Journal articles on the topic 'Labor supply – Spain'
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Guner, Nezih, Javier López-Segovia, and Roberto Ramos. "Reforming the individual income tax in Spain." SERIEs 11, no. 4 (November 8, 2020): 369–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-020-00224-2.
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AbstractCan the Spanish government generate more tax revenue by making personal income taxes more progressive? To answer this question, we build a life-cycle economy with uninsurable labor productivity risk and endogenous labor supply. Individuals face progressive taxes on labor and capital incomes and proportional taxes that capture social security, corporate income, and consumption taxes. Our answer is yes, but not much. A reform that increases labor income taxes for individuals who earn more than the mean labor income and reduces taxes for those who earn less than the mean labor income generates a small additional revenue. The revenue from labor income taxes is maximized at an effective marginal tax rate of 51.6% (38.9%) for the richest 1% (5%) of individuals, versus 46.3% (34.7%) in the benchmark economy. The increase in revenue from labor income taxes is only 0.82%, while the total tax revenue declines by 1.55%. The higher progressivity is associated with lower aggregate labor supply and capital. As a result, the government collects higher taxes from a smaller economy. The total tax revenue is higher if marginal taxes are raised only for the top earners. The increase, however, must be substantial and cover a large segment of top earners. The rise in tax collection from a 3 percentage points increase on the top 1% is just 0.09%. A 10 percentage points increase on the top 10% of earners (those who earn more than €41,699) raises total tax revenue by 2.81%.
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Wang, Xiaoyu, Jinquan Gong, and Chunan Wang. "How Does Commute Time Affect Labor Supply in Urban China? Implications for Active Commuting." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 4631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134631.
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This paper identifies the causal effect of commute time on labor supply in urban China and provides implications for the development of active commuting. Labor supply is measured by daily workhours, workdays per week and weekly workhours, and city average commute time is adopted as an instrumental variable to correct the endogenous problem of individual commute time. We find that in urban China, commute time does not have effect on daily labor supply but has negative effects on workdays per week and weekly labor supply. These results are different from those found in Germany and Spain, and are potentially related to the intense competition among workers in the labor market of China. Moreover, the effect of commute time on workdays per week is stronger for job changed workers. In addition, the effects of commute time on labor supply are not different between males and females. Finally, policy implications for active commuting are discussed.
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González, Libertad. "The Effect of a Universal Child Benefit on Conceptions, Abortions, and Early Maternal Labor Supply." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 160–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.3.160.
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I study the impact of a universal child benefit on fertility and maternal labor supply. I exploit the unanticipated introduction of a sizable child benefit in Spain in 2007. Following a regression discontinuity-type design, I find that the benefit significantly increased fertility, in part through a reduction in abortions. Families who received the benefit did not increase consumption. Instead, eligible mothers stayed out of the labor force longer after childbirth, which led to their children spending less time in formal child care. (JEL I38, J13, J16, J22)
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Straubhaar, Thomas. "The Causes of International Labor Migrations — A Demand-Determined Approach." International Migration Review 20, no. 4 (December 1986): 835–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000406.
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The empirical results for the causes of the migration flows from Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal and Turkey to the EC-destination countries show that determinants which are used to explain migration flows inside a given country can be applied to the migration flows within a Common Market, but not to international migration flows. International migration flows are demand-determined by the existence of restrictive immigration control systems. The demand for immigrants in the destination country is the decisive condition for the phenomenon of international labor migration, and the supply of migration-willing workers is only a necessary condition.
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Ayala, Luis, and Milagros Paniagua. "The impact of tax benefits on female labor supply and income distribution in Spain." Review of Economics of the Household 17, no. 3 (February 5, 2018): 1025–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-018-9405-5.
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Strawczynski, Michel, and Oren Tirosh. "Government Welfare Policy Under a Skilled-Biased Technological Change." Public Finance Review 50, no. 5 (September 2022): 515–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10911421221117713.
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In a world where machines replace unskilled work, an active labor market policy—represented by the combination of an optimal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and income maintenance for the unemployed—provides incentives to increase participation in the labor market and depresses wages for unskilled employees. In this paper, this policy is tested against the alternative of allowing unskilled workers to receive a means-tested basic income (MTBI), as recently adopted by Spain. For a liberal social planner (i.e., includes consumption and leisure in individual utility), the MTBI dominates the active labor market policy. For a conservative social planner (i.e., evaluates social welfare based on individual utility from consumption), the active labor market policy dominates the MTBI. The potential dynamic effects of active labor policy on labor supply were considered in a simulation using updated empirical estimates; it shows that this policy becomes preferable for both types of the social planner.
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Robles-Velasco, Alicia, María Rodríguez-Palero, Jesús Muñuzuri, and Luis Onieva. "Sustainable Development and Efficiency Analysis of the Major Urban Water Utilities in Spain." Water 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091519.
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In Spain, the water supply service is a municipal responsibility and in general is a sector without competitors. For this reason, an efficiency analysis attains greater significance. This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate the efficiency of different urban water utilities. An extensive data search, where several variables such as the capital expenditure, the cost of material, or the labor have been recorded, has allowed evaluating the relative efficiency of the most important Spanish water distribution networks in using their resources. Furthermore, their sustainable efficiency has also been evaluated by including a variable representing the percentage of water losses. Results reveal the weaknesses of inefficient utilities and help to detect potential aspects that these companies should improve. For instance, there is an evident incorrect management of the costs of material by many urban water utilities, which does not happen with the labor. Additionally, the most efficient water utilities regarding the sustainable efficiency help to discover target percentages of water losses for the inefficient ones.
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Retamales, Jorge B. "World temperate fruit production: characteristics and challenges." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 33, spe1 (October 2011): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452011000500015.
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In the last 30 years world population has increased 70% but per capita global fruit consumption is only 20% higher. Even though tropical and temperate fruit have similar contributions to the 50 kg/person/year of US consumption of fresh fruit, in the last 30 years this has been slightly greater for temperate fruit. Within fruit consumption, the largest expansion has been for organic fruit which increased more than 50% in the 2002-2006 period. The largest expansion of area planted in the 1996-2006 has been for kiwi (29%) and blueberries (20%), while apples (-24%) and sour cherries (-13%) have had the largest reductions. Nearly 50% of the total global volume of fruit is produced by 5 countries: China, USA, Brazil, Italy and Spain. The main producer (China) accounts for 23% of the total. While the main exporters are Spain, USA and Italy, the main importers are Germany, Russia and UK. Demands for the industry have evolved towards quality, food safety and traceability. The industry faces higher productions costs (labor, energy, agrichemicals). The retailers are moving towards consolidation while the customers are changing preferences (food for health). In this context there is greater pressure on growers, processors and retailers. Emerging issues are labor supply, climate change, water availability and sustainability. Recent developments in precision agriculture, molecular biology, phenomics, crop modelling and post harvest physiology should increase yields and quality, and reduce costs for temperate fruit production around the world.
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Coutts, Brian E. "Boom and Bust: The Rise and Fall of the Tobacco Industry in Spanish Louisiana, 1770-1790." Americas 42, no. 3 (March 1986): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006929.
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French royal officials, speculators such as John Law, and the French Crown itself had placed great hopes in the development of the tobacco industry in French Louisiana. Some officials even anticipated that Louisiana tobacco might someday be grown in sufficient quantities to supply all the needs of the French Tobacco Monopoly. These lofty expectations were never realized although tobacco production did reach 400,000 pounds in 1740.By the time of the transfer of the colony to Spain in 1766 the perils of war and erratic shipping had almost killed the industry. Most planters had switched to the more profitable production of indigo. Historian Jacob Price claims that the failure of the French government's efforts to develop the tobacco trade resulted from a misunderstanding about costs. In Louisiana, he writes, labor was expensive and freight dear, yet French authorities expected Louisiana tobacco to be competitive in price in the French market with Virginia tobacco, grown in an established market, with abundant labor, and much closer to Europe. Fortunately, the Spanish officials had no such illusions.
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Lacuesta, Aitor, Sergio Puente, and Ernesto Villanueva. "The schooling response to a sustained increase in low-skill wages: evidence from Spain 1989–2009." SERIEs 11, no. 4 (July 25, 2020): 457–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-020-00218-0.
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AbstractThe response of human capital accumulation to changes in the anticipated returns to schooling determines the type of skills supplied to the labor market, the productivity of future cohorts, and the evolution of inequality. Unlike the USA, the UK or Germany, Spain has experienced between 1995 and 2008 a drop in the returns to medium and tertiary education and, with a lag, a drop in schooling attainment of recent cohorts, providing the setup to estimate the response of different forms of human capital acquisition to relative increases in low-skill wages. We measure the expected returns to schooling using skill-specific wages bargained in collective agreements at the province–industry level. We argue that those wages are easily observable by youths and relatively insensitive to shifts in the supply of workers. Our preferred estimates suggest that a 10% increase in the ratio of wages of unskilled workers to the wages of mid-skill workers increases the fraction of males completing at most compulsory schooling by between 2 and 6.5 percentage points. The response is driven by males from less educated parents and comes at the expense of students from the academic high school track—rather than the vocational training track.
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Oliver, Xisco, and Amedeo Spadaro. "Active Welfare State Policies and Labour Supply in Spain." Revista Hacienda Pública Española 222, no. 3 (September 2017): 9–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7866/hpe-rpe.17.3.1.
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Belova, Lidia G. "Global Market of Highly Qualified Specialist under Pandemic Conditions." DEMIS. Demographic research 1, no. 2 (2021): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.2.5.
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The article examines the state of the global market of highly qualified specialists under the pandemic conditions (demand, supply, and the main areas of activity). The author points at an increased importance of such an economic resource as knowledge. In most countries there is a need for qualified, healthy, and entrepreneurial specialists. The labor force began to be evaluated not by quantity, but by quality. The author gives data on “global talent index” how to prepare and keep professionals in the largest countries of the world. This paper pays special attention to entrepreneurial talent that is being encouraged, developed, and has an impact on relative competitiveness of various economies. The author indicates intensive movements of professionals between countries because of intra-firm transitions, common programs because of professional exchange, international movements of scientific personnel. Due to digitalization scientific connections are expanding between countries and effectiveness of cooperation in the online format is increasing. The role of a student mobility is increasing in an international educational exchange as one of the forms of an international migration of highly qualified specialists. The author defines the main travel directions of scientific personnel such as the USA, western European countries, South Korea, Thailand, Hong Kong, Singapore, and others. It is established that during the pandemic restrictive measures have dramatically reduced the inflow of highly qualified specialists to all countries of the world, including Russia. There is an increase in unemployment in Canada, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the USA and in other countries. During this period, an international outsourcing becomes particularly important allowing to penetrate to the professional labor market at closed borders. As a result, start-ups in the form of online exhibitions have appeared. During the pandemic scientists, information technology specialists, engineers, teachers, and doctors have become popular. The author highlights the problems at the labor market occurred in pandemic terms and indicates an increased demand for all kinds of digital projects with the participation of Russian professionals.
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Osorio-Tejada, Jose Luis, Eva Llera-Sastresa, Sabina Scarpellini, and Tito Morales-Pinzón. "Social Organizational Life Cycle Assessment of Transport Services: Case Studies in Colombia, Spain, and Malaysia." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 14, 2022): 10060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610060.
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Freight operations are relevant for economies but can negatively impact society due to the performance of activities related to fuel production, vehicle manufacturing, and infrastructure construction. This study applies the social organizational life cycle assessment (SO-LCA) methodology to analyze the social performance of companies involved in the supply chain of road transport companies located in different contexts such as Latin American, European, and Asian. The results of the three case studies are compared to analyze the methodology’s robustness and the influence of development and culture on how social performance is perceived. An approach for the SO-LCA, based on the UNEP/SETAC guidelines, was applied to freight companies in Colombia, Spain, and Malaysia. This integrated approach considers the key components of the transport system: fuels, vehicles, and infrastructure. A multi-tier inventory analysis was performed for 26 social impact subcategories, and reference scale assessments were applied to obtain single and aggregated social performance indexes. Interviews with stakeholders were used to aggregate indexes and identify priorities for decision-making in different contexts. First, the stakeholders concurred that freight companies must focus on labor rights to improve their social performance. The second social category in order of importance was human rights, except in the Spanish case study, where it was socioeconomic repercussions. These results indicate that social impact subcategories are influenced by socioeconomic development and the culture or beliefs of its inhabitants. These specificities help identify hotspots and stakeholder concerns toward which transport companies should direct their efforts. This study expands the range of indicators for social impact measurement and the known literature by investigating social matters for different categories of stakeholders spanning three continents. When these indicators are fully developed, their consideration in management practices could benefit business practitioners.
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Garcia, Inmaculada, and Jose Alberto Molina. "Household labour supply with rationing in Spain." Applied Economics 30, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368498324643.
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Mohammed Najeeb Jameel, Dr Shaima, and Dr Ayad Basheer Alchalaby. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE PERIOD'S SLOWING ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES IN THE LIGHT OF THE PANDEMIC BURDEN )2019-2021(." International Journal of Transformations in Business Management 12, no. 02 (2022): 262–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijtbm.v12i02.013.
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Recently, a severe disease is known as COVID-19 has originated in a developed country with the world’s second-highest national income, and has spread globally at the end of the year (2019– 2021). The share of countries with very high and very high incomes from the spread of this pandemic was large, and possibly from the most important countries are Italy, Spain, the United States of America, Germany, and so on. Despite significant scientific breakthroughs in medicine and pharmacology, modern engineering technology in the medical field, and advanced medical laboratories, these countries were initially helpless in the face of the spread of this disease, which resulted in a slowdown in economic growth rates for all countries worldwide at the time its prevalence decreased. The global gross domestic product ranges between (87-84) trillion dollars. As a result, the research aims to bring about several objectives, including developing a theoretical and applied method of health economic analysis of pandemics for the World Health Organization to contribute to a group of countries’ health protection and maintaining the actual supply of work due to pandemic deaths. That, in turn, contributes to lower productivity and capital accumulation. It is more challenging to keep healthy population groups quickly because healthy labor forces tend to be more productive, incredibly healthy, and educated populations and healthy labor forces tend to control their fertility. Additionally, the research assumes that spending on fundamental requirements (health, education, and social capital development) is an international obligation in addition to a local one, as it results in a direct correlation between human health and economic growth rates. The research has come out with several conclusions. The most important of which is that the connections between pandemics and the economy are similar to the links between health and wealth in general. Prosperous civilizations have greater health and have a higher level of well-being and resistance to pandemics. At the same time, pandemics, like other health concerns, may hinder economic progress and create vicious cycles in which falling health diminishes wealth and protection against other health dangers, as seen by injury fatality rates. The research puts forward several recommendations, the most important of which is that the world’s countries particularly, those with high and extremely high incomes bear responsibility as most of them believe in economic globalization or a more contemporary concept known as “universal”. This is added to the fact that their economies have slowed down due to this dangerous health event.
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Dex, Shirley, Paul Robson, and Frank Wilkinson. "The Characteristics of the Low Paid: a Cross-national Comparison." Work, Employment and Society 13, no. 3 (September 1999): 503–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09500179922118051.
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This paper examines whether the supply side characteristics of the low paid are associated with the labour market wage setting institutions of five countries; Britain, Luxembourg, Germany, Spain and the USA, using the harmonised PAnel COmparability (PACO) data based on household panel studies and the Spanish European Household Panel survey. The age, education, marital status, children, lone parent status, household type, employment status of spouse, and housing tenure of the low paid are examined. The links between these characteristics, the low paid and labour market institutions are examined through multivariate analyses. Labour market wage setting institutions clearly influence the characteristics of the low paid and explain the variations in supply side, as well as demand side characteristics across countries.
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Garcia, Inmaculada, and Jose Alberto Molina. "Unemployment as a constraint on labour supply and goods demand in Spain." Applied Economics Letters 3, no. 3 (March 1996): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135048596356555.
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Boca, Daniela Del, and Silvia Pasqua. "Labour supply of Italian mothers. A comparison with other EU countries: facts, data and public policies." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 10, no. 1 (February 2004): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000110.
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Recent social and labour market policies in Italy have altered childcare costs and availability, increased opportunities for part-time jobs and flexibility in working hours and extended parental leave. This analysis focuses on the impact of these changes on the labour supply of mothers in Italy in comparison with other countries. Data from Eurostat and the OECD, and empirical results from the Italian Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW) and from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) are presented. The data show how the situation of Italian mothers is not dissimilar from that of mothers in other southern European countries, in particular Spain and Greece.
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Casado, José María, and Miguel Sebastián. "Análisis crítico de la Renta Básica: costes e incentivos. Aplicación al caso español." Revista Diecisiete: Investigación Interdisciplinar para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible., Octubre 2019 (October 14, 2019): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36852/2695-4427_2019_01.04.
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This paper estimates the costs of basic income and analyses its incentives to conclude that there is an inverse relationship between them. The more unconditional the basic income is, the less incentive problems will arise, but it will be more costly. We approximate its costs to the case of Spain, both using a macroeconomic approach and one with micro data. The high cost of the universal basic income implementation requires to limit the number of recipients by income or labour status and, therefore, labour supply and human capital incentive problems could be materialized. Implications for inequality are also discussed.
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Gustrán Loscos, Carmina. "An estranged gaze at the world of work: La mano invisible (Isaac Rosa 2011; David Macián 2016)." International Journal of Iberian Studies 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijis_00010_1.
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This article analyses the unusual representation of work and workers in the novel La mano invisible (Isaac Rosa 2011) and its cinematic version (David Macián 2016). It explores how Rosa and Macián challenge the hegemonic invisibility of labour and labourers in the collective imagination of Spanish society by materializing not only the invisible hand of the workers behind the production of commodities and the supply of services, but also the invisible hand behind labour relations in a neo-liberal society. These representations are also analysed in their context of production and reception: post-industrial Europe and, more specifically, post-2008 crisis Spain.
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Blázquez, Maite, Ainhoa Herrarte, and Raquel Llorente-Heras. "Evidence on the Wage Returns of Advanced Vocational Training and University Education in Spain." Research in Applied Economics 7, no. 3 (August 19, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v7i3.7904.
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<p>This paper analyses the evolution of the wage return to tertiary education in Spain,<br />distinguishing between advanced vocational training and university education. Using<br />microdata from the Spanish Structure of Earnings Survey, the study estimates wage equations<br />which, in addition to considering the human capital and the personal and employment<br />characteristics of individuals as causal factors, includes a measure of the excess labour supply<br />of university graduates by region. The results show that the wage differential of the graduate<br />population fell, in general, in the period 1995-2006, and that a relatively high supply of<br />graduates in the regional labour market negatively affects wages in such regions, and that<br />these effects increase over time.</p>
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Foncubierta-Rodriguez, María José, Rafael Ravina-Ripoll, Eduardo Ahumada-Tello, and Luis Bayardo Tobar-Pesantez. "Are Spanish public employees happier in their job performance in the era of Industry 4.0?" 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(97).
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Since the end of the 20th century, economists have been attracted to the study of the economics of happiness (e.g., Singh, & Alexandrova, 2020; Crespo & Mesurado, 2015; Ferrer-i-Carbonell,2013). The use of the term happiness characterizes an essential volume of this bibliographical production as a synonym for the words satisfaction, well-being, or quality of life (Teixeira&Vasque, 2020; Carlquist et al., 2017). Under this umbrella, the culture of happiness management teaches us that a management model or direction oriented to the holistic search for happiness or job satisfaction of its employees is one of the essential axial pieces that organizations have to increase the commitment of their human capital, and therefore, their productivity and business performance (Ravina et al., 2019). Public administration employees are not exempt from this reality, a group that is characterized by job stability compared to private company employees. This article is dedicated to them. The era of Industry 4.0 is a period that is characterized, among other things, by the high precariousness of labor that is originated by the implementation of management models in advanced economies. This phenomenon is derived from the technological point of view by the automation and massive robotization of production processes and the supply chain. Together with the digitalization of companies, both factors are very present in the ecosystems of the Covid-19, and have come, perhaps, to stay in the future (Bragazzi, 2020; Ghadge et al., 2020). In line with the above, a more holistic examination of this issue seems likely to show that there is a keen interest among people to enter into Work mostly in public administrations, in search of a permanent contract for their entire working life. As is known, this is especially true in countries with high unemployment levels, such as Spain. Its unemployment rate is 20.1% in mid-2020. In the collective imagination of these individuals, there is the conviction that this type of Work constitutes ambrosia of eudaimonic happiness, job security, and quality of life, especially at present, in times of the Covid-19 pandemic (Fernández-Urbano, & Kulic, 2020). In this sense, it should be noted that in the last decades of the 21st century, there has been a growing interest in researching public employees' job satisfaction (e.g., Ryu&Bae, 2020; Steijn &Van der Voet, 2019; Luechinge et al., 2010). Most of the studies carried out on this scientific topic to date show empirically that public sector workers are happier than individuals in the private sphere. It's basically due to the intrinsic benefits (flexibility, vacation, or family reconciliation, among others) that this type of government entity offers concerning for-profit organizations (e.g., Lahat&Ofek, 2020; Sánchez-Sánchez, & Puente, 2020; Danzer,2019). In this context, this article aims to examine, as a priority in the era of Industry 4.0, whether there are observed differences in the levels of congratulations between human capital working in the private sector and that working in the public sector in Spain, by analyzing a set of variables that define positions: hours, salary, stability, promotion, and stress. Finally, we must indicate, on the one hand, that the choice of this spatial framework is motivated by the scarce literature investigating the happiness of Spanish public employees in an economy with high levels of youth unemployment (Núñez-Barriopedro et al., 2020). On the other hand, the results achieved in this study may be useful in the future for the implementation of public policies aimed at significantly promoting the welfare of working citizens through the happiness management approach (Ravina-Ripoll et al., 2019), or for taking this management concept to private companies to increase the motivation of their employees (Foncubierta-Rodríguez & Sánchez-Montero, 2019). Keywords: Happiness, human resources, Industry 4.0, public sector.
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Castillo-Manzano, José I., Lourdes López-Valpuesta, Fernando Gonzalez-Laxe, and Diego J. Pedregal. "An econometric analysis of the Spanish fresh fish market." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 3 (November 14, 2013): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst186.
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Abstract This article seeks to analyse the factors that determine the dynamics of the balance between supply and demand in the Spanish fresh fish market. For this, the time-series of fresh fish landed in the 1973–2009 period is analysed through an estimation of the series of transfer function models. Among other things, the findings in the Spanish case show a complex relationship between the amount of fish landed and price; a clear substitution relationship between fresh fish and aquaculture; a negative impact of labour costs in a manual labour-intensive sector such as fishing, which in developed countries is being affected by an exodus of manpower to other sectors where there is less uncertainty surrounding labour conditions; the impact of Spain being barred from international fishing grounds a result of the delimitation of exclusive economic zones (EEZs); and the dwindling importance of fisheries traffic as a result of the port devolution process begun in Spain in the early 1990s. The non-significance of a priori key factors, such as the price of oil and Spain's entry into the EEC, can be explained by widespread energy subsidies and contradictions in the objectives of the Common Fisheries Policy, respectively.
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Xu, Lili, and Hari Sharma. "EFFECT OF ACA MEDICAID EXPANSION ON THE LABOR SUPPLY OF DIRECT CARE WORKERS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1137.
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Abstract Direct care workers (DCWs) such as personal care aides, home health aides, and nursing assistants provide critical care to patients and residents in different settings including at home, nursing homes, and hospitals but DCWs earn low wages with limited benefits. The Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion increased health insurance access among low-income individuals but there are concerns that public insurance may disincentivize labor supply. In this study, we examine whether Medicaid expansion affected the labor supply of low-educated DCWs at both extensive and intensive margin overall, and by different healthcare settings. Using annual American Community Survey data from 2010 to 2019 retrieved via Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, we identify 100,676 adult DCWs (age: 19-64) with a high school or less degree from 50 states and DC. We examine the potentially causal effect of Medicaid expansion on labor supply of DCWs using difference-in-differences and event-study regressions We find that Medicaid expansion is associated with a 2.9 percentage-point (p< 0.01) increase in full-time employment (>=35 hours) and a 1.9 percentage point (p< 0.05) decrease in part-time employment (20-34 hours). We also find that unemployment decreased by 0.8 percentage points (p< 0.1) among DCWs mainly driven by those working in the long-term care industry. Our study suggests that Medicaid expansion does not have a negative impact on labor supply among low-educated DCWs. States that have not expanded Medicaid can consider policies to increase insurance coverage for DCWs as a strategy to strengthen this workforce.
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Abulafia, David. "Sugar in Spain." European Review 16, no. 2 (May 2008): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798708000148.
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Sugar has attracted attention from economic historians, particularly because of its significance in the organisation of labour – notably the role of sugar in the development of slavery in the New World. In a Mediterranean setting, the links to slavery are less obvious, but the gradual westward transfer of sugar technology from the Levant to Sicily (under Muslim rule, and later under Aragonese rule) and to Spain reflects seismic changes in the Mediterranean economy. This was a luxury product and, as demand in western Europe grew, European merchants sought sources of supply closer to home than the eastern Mediterranean. Their reluctance to trade in the Levant reflected political uncertainties in the period when Turkish power was rising in the region. In southern Spain, Valencia (under Christian rule) and Granada (under Muslim rule) became major suppliers to northern Europe by the 15th century. Paradoxically, the survival of the last Muslim state in Spain, Granada, was made possible through the injection of capital by Italian and other merchants trading in sugar. However, the discovery of the Atlantic islands, especially Madeira, gave the Portuguese an opportunity to develop sugar production on a massive scale, again targeting Flanders and northern Europe. The article concludes with the arrival of sugar in the Caribbean, in the wake of Columbus.
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Villaverde, José, and Adolfo Maza. "The role of spillovers in Okun’s law: Empirical evidence from Spain." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan180619006v.
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The Great Recession of the late 2000s has brought to the fore, once again, the relevance of the relationship between output performance and labour market developments all over the world. This paper analyses the validity of Okun?s law in Spain by using regional data from 2000 to 2014, which roughly encompasses a complete business cycle. By estimating a Spatial Panel Durbin Model, the results not only show that a robust, inverse relationship between unemployment and output holds for Spain but also the existence of regional spillovers (indirect effects). In addition, they reveal that there are no time asymmetries between the expansion and recession phases of the business cycle and that human capital, the share of the construction sector, and the share of temporary workers are key factors in explaining unemployment changes. From a policy perspective, our findings support the idea of implementing region-specific policies, since indirect effects are less relevant than direct ones. In any case, national policies would also be effective. These policies, whatever their scope, should be mainly supply-side oriented in expansions (largely labour market policies) and demand-side focused in contractions.
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Hernández Alemán, Anastasia, Carmelo J. León, and Laura Márquez-Ramos. "The Effect of the Universal Child Care Cash Benefit on Female Labour Supply in Spain." Estudios de Economía Aplicada 35, no. 3 (May 31, 2019): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v35i3.2508.
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El objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar el impacto potencial y real de la prestación monetaria universal para el cuidado de hijos en la participación de la mujer en el mercado de trabajo. Dicha medida innovadora por ser "universal" fue introducida con la aprobación de la Ley 35/2007 (BOE, 2007), y estuvo vigente hasta el año 2010. La medida conocida como "“cheque-bebé” consistió en una aportación de 2.500 € por nacimiento con el objetivo de estimular la tasa de natalidad. Esta medida proporciona un escenario único para realizar un cuasi-experimento. Para ello se emplea DiD semiparamétrico y regresión con panel de datos individuales, tomando como base la ECV en datos longitudinales para el periodo 2007-2010. Los resultados obtenidos prueban el efecto positivo de la medida en la oferta de trabajo femenino en España al tiempo que reduce los costes del nuevo hijo.
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Rubio, Sónia Parella. "Immigrant women in paid domestic service. The case of Spain and Italy." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 3 (August 2003): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900310.
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In the familistic welfare state regimes of Italy and Spain, the resurgence in live-in domestic work and the demand for migrant domestic workers is stronger than in other European countries. Organising and regulating services in order to help with the burden of caring for one's family is not an important objective of social policy in southern European countries. It is taken for granted that the family (‘women') is the main provider of social protection. In the absence of policy decisions in this field, the increase in local women's labour market participation in recent decades has led to households recruiting non-EU immigrant women in order to help them balance the needs of their family with the demands of paid employment. These immigrants constitute an enormous supply of low-cost labour and there is a shortage of local female workers in paid domestic work.
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Insarauto, Valeria. "Women’s Vulnerability to the Economic Crisis through the Lens of Part-time Work in Spain." Work, Employment and Society 35, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 621–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09500170211001271.
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This article studies women’s vulnerability to the economic crisis of 2008 through the lens of part-time work in Spain. It posits that part-time work made the female employment position more fragile by acting as a transmission mechanism of traditional gender norms that establish women as secondary workers. This argument is tested through an analysis of Labour Force Survey data from 2007 to 2014 that examines the influence of the employment situation of the household on women’s part-time employment patterns. The results expose the limited take-up of part-time work but also persistent patterns of involuntariness and underemployment corresponding to negative household employment situations, highlighting the constraining role of gender norms borne by the relative position of part-time work in the configuration of employment structures. The article concludes that, during the crisis, part-time work participated in the re-establishment of women as a family dependent and flexible labour supply, increasing their vulnerability.
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Navarro-Yáñez, Clemente J. "The Effectiveness of Integral Urban Strategies: Policy Theory and Target Scale. The European URBAN I Initiative and Employment." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 6251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116251.
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Integrated urban development strategies are shaping a new policy frame to cope with the complexity of urban problems. This implies multi-level policy mixes involving multiple goals, the collaboration between different actors, and policy theories based on complementarity between different policy tools (and their causal processes). As in other policies, the third aspect has been less analysed. This article studied the theory behind policy mixes developed in the European Union URBAN I Initiative framework and the effects on its employment inclusion goal. The policy theory suggests complementary effects between policy actions oriented toward economic activities and those oriented at increasing employment skills to, in turn, increase residents’ inclusion in the labour market. The quasi-experimental approach applied at the neighbourhood level in Spain showed a moderate influence on employment among the youngest age cohorts and a more evident impact on business density. Nevertheless, evidence concerning the complementarity between actions oriented at improving labour market demand and labour market supply in targeted neighbourhoods suggested in the program theory is less convincing. This exercise showed the methodological challenges in assessing the effectiveness of integral urban initiatives and offered some suggestions regarding the policy theory behind them through a European Union case.
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Cruz-Morato, Marco Antonio, Josefa García-Mestanza, and Carmen Dueñas-Zambrana. "Special Employment Centres, Time Factor and Sustainable Human Resources Management in Spanish Hotel Industry: Can Corporate Social Marketing Improve the Labour Situation of People with Disabilities?" Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 10710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910710.
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Background: Low-quality jobs, long working hours and difficult scheduling of hours have been usually reported in the hotel industry. The situation is more difficult for people with disabilities (PWD), even more in the COVID-19 crisis, especially in terms of labour inclusion (due to the labour discrimination usually suffered by this collective). Thus, Special Employment Centres (SEC) have been created in Spain to spread protected employment of PWD. Although they are improving the situation in the short term, the long-term impact developing sustainable employment is not clear. The objective of this paper is to analyze the Spanish situation, the possible differences between sheltered employment and the ordinary labour market, how SEC could be improving (or not) their labour situation in the hotel sector in the long term, and the potential of incorporating Corporate Social Marketing to overcome the problem. Methods: A content bibliographic analysis has been carried out according to the latest research about this topic, using a ProKnow-C methodology. Results: There seems to be two different groups of papers (supply and demand sides), being the supply side one (focused on HR practices about PWD inclusion and managers’ perceptions of workers with disabilities) more related to our research objective. Furthermore, few articles were found about SEC and Corporate Social Marketing in relation to this topic, highlighting the originality of this research approach. Conclusions: According to our bibliographic portfolio, the presence of labour discrimination in the regular market is more evident; and, in the long term, two opposite situations could be happening simultaneously: (a) SEC would be reinforcing the social stigma, hindering the labour situation of PWD; (b) SEC could be changing the social perspectives of clients and all society in a positive manner. Therefore, it would be necessary to go in-depth into the present subject, from an academic but also practical perspective, incorporating an innovative Corporate Social Marketing approach in order to shed new light on this issue and improving effective sustainable employment of PWD.
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LECHNER, Gerhard. "HYPERINFLATION IN THE EURO AREA?" JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 20, Issue Vol 20, No 2 (2021) (June 2021): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2021.02.233.
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In the non-academic sector in Germany, it is often advocated that the expansion of the ECB’s money supply would inevitably lead to high inflation or even hyperinflation. This paper explores the question of whether inflation could arise in the euro zone, if so how high it would be and whether it would be hyperinflation. The work is based on theoretical considerations on the subject of hyperinflation and inflation and outlines a possible scenario in which the latter could actually become a reality. The thesis is that the greatest danger to the euro zone would come if Italy and / or Spain chose to leave the Union. Covid-19 has increased the risk of divergent economic developments in different countries in the euro zone. Italy and Spain have to reckon with a dramatic increase in public debt, weak growth and deteriorating conditions on the labour market. The main risk is unlikely to be that the euro zone will not help Italy or Spain, but the people in these countries may feel that aid is not enough, thus making an exit a serious option. If these countries left the Eurozone, then they would likely opt for an orderly exit. That means Italy would join EMS II after a one-time devaluation and not leave the EU. If the exit was not negotiated, then a disorderly parting would commence, which is the scenario with a high risk of hyperinflation.
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Millán Vázquez de la Torre, María Genoveva, and Amparo Melián Navarro. "El mercado de trabajo femenino en las empresas de economía social de Andalucía (España): un análisis econométrico del perfil de la mujer trabajadora." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 7 (December 1, 2008): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i7.694.
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En los últimos años se ha producido un incremento notable del número de mujeres que acceden al mercado de trabajo en España. Se observan, no obstante, diferencias significativas por comunidades autónomas, siendo Andalucía una de las menos favorecidas. En este estudio se analiza, el mercado de trabajo femenino en las empresas de Economía Social de la comunidad autónoma Andaluza, por ser ésta la que agrupa más del 25% de empresas de Economía Social a nivel nacional. Se trata con ello de conocer cómo está evolucionando el mercado laboral femenino andaluz con la finalidad de determinar cuáles son los factores más determinantes que influyen en la demanda y en la oferta de empleo femenino de acuerdo con esta tipología de empresas (cooperativas y sociedades laborales) utilizando, para realizar dicha investigación, un modelo econométrico para definir el perfil de la mujer andaluza trabajadora.<br /><br />In recent years there has been a notable increase in the number of women entering the labour market in Spain. There are, however, significant differences in autonomous regions, Andalusia being one of the least favoured. This study examines the female labour market in companies of Social Economy of Andalusia, since this where over 25% of these Spanish companies are located. The job market for women is studied with the aim of identifying the most determinant factors influencing demand and supply of female employment in this type of business (industrial cooperatives and similar). Econometric models are employed to define the profile of working women in the South of Spain
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Addabbo, Tindara, Paula Rodríguez-Modroño, and Lina Gálvez-Muñoz. "Young people living as couples: How women's labour supply is adapting to the crisis. Spain as a case study." Economic Systems 39, no. 1 (March 2015): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2014.10.003.
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Sánchez-Rivero, Marcelino, Mª Cristina Rodríguez-Rangel, Paloma García Cerro, and Ana Mª Manjón García. "Analysis of the Economic, Labour, and Management Effects of COVID-19 on Rural Accommodation: An Application to a Rural European Province (Cáceres, Spain)." Administrative Sciences 12, no. 2 (May 4, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci12020057.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the consumption habits of tourists to benefit sustainable destinations that are not overcrowded, such as rural tourism destinations. However, the periods of compulsory lockdown have had devastating effects on tourism businesses operating in rural areas and have even jeopardised their economic viability. The aim of this article is to quantify in relative terms the effects that the period of compulsory lockdown in a markedly tourist country, such as Spain, between March and May 2020 has had on rural accommodation in one of the most rural provinces of Spain (Cáceres). Based on a random sample of 225 rural accommodation establishments and the consideration of various factors, statistical techniques of comparison of means and proportions were used to detect differences in the intensity of the effects of the compulsory lockdown on the economic-financial management, bookings, facilities, and input of rural accommodation establishments in the province. The results obtained show that the economic, labour, and management effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism businesses in the province of Cáceres have been very substantial. In particular, the businesses with the highest level of tourist services on supply, i.e., those that, in addition to accommodation, also offer other tourist activities, have been the most affected. In view of this situation, urgent emergency measures have been put in place at a provincial level to alleviate the economic loss and the destruction of jobs caused by this pandemic.
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Ajates, Raquel. "Agricultural cooperatives remaining competitive in a globalised food system: At what cost to members, the cooperative movement and food sustainability?" Organization 27, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508419888900.
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There are more than 40,000 agricultural cooperatives in Europe with 9 million farmer members and over 600,000 workers. Due to the democratic nature of the cooperative form, it is assumed agricultural cooperatives empower their members and allow small farmers to have a stronger voice in the supply chain. However, much of the academic literature on agricultural cooperatives focuses on the economic analysis of their performance, while hardly any research has been done on analysing the impact that policy, long supply chains and the internationalisation of the food system have on members and labour dimensions. This article contributes to covering this gap by analysing how agricultural cooperatives are being shaped and misshaped by European farming policy and the architecture of global food systems. Following Schneiberg’s thesis on social movements being a condition for processes of diffusion and mutualism, this article reflects on critical issues in organisational studies related to agricultural cooperatives, the cooperative movement and sustainable food systems. Case studies from Spain and United Kingdom are used to illustrate the Northern and Southern European perspective. The concept of deviant mainstreaming is applied to discuss how agricultural cooperatives are being co-opted and losing their transformative potential as a result of pressures to remain competitive, with effects on members, social justice and the environment. The findings suggest policy changes at the European level, and the increasing internationalisation of the food system is fuelling the amalgamation of agricultural cooperatives, which is threatening their local embeddedness and creating organisational tensions between the local, co-operative space and the global, capitalist space.
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Datta, Y. "How America Became an Economic Powerhouse on the Backs of African-American Slaves and Native Americans." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 7, no. 5 (December 1, 2021): p121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v7n5p121.
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The objective of this paper is to make the case that the United States became an economic super-power in the nineteenth century on the backs of African-American slaves and Native Americans.It was in 1619, when Jamestown colonists bought 20-30 slaves from English pirates. The paper starts with ‘The 1619 Project’ whose objective is to place the consequences of slavery--and the contributions of black Americans--at the very center of the story we tell ourselves about who we are as a nation.Slavery was common in all thirteen colonies, and at-least twelve Presidents owned slaves. The enslaved people were not recognized as human beings, but as property: once a slave always a slave.The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1788, never mentions slavery, yet slavery is at the very heart of the constitution. The U.S. government used the Declaration of Independence as a license to commit genocide on the Native Americans, and to seize their land.Racist ideas have persisted throughout American history, based on the myth that blacks are intellectually inferior compared to whites. However, in a 2012 article in the Scientific American, the authors reported that 85.5% of genetic variation is within the so-called races, not between them. So, the consensus among Western researchers today is that human races do not represent a scientific theory, but are sociocultural constructs.After end of the Civil War, the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery in America, and the 15th Amendment protected the voting rights of African Americans.However, in the Confederate South, Jim Crow laws legalized racial segregation between 1870-1968. In 1965, thanks to the Civil Rights movement, the Voting Rights Act was passed to overcome barriers created by Jim Crow laws to the legal rights of African Americans under the 15th Amendment.British and American innovations in cotton technology sparked the Industrial Revolution during the latter part of the eighteenth century. The British cotton manufacturing exploded in the 1780s. Eighty years later in 1860, Manchester, England stood at the center of a world-spanning empire—the empire of cotton. There were three pillars of the Industrial Revolution. One was the centuries-earlier conquest by Europeans of a colossal expanse of lands in the New World. It was the control of huge territories in America, that made monoculture farming of cotton possible. Second was that the Europeans drastically—and unilaterally--altered the global competitive landscape of cotton. They did it by using their military might, and the willingness to use it—often violently--to their advantage.The third—and the most important--was slavery: without which there would be no Industrial Revolution. America was tremendously suited for cotton production. The climate and soil of a large part of American South met the conditions under which the cotton plant thrived. More importantly, the plantation owners in America commanded unlimited supplies of the three crucial ingredients that went into the production of cotton: labor, land, and credit. And this was topped by their unbelievable political power.In 1793 Eli Whitney’s revolutionary cotton gin increased ginning productivity fifty times, and thus removed the bottleneck of removing seeds from cotton. Because of relying on monoculture farming, the problem the cotton planters were facing was soil exhaustion. So, they wanted the U.S. government to acquire more land. Surprisingly, in 1803 America was able to strike an unbelievable deal with the French--the Louisiana Purchase--which doubled the territory of the United States. In 1819 America acquired Florida from Spain, and in 1845 annexed Texas from Mexico.Between 1803 and 1838, under President Andrew Jackson, America fought a multi-front war against the Native Americans in the Deep South, and expropriated vast tracts of their land, that culminated in the ethnic cleansing of the Deep South.With an unlimited supply of land—and slave labor--even soil exhaustion did not slow down the cotton barons; they just moved further west and farther south. New cotton fields now sprang up in the sediment-rich lands along the banks of Mississippi. So swift was this move westward that, by the end of the 1830s, Mississippi was producing more cotton than any other southern state. By 1860, there were more millionaires per capita in Mississippi Valley than anywhere else in America.The New Orleans slave market was the largest in America--where 100,000 men, women, and children were packaged, priced, and sold.The entry of the United States in the cotton market quickly began to reshape the global cotton market. By 1802 America was the single-most supplier of cotton to Britain.For eighty years--from the 1780s to 1865--almost a million people were herded down the road from the upper South to the lower South and the West, to toil on cotton plantations. The thirty-odd men walked in coffles, the double line hurrying in lock-step. Each hauled twenty pounds of iron, chains that draped from neck-to-neck, and wrist-to-wrist, binding them all together. They walked for miles, days, and weeks, and many covered over 700 miles.The plantation owners devised a cruel system of controlling their slaves that the enslaved called “the pushing system.” This system constantly increased the number of acres each slave was expected to cultivate. In 1805 each “hand” could tend to five acres of a cotton field. Fifty years later that target had been doubled to ten acres.Overseers closely monitored enslaved workers. Each slave was assigned a daily quota of number of pounds of cotton to pick. If the worker failed to meet it, he received as many lashes on his back as the deficit. However, if he overshot his quota, the master might “reward” him by raising his quota the next day.One of the most brutal weapons the planters used against the slaves, was the whip: ten feet of plaited cowhide. When facing the specter of an overseer’s whip, slaves were so terrified that they could not speak in sentences. They danced, trembled, babbled, and lost control of their bodies.When seeking a loan, the planters used slaves as a collateral. With extraordinarily high returns from their businesses, the planters began to expand their loan portfolio: sometimes using the same slave worker as collateral for multiple mortgages. The American South produced too much cotton. However, consumer demand could not keep up with the excessive supply, that then led to a precipitous fall in prices, which, in turn, set off the Panic of 1837. And that touched off a major depression.The slaveholders were using advanced management and accounting practices long before the techniques that are still in use today.The manufacture of sugar from sugarcane began in Louisiana Territory in 1795. In sugar mills, children, alongside with adults, toiled like factory workers with assembly-like precision and discipline under the constant threat of boiling hot kettles, open furnaces, and grinding rollers. To attain the highest efficiency, sugar factories worked day and night where there is no distinction as to the days of the week. Fatigue might mean losing an arm to the grinding rollers, or being flayed for not being able to keep up. Resistance was often met with sadistic cruelty.The expansion of slavery in the first eight decades after American independence, drove the evolution and modernization of the United States. In the course of a single life time, the South grew from a narrow coastal strip of worn-out tobacco plantations, to a continental cotton empire. As a result, the United States became a modern, industrial, and capitalistic economy. This is the period in which America rose from being a minor European trading partner, to becoming the world’s leading economy. Finally, we hope that we have successfully been able to make the argument that America became an economic powerhouse in the nineteenth century not only on the backs of African-American slaves, but also on the genocide of Native Americans, and their stolen lands.
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Bargiacchi, Eleonora, Felipe Campos-Carriedo, Diego Iribarren, and Javier Dufour. "Social Life Cycle Assessment of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell stack." E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233409001.
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Hydrogen systems are gaining importance in view of a progressive decarbonisation of societies, and becoming more and more cost-competitive alternatives in many sectors (e.g., mobility). However, the sustainability of these technologies must be carefully assessed following a holistic approach which embraces not only environmental but also social aspects. Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) is an insightful methodology to evaluate potential social impacts of products along their life cycle. In the frame of the project eGHOST, social risks of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack were assessed through an S-LCA. The functional unit was defined as one 48 kW stack (balance of plant excluded), targeted for mobility applications. The supply chain was defined assuming Spain as the manufacturing country and involving from the material/energy production plants to the stack manufacturing. Beyond conventional life cycle inventory data, trade information and additional inventory data were retrieved from the UN Comtrade and PSILCA databases, respectively. Besides, working hours for the manufacturing plants of the stack and its subcomponents were calculated based on literature data. Social life cycle inventories were modelled and evaluated using openLCA and the PSILCA method. Two stakeholder categories, workers and society, were considered through the following social indicators: child labour, contribution to economic development, fair salary, forced labour, gender wage gap, and health expenditure. The choice of these indicators is in line with the eGHOST project purpose. Despite the relatively small amount contained in the product, platinum clearly arose as the main social hotspot under each of the selected indicators. At the level of component plants, the manufacturing of bipolar and end plates was also found to be relevant under some indicators. On the other hand, electricity consumption generally accounted for a minor contribution. Overall, in order to avoid burden shifting from environmental to social issues, a careful design of technologies is needed.
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Albert, Cecilia, and Maria A. Davia. "University-supported job search methods and educational mismatch in bachelor's and master's graduates." Education + Training 65, no. 10 (January 19, 2023): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-04-2022-0144.
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PurposeThis paper addresses the relevance of job search methods and strategies in determining vertical mismatch and the risk of underusing skills or knowledge in first jobs amongst graduates from bachelor's and master's programmes in Spain. Support from universities (via internships and career services) is compared to support from public institutions and informal strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the 2019 University Graduate Job Placement Survey. The dependent variables are estimated with a bivariate probit model with sample selection on a subsample of graduates who were not working at graduation.FindingsInternships and university career employment offices significantly improve the quality of first job matches. Job banks and public examinations also contribute to finding well-matched first positions, while for public employment services, results are mixed. When the job search is not supported by institutions, graduates generally do worse finding their first jobs, particularly when temporary employment agencies are involved. There are also large differences in mismatch risks across fields of study.Practical implicationsIf more graduates found their first jobs through internships and university job placement services, educational mismatch rates would decrease substantially. Further collaboration between universities and employers for the provision of high-quality internships may foster their conversion into regular, well-matched jobs. Industrial policies addressed to knowledge-based economic activities would enhance the creation of highly skilled positions. Further orientation towards STEM degrees is required to improve imbalances between supply and demand for graduate labour in Spain.Originality/valueEvidence about education mismatch among master's degree graduates is very scarce. This paper compares them to bachelor's degree graduates. It addresses two complementary types of education mismatch and takes into account potential self-selection into post-graduation job search.
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PETELCA, Oleg, Ciprian-Constantin PĂTRĂUCEANU, Iurie BEȘLIU, and Veronica GARBUZ. "INFLUENCE OF THE WINE SECTOR ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT." Annals of the University of Oradea. Economic Sciences 31, no. 31(1) (July 15, 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes31(1)009.
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Wine tourism is the priority form of tourism for a series of countries. It must be integrated and adapted to the tourist market necessities worldwide, to increase the number of tourists. Investigations carried out in the field of wine tourism should be integrated with those conducted globally. At the same time, it is necessary to integrate the two industries: wine and tourism. Wine production and tourism are essentially on opposite ends of the industrial spectrum, while the characteristics of each activity are different from a microeconomic perspective. On one end, wine production is a primary and partially secondary activity based on industry, characterised by being dependent on supply prices and by producing a standardised and homogeneous product, relying on capital increase to create wealth. At the other end of the industrial spectrum, tourism is a services industry characterised as a heterogeneous service determined by demand, by obtaining prices, maximising profit, and relying on profits to create wealth. Wine tourism may generate substantial earnings, thus contributing to the development of regions and making the labour market and the companies conducting their activities in this sector more dynamic. By allotting various funds, one may increase wine quality and readjust the supply of tourist services, thus determining an increase in location popularity and incomes, implicitly. This paper approaches the interaction between wine tourism and wine production. It is due to the fact that wine tourism development is in the charge of wine producers, most often small and medium enterprises. Hence, the increase in wine quality is one of the challenges for the interested parties in wine enterprise development. The article aims to determine the influence of the wine sector on the development of tourism in the world’s leading countries in wine production. In order to achieve the objective, the statistical data for the period 2016-2021 regarding the evolution of wine production in 22 countries with the highest volume of wine production were analyzed. Travel and tourism competitiveness index and International tourist arrivals were analyzed for the same 22 countries. The results of the research showed that the countries with the highest volume of wine production have the highest International tourism inbound receipts. The countries leading the world in wine production such as Italy, Spain, France, USA among the top 5 countries with the largest International tourist arrivals.
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Simpson, Elizabeth, Edward Miller, Molly Wylie, and Marc Cohen. "Providing Nursing Home Care in an Era of Increasing Scarcity: The Case of Pennsylvania." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1935.
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Abstract Medicaid financing of nursing home (NH) care provides the strongest safety net for low income older adults, persons who have high-intensity long-term care (LTC) needs, and consumers with exorbitant LTC costs. Yet, NHs currently face serious threats to their financial viability, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where the costs of caring for residents in a safe way have increased significantly, even as the ability to recoup these costs from the Medicaid program has been constrained. The purpose of this study is to assess key demand and supply factors affecting the performance of the NH industry in Pennsylvania over time. It draws from several large, national data sources, including NH Compare, LTCFocus.org, the U.S. Bureaus of the Census and Labor Statistics, and Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reports, as well as state-level population projections and Departments of Health and Human Services data. An aggregate database was constructed with historical data points at the facility, regional, and state level. Annual total and regional trends were examined from 2010 to 2020. Findings suggest a growing gap between what NHs require to meet the needs of residents and the level of reimbursement paid by the largest funder: Medicaid. Considering demographic trends, this gap will only grow over time in the absence of policy change. The pandemic has further highlighted the existing challenges resulting from an underfunded service infrastructure and the need for additional investment if NHs are to provide high quality care to a growing cohort of older adults requiring support.
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Wiśniewski, Rafał, and Tomasz Komornicki. "Przemiany międzynarodowej mobilności Polaków = Changes in Poles’ level of international mobility." Przegląd Geograficzny 93, no. 2 (2021): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2021.2.2.
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Until very recently at least, modern society has been characterised by its increased mobility in both the short and long terms. Furthermore, this has been true of both domestic and international trips. The latter kind of mobility is addressed in the present article, which aims to cover relevant changes as they affected Polish people through the 2007‑2017 period. Against that background, particular attention has been paid to modal split in border traffic, with the changes involved presented in relation to supply with infrastructure and transport services. The article uses author’s own data, from research taking in a representative group of 1000 Polish adults (with the sample adjusted appropriately in relation to gender, and membership of the 18‑29, 30‑44, 45‑59 and 60 and over age groups, as well as place of residence: be that village, town of up to 50,000 inhabitants, city of 50‑200,000 inhabitants, city of more than 200,000 inhabitants, and Warsaw). The analysis did not encompass border areas, given the specific nature of the traffic there (and in this way it was possible to eliminate a large part of the daily movement taking place internationally (for the purposes of work, shopping, etc.), but in truth now representing short-term mobility within a region resided in (or else daily mobility using the classification after Kaufmann, 2005). At the same time, by imposing no distance limitations except those relating to border areas, the study retained a capacity to approximate the international part of genuine short-term mobility beyond the region inhabited. Nevertheless, most of the flows under analysis can be regarded as corresponding with the long-distance travel documented in the subject literature. However, the limit value for this kind of journey is set variously, e.g. at 50 miles one-way (Dargay and Clark, 2012), 100 km (Nordenholz et al., 2017), or 100 miles (Mokhtarian et. al., 2001). The configuration of near-border units in Poland is such that the research detailed also takes in slightly shorter transfers, given a limit values of around 30‑50 km in one direction. The aforementioned consideration of changes affecting Poles’ international mobility took in: frequency of travel, target destination (direction), place of crossing of the state border (section of border crossed), modes of transport, motivation, and duration. The work took account of a few basic categories of motivations for travel, i.e. on business (in relation to both hired labour and work on a person’s own account), for the purposes of education, tourism and holiday-related, visits to family and friends (thus treated as a motivation distinct from tourism) and shopping-related (usually in connection with small-scale border trade based around single-day visits). The work was carried out in 2018, but in relation to the years 2007 and 2017. 2007 is a targeted choice, with this being the last year before Poland’s Schengen Zone accession, hence a likely influence on both the dimensions and structure characterising international mobility. Research was done using the CATI method. The subjects of analysis were numbers of instances of international travel engaged in (as opposed to the numbers of people participating in transboundary flows). The work revealed an increase in the foreign mobility of Poles. The main motivator here was tourist travel and visits, as followed by goals associated with professional work and the visiting of family and friends. The modes of transport utilised most frequently were the aeroplane or private car, albeit with the former the subject of a major increase in share, even as the latter declined slightly in proportionate terms. There was a considerable reduction in the amount of travel achieved by coach (bus). At the time of study, Poles’ main destination countries for trips taken (under all motivations combined) were Germany, Czechia and Spain. Travel by Poles to eastern neighbour countries accounts for a very small share of all movement.
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García, Jaume, and María José Suárez. "Female Labor Supply In Spain: The Importance Of Behavioral Assumptions And Unobserved Heterogeneity Specification." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.273430.
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Guinea, Laurentiu, Luis A. Puch, and Jesús Ruiz. "News-Driven Housing Booms: Spain Versus Germany." B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, October 18, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejm-2021-0116.
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Abstract We investigate how the economy responds to anticipated (news) shocks to future investment decisions. Using structural vector autoregressions (SVARs), we show that news about the future relative price of residential investment explains a high fraction of the variance of output, aggregate investment and residential investment for Spain. In contrast, for Germany it is the news shocks on business structures and equipment that explain a higher fraction of the variance of output, consumption and non-residential investment. We confront the identified shock with other shocks to provide evidence that our structural interpretation is valid. Then, to address our empirical findings, we propose a stylized two-sector model of the willingness to substitute current consumption for future investment in housing, structures or equipment. The model combines a wealth effect driven by the expectation of rising house prices, with a reduced-form friction in labor reallocation. We find that the model calibrated for Spain displays a response to anticipated house price shocks that stimulate residential investment, whereas for Germany those shocks enhance investment in equipment and structures. The results highlight the propagation mechanism of anticipated shocks to future investment, which is consistent with the housing booms in Spain and their absence in Germany. Such a mechanism complements a view relying on a combination of monetary, financial or housing supply and demand, surprise shocks.
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Molina, José Alberto, Jorge Velilla, and Helena Ibarra. "Intrahousehold Bargaining Power in Spain: An Empirical Test of the Collective Model." Journal of Family and Economic Issues, January 3, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10834-021-09812-1.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the intrahousehold bargaining power of spouses in Spanish families, in a collective framework. We estimate household labor supply equations and, under certain testable restrictions, we obtain a theoretically derived sharing rule for household income, which characterizes intrahousehold bargaining power. Then, using unique data on decision-making in the household, we construct Pareto weights, and study the validity of the collective model by comparing the theoretical sharing rule and the constructed Pareto weight. The results reveal that both the observed Pareto weight and the theoretical sharing rule display qualitative similarities, thus providing direct empirical support to the collective model. Furthermore, the results suggest that Spanish wives behave more altruistically, while husbands behave more egoistically. This should be taken into account by policy makers and researchers when analyzing inequality in the household, and contemplating specific policies affecting the household.
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Moore, Jason. ""This lofty mountain of silver could conquer the whole world": Potosí and the political ecology of underdevelopment, 1545-1800." Journal of Philosophical Economics Volume IV Issue 1 (November 20, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/jpe.10605.
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By the 1570's, Potosí, and its silver, had become the hub of a commodity revolution that reorganized Peru's peoples and landscapes to serve capital and empire. This was a decisive moment in the world ecological revolution of the long seventeenth century. Primitive accumulation in Peru was particularly successful: the mita's spatial program enabled the colonial state to marshal a huge supply of low-cost and tractable labor in the midst of sustained demographic contraction. The relatively centralized character of Peru's mining frontier facilitated imperial control in a way the more dispersed silver frontiers of New Spain did not. Historical capitalism has sustained itself on the basis of exploiting, and thereby undermining, a vast web of socio-ecological relations. As may be observed in colonial Peru, the commodity frontier strategy effected both the destruction and creation of premodern socio-ecological arrangements.
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Vertommen, Sigrid, Vincenzo Pavone, and Michal Nahman. "Global Fertility Chains: An Integrative Political Economy Approach to Understanding the Reproductive Bioeconomy." Science, Technology, & Human Values, March 4, 2021, 016224392199646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243921996460.
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Over the last two decades, social scientists across disciplines have been researching how value is extracted and governed in the reproductive bioeconomy, which broadly refers to the various ways reproductive tissues, bodies, services, customers, workers, and data are inserted into capitalist modes of accumulation. While many of these studies are empirically grounded in single country–based analyses, this paper proposes an integrative political economy framework, structured around the concept of “global fertility chains.” The latter articulates the reproductive bioeconomy as a nexus of intraconnected practices, operations, and transactions between enterprises, states, and households across the globe, through which reproductive services and commodities are produced, distributed, and consumed. Employing a diffractive reading of the literature on commodity chains and care chains, this unified approach scrutinizes the coproduction of value, biology, and technoscience and their governance mechanisms in the accumulation of capital by taking into account (1) the unevenly developed geographies of global fertility chains, (2) their reliance on women’s waged and unwaged reproductive labor, and (3) the networked role of multiple actors at multiple scales without losing sight of the (4) constitutive role of (supra)national states in creating demand, organizing supply, and accommodating the distribution of surplus value. We empirically ground this integrative political economy approach of the reproductive bioeconomy through collaborative, multisited fieldwork on transnational reproduction networks in Israel/Palestine, Romania, Georgia, and Spain.
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"Gender Budgeting in G7 Countries." Policy Papers 17, no. 21 (May 13, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498346849.007.
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At the request of the Italian Presidency of the G7, the IMF has prepared a paper on gender-budgeting as a contribution to the G7 initiative on equality. The paper provides an overview of gender-responsive budgeting concepts and practices in the G7 countries. It summarizes recent trends in gender equality in G7 and advanced countries, noting that while equality has improved overall, exceptions and gaps remain. Recognizing that many fiscal policies have gender-related implications, this paper: Sets out the main fiscal policy instruments, both expenditure and tax, that have a significant impact on gender equality. Provides a conceptual framework for the public financial management (PFM) institutions that play an enabling role in implementing gender-responsive fiscal policies. These instruments include gender budget statements, gender impact assessments, performance-related budget frameworks, and gender audits. Ministries of finance have an especially important role in promoting and coordinating gender budgeting, and associated analytical tools. Provides an assessment of the status of gender budgeting in the G7 countries. In preparing the paper, the IMF carried out a survey of PFM institutions and practices in the G7, as well as in three comparator countries that are relatively strong performers in developing gender-responsive budgeting (Austria, Belgium, and Spain). This information was complemented by other sources, including recent studies by the OECD and the World Bank. The main policy implications and conclusions of the paper include: Well-structured fiscal policies and sound PFM systems have the potential to contribute to gender equality, furthering the substantial progress already made by the G7 countries. While G7 countries have made effective use of a wide range of fiscal and non-fiscal policies to reduce gender inequalities, there has generally been less progress in developing effective gender-specific PFM institutions; embedding a gender dimension in the normal budgeting and policy-making routines varies across G7 countries and is not done systematically. Fiscal policy instruments of relevance to increasing gender equality include the use of tax and tax benefits to increase the supply of female labor, improved family benefits, subsidized child-care, other social benefits that increase the net return to women’s work, and incentives for businesses to encourage the hiring of women.
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Godenau, Dirk, Dita Vogel, Vesela Kovacheva, and Yan Wu. "Labour Market Integration and Public Perceptions of Immigrants: A Comparison between Germany and Spain During the Economic Crisis." Comparative Population Studies 37, no. 1-2 (June 14, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.12765/cpos-2011-13.
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Since the start of the global economic downturn,GermanyandSpainhave experienced highly-divergent impacts of the crisis on the labour market in general and on immigrant workers in particular. This can be mainly explained by looking at the economic growth patterns prior to the crisis. Spain’s higher, more labour-intensive growth was enabled by growth in the labour supply that was fuelled by immigration and fostered by a de facto permissive immigration policy, while restrictive migration policy prevented growth in labour supply in Germany and encouraged more capital-intensive growth in which both Germans with a low level of skills, and immigrants in particular, found it difficult to integrate. We therefore argue that institutional features of the labour market promoted these patterns. The high level of importance of the temporary and informal labour market segments inSpainwhich were hit hardest by the crisis placed immigrant workers and young workers in a vulnerable position.The economic crisis has made parts of the population more sceptical about immigration in both countries. However, there appear to be no links between the severity of the crisis and public debates on migration. Although Spain was definitely hit harder by the crisis than Germany, and immigrants were affected more severely, public debates on migration and integration issues seem to be at least as fierce in Germany as in Spain. The legacy of past migrations and migration policies exerts a more significant influence on the public perception of migration as a risk than economic factors do.
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"Environmentally Liable Multi-Objective Multi Time Span Fuzzy Fractional Capacitated Transportation Problem in the Two Echelon Supply Chain with Heterogeneous Items and Mixed Constraints." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 2S3 (August 10, 2019): 728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b1135.82s319.
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In today’s world supply chain is an integral part of business. This paper proposed a model of environmentally liable multi-objective multi time span fuzzy fractional capacitated transportation problem (ELMOMTHIFFCTP) in the two echelon supply chain with heterogeneous items and mixed constraints. In this model, few objectives are considered as a linear function and few are fractional functions. Especially the objective function related to emission cost is considered as linear fractional objective function. The damage cost, labor cost, packing cost and quality cost are considered as triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. This paper focuses on minimization of damage cost, labor cost, quality cost, packing cost and the ratio related to transportation cost , inventory carrying cost and emission cost of the entire supply chain. An industrial case demonstrates the feasibility of applying the proposed model to real world problem in a two – echelon supply chain under uncertain environment also determine an optimal inventory level for the warehouse and distribution centers using fuzzy programming approach through LINGO software.