Academic literature on the topic 'Labor supply – Spain'
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Journal articles on the topic "Labor supply – Spain"
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Guner, Nezih, Javier López-Segovia, and Roberto Ramos. "Reforming the individual income tax in Spain." SERIEs 11, no. 4 (November 8, 2020): 369–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-020-00224-2.
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AbstractCan the Spanish government generate more tax revenue by making personal income taxes more progressive? To answer this question, we build a life-cycle economy with uninsurable labor productivity risk and endogenous labor supply. Individuals face progressive taxes on labor and capital incomes and proportional taxes that capture social security, corporate income, and consumption taxes. Our answer is yes, but not much. A reform that increases labor income taxes for individuals who earn more than the mean labor income and reduces taxes for those who earn less than the mean labor income generates a small additional revenue. The revenue from labor income taxes is maximized at an effective marginal tax rate of 51.6% (38.9%) for the richest 1% (5%) of individuals, versus 46.3% (34.7%) in the benchmark economy. The increase in revenue from labor income taxes is only 0.82%, while the total tax revenue declines by 1.55%. The higher progressivity is associated with lower aggregate labor supply and capital. As a result, the government collects higher taxes from a smaller economy. The total tax revenue is higher if marginal taxes are raised only for the top earners. The increase, however, must be substantial and cover a large segment of top earners. The rise in tax collection from a 3 percentage points increase on the top 1% is just 0.09%. A 10 percentage points increase on the top 10% of earners (those who earn more than €41,699) raises total tax revenue by 2.81%.
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Wang, Xiaoyu, Jinquan Gong, and Chunan Wang. "How Does Commute Time Affect Labor Supply in Urban China? Implications for Active Commuting." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 4631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134631.
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This paper identifies the causal effect of commute time on labor supply in urban China and provides implications for the development of active commuting. Labor supply is measured by daily workhours, workdays per week and weekly workhours, and city average commute time is adopted as an instrumental variable to correct the endogenous problem of individual commute time. We find that in urban China, commute time does not have effect on daily labor supply but has negative effects on workdays per week and weekly labor supply. These results are different from those found in Germany and Spain, and are potentially related to the intense competition among workers in the labor market of China. Moreover, the effect of commute time on workdays per week is stronger for job changed workers. In addition, the effects of commute time on labor supply are not different between males and females. Finally, policy implications for active commuting are discussed.
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González, Libertad. "The Effect of a Universal Child Benefit on Conceptions, Abortions, and Early Maternal Labor Supply." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 160–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.3.160.
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I study the impact of a universal child benefit on fertility and maternal labor supply. I exploit the unanticipated introduction of a sizable child benefit in Spain in 2007. Following a regression discontinuity-type design, I find that the benefit significantly increased fertility, in part through a reduction in abortions. Families who received the benefit did not increase consumption. Instead, eligible mothers stayed out of the labor force longer after childbirth, which led to their children spending less time in formal child care. (JEL I38, J13, J16, J22)
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Straubhaar, Thomas. "The Causes of International Labor Migrations — A Demand-Determined Approach." International Migration Review 20, no. 4 (December 1986): 835–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000406.
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The empirical results for the causes of the migration flows from Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal and Turkey to the EC-destination countries show that determinants which are used to explain migration flows inside a given country can be applied to the migration flows within a Common Market, but not to international migration flows. International migration flows are demand-determined by the existence of restrictive immigration control systems. The demand for immigrants in the destination country is the decisive condition for the phenomenon of international labor migration, and the supply of migration-willing workers is only a necessary condition.
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Ayala, Luis, and Milagros Paniagua. "The impact of tax benefits on female labor supply and income distribution in Spain." Review of Economics of the Household 17, no. 3 (February 5, 2018): 1025–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-018-9405-5.
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Strawczynski, Michel, and Oren Tirosh. "Government Welfare Policy Under a Skilled-Biased Technological Change." Public Finance Review 50, no. 5 (September 2022): 515–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10911421221117713.
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In a world where machines replace unskilled work, an active labor market policy—represented by the combination of an optimal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and income maintenance for the unemployed—provides incentives to increase participation in the labor market and depresses wages for unskilled employees. In this paper, this policy is tested against the alternative of allowing unskilled workers to receive a means-tested basic income (MTBI), as recently adopted by Spain. For a liberal social planner (i.e., includes consumption and leisure in individual utility), the MTBI dominates the active labor market policy. For a conservative social planner (i.e., evaluates social welfare based on individual utility from consumption), the active labor market policy dominates the MTBI. The potential dynamic effects of active labor policy on labor supply were considered in a simulation using updated empirical estimates; it shows that this policy becomes preferable for both types of the social planner.
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Robles-Velasco, Alicia, María Rodríguez-Palero, Jesús Muñuzuri, and Luis Onieva. "Sustainable Development and Efficiency Analysis of the Major Urban Water Utilities in Spain." Water 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091519.
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In Spain, the water supply service is a municipal responsibility and in general is a sector without competitors. For this reason, an efficiency analysis attains greater significance. This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate the efficiency of different urban water utilities. An extensive data search, where several variables such as the capital expenditure, the cost of material, or the labor have been recorded, has allowed evaluating the relative efficiency of the most important Spanish water distribution networks in using their resources. Furthermore, their sustainable efficiency has also been evaluated by including a variable representing the percentage of water losses. Results reveal the weaknesses of inefficient utilities and help to detect potential aspects that these companies should improve. For instance, there is an evident incorrect management of the costs of material by many urban water utilities, which does not happen with the labor. Additionally, the most efficient water utilities regarding the sustainable efficiency help to discover target percentages of water losses for the inefficient ones.
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Retamales, Jorge B. "World temperate fruit production: characteristics and challenges." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 33, spe1 (October 2011): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452011000500015.
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In the last 30 years world population has increased 70% but per capita global fruit consumption is only 20% higher. Even though tropical and temperate fruit have similar contributions to the 50 kg/person/year of US consumption of fresh fruit, in the last 30 years this has been slightly greater for temperate fruit. Within fruit consumption, the largest expansion has been for organic fruit which increased more than 50% in the 2002-2006 period. The largest expansion of area planted in the 1996-2006 has been for kiwi (29%) and blueberries (20%), while apples (-24%) and sour cherries (-13%) have had the largest reductions. Nearly 50% of the total global volume of fruit is produced by 5 countries: China, USA, Brazil, Italy and Spain. The main producer (China) accounts for 23% of the total. While the main exporters are Spain, USA and Italy, the main importers are Germany, Russia and UK. Demands for the industry have evolved towards quality, food safety and traceability. The industry faces higher productions costs (labor, energy, agrichemicals). The retailers are moving towards consolidation while the customers are changing preferences (food for health). In this context there is greater pressure on growers, processors and retailers. Emerging issues are labor supply, climate change, water availability and sustainability. Recent developments in precision agriculture, molecular biology, phenomics, crop modelling and post harvest physiology should increase yields and quality, and reduce costs for temperate fruit production around the world.
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Coutts, Brian E. "Boom and Bust: The Rise and Fall of the Tobacco Industry in Spanish Louisiana, 1770-1790." Americas 42, no. 3 (March 1986): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006929.
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French royal officials, speculators such as John Law, and the French Crown itself had placed great hopes in the development of the tobacco industry in French Louisiana. Some officials even anticipated that Louisiana tobacco might someday be grown in sufficient quantities to supply all the needs of the French Tobacco Monopoly. These lofty expectations were never realized although tobacco production did reach 400,000 pounds in 1740.By the time of the transfer of the colony to Spain in 1766 the perils of war and erratic shipping had almost killed the industry. Most planters had switched to the more profitable production of indigo. Historian Jacob Price claims that the failure of the French government's efforts to develop the tobacco trade resulted from a misunderstanding about costs. In Louisiana, he writes, labor was expensive and freight dear, yet French authorities expected Louisiana tobacco to be competitive in price in the French market with Virginia tobacco, grown in an established market, with abundant labor, and much closer to Europe. Fortunately, the Spanish officials had no such illusions.
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Lacuesta, Aitor, Sergio Puente, and Ernesto Villanueva. "The schooling response to a sustained increase in low-skill wages: evidence from Spain 1989–2009." SERIEs 11, no. 4 (July 25, 2020): 457–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-020-00218-0.
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AbstractThe response of human capital accumulation to changes in the anticipated returns to schooling determines the type of skills supplied to the labor market, the productivity of future cohorts, and the evolution of inequality. Unlike the USA, the UK or Germany, Spain has experienced between 1995 and 2008 a drop in the returns to medium and tertiary education and, with a lag, a drop in schooling attainment of recent cohorts, providing the setup to estimate the response of different forms of human capital acquisition to relative increases in low-skill wages. We measure the expected returns to schooling using skill-specific wages bargained in collective agreements at the province–industry level. We argue that those wages are easily observable by youths and relatively insensitive to shifts in the supply of workers. Our preferred estimates suggest that a 10% increase in the ratio of wages of unskilled workers to the wages of mid-skill workers increases the fraction of males completing at most compulsory schooling by between 2 and 6.5 percentage points. The response is driven by males from less educated parents and comes at the expense of students from the academic high school track—rather than the vocational training track.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labor supply – Spain"
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Hidalgo, Pérez Manuel Alejandro. "Essays on wage inequality and human capital in Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7378.
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La acumulación de Capital Humano es fundamental para explicar recientes procesos de crecimiento económico experimentados en numerosos países, los cambios en la distribución de la renta salarial, en la localización de la actividad productiva, del comercio, etc... Por ello, consideramos fundamental avanzar en el conocimiento que dicha acumulación haya podido tener en una economía como la española, caracterizada recientemente por un crecimiento intenso en la educación de los trabajadores. Por este motivo se realizan tres análisis. En el primero, descomponemos la distribución de los salarios para conocer qué factores han afectado a su cambio desde 1980. Dedicamos especial atención al efecto que el cambio educativo haya podido tener en la desigualdad salarial. En un segundo análisis descomponemos el cambio en la brecha salarial entre trabajo cualificado y no cualificado entre cambios en la demanda y oferta de cualificación. Por último, estimamos las externalidades del capital humano en España a nivel regional.Human Capital accumulation is crucial for explaining countries' recent economic growth episodes, changes in income and wage distribution, production localization, trade, etc. Thus, we consider important enhance the knowledge for the Human Capital accumulation effects on Spanish economy, characterized by intensive growth of educated workers. Then, we do three analysis. First, we decompose the wage distribution to know which factors are behind its changes since 1980. We give special attention to education effects on that wage inequality change. In our second analysis, we decompose the more educated wage premium change between changes in demand and supply of skills. Finally, our third analysis try to estimate human capital externalities for Spanish regions.
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Nicolau, Maria Antonia Parera. "European families' labour supply : an empirical analysis for Britain and Spain." Thesis, University of York, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403873.
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Martinoty, Laurine. "Intrahousehold Allocation of Time and Consumption during Hard Times." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1021/document.
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Les conséquences des chocs économiques négatifs sur les ménages ont été documentés extensivement, mais on en sait beaucoup moins sur la manière dont ces chocs sont transmis aux individus à travers la médiation du ménage. Le ménage contribue-il à modérer l'effet des chocs négatifs ? Dans quelle mesure le choc économique pèse-t-il dans la négociation familiale ? À partir de données sur la crise économique argentine de 2001, je montre d'abord que les femmes en couple ont une plus grande probabilité de devenir actives si leur mari a fait l'expérience d'un choc de revenu. Ensuite, je montre que le cycle économique importe dans les décisions d'investissement en capital humain. Sur le long terme, les profils de salaire et d'employabilité des hommes argentins sont affectés de manière persistante par les conditions économiques initiales au moment de l'obtention du diplôme. Enfin, je considère la dimension “man-cession” de la crise économique de 2009 en Espagne et montre que la part des ressources du ménage reçues par les femmes pour leur consommation privée augmente avec la diminution de l'écart des taux de chômage hommes-femmes, confortant l'hypothèse que les chocs négatifs modifient le pouvoir de négociation des individus au sein du ménageThe consequences of adverse aggregate shocks on households have been repeatedly documented, but far less has been said on the way they are passed over to individuals through the mediation of the household. Does the household contribute in mitigating the effects? Or does the economic shock rather invite itself at the family negociating table? Using the Argentine 2001 economic crisis as a natural experiment, I first show that married women are more likely to enter the labor market if their husband experienced a loss in income, giving credit to the insurance mechanism. Then, I show that the business cycle matters for investments in education, and that long run labor outcomes of Argentine men are persistently affected by the initial conditions upon graduation. Finally, I consider the “Mancession” dimension of the Great Recession in Spain and demonstrate that the resource share accruing to wives for own consumption increases together with the decreasing unemployment gap, which comes in support to the bargaining hypothesis
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Merkes, Monika, and monika@melbpc org au. "A longer working life for Australian women of the baby boom generation? � Women�s voices and the social policy implications of an ageing female workforce." La Trobe University. School of Public Health, 2003. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20051103.104704.
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With an increasing proportion of older people in the Australian population and increasing health and longevity, paid work after the age of 65 years may become an option or a necessity in the future. The focus of this research is on Australian women of the baby boom generation, their working futures, and the work-retirement decision. This is explored both from the viewpoint of women and from a social policy perspective. The research draws on Considine�s model of public policy, futures studies, and Beck�s concept of risk society. The research comprises three studies. Using focus group research, Study 1 explored the views of Australian women of the baby boom generation on work after the age of 65 years. Study 2 aimed to explore current thinking on the research topic in Australia and overseas. Computer-mediated communication involving an Internet website and four scenarios for the year 2020 were used for this study. Study 3 consists of the analysis of quantitative data from the Healthy Retirement Project, focusing on attitudes towards retirement, retirement plans, and the preferred and expected age of retirement. The importance of choice and a work � life balance emerged throughout the research. Women in high-status occupations were found to be more likely to be open to the option of continuing paid work beyond age 65 than women in low-status jobs. However, the women were equally likely to embrace future volunteering. The research findings suggest that policies for an ageing female workforce should be based on the values of inclusiveness, fairness, self-determination, and social justice, and address issues of workplace flexibility, equality in the workplace, recognition for unpaid community and caring work, opportunities for life-long learning, complexity and inequities of the superannuation system, and planning for retirement. Further, providing a guaranteed minimum income for all Australians should be explored as a viable alternative to the current social security system.
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GOMEZ, GARRIDO Maria. "From crisis de trabajo to tasa de desempleo : unemployment in Spain viewed through the history of its statistical representation (1880-1980)." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6346.
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Defence date: 26 September 2006Examining board: Prof. Peter Wagner, EUI, Supervisor ; Prof. Heinz-Gerard Haupt, EUI ; Prof. José M. Arribas, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, External Supervisor , Prof. Christian Topalov, EHESS, Paris
First made available online: 08 July 2021
Unemployment has had a strong impact in western societies in the last twenty years. The high levels reached during the 1980s (a period in which Spain had the highest OECD records) made it a primary concern in public polls and one of the main objectives of social and economic policy. We can count today in millions the publications and reports that analyse unemployment, comparing it across countries, regions and localities. Investigations that examine the history of unemployment also number in hundreds. This literature is the fruit of varied research carried out across different disciplines; from economists who have tried to explain its evolution on the basis of different variables, to social historians who have presented it as a direct cause o f social mobilisation. When w e speak of unemployment it is assumed that we refer to a very clear thing. Unemployment has become a concept o f collective reference the meaning of which does not seem to require further explanation. But if we take a closer look, we can soon detect the multiple dimensions that such a concept has acquired over time. For although the term unemployment emerged in western vocabularies around the end of the nineteenth century in order to describe involuntary lack of work, the concrete identification of the unemployed has undergone important variations in different historical and political contexts. The inherent polysemy of the concept of unemployment and the heterogeneity of its referents poses a problem for many researchers who try to chart its historical evolution. However, this very same variety has been used by a series of recent investigations that attempt precisely to give account of the history of statistical categories and to relate these to a broader socio-political context. This thesis is inserted within that framework. It deals with the history of a statistical category, paro [unemployment] elaborated through the categorisation of the parados [unemployed] in Spain. The approach undertaken is deeply historicist and based on the proposals o f socio-histoire.
Books on the topic "Labor supply – Spain"
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Bentolila, Samuel. Mismatch and internal migration in Spain, 1962-1986. Madrid: Banco de España, Servicio de Estudios, 1990.
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Armando, Montanari, and Istituto di ricerche sull'economia mediterranea., eds. Labour market structure and development in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1993.
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Rodríguez-Piñero, Miguel. La reforma del mercado de trabajo y la Ley 35/2010. Las Rozas [Madrid, Spain]: La Ley, 2011.
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Toharia, Luis. Labour market studies. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997.
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Béduwé, Catherine. EDEX: Educational expansion and labour market : a comparative study of five European countries--France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom--with special reference to the United States. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publicatons of the European Communities, 2003.
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Card, David E. Intertemporal labor supply: An assessment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.
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Cain, Glen George. Lifetime measures of labor supply of men and women. [Madison]: University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1985.
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Office, General Accounting. Postal service: Progress in implementing supply chain management initiatives : report to the chairman and ranking member, Special Panel on Postal Reform & Oversight, Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2004.
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Smith, Shirley J. Worklife estimates: Effects of race and education. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986.
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United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics., ed. Worklife estimates: Effects of race and education. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Labor supply – Spain"
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Corrado, Alessandra, and Letizia Palumbo. "Essential Farmworkers and the Pandemic Crisis: Migrant Labour Conditions, and Legal and Political Responses in Italy and Spain." In Migration and Pandemics, 145–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_8.
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AbstractThe agri-food system across Europe relies heavily on migrant labour. Border lockdowns during the Covid-19 pandemic immobilised thousands of foreign farmworkers, giving rise to fears of labour shortages and food production losses in EU countries. Farmers’ organisations sought institutional interventions to address this labour demand. Although migrant workers have become a fundamental component of core sectors in recent decades, it is only in the current health emergency that they were recognised as ‘essential’ workers. The chapter analyses the working conditions of migrant farmworkers alongside national debates and institutional interventions in Italy and Spain during the pandemic. It provides a critical comparative analysis of legal and policy interventions to address migrants’ situations of vulnerability. Both countries depend on important contingents of EU and non-EU migrant farmworkers, especially in fruit and vegetable production; moreover, they present common aspects in supply chain dynamics and labour market policies, but also specific differences in labour, migration and social policies. Both adopted measures to face the condition of irregularity of migrant workers in order to respond to labour demand in the agri-food sector and to provide these workers with safe working and living conditions during the pandemic. However, these interventions reveal shortcomings that significantly limit their impact and outcomes, calling into question to what extent migrant workers are really considered as ‘essential’ in a long-term perspective and, therefore, to what extent the current pandemic constitutes an opportunity for a new push to enforce labour and migrant rights.
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Camasso, Michael J., and Radha Jagannathan. "Human Capital and Labor Supply." In Caught in the Cultural Preference Net, 43–70. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672782.003.0003.
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In Chapter 3, the authors focus on the contribution that human capital—that is, the constellation of knowledge, skills, and abilities possessed by individuals seeking employment, or who are already in the labor market—have on the structure and functioning of national economies. They examine the profound differences that cultures of general versus vocational education have on labor supply, skill and education mismatches, deficits, and surpluses. Detailed discussions of the German dual system, Sweden’s democratic education, the southern Mediterranean approach to human capital, and on-the-job training models in India and the United States are provided. The implications of a widespread shift from vocational training and apprenticeship are addressed as are the implications of this shift for the future health of the focal countries. The chapter closes with a focus on how Germany, Sweden, Italy, Spain, India, and the United States are addressing the issues of job creation and the encouragement of youth entrepreneurship.
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Jagannathan, Radha, and Michael J. Camasso. "US Style Entrepreneurship as a Pathway to Youth Employment: Exporting the Promise." In The Growing Challenge of Youth Unemployment in Europe & US, 203–32. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200102.003.0008.
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Radha Jagannathan and Michael Camasso author this chapter that examines the feasibility of exporting the spirit of entrepreneurship, a mindset that has traditionally existed in the mix of policies to promote youth economic development in the United States. Using a Tocquevillian view that Americans follow ‘the principle of self-interest rightly understood” as a vehicle, the chapter portrays how Americans approach economic activity generally, and provides an overview of policy tools adopted by the United States from both the demand and supply side of the labor market and the flexible character of the economy. The rather discouraging results the USA has had in implementing VET programs through various employment and training legislations are recounted in the chapter, as are some demand-side fixes to the labor market such as wage subsidies to employers and minimum wage changes. These discussions are prologue to a longer treatment of American entrepreneurship and how it has been used a pivotal youth employment strategy. Lastly, the chapter examines the transferability of American-style entrepreneurship to Greece, France, Italy, Portugal and Spain and provides some suggestions for success in this regard.
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Burroni, Luigi, Sabrina Colombo, and Marino Regini. "Human Capital Formation, Research and Development, and Innovation." In Mediterranean Capitalism Revisited, 192–210. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501761072.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses the institutional factors that are behind the low productivity and the low development of the so-called knowledge economy in the Mediterranean countries. It focuses on two dimensions that a large amount of literature has shown to have direct links to labor productivity. The first dimension is the supply and demand of human capital, and the second one concerns investment in research and development and in innovation. Furthermore, to better understand the main features of Mediterranean countries in a comparative perspective, it compares Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece with three countries that come closest to the “ideal types” of different models of capitalism, namely Germany for continental capitalism, Sweden for the Northern European model, and the United Kingdom for Anglo-Saxon capitalism. The chapter highlights how the inability of the four Mediterranean countries to make a transition toward a knowledge economy has been displayed in different ways.
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Krafft, Caroline, Ragui Assaad, and Caitlyn Keo. "The Evolution of Labor Supply in Egypt, 1988–2018." In The Egyptian Labor Market, 13–48. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847911.003.0002.
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This chapter investigates the character of labor supply and especially female labor force participation in Egypt and its evolution over the twenty-year span from 1988 to 2018 using various waves of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey. The chapter pays particular attention to women’s labor force outcomes while examining trends in labor force participation, employment, and unemployment. The population and labor supply in Egypt are analyzed by demographic characteristics such as age, sex, educational attainment, and location. Demographic changes, including in age at marriage and fertility, are explored as important determinants of both labor supply and women’s participation.
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Fehr, Hans, and Fabian Kindermann. "Life-cycle choices and risk." In Introduction to Computational Economics Using Fortran. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804390.003.0015.
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The optimal savings and investment decisions of households along the life cycle were a central issue in Chapter 5. There, savings decisions were made under various forms of risks.However, we restricted our analysis to three period models owing to the limitations of the numerical all-in-one solution we used. In this chapter we want to take a different approach. Applying the dynamic programming techniques learned so far allows us to separate decision-making at different stages of the life cycle into small sub-problems and therefore increase the number of periods we want to look at enormously. This enables us to take amuchmore detailed look at how life-cycle labour supply, savings, and portfolio choice decisions are made in the presence of earnings, investment, and longevity risk. Unlike in Chapter 9, the models we study here are partial equilibrium models. Hence, all prices as well as government policies are exogenous and do not react to changes in household behaviour. This chapter is split into two parts. The first part focuses on labour supply and savings decisions in the presence of labour-productivity and longevity risk. Insurance markets against these risks are missing, such that households will try to self-insure using the only savings vehicle available, a risk-free asset. This model is a quite standard workhorse model in macroeconomics and a straightforward general equilibrium extension exists, the overlapping generations model, which we study in Chapter 11. In the second part of the chapter, we slightly change our viewpoint and look upon the problem of life-cycle decision-making from a financial economics perspective. We therefore exclude laboursupply decisions, but focus on the optimal portfolio choice of households along the life cycle, when various forms of investment vehicles like bonds, stocks, annuities, and retirement accounts are available. This section is devoted to analysing consumption and savings behaviour when households face uncertainty about future earnings and the length of their life span. We study how households can use precautionary savings in a risk-free asset as a means to selfinsure against the risks they face. While in our baseline model we assume that agents always work full-time, we relax this assumption later on by considering a model with endogenous labour supply as well as a model with a labour-force participation decision of second earners within a family context.
Conference papers on the topic "Labor supply – Spain"
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Tornés Fernández, Moira, and Carlos Ramiro Marmolejo Duarte. "¿Influye la estructura urbana sobre la movilidad laboral? un análisis para las siete principales áreas metropolitalas españolas." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Roma: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7929.
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En el contexto europeo, España goza de una tradición consolidada en el estudio del
policentrismo, númerosos estudios han identificado, mensurado y creado nuevos métodos de
identificación de subcentros. El policentrismo ha sido estudiado así desde la perspectiva
morfológica y funcional, tanto a escala intrametropolitana como regional. Sin embargo, poca o
nula atención se ha puesto al impacto que producen las estructuras policéntricas sobre la
eficiencia de la urbanización. En este artículo exploramos la relación que existe entre el
policentrismo y la movilidad laboral. A partir de la matriz de movilidad del Censo de Población,
y de los estudios previos, construimos una serie de indicadores que permiten medir la
incidencia del policentrismo sobre las distancias recorridas por la población ocupada.
Asimismo, una vez controlada la estructura de la distribución espacial del empleo y la
población, mediante el algoritmo de White (1988) se estudia, con ayuda de un modelo
estadístico, la relación entre el exceso de movilidad y diferentes indicadores urbanísticos. Los
resultados ponen de relieve que efectivamente el policentrismo reduce la movilidad, y que una
vez controlado éste, otros factores obvios como las infraestructuras incrementan el exceso de
movilidad. En cambio, la diversidad de la oferta de vivienda reduce las pautas de movilidad
metropolitana. Estos resultados constituyen mensajes claros para la confección de políticas
urbanas. In the European context, Spain has a strong tradition in the study of polycentricity, numerous
studies have identified, measurand and created new methods of identifying subcentres.
Polycentrism has been studied well from morphological and functional perspective, both intrametropolitan
and regional scale. However, little or no attention has been paid to the impact they
polycentric structures on the efficiency of the development. In this article we explore the
relationship between polycentricity and labor mobility. From the mobility matrix Population
Census, and previous studies, we constructed a series of indicators to measure the incidence of
polycentricity on the distances traveled by the working population. Also, once controlled the structure of the spatial distribution of employment and population, using the algorithm of White
(1988) is studied using a statistical model , the relationship between excess urban mobility and
different indicators. The results show that effectively reduces mobility polycentricity, and that
once controlled it, other obvious factors like infrastructure excess mobility increases. However,
the diversity of the housing supply reduces metropolitan mobility patterns. These results provide
clear messages for urban policy-making.