leadership; research resources; modes of judicial interaction; and protocols on the timeliness of judgments. Data on dissent in South Africa’s Constitutional Court, Supreme Court of Appeal and Labour Appeal Court, as well as in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States, suggest that there is less dissent in our intermediate appellate courts than might be expected. Changes in work procedures could yield a healthier pattern.

In developed countries, population aging due to advances in living standards and healthcare infrastructure means that the care associated with chronic and degenerative diseases is becoming more prevalent across all facets of society—including the labour market. Informal caregiving, that is, care provision performed by friends and family, is expected to increase in the near future in Canada, with implications for workplaces. Absenteeism, presenteeism, work satisfaction and retention are known to be worse in employees who juggle the dual role of caregiving and paid employment, representing losses to workplaces’ bottom line. Recent discourse on addressing the needs of carer-employees (CEs) in the workplace have been centred around carer-friendly workplace policies. This paper aims to assess the potential cost implication of a carer-friendly workplace intervention implemented within a large-sized Canadian workplace. The goal of the intervention was to induce carer-friendly workplace culture change. A workplace-wide survey was circulated twice, prior to and after the intervention, capturing demographic variables, as well as absenteeism, presenteeism, turnover and impact on coworkers. Utilizing the pre-intervention timepoint as a baseline, we employed a cost implication analysis to quantify the immediate impact of the intervention from the employer’s perspective. We found that the intervention overall was not cost-saving, although there were some mixed effects regarding some costs, such as absenteeism. Non-tangible benefits, such as changes to employee morale, satisfaction with supervisor, job satisfaction and work culture, were not monetarily quantified within this analysis; hence, we consider it to be a conservative analysis.

The paramedic profession in the UK evolved from a small number of pilot programmes in the early 1970s that focused on training selected NHS ambulance crews in advanced resuscitation techniques. Similar initiatives occurred almost simultaneously in the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. This case study focuses primarily on the UK, and England in particular. The purpose of the initiatives described was to address the unmet needs of patients with serious injury and illness. Over the following decades, paramedics developed a clear identity and became fully professionally recognised and regulated as allied health professionals, becoming an example of the phenomenon termed ‘disruptive Innovation’; this is something that creates a new market and value network while disrupting existing ones. The steep developmental trajectory of paramedics has not been mirrored by a comparable pace of reform and modernisation in NHS ambulance services which, in comparison, have lagged behind and also failed to adapt to significant changes in the pattern, quantity and epidemiological characteristics of patient demand. This has led to a mismatch between the capabilities offered by paramedics and the professional opportunities available to them in ambulance services, and hampered these practitioners' ability to make full use of their skills. The consequence of this has often manifested as low levels of paramedic and other ambulance staff satisfaction, resulting in high rates of staff turnover. Parallel developments in medical personnel deployment have increased the quantity of medical labour available to patients with serious or life-threatening injuries, with medical staff added to helicopter emergency medical crews. While many patients with urgent conditions would have benefited from general practitioners being available out of hours, proportionally fewer doctors are available to fulfil this role today and those that are attracted to working with the ambulance service often prefer to respond to cases involving major injury. For these reasons and given the reality that the ambulance service is morphing into primarily an urgent care organisation, de-emphasising the transport aspect of the service, changes are needed to its model of operation and to staff management and support.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’étudier les liens entre les composantes de la rémunération tangible et le roulement volontaire dans le secteur des TIC au Canada. Pour étudier cette question, des hypothèses ont été formulées. À partir de la revue de la littérature et de certaines théories, 2 hypothèses générales ainsi que 7 sous-hypothèses ont été émises. La première hypothèse générale indique que la rémunération tangible est associée à un roulement volontaire plus faible dans le secteur des TIC au Canada. Les 7 sous-hypothèses découlent de cette première hypothèse générale. Celles-ci concernent les 7 composantes de la rémunération tangible qui sont étudiées dans ce mémoire, c’est-à-dire, le salaire par employé, le nombre de jours de vacances annuelles, les congés payés pour raisons personnelles, les programmes de commissions, les bonis à la performance, le paiement des heures supplémentaires et les régimes de retraite à prestations déterminées. La deuxième hypothèse générale stipule que le nombre offert de pratiques de rémunération tangible est associé à un roulement volontaire plus faible dans le secteur des TIC au Canada. Les données de nature transversale utilisées dans le cadre de ce mémoire ont été colligées dans le cadre d’une enquête par questionnaire réalisée par une équipe de recherche dirigée par Stéphane Renaud, professeur à l’Université de Montréal. L’équipe de recherche est composée de Sylvie St-Onge, professeure au HEC Montréal, de Denis Morin, professeur à l’Université du Québec à Montréal, de Lucie Morin, professeure à l’Université du Québec à Montréal et de Jacques Forest, professeur à l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Afin de réaliser cette enquête salariale, l’équipe de recherche a collaboré avec TECHNOcompétences, qui est le comité sectoriel de la main-d’œuvre en technologies de l’information et des communications. La collecte de données a été effectuée par la firme Normandin-Beaudry entre les mois de janvier et d’avril 2016. Cent-vingt-cinq organisations ont répondu à l’enquête. Dix d’entre elles n’ont pas rapporté de données quant au roulement volontaire. Ainsi, cent-quinze questionnaires ayant été complétés par des organisations du secteur des TIC au Canada ont été utilisés pour fin d’analyse dans cette étude. Parmi les deux hypothèses générales de recherche, seule l’Hypothèse 1 est confirmée partiellement, puisqu’une seule des variables s’est avérée significative. Autrement dit, une seule des sous-hypothèses découlant de l’Hypothèse 1 a été confirmée. Il s’agit de l’Hypothèse 1b qui traite de la relation entre les vacances annuelles payées et le roulement volontaire. Ainsi, plus une entreprise offrira un nombre élevé de jours de vacances annuellement, plus cette organisation verra son roulement volontaire diminuer. Les autres sous-hypothèses ainsi que l’Hypothèse 2 sont infirmées. En conclusion, ce mémoire rappelle aux gestionnaires l’importance qu’il faut accorder aux pratiques de rémunération tangible. Mais, il réitère aussi l’impact et la nécessité d’accorder une grande importance à l’offre de rémunération dans son ensemble, c’est-à-dire, autant aux composantes tangibles qu’intangibles.
The purpose of this thesis is to study the links between the tangible reward and voluntary turnover components in the information and communications technology sector in Canada. To study this question, hypotheses were formulated. Based on empirical literature and certain theories, 2 general hypotheses, as well as 7 sub-hypotheses were formulated. The first hypothesis suggests that tangible reward is associated with lower voluntary turnover. The 7 sub-hypotheses stem from this first general hypothesis. These relate to the 7 components of tangible reward that are studied in this thesis, that is, the salary per employee, the number of annual vacation days, paid time off for personal reasons, commission programs, performance bonuses, payment for overtime and defined benefit pension plans. The second general hypothesis suggests that the number of tangible reward practices offered is associated with lower voluntary turnover. The cross-sectional data used in this thesis was collected in a survey conducted by a research team under the supervision of Stéphane Renaud, professor at the University of Montréal. The research team is made up of Sylvie St-Onge, professor at HEC Montreal, Denis Morin, professor at the University du Québec à Montreal, Lucie Morin, professor at the University du Québec à Montreal and Jacques Forest, professor at the University du Québec à Montreal. In order to carry out this salary survey, the research team collaborated with TECHNOcompétences, which is the sectoral committee for the workforce in information and communications technologies. The data collection was carried out by Normandin-Beaudry between January and April 2016. One hundred and twenty-five organizations responded to the survey. Ten of them did not report data on voluntary turnover. Thus, one hundred and fifteen questionnaires that were completed by organizations from the information and communications sector in Canada were used for analysis in this study. Of the two general research hypotheses, only Hypothesis 1 is partially confirmed, since only one of the variables was found to be significant. In other words, only one of the sub-hypotheses steming from Hypothesis 1 was confirmed. This is Hypothesis 1b which suggests that there is a significant relationship between annual paid vacation and voluntary turnover. Thus, the more a company will offer a high number of annual vacation days, the more this organization will see its voluntary turnover decrease. The other sub-hypotheses, as well as Hypothesis 2 are invalidated. In conclusion, this thesis serves to remind managers of the importance that must be attributed to tangible reward practices. However, it also reiterates the impact and the need to grant significant importance to the compensation package as a whole, that is, both the tangible and the intangible components.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’étudier les liens entre les composantes de la rémunération intangible et le roulement volontaire dans le secteur des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) au Canada. À l’aide de de la théorie de l’échange social de Blau (1964) et de la théorie de la dépendance à l’égard des ressources de Balkin et Bannister (1994), puis suite à une revue de la littérature, ce mémoire propose deux hypothèses générales ainsi que sept sous-hypothèses. La première hypothèse générale stipule que la rémunération intangible est associée à un roulement volontaire plus faible. En ce qui concerne les sept sous-hypothèses, elles proviennent de cette première hypothèse générale. Il s’agit des sept composantes de rémunération intangible qui sont analysées dans le cadre de cette recherche, soient le nombre d’heures travaillées par semaine, en moyenne, la possibilité d’un horaire de travail à temps partiel, le nombre d’heures moyens dans la semaine normale de travail, la présence de semaine comprimée de travail, la présence d’un horaire d’été, la possibilité de télétravail et la présence de programmes de formation structurés. La seconde hypothèse générale indique que le nombre offert de pratiques de rémunération intangible est associé à un roulement volontaire plus faible. Les données de nature transversales utilisées dans cette étude proviennent d’entreprises œuvrant dans le secteur des TIC au Canada. En partenariat avec TECHNOcompétences, la collecte de données a été réalisée par la firme Normandin-Beaudry, et ce, de janvier à avril 2016. Cent vingt-cinq questionnaires ont été distribués à autant d’organisations. Ces questionnaires ont été complétés par les directeurs et directrices des ressources humaines des organisations. Dix de ces organisations n’ont rapporté aucune donnée en ce qui a trait au roulement volontaire. Ainsi, les données de 115 questionnaires ont été utilisées et analysées dans le cadre de cette étude. Les deux hypothèses générales de recherche sont infirmées. En effet, dans le cadre de la première hypothèse, aucune des sept sous-hypothèses (1a à 1g) n’ont pu être confirmées. L’ensemble des résultats n’étaient pas significatifs. Pour ce qui est de la deuxième hypothèse, la relation n’est pas significative, infirmant également l’Hypothèse 2. En conclusion, ce mémoire réitère l’importance pour les gestionnaires en ressources humaines et leurs organisations d’offrir des pratiques de rémunération intangible qui sont diversifiées et adaptées à la réalité de la main d’œuvre qui compose le marché du travail. Il vise également à rappeler la nécessité d’avoir une offre de rémunération globale complète, où la rémunération intangible et tangible sont complémentaires.
The purpose of this thesis is to study the links between the intangible reward and voluntary turnover components in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector in Canada. Using Blau’s social exchange theory (1964) and Balkin and Bannister’s resource dependance theory (1994), and the empirical-literature, this thesis proposes two general hypotheses as well as seven sub-hypotheses. The first general hypothesis suggests that intangible reward is associated with lower voluntary turnover. Regarding the seven sub-hypotheses, they come from this first general hypothesis. These are the seven components of intangible reward that are analyzed in this thesis, which are the number of hours worked per week, on average, the possibility of a part-time work schedule, the average number of hours in the normal work week, the presence of a compressed work week, the presence of a summer schedule, the possibility of teleworking and the presence of structured training programs. The second general hypothesis suggests that the number of intangible reward practices offered is associated with a lower voluntary turnover. The cross-sectional data used in this study come from companies operating in the ICT sector in Canada. In partnership with TECHNOcompétences, data collection was carried by Normandin Beaudry’s firm, from January to April 2016. One hundred twenty five surveys were distributed to as many organizations. These surveys were completed by human resources directors from these organizations. Ten of the organizations did not report any data regarding voluntary turnover. Thus, the data of 115 questionnaires were used and analyzed within the framework of this study. The two general research hypotheses are invalidated. Indeed, for the first hypothesis, none of the seven sub-hypotheses (1a to 1g) could be confirmed. The results were not significant. Regarding the second hypothesis, the relationship is not significant, also invalidating the Hypothesis 2. In conclusion, this thesis reiterates the importance for human resources managers and their organizations to offer diversified intangible reward practices that are adapted to the workforce reality that makes up the labor market. It also aims to recall the need to have a complete global compensation offer, where intangible and tangible rewards are complementary.

Canada is challenged with a perceived nursing shortage. Better understanding of the factors that influence satisfaction and turnover may help to formulate improved strategies for retention of the nursing workforce. Our analysis revealed that satisfaction levels in both the job and the nursing profession are high in the Canadian nursing workforce corresponding to relatively high retention rates in the workforce. We found that dissatisfaction with the job and nursing are distinct concepts that are intrinsically associated. Dissatisfaction in the job significantly increased the likelihood of dissatisfaction with being a nurse and vice versa for RNs. Also, nurses were more likely to express intentions to switch jobs than intentions to leave nursing. Job dissatisfaction was the strongest predictor for both the intentions to leave nursing and switch jobs. The findings suggest that targeting both the job structures and the profession’s role would help to maintain and improve retention rates for nurses.