Journal articles on the topic 'Labor supply – Effect of education on – Canada'
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Fougère, Maxime, Simon Harvey, and Bruno Rainville. "Would an Increase in High-Skilled Immigration in Canada Benefit Workers?" Economics Research International 2011 (June 22, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/171927.
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This study examines the economic and welfare effects of raising the number of high-skilled immigrants in Canada. It uses a life-cycle applied general equilibrium model with endogenous time allocation decisions between work, education, and leisure. According to the simulation results, raising the number of high-skilled immigrants would boost productive capacity and labour productivity but could lower real GDP per capita. In addition, by raising the supply of high-skilled workers, more high-skilled immigrants would reduce the skill premium and the return to human capital. This in turn would lower incentives for young adults to invest in human capital and have a dampening effect on the domestic supply of skilled workers. Finally, it is found that more high-skilled immigrants would be welfare enhancing for medium- and low-skilled workers but welfare decreasing for high-skilled workers.
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Lu, Yao, and Feng Hou. "Immigration System, Labor Market Structures, and Overeducation of High-Skilled Immigrants in the United States and Canada." International Migration Review 54, no. 4 (January 30, 2020): 1072–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319901263.
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Why do high-skilled Canadian immigrants lag behind their US counterparts in labor-market outcomes, despite Canada’s merit-based immigration selection system and more integrative context? This article investigates a mismatch between immigrants’ education and occupations, operationalized by overeducation, as an explanation. Using comparable data and three measures of overeducation, we find that university-educated immigrant workers in Canada are consistently much more likely to be overeducated than their US peers and that the immigrant–native gap in the overeducation rate is remarkably higher in Canada than in the United States. This article further examines how the cross-national differences are related to labor-market structures and selection mechanisms for immigrants. Whereas labor-market demand reduces the likelihood of immigrant overeducation in both countries, the role of supply-side factors varies: a higher supply of university-educated immigrants is positively associated with the likelihood of overeducation in Canada, but not in the United States, pointing to an oversupply of high-skilled immigrants relative to Canada’s smaller economy. Also, in Canada the overeducation rate is significantly lower for immigrants who came through employer selection (i.e., those who worked in Canada before obtaining permanent residence) than for those admitted directly from abroad through the point system. Overall, the findings suggest that a merit-based immigration system likely works better when it takes into consideration domestic labor-market demand and the role of employer selection.
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Schindler, Dirk. "Tuition Fees and the Dual Income Tax: The Optimality of the Nordic Income Tax System Reconsidered." German Economic Review 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00504.x.
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Abstract We examine the optimal tax and education policy in the case of a dual income tax. Incorporating an educational sector and endogenous capital taxation, we show that the results in Nielsen and Sørensen’s study are vulnerable with respect to assumptions on the elasticity of unskilled labor supply. Tax progressivity results residually, whereas educational policy guarantees an optimal tax wedge on, but not necessarily efficiency in, educational investment. The less elastic are the unobservable educational investment and skilled labor (the latter relative to unskilled labor supply), and the more educational policy cares about the skilled labor supply, the more progressive the tax system will be. Education will be subsidized on a net basis if the complementarity effect on the skilled labor supply is strong and important; however, there is also an offsetting substitutability effect of the unskilled labor supply at play.
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Andrisani, Elsa, and Mike Triani. "ANALISIS FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENAWARAN TENAGA KERJA DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 1, no. 3 (November 26, 2019): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v1i3.7717.
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the phenomenon of labor in Indonesian is that the workforce in increasing but there are few opportunities for employment. This will cause unemployment and many unemployment will effect the economy. Study aims to determine the impact of population growth , wages, and education on labor supply in Indonesia. This research used panel data from 2013 to 2018 in 34 provinces in Indonesia and analysis used panel data regression with FEM method. The results of the study found that; 1) population growth hasn’t impact on the labor supply in Indonesia. (2) Wages hasn’t impact on labor supply in Indonesia. (3) education has an impact on the labor supply in Indonesia.
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Cesarini, David, Erik Lindqvist, Matthew J. Notowidigdo, and Robert Östling. "The Effect of Wealth on Individual and Household Labor Supply: Evidence from Swedish Lotteries." American Economic Review 107, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 3917–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151589.
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We study the effect of wealth on labor supply using the randomized assignment of monetary prizes in a large sample of Swedish lottery players. Winning a lottery prize modestly reduces earnings, with the reduction being immediate, persistent, and quite similar by age, education, and sex. A calibrated dynamic model implies lifetime marginal propensities to earn out of unearned income from −0.17 at age 20 to −0.04 at age 60, and labor supply elasticities in the lower range of previously reported estimates. The earnings response is stronger for winners than their spouses, which is inconsistent with unitary household labor supply models. (JEL D14, J22, J31)
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Proulx, Pierre-Paul. "Manpower Coefficients and the Forecasting of Manpower Requirements in Nova Scotia." Commentaires 22, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027839ar.
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«... Devising a workable manpower plan... at best is an art, still in its infancy. Many assumptions and informed judgment are necessary to compensate for gaps in data. But if planning of any sort were delayed until our data were complete and a fool-proof methodology were developed, no forecasts of educational needs would ever be made. The enormous outlays on education today and in the future demand that we at least make an attempt to determine how we can best allocate these expenditures to meet our needs efficiently. As additional data become available and greater experience is gained in the techniques of manpower planning, many of the difficulties facing us will be overcome. Manpower forecasting although not an ideal approach to rational development of our educational resources at least provides a framework of additional required data that no other currently-known method offers ». 1 We are attempting to calculate « manpower coefficients » or if you wish, a fraction whose numerator is man-years of experienced labour by occupation group, and whose denominator is output by industry group. In other words, we shall estimate the number of man-years of labour of different occupation groups required to produce $1,000.00 of output in selected industries in Nova Scotia, in 1960-61. The fraction is no more and no less than an estimate of labour productivity. We have asked the Dominion Bureau of Statistics to provide a tabulation containing the experienced labour force in 1961, cross-classified, 1) by sex, 2) by class of worker (wage and salary earners, unpaid family workers, own business operators), 3) by industry group (54), 4) by occupation group (64), 5) by earnings group, 6) by years of schooling, 7) by weeks worked, 8) by hours per week, 9) by age group. We shall prepare a 64 (row) by 54 (column) matrix, one column for each industry group and one row for each occupation group. Each cell will contain a fraction which when applied to a forecast of gross value of output by industry will provide an estimate of the number of man-years of labour required to produce that output. If we sum across the rows we obtain the total demand for man-years of labour for each of occupation groups. I shall dispense with a discussion of the majority of the assumptions, limitations and peculiarities of the method, for these may be found in the report mentioned above. To obtain the numerator of our fraction (man-years of experienced labour force), we weighted bodies (the experienced labour force) by two fractions; one for weeks worked and one for hours worked. This is particularly important in Nova Scotia because of seasonal operations. If we found a person who had worked 26 out of the 52 weeks proceeding the 1961 levels, and when he worked, worked the model hours in his occupation groups, we counted him as 1/2 a man-year of labour. One facet of the study which may interest individuals involved in training, retraining and education concerns the occupation groups we formed. We have grouped the 273 Census occupations of the 1961 Census into 64 occupation groups. We formed broad groups of occupations within which we believe workers are substitutable, transferable and interchangeable. This was done among other reasons because it is quite common to find workers with the same type of training in different occupations, or to put it differently because workers with one type of preparation often go into different kinds of jobs. This approach also reflects a belief that it is more effective to train workers in families of related skills rather than in specific skills in preparation for the labour market. Another reason is that Census occupation definitions often leave much to be desired. We have therefore formed 64 occupation groups which are in many respects similar to Dunlop's « job clusters » and Scoville « job families » which are defined as groups of job classifications limited by technology, administration and social custom or « jobs linked by materials used, equipment used and functions performed ». We have in effect formed 44 groups of occupations on the basis of affinity in functions and another 19 (one group, the 64th is for unpaid family workers) which segregate superior from intermediate from unskilled workers in many of these groups of occupations. We arrived at the latter by using earnings and education criteria. The reason for doing so is that workers with very different levels of skill were placed together in one Census occupation group (for example, many « engineers » in Nova Scotia have no secondary school training and very low incomes according to the 1961 Census; apparently many were promoted by their wives when the Census enumerator came). In many cases, we required that the worker meet either the earnings criterion or the education criterion depending upon the occupation group, and this among other reasons because we did not use age in the process. We neglected the use of an education criterion in most occupation groups except those in managerial, technical, professional and clerical categories. Let me also mention that we transformed reported earnings to annual rate earnings to match to our criteria because we know that many workers worked part-time, or were away from work for various reasons during the 12 months which proceeded the 1961 Census. This allowed us to exclude from superior categories individuals with little qualifications who held multiple jobs and worked an abnormal number of hours. We have also asked the Dominion Bureau of Statistics to provide information on the educational attainment of the workers in our different occupation groups by sex. This will allow users to draw implications concerning the formal educational requirements needed to produce the forecasted output. In conclusion, please allow me to mention what I believe to be some of the work required to improve our knowledge in this area. Care should be taken in preparing forecasts of the gross value of production (including inventories), in 1960 constant dollars, for the industry groups chosen in our study. These output forecasts should not be obtained from employment forecasts for the application of man-power coefficients to output forecasts thus derived would be tautological. Many specific studies of industry productivity trends would be helpful to narrow the zone of ignorance of the forecasts obtained through the use of our manpower coefficients. Much remains to be done to dynamize the manpower coefficients. We know that labour productivity (and hence the manpower coefficients) varies cyclically and all we have estimated is a fixed coefficient for 1960-1961. We also know that more frequent estimates of these manpower coefficients would allow us to determine how technological changes have altered them, although the robustness of manpower coefficients is improved by the fact that we have grouped industries and occupations. Our coefficients are based on ex post data of employment and output rather than ex ante data on the demand for labour (employment plus vacancies) and for output. They are therefore influenced by labour supply as well as by labour demand, i.e. they are the result of the interaction of manpower requirements and supplies. Much remains to be done to arrive at an interacting supply and demand model, and the new vacancies data soon to be published by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics should help us to refine those models we can think up now. Much remains to be done on the appropriateness of grouping occupations for training and retraining purposes, and on the criteria for doing so. Much analysis of the functional and employment requirements by occupation remains to be done for the use of sex, earnings and education, in this paper is certainly not fully satisfactory. (1) B.M. WILKINSON, Studies in the Economics of Education, Occasional Paper number 4, Economics and Research Branch, Department of Labour, Canada July 1965, pp. 37-38.
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Sunarto, Sunarto, and Nachrowi D. Nachrowi. "ANALISIS PENAWARAN TENAGA KERJA TERHADAP KEGIATAN NON USAHA TANI OLEH RUMAH TANGGA TANI : Studi Kasus di Di Kecamatan Wonosari Kabupaten Gunung kidul Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 195–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v8i2.171.
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The main purpose of this research is to investigate the factors influencing the labor supply on the non-agricultural activities and the of income from non-agricultural activities to the structure and distribution of farmer household income.To reach the goals, three models are developed. The first and second models are labor supply models of husband and wife, respectively. For both models, the dependent variables are labor supplies proxied by work-hours of non-agricultural activities per year. While the independent variables for both models are area of land used, wage level in non-agricultural, age, number of household member with age above and below 5 years, number of working household members, and location of the household. The third model is a model with contribution of non-agricultural income as its dependent variable, while its independent variable is area of land used. The data source for this research istaken from a primary survey, while the secondary data gathered BPS in Gunung Kidul.The study shows that husband labor supply on non-agricultural activities is affected by the area of land used, wage level, education level, number of household members, and household location. But, education level and number of working household members are not giving significant influence to husband labor supply on non agricultural sectors. Furthermore, wife labor supply is influenced by the area of land used, wage level, age, education level, number of household members with age below 5 years, and household location. In the contrary, number of household members of age over 5 years and number of working household members aren 't seem to have significant effect on wife labor supply model on non agricultural activities.
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Fortin, Nicole M. "Higher-Education Policies and the College Wage Premium: Cross-State Evidence from the 1990s." American Economic Review 96, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 959–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.4.959.
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Exploiting differences across U.S. states, this paper demonstrates that there is a tight link between higher education policies, past enrollment rates, and recent changes in the college wage premium among labor market entrants. The analysis reveals, however, that this relationship is much weaker in states with high private enrollment rates, high levels of interstate mobility, or interstate trade. The within-state estimates of the own-cohort relative supply effect shed some light on the extent to which the U.S. labor market can be characterized as a single national market or a collection of state-specific labor markets.
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Tri Rezeki, Meilita, and Lucia Rita Indrawati. "Pengaruh pendidikan, penduduk, pencari kerja terhadap kesempatan kerja di Jawa Barat 1985-2020." e-Journal Perdagangan Industri dan Moneter 10, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pim.v10i2.20471.
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Such a rapid growth in the labor force will have an impact on the economy, among others, on the expansion or creation of jobs. The lack of labor that is unable to accept the new labor force means that the increasing demand for the number of workers looks much less than the supply of the number of the labor force. This study aims to determine the influence of education, population, and job seekers on the employment opportunities of West Java Province in 1985-2020. Data quantitatif with multiple linear regression analysis and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach is the research method used. The research has proven that education variables have a significant positive effect on job opportunities, population variables have a negative and significant effect, and job seeker variables have a significant positive effect on job opportunities.
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HUANG, LI-HSUAN, and HSIN-YI HUANG. "RIGID LOW COLLEGE PREMIUMS AND THE EXPANSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN TAIWAN." Singapore Economic Review 60, no. 04 (September 2015): 1550022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500228.
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The rapid expansion of higher education in the late 1980s in Taiwan has resulted in a swift increase in the supply of highly-educated workers in the labor market. This research differs from past studies in that it analyzes the effect of the rapid expansion in higher education in Taiwan with emphasis on the cohort effect, specifically examining the effect of changes both in intra-cohort relative supply and the aggregate relative supply on college returns. Besides, when estimating the aggregate relative supply of college graduates, this study takes into account the substitutability between younger and older educated workers. We present evidence that the expansion policy has significantly depressed college premiums for workers of all ages, but the adverse effect is particularly concentrated among the younger cohorts. Furthermore, we found the elasticity of substitution between college and high school graduates to be 3–4 times higher than in developed countries. We also found the important role played by the demand side, likely linked to technological progress and changes in export structure toward the more technologically intensive. As a consequence, the expansion of higher education and increase in the relative demand for higher-educated workers, along with high elasticity of substitution between college and high school graduates, led to the rigid low college premiums.
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Roson, Roberto. "General Equilibrium Effects of Investments in Education and Changes in the Labor Force Composition." European Journal of Development Studies 2, no. 5 (December 5, 2022): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2022.2.5.156.
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In this paper, a novel approach to modelling education and human capital formation in a computable general equilibrium model is proposed. Rather than adopting microeconomic-based assumptions of human capital formation, the method is based on an empirical relationship between labor force composition and expenditure on education services. It is found some robust correlation between workers’ shares in the labor force and educational expenditure, in real terms and per capita. To assess the implications of these findings, the impact of an increase in public expenditure devoted to education is simulated in a conventional CGE model for Ethiopia. The simulation results highlight the existence of a multiplicative effect, such that the overall increase in the supply of education services, in the final equilibrium state, is more than three times larger than the initial demand push. This comes associated with a positive supply shock, entailing gains in productivity, income, and welfare, as well as changes in the structure of the economy.
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Baskoro, Luhur Selo, Yonsuke Hara, and Yoshihiro Otsuji. "Labor Productivity and Foreign Direct Investment in the Indonesian Manufacturing Sector." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 8, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v8i1.7836.
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This paper investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, focusing on the effect of labor productivity in the Indonesian manufacturing sector. Indonesia has the advantage of abundant labor supply in attracting FDI to bring positive externalities to its economy. Based on this background, this paper is aimed to study and to improve FDI inflow through a random effect analysis of 19 manufacturing industries from 2001 to 2014. The empirical result shows that labor productivity, wages, and export have become significant factors that attract FDI. FDI inflow in this sector tends to target non-labor industries. For the labor-intensive industries, the primary strategy is to increase labor quality through improvement in education, training, internship program, and worker certification. Improving research and development climate, and maintaining the quality of labor through health and social protection regulation can attain improvement in non-labor intensive industries.
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Hussain, Mumtaz, Sofia Sofia Anwar, and Shaoan Huang. "Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Affecting Labor Force Participation in Pakistan." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p70.
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Labor Force Participation is the indication of relative supply of labor in the labor market and it is also very useful for the formulation of employment and human resource development. The main purpose of present study is to explore the demographic factors that directly or indirectly influence the labor force participation. The study is based on Micro-level data on different socioeconomic and demographic factors that have a deep effect on the labor force participation in Pakistan. The collected set of information of about 1,43,587 frequencies of 36,400 households was used in this study from the Labor Force Survey of Pakistan 2008-09. The research concluded that the level of education, training, age, location, residential period and being male has positive and significant impact on labor force participation.
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Ambler, Kate, Diego Aycinena, and Dean Yang. "Channeling Remittances to Education: A Field Experiment among Migrants from El Salvador." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140010.
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We implement a randomized experiment offering Salvadoran migrants matching funds for educational remittances, which are channeled directly to a beneficiary student in El Salvador chosen by the migrant. The matches lead to increased educational expenditures, higher private school attendance, and lower labor supply of youths in El Salvador households connected to migrant study participants. We find substantial “crowd-in” of educational investments: for each $1 received by beneficiaries, educational expenditures increase by $3.72. We find no shifting of expenditures away from other students, and no effect on remittances. (JEL F24, I21, I22, J13, O15, O19)
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Bagamba, Fredrick, Ruerd Ruben, and Arie Kuyvenhoven. "Determinants of Smallholder Farmer Labor Allocation Decisions in Uganda." Journal of African Development 23, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.23.1.0001.
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ABSTRACT This study provides evidence on factors that influence household labor allocation decisions and demand for farm labor in Uganda. We estimated a monthly panel data to deal with potential heterogeneity or individual effect and tested for violation of the random effects modeling assumption that the explanatory variables are orthogonal to the unit effects. In addition, we estimated a random effects tobit model that involve explained variables with corner solutions. The results show that exogenous income did not affect off-farm labor supply by liquidity constrained households while liquidity unconstrained households increased the amount of labor supplied to off-farm activities and the amount of labor hired in. Farm size and education of household head improved labor productivity on farm and hence the amount of labor hired. Road proximity improved both the hiring in and out of labor. The household being male headed improved the work hours in the nonagricultural off-farm activities. The findings imply that direct payments such as input provision to the poor may not improve labor employment unless backed with policies that remove bottlenecks and improve opportunities in the labor market. Instead, investment in micro credit institutions, road infrastructure, and education suited to smallholder production needs and policies that improve gender balance in terms of access to productive resources could help alleviate bottlenecks in labor markets and improve resource allocation between farm and off-farm sectors.
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JAAG, CHRISTIAN. "Education, demographics, and the economy." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (November 16, 2007): 189–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747207002983.
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AbstractThis paper deals with two issues concerning the effects of population aging on education decisions in the presence of a PAYG pension system: We first analyze the effects of an aging population per se on individual skill choices and continuous education and the production structure. Second, we study the implications of postponed retirement, which is often proposed as a measure to cope with the economic challenges of increased longevity. Our study uses a dynamic general equilibrium framework with overlapping generations and probabilistic aging. The model allows for capital–skill complementarity in the production of final output.As a response to population aging, in a small open economy with a fixed interest rate, our first simulation shows that GDP is depressed due to an adverse effect on skill choice and labor supply. We then introduce postponed retirement as a potentially dampening policy measure due to its encouragement of human capital formation. However, since there is less private saving in this scenario, the overall effect on GDP is even worse than in the pure aging scenario.
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White-Means, Shelley I. "Migrant Farmworker Earnings: A Human Capital Approach." Review of Black Political Economy 15, no. 4 (March 1987): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903727.
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Migrant farmworkers are essential to the supply of low-cost agricultural produce. However, employment earnings of this vital labor force are approximately equal to the federal poverty income. This study examines the role of health capital investments in enhancing farmworker productivity and employment earnings. Health capital investments are found to have a larger marginal effect on earnings than other forms of human capital investments, such as education or experience.
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Sharma, Anup, Akhil Babu, Blesly Panavila, Sapna Raghuvanshi, and MD Yunus Pathan. "Efficient Manufacturing & Logistics in Indian E- Commerce Industry and Its Effect on Customer Satisfaction." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 09 (September 17, 2021): 2393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i09.em03.
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In this paper, the topic “Efficient manufacturing and logistics in Indian e-commerce industries and its effect on customer satisfaction” refers to one of the famous method (JIT - Just in time) used in manufacturing along with labor, material, and other inputs. The JIT role in Indian ecommerce industry is increasing, and awareness of Indian e-commerce industry enhances productivity of online retailers. It generates high level of satisfaction in customers, availing offline as well as online e-commerce services. JIT also contributes in improving physical distribution quality. Internal and external environment affects logistics and supply chains. From customer point of view, demand fulfillment using JIT method, clarity of production planning, sourcing and logistics are vital in Indian e-commerce industry
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More, Sharon, and Tova Rosenbloom. "Job-Field Underemployment and Career Satisfaction: A Relationship of Cause and Effect." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n10p82.
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The current article deals with the interesting phenomenon of mismatch between an academic graduate's field of education and their field of occupation (a phenomenon known in the literature as horizontal-mismatch or job-field underemployment), and its impact on the individual's career satisfaction. Some studies regarding the broader phenomenon of underemployment suggest that graduates might temporarily accept an underemployed job in order to avoid unemployment and obtain some work experience, but even though most of the relatively scarce articles on the subject suggest it is usually an involuntary phenomenon, almost none of them specifically focus on the case of job-field underemployment.
310 Israeli academics with almost-equal gender representation participated in this study. A statistically significant negative correlation has been found, according to which, the greater an individuals’ level of job-field underemployment, the lower their career satisfaction level. The main conclusion of the present study is that the individuals’ quality of job-field fit appears to be a very significant component in their career perception: The individual, being rational, will invest in a specific field of education in order to integrate into the labor market accordingly. Therefore, this phenomenon is not desirable for the individual, and it requires more informed career planning by the individual in order to avoid experiencing this phenomenon in the first place. At the macro-economic level, this requires better labor-market adjustments between the supply of labor and the demand for jobs.
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de Hamer, Anneke, and Ineke Maas. "Gelijke opleiding, verschillende opbrengsten : Een onderzoek naar genderongelijkheid in het effect van opleidingsniveau op de mate van leidinggeven." Mens en maatschappij 95, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mem2020.1.002.deha.
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Abstract Equal education, different returns: Research into gender inequality in the effect of education level on the degree of supervisionThe aim of this article is to investigate whether the effect of individuals’ education level on the degree of supervision their position holds, differs between men and women and how this has changed over birth cohorts. Drawing on the human capital theory and the glass ceiling metaphor, hypotheses on gender differences in the returns to education and how these change with birth cohort and age, are formulated. The hypotheses are tested using data from the Dutch Labor Supply Panel. We find that the returns to education are smaller for women than for men. This is the case in all age groups and birth cohorts. However, no evidence was found that women from earlier cohorts profit more from their education than women from later cohorts. Women and men born between 1961 and 1970 have the highest returns to education, as well as middle aged women and men.1
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Dessy, Sylvain E., and Stéphane Pallage. "Some Surprising Effects of Better Law Enforcement against Child Trafficking." Journal of African Development 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.8.1.0115.
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In this note, we highlight some economic effects of the existence of child trafficking. We show that the risk of child trafficking on the labor market acts as a deterrent to supply child labor, unless household survival is at stake. Better law enforcement against child trafficking, by raising the expected gains parents derive from sending their children to work, might have the undesirable effect of causing a rise in the number of child laborers and possibly in the incidence of child trafficking. Our findings support the view that the fight against child trafficking can only be won by effectively combining legislation with other policy measures, including better quality for education, redistribution, or appropriately targeted poverty alleviation programs.
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Dustmann, Christian, Uta Schönberg, and Jan Stuhler. "The Impact of Immigration: Why Do Studies Reach Such Different Results?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.31.
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We classify the empirical literature on the wage impact of immigration into three groups, where studies in the first two groups estimate different relative effects, and studies in the third group estimate the total effect of immigration on wages. We interpret the estimates obtained from the different approaches through the lens of the canonical model to demonstrate that they are not comparable. We then relax two key assumptions in this literature, allowing for inelastic and heterogeneous labor supply elasticities of natives and the "downgrading" of immigrants. “Downgrading” occurs when the position of immigrants in the labor market is systematically lower than the position of natives with the same observed education and experience levels. Downgrading means that immigrants receive lower returns to the same measured skills than natives when these skills are acquired in their country of origin. We show that heterogeneous labor supply elasticities, if ignored, may complicate the interpretation of wage estimates, and particularly the interpretation of relative wage effects. Moreover, downgrading may lead to biased estimates in those approaches that estimate relative effects of immigration, but not in approaches that estimate total effects. We conclude that empirical models that estimate total effects not only answer important policy questions, but are also more robust to alternative assumptions than models that estimate relative effects.
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Pautrel, Xavier. "ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, EDUCATION AND GROWTH: A REAPPRAISAL WHEN LIFETIME IS FINITE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 16, no. 5 (December 5, 2011): 661–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100510000830.
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When finite lifetime is introduced in a Lucas [Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1988), 3–42] growth model where the source of pollution is physical capital, the environmental policy may enhance the growth rate of a market economy, whereas pollution does not influence educational activities, labor supply is not elastic, and human capital does not enter the utility function. The result arises from the generational turnover effect due to finite lifetime and it remains valid under conditions when the education sector uses final output as well as time to accumulate human capital. This article also demonstrates that ageing reduces the positive influence of environmental policy when growth is driven by human capital accumulation à la Lucas in the overlapping-generations model of Yaari [Review of Economic Studies 32 (1965), 137–150] and Blanchard [Journal of Political Economy 93 (1985), 223–247].
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Anisef, Paul. "Studying Part-Time in Canada's Universities: A Social Change Perspective." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 19, no. 1 (April 30, 1989): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v19i1.183053.
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Part-time university undergraduate students participation in the Canadian postsecondary education system has grown substantially over the past several decades. This growth raises questions concerning the factors influencing students' decisions to enrol full or part-time. The research presented here is based on the 1973-74 and 1983-84 National Postsecondary Student Surveys conducted by Statistics Canada and examines the changing influence of demographic, regional, socioeconomic and financial factors on registration status. The results indicate: (1) a diminishing impact of regional forces in choosing part-time registration status; (2) a dramatic increase of women in part-time studies (particularly older women); (3) that being married and having dependent children has become significantly less of a barrier for enroling part-time; (4) that students from more educationally advantaged backgrounds were more likely to register full-time in both survey years and the effect of parents' education remained unchanged across the surveys; (5) students that either applied for a government loan or borrowed to finance their studies were more likely to enrol full-time; this pattern was clearer for both sexes in 1983/84 than in 1974/75. These detailed findings are evaluated in terms of social changes in Canada, particularly with respect to women's increased participation in education and the labor market. While part-time university students constitute a relatively new clientele in higher education, their number and diversity is likely to grow, increasing our need to acquire new and more detailed information.
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Kang, Meiling, Yucheng Li, Zhongkuang Zhao, Minjuan Zheng, and Han Wu. "Does Human Capital Homogeneously Improve the Corporate Innovation: Evidence from China’s Higher Education Expansion in the Late 1990s." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 12352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912352.
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The effect of human capital on corporate innovation varies with the distribution of human capital intensity among industries. To analyze this heterogenous effect, we utilized the variation of college enrollment expansion across different regions in China as an exogenous human capital shock. Using a sample of Chinese industrial enterprises from 1998 to 2008 and the difference-in-difference strategy, we found that industries with intensive human capital significantly increase the number of patent applications after the expansion policy. The effect is pronounced in invention patents and significantly positive in exporting and capital-intensive corporates. As for the channels, corporates in these industries are apt to adopt new technologies and increase R&D expenditures. Moreover, the agglomeration of new graduates accelerates knowledge spillover, thus promoting innovation in knowledge-intensive industries. In sum, this paper verifies the importance of policy intervention on skilled labor supply towards corporate innovation and supports the talent introduction plan of local government in China.
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Agarwal, Nikhil. "Policy Analysis in Matching Markets." American Economic Review 107, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171112.
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Price and quantity interventions intended to affect assignments are common in many labor and education markets (e.g., financial aid, quotas). This article discusses an empirical framework, based on the theory of stable matching, that is suitable for policy analysis while accounting for the presence of equilibrium sorting. It then compares financial incentives and supply interventions for encouraging the training of family medicine residents in rural America. Due to equilibrium effects, the primary effect of financial incentives is to increase the quality, not numbers, of residents in rural programs, while quantity regulations directly affect numbers without adversely affecting quality.
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STAKANOV, Roman. "SYNTHETIC SYSTEM OF REGIONAL MIGRATION POLICY: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FORMATION." Economy of Ukraine 2018, no. 6 (June 15, 2018): 44–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2018.06.044.
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The task of the research was to structure the existing migration systems, to define the role of regional level in the current migration policy and to determine how formation of a synthetic system of regional migration policy is taking place. The author proposes to divide the immigration policy into three types: the demand-driven migration system, the supply-driven migration system and the synthetic migration system. Demand-oriented systems can manifest themselves through the testing of the labor market, preliminary certification of employers, as well as attestation. The key priority of the supply-driven migration systems is to focus on the national interests of the destination country and maximize the positive effect of large-scale involvement of migrants with high human capital. The main form of manifestation of this system is the use of the points-based migration system, according to which individual characteristics of a potential migrant are assessed. To overcome the limitations of both approaches, a number of countries are switching to use of the synthetic migration policy, which includes the elements of both aforementioned systems. Combination of tools of demand- and supply-driven migration systems allows both to take into account the migration interests of the state (mainly due to preservation or introduction of the points-based migration system) and to account for interests of employers (for example, providing for a large number of points for employees with job offers). The synthetic migration system is mostly used by countries that have a long history of immigration and have previously used the supply-driven migration system (e.g., Canada, Australia). However, countries with the demand-driven migration system (in particular, the USA through the mechanism of the RAISE Act) are approaching it as well. There is no single migration policy regarding labor migration in framework of the regional integration associations; however, in some regions, the regional migration policy is manifested in coordination of the national migration policy at the regional level. The synthetic migration policy serves as the basis for regional regulation in Oceania, and also has significant chances for implementation in the North America region.
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DeLong, Deborah L., Robert A. Kozak, and David H. Cohen. "Overview of the Canadian value-added wood products sector and the competitive factors that contribute to its success." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 11 (November 2007): 2211–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-027.
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In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the secondary wood manufacturing sector across Canada. Strengthening and facilitating the secondary wood manufacturing or the value-added sector is seen as the next step to creating a more sustainable economy across Canada. This research considered a large sample of secondary wood manufacturers across Canada and has provided standardized information for the entire sector. To evaluate the competitive position of the Canadian secondary wood manufacturers, two steps were undertaken. First, factors that have determined success in other sectors were identified. Second, the sector’s current business environments and the factors that contribute to its success were evaluated. The data that contributed to this research was based on a mail survey that was sent to all secondary wood manufacturers across Canada. The data indicated that the majority of businesses in this sector are small to medium enterprises (SMEs) and have common concerns that effect SMEs. Problems obtaining financing for expansion, market research, expanding to new markets, and upgrading employees’ skills are examples. There are also opportunities for increasing efficiencies through lean manufacturing and optimizing supply chains, but these types of initiatives will require education and training. Using logistic regression, we found that being a member of an industry association greatly increased the likelihood of a business being profitable. Thus, industry associations could be an effective conduit for the required training and education.
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Irwanda Wisnu Wardhana, Dhani Setyawan, and Khairunnisah. "Determinants of Labor Market in Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A Survival Analysis of Commuters." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2020.2.42-51.
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This study aims to assess the determinants of the labor market in the Greater Jakarta Area (Jabodetabek) with a population of 27.9 million (2010 census) and growth rate of 3.6 percent per annum over the period 2000-2010. With a total area of 4,384 square kilometers (1,693 sq mi), the city has a very high population density of 14,464 people per square kilometer (37,460/ sq mi), while the metro area has a density of 4,383 people/sq km (11,353/sq mi). The paper employs the survival regression analysis by incorporating attributes of commuter, namely gender, age, distance, travel time, wages, stress, education level, double income households and home ownership. The area consists of Jakarta as the receiving labor market and eight municipalities and regencies as labor suppliers. The study utilizes a cross-section data from a commuter survey with more than 4,000 respondents participated using different modes of land transport. The results reveal that some determinants have influenced commuters' resiliency and their willingness to participate in the receiving labor market. This study found that gender, distance, wages and home ownership do not affect the respondent’s decision whether to stay or quit as commuters. On the other hand, the fittest model exhibits that age, education level, stress, travel time and double income households have significant effects on individual's decision to stay or quit as a commuter. It is found that gender, distance, wages and home ownership do not matter for respondent’s decision on whether to stay or to quit as commuters. The model exhibits that age, education level, stress, travel time and double-income household have significant effects on an individual's decision to stay or quit as a commuter. Education level has a positive effect; on the other hand, age, stress, double-income household and travel time have a negative effect. The policy implications for improving the labor supply provision and some contested policy options are suggested, such as the provision of affordable housing in Jakarta, the improvement of commuting enjoyment, the establishment of child care facilities in the office buildings and the creation of more sophisticated jobs within the Jakarta’s surrounding municipalities and regencies.
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Rahut, Dil Bahadur, Pradyot Ranjan Jena, Akhter Ali, Bhagirath Behera, and Nar Bahadur Chhetri. "Rural Nonfarm Employment, Income, and Inequality: Evidence from Bhutan." Asian Development Review 32, no. 2 (September 2015): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00052.
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Using the 2012 Bhutan Living Standard Survey, this paper finds that rural nonfarm activities comprise 60.7% of rural household income in Bhutan and this contribution increases with higher income and education levels. The poor and less educated participate less in the nonfarm sector. When they do, they are self-employed in petty nonfarm activities, which require little investment and little or no skills. Accounting for endogeneity and sample selection issues, we estimate the determinants of participation in nonfarm activities and nonfarm incomes. We find that a household's education and labor supply play an important role in accessing more remunerative nonfarm employment. Interestingly, we find that women play an important role in self-employment in nonfarm activities. Decomposition shows that nonfarm income has a disequalizing effect and farm income has an equalizing effect, indicating the need to increase the endowment of poor households to enable them to access the lucrative rural nonfarm sector. Further decomposition reveals that self-employment in petty nonfarm activities reduces inequality.
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Santiago Vela, Ana. "Same Degree, Same Opportunities? Educational and Social Background Effects on Overeducation in Germany." Social Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080315.
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Overeducation is indicative of a suboptimal education–job match and is related to several negative consequences for workers. Despite extensive research explaining the overeducation phenomenon, previous studies have not simultaneously analyzed educational background (i.e., educational degrees) and social background effects, or have failed to consider both the vertical and horizontal dimension that educational degrees entail (i.e., level and field). This article seeks to overcome these limitations by examining whether overeducation varies (1) across educational background (considering both level and field of educational degrees), (2) across social background, and (3) by social background among workers with the same degree. Based on the German BIBB/BAuA Employment Survey 2018, results suggest that highly educated workers are more likely to be overeducated for the jobs they hold, implying the supply of this workforce exceeds the available adequate jobs on the German labor market. The field of education determines the risk of overeducation as well, with some occupationally specific fields of education (IT, natural sciences, and health) making for lower overeducation risk for both vocational and academic education. The results also indicate social background directly influences education–job matches (controlling for level and field of education), i.e., a social gap in overeducation. This evidence suggests an effect of social background on job allocation processes, beyond the effect of education, so that the offspring of privileged classes (i.e., high salariat) use the same degrees on the labor market more profitably than the offspring of less privileged classes. Given the low attention paid to education–job matches in social stratification analyses, the present article makes a noteworthy contribution to the literature on social stratification and inequality. In addition, the present research will serve as a base for future studies on overeducation including both the vertical and horizontal dimension of educational degrees.
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Zeweld, Woldegebrial, Guido Van Huylenbroeck, Girmay Tesfay, Hossein Azadi, and Stijn Speelman. "Impacts of Socio-Psychological Factors on Actual Adoption of Sustainable Land Management Practices in Dryland and Water Stressed Areas." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 2963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10092963.
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Despite the presence of several studies on technology adoption, there are limited empirical studies on how socio-psychological factors affect the adoption of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, this paper investigates how socio-psychological factors-such as social capital, information, attitudes, efficacy, and aversion-affect smallholder farmers’ decisions to adopt sustainable land management practices, such as agroforestry systems, organic compost, and crop rotation with legumes. Cross-sectional data are collected from 350 randomly selected farm households using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire. A multivariate probit model is used to investigate factors that influence the probability of adopting these practices. The ordered probit model is also applied to identify and analyze the determinants of the number (intensity) of land management practices adopted. The findings indicate that nearly half of the farmers have adopted these land management practices to improve soil fertility, enhance water retention capacity, and increase productivity. It is also found that attitudes, information, education, group membership, relational capital, risk attitudes, and labor supply significantly affect the probability of adopting these agricultural practices. The estimates of the ordered probit model also indicate that extension services, risk attitudes, group membership, relational capital, education and labor supply are major determinants of the number of land management practices used. However, financial resources, biophysical factors and some demographic factors are found to have an insignificant effect on sustainable agriculture adoption. This implies that when it is necessary to promote sustainable land management practices and to stimulate smallholder farmers to adopt such practices in isolation or combination, specific strategies should be designed to improve awareness, build positive attitudes, reduce risk aversion, strengthen formal organizations, and empower endogenous groups (or informal institutions).
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Bryan, Gharad, James J. Choi, and Dean Karlan. "Randomizing Religion: the Impact of Protestant Evangelism on Economic Outcomes*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 136, no. 1 (June 22, 2020): 293–380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa023.
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Abstract We study the causal impact of religiosity through a randomized evaluation of an evangelical Protestant Christian values and theology education program delivered to thousands of ultrapoor Filipino households. Six months after the program ended, treated households have higher religiosity and income; no statistically significant differences in total labor supply, consumption, food security, or life satisfaction; and lower perceived relative economic status. Exploratory analysis suggests that the income treatment effect may operate through increasing grit. Thirty months after the program ended, significant differences in the intensity of religiosity disappear, but those in the treatment group are less likely to be Catholic and more likely to be Protestant, and there is some mixed evidence that their consumption and perceived relative economic status are higher.
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Zhu, Bin, Chih-Wei Hsieh, and Ying Mao. "Addressing the Licensed Doctor Maldistribution in China: A Demand-And-Supply Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101753.
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Background: The maldistribution of licensed doctors is one of the major challenges faced by the Chinese health sector. However, this subject remains underexplored, as the underlying causes of licensed doctor distribution have not been fully mapped out. To fill the research void, this study theoretically modeled and empirically measured various determinants of licensed doctor distribution from both the supply and demand sides while taking the spillover effect between the adjacent geographical units into consideration. Methods: The theory of demand and supply is adopted to construct a research framework so as to explain the imbalance in the licensed doctor distribution. Both direct effects and spillover effects of the supply-side factors and demand-side factors are empirically measured with the spatial panel econometric models. Results: The health service demand was found, as expected, to be the major driving force of the licensed doctor distribution across the nation. That is, the increase in health services demands in a province could significantly help one unit attract licensed doctors from adjacent units. Unexpectedly but intriguingly, the medical education capacity showed a relatively limited effect on increasing the licensed doctor density in local units compared with its spillover effect on neighboring units. In addition, government and social health expenditures played different roles in the health labor market, the former being more effective in increasing the stock of clinicians and public health doctors, the latter doing better in attracting dentists and general practitioners. Conclusions: The results provide directions for Chinese policy makers to formulate more effective policies, including a series of measures to boost the licensed doctor stock in disadvantaged areas, such as the increase of government or social health expenditures, more quotas for medical universities, and the prevention of a brain drain of licensed doctors.
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Qin, Xin, Peter W. Hom, and Minya Xu. "Am I a peasant or a worker? An identity strain perspective on turnover among developing-world migrants." Human Relations 72, no. 4 (July 18, 2018): 801–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726718778097.
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Developing-world rural migrants provide crucial labor for global supply chains and economic growth in their native countries. Yet their high turnover engenders considerable organizational costs and disruptions threatening those contributions. Organizational scholars thus strive to understand why these workers quit, often applying turnover models and findings predominantly derived from the United States, Canada, England or Australia (UCEA). Predominant applications of dominant turnover theories however provide limited insight into why developing-world migrants quit given that they significantly differ from UCEA workforces in culture, precarious employment and rural-to-urban migration. Based on multi-phase, multi-source and multi-level survey data of 173 Chinese migrants working in a construction group, this study adopts an identity strain perspective to clarify why they quit. This investigation established that migrants retaining their rural identity experience more identity strain when working and living in distant urban centers. Moreover, identity strain prompts them to quit when their work groups lack supervisory supportive climates. Furthermore, migrants’ adjustment to urban workplaces and communities mediates the interactive effect of identity strain and supervisory supportive climate on turnover. Overall, this study highlighted how identity strain arising from role transitions and urban adjustment can explain why rural migrants in developing societies quit jobs.
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Syed, Iffath Unissa. "Remittance Flows from Healthcare Workers in Toronto, Canada." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 9536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179536.
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Previous research indicates that Canadian healthcare workers, particularly long-term care (LTC) workers, are frequently composed of immigrant and racialized/visible minorities (VM) who are often precariously employed, underpaid, and face significant work-related stress, violence, injuries, illness, and health inequities. Few studies, however, have analyzed the contributions and impact of their labor in international contexts and on global communities. For instance, it is estimated that over CAD 5 billion-worth of remittances originate from Canada, yet no studies to date have examined the contributions of these remittances from Canadian workers, especially from urbanized regions consisting of VM and immigrants who live and/or work in diverse and multicultural places like Toronto. The present study is the first to investigate health and LTC workers’ roles and behaviors as related to remittances. The rationale for this study is to fill important knowledge gaps. Accordingly, this study asked: Do health/LTC workers in the site of study send remittances? If so, which workers send remittances, and who are the recipients of these remittances? What is the range of monetary value of annual remittances that each worker is able to send? What is the purpose of these remittances? What motivates the decision to send remittances? This mixed-methods study used a single-case design and relied on interviews and a survey. The results indicate that many LTC workers provided significant financial support to transnational families, up to CAD 15,000 annually, for a variety of reasons, including support for education and healthcare costs, or as gifts during cultural festivals. However, the inability to send remittances was also a source of distress for those who wanted to assist their families but were unable to do so. These findings raise important questions that could be directed for future research. For example, are there circumstances under which financial remittances are funded through loans or debt? What are the implications for the sustainability and impact of remittances, given the current COVID-19 pandemic and its economic effect of dampening incomes and wages, worsening migrants’ health, wellbeing, and quality of life, as well as adversely affecting recipient economies and the quality of life of global communities?
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Mani, V., Rajat Agrawal, and Vinay Sharma. "Social sustainability in the supply chain: analysis of enablers." Management Research Review 38, no. 9 (September 21, 2015): 1016–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-02-2014-0037.
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Purpose – This study aims to identify various enablers and the inter-relationships among them in adopting social sustainability measures in the supply chain. Social sustainability in the supply chain has received growing attention in the recent years, due to growing awareness on equity, health and safety, education, child and bonded labor and ethical practices in corporates. Design/methodology/approach – Various enablers and their contextual relationships were identified. The enablers were classified based on dependence and driving power (DP) with the help of MICMAC analysis. In addition to this, a structural model of the enablers to the social sustainability problem has been put forward using the interpretive structural modeling technique. Findings – In this study, 14 relevant enablers were identified from literature review and subsequent discussions with experts from academia and the industry. Competitive pressure leads at the bottom of the digraph with high DP, followed by customers ' requirements, financial liquidity and social concern. Social sustainability awareness was found to be at the last level with less DP. Research limitations/implications – Enablers were developed based on literature survey and expert opinions. Hence, the model is not statistically validated. This model also does not quantify the adverse effect of each of the variables on social sustainability practices in the supply chain. Practical implications – The development of a hierarchy not only helps the supply chain managers to understand the enablers better, based on their importance, but also helps in decision making in the supply chain, which in turn enables the corporations to be competitive. Social implications – Findings of this article will help the corporations to be more socially sustainable by understanding the various enablers and their contextual relationships in the supply chain. Originality/value – The structured social sustainability model helps supply chain managers and experts to understand interdependence of the enablers. This also helps in identifying different enablers with different degree of importance, which will be very much useful in adopting social sustainability measures in the supply chain.
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Zhang, Rui, Chenglei Zhang, Jiahui Xia, Dawei Feng, and Shaoyong Wu. "Household Wealth and Individuals’ Mental Health: Evidence from the 2012–2018 China Family Panel Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 11569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811569.
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Based on the data from the 2012–2018 China Family Panel Survey, this study examines the impact of household wealth on individuals’ mental health using a two-way fixed effects model. The findings indicate that household wealth exerts a significant positive effect on individuals’ mental health. Furthermore, this study shows that the impact of household wealth on individuals’ mental health is nonlinear but inverted U-shaped. Considering the possible endogeneity problem, this study further examines the effect of household wealth on residents’ mental health using two-stage least squares, and the conclusions remain robust. The results of the heterogeneity analysis indicate that household wealth has a greater impact on the mental health of residents in the low-education group and western region. Furthermore, the results of the mechanisms reveal that household wealth affects mental health by influencing insurance investment and individuals’ labor supply. Moreover, this study finds that household wealth affects individuals’ mental health not only in the short term but also in the medium and long terms. This study provides policy implications for the government toward improving individuals’ mental health.
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Tsai, Hao-Chang, An-Sheng Lee, Huang-Ning Lee, Chien-Nan Chen, and Yu-Chun Liu. "An Application of the Fuzzy Delphi Method and Fuzzy AHP on the Discussion of Training Indicators for the Regional Competition, Taiwan National Skills Competition, in the Trade of Joinery." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 24, 2020): 4290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104290.
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The importance of vocational training and capacity assessment has grown since the 1980s. Vocational education is an important foundation for societal and economic development. Therefore, it is crucial to develop vocational training and education that meet the demands of the labor market. Modern industrial structure is different from that of the past, creating an imbalance in the supply and demand of the labor force. The purpose of the Skills Competition (the collective term for the regional competition under the Taiwan National Skills Competition in this research) is to encourage the young generation to participate in vocational education and training, thereby further improving the effect and efficiency of learning and training. In order to develop suitable indicators for the joinery trade of the regional competition, Taiwan National Skills Competition (hereinafter referred to as the Regional Competition), we first identify the level of importance of each indicator. Firstly, this study formed a hierarchical structure via the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) with six training indicators (drawings, internal and external joints, assembly, measurements, finishing and appearance, and application of materials), and 27 sub-indicators were developed on the basis of these six major indicators. Secondly, in order to develop suitable training indicators for the joinery trade of the Regional Competition, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) was adopted to seek the relative weight value of each indicator by assessing subjects through a paired-comparison. The results show that, among the six indicators, the relative weight value of measurements was the highest, followed by finishing and appearance and drawings. The indicators with higher relative weight value, such as measurement and finishing and appearance, should be paid more attention during the training processes. It is hoped that these results be presented to the trainers or instructors of training institutions or vocational schools as a reference to improve their training models, strategies, and quality.
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Stuss, Magdalena M., Katarzyna Szczepańska-Woszczyna, and Zbigniew J. Makieła. "Competences of Graduates of Higher Education Business Studies in Labor Market I (Results of Pilot Cross-Border Research Project in Poland and Slovakia)." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 4988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184988.
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The analysis of the experiences of cross-border countries shall facilitate the identification of the most helpful and useful tools to improve the process of adaptation of young people into the labor market. The goal of the higher education system, as part of cross-border cooperation, is to develop professionally competent, service-oriented, principled and productive citizens in Poland and Slovakia. There are a lot of factors influencing the possibility of undertaking rewarding jobs by students and graduates that are related to their degree, especially the supply and demand of business related jobs which plays a significant role in the process. The analysis of degree programs, the views of working students, graduates and employers, followed by the preparation of a research report and relevant recommendations may have a beneficial effect on the profile and quality of education and the future of graduates in the countries included in the study, as well as in other countries which are interested in the outcomes of the project. The objective of this article is to present the results of research on how graduates of higher education business studies develop in terms of the skills, knowledge and characteristics which enable them to be employable in Poland and Slovakia. The applied research methodology combines the analysis of subject-related literature with empirical research. The questionnaires for data collection constituted a survey for independent completion. The adopted method allowed a numerical description of trends, attitudes and opinions in a selected group. It also facilitated a comparison of the results of the studies of Polish graduates and Slovakian graduates.
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Schweitzer, Linda, Sean Lyons, Lisa K.J. Kuron, and Eddy S.W. Ng. "The gender gap in pre-career salary expectations: a test of five explanations." Career Development International 19, no. 4 (August 5, 2014): 404–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-12-2013-0161.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gender gap in pre-career salary expectations. Five major explanations are tested to explain the gap, as well as understand the relative contribution of each explanation. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 452 post-secondary students from Canada. Findings – Young women had lower initial and peak salary expectations than their male counterparts. The gap in peak salary could be explained by initial salary expectations, beta values, the interaction between beta values and gender, and estimations of the value of the labor market. Men and women in this study expected to earn a considerably larger peak salary than they expected for others. Research limitations/implications – Cross-sectional data cannot infer causality, and the Canadian sample may not be generalizable to other countries given that an economic downturn occurred at time of data collection. Research should continue to investigate how individuals establish initial salary expectations, while also testing more dynamic models given the interaction effect found in terms of gender and work values in explaining salary expectations. Practical implications – The majority of the gender gap in peak salary expectations can be explained by what men and women expect to earn immediately after graduation. Further, women and men have different perceptions of the value they attribute to the labor market and what might be a fair wage, especially when considering beta work values. Social implications – The data suggests that the gender-wage gap is likely to continue and that both young men and women would benefit from greater education and information with respect to the labor market and what they can reasonably expect to earn, not just initially, but from a long-term perspective. Originality/value – This study is the first to simultaneously investigate five theoretical explanations for the gender gap in pre-career expectations.
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Izmailova, M. A. "The impact of digital economy on the transformation of the labor market and forming new business models." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 11, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2018-3-296-304.
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The beginning of the XXI century is marked by the advent of the digital economy. In order to achieve the expected results from the digital revolution in economic and social terms, it is necessary to develop a mechanism for managing the digital transformation of the economy, in the implementation of which representatives of all stakeholders must take an active part: the state, business, education system, civil society. There are quite a lot of forecasts of negative consequences of the fourth industrial revolution, namely its latest technological achievements – robotics, digitalization, artificial intelligence, etc. – on the state of employment in the labor market on the scale of a single country and the entire global space. The constructive dialogue of the participants in the digital transformation should be based on the analysis of the impact of technological progress on employment in several aspects: short – term – temporary increase in unemployment due to the discrepancy between the structure of demand and the structure of labor supply; long-term-on the progressive reduction of demand for labor due to its technologization. The article focuses on the need for high-quality training of qualified personnel, demanded by the labor market and the real sector of the economy, the relevance of competencies which will be maintained in the long term. The author emphasizes that at the same time that technological progress leads to the elimination of «old» professions, it also dictates the need for the emergence of fundamentally new professions and the creation of new jobs, the effect of which can be significantly higher. The conducted research allowed to identify the prospects and possibilities of the technological transformation in the various sectors of the economy, at the same time stresses the need to undertake analysis of its economic feasibility in relation to the specific features of each company. The analysis of digital transformation of the industry has allowed to reveal new progressive business models, the axis of which are digital technologies.
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Doner, Ayse Saime. "Agglomeration Externalities and Sectoral Employment Growth in Cities." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) 5, no. 2 (March 22, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v5i2.284.
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Firms benefit some external effects resulting from the concentration of economic activities in certain regions. These effects called “agglomeration economies” or “agglomeration externalities” are mainly divided into three categories – MAR, Jacobs and Porter externalities –, and regarded as the determinant factors of regional economic development and growth. This study analyzes the impact of agglomeration externalities on employment growth using Turkish data of 43 sectors operating in 81 Turkish cities between years 2001 and 2007. OLS regression analyses are repeated for each sector. As far as the MAR externalities are concerned, their impact on employment growth is found negative in 23 sectors while Jacobs externalities have significant and positive effects only on 4 sectors, most of which are from service sectors. As for Porter externalities, they prove to have positive effect on the regional employment growth for 16 sectors. Moreover, urbanization externalities are found to affect the regional growth positively in 4 sectors and negatively in 1 sector. While the impact of the initial level of regional labor supply is found positive, the initial level of regional employment level has negative effect on employment growth. Finally, the share of high education level in cities is found to have almost no effect on regional growth.
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Kim, Joon-Young, and Hea-Eun Oh. "A Study on the Introduction of a Employment Extension Measure for Elderly Considering the Intergenerational Employment Relation." Korean-Japanese Economic and Management Association 97 (November 30, 2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46396/kjem..97.3.
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Purpose: This paper examines the conditions for the introduction of a mandatory employment extension measures for the elderly in minimizing the possibility of substitution between elderly employment and youth employment in Korea.
Research design, data, and methodology: Through a review of previous literature regarding the employment relations between the elderly and the youth in Korea and in other countries including USA, Japan, and Eurepean countries, this study found that there is no clear evidence that the increase in elderly employment has a harmful effect on youth employment. However, it cannot be excluded that the introduction of the retirement age extension measure has a negative impact on youth employment, at least in the short run. In addition, this study examines the impact of the Measures for Securing Employment for the Elderly implemented in 2006 in Japan on the employment relationship between the elderly and young people in the Japanese labor market.
Results: As factors determining whether the employment relation between the elderly and youth is a substitute or a complementary, this study suggests the following three; the situation of labor supply and demand, the period required for skill formation, and the wage gap between age generations at the firm level. By combining these three factors, this study categorizes employment relationships between the elderly and youth into eight types. It is suggested that the employment relationship between two generations becomes substitutional when the wage is relatively overpaid to the elderly.
Implications: It is suggested that in order to minimize the possibility that the mandatory employment extension measure for the elderly might have a negative effect on youth employment, it is necessary that the measure needs to be put into effect at the time when the labor surplus has been eliminated. It is also important that personnel policies to keep the relative wages of the elderly and the young at a certain level is vital.
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Ivleva, E. S., and A. Yu Rumyantseva. "Coronavirus Pandemic as a Factor in Correctional Funding." Economics and Management 27, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2021-11-910-915.
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Aim. The presented study aims to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic development and the specific features of its manifestation in national economic systems; to examine approaches to selecting areas for correctional funding and the tools for making related management decisions, including emergency decisions.Tasks. To achieve the set aim, the authors investigate the effects of coronavirus and the dynamics of the underlying economic indicators, the types, depth, and duration of coronavirus cycles, directions and volumes of correctional funding, as well as management tools for making correctional management decisions during short and long periods of uncertainty.Methods. This study is based on factor analysis in the context of the institutional economy. Content analysis is used in attracting publications on the assessment of financial losses during post-pandemic development.Results. The authors propose an approach to assessing the effects of the pandemic, which include post-pandemic losses and correctional management decisions, including emergency budget decisions. The tools of correctional funding include insurance and non-insurance measures aimed at supporting the population and the business, aggregate supply and demand, consumption and investment. The wave dynamics of the effects of the pandemic are investigated according to the V-cycle, W-cycle, and L-cycle scenario.Conclusions. The need to expand the scope of examination of the economic development model with allowance for the non-economic factor of the coronavirus pandemic in the framework of institutional analysis is substantiated. Correctional funding is considered as an effect of the coronavirus pandemic along with the deteriorating quality of human capital and decreasing labor productivity. The specific wave dynamics of the coronavirus trace are confirmed, unrelated to problems in the financial market or the real estate market.
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Mohialdin, Soad Najmaldin. "Review on the Positive and Negative Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Environment and Society." European Journal of Natural Sciences and Medicine 4, no. 2 (September 29, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/573vge34v.
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This review search aims to show the positive and negative impact of COVID-19 on the all aspects of life such as environment, education, economy, politics, social life, and social media, and most importantly global human health and health services. particularly in the most affected countries such as China, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain, Germany, UK, Brazil, Mexico, India, and Iraq. In terms of the environment our search shows that there is a positive impact associated between measures and improvement in air quality, reduction of fossil fuel traffic pollutes, reduction in greenhouse gases (GHG) generation, clean beaches, and environmental noise reduction due to air traffic suspension. The negative impact was associated with aspects such as the reduction in recycling and the increase in waste, which was endangering the contamination of natural resources (water and land), in addition to air. Other negative impacts on reduction global economic activity. In terms of education, COVID-19 had a big effect in changing the education system from classroom to electronic learning. The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching economic consequences beyond the spread of the disease itself and efforts to quarantine it. As this virus has spread around the globe, concerns have shifted from supply-side manufacturing issues to decreased business in the services sector. The pandemic caused the largest global recession in history, with more than a third of the global population at the time being placed on lockdown. ((Anon., April-2020) Health-wise it was the reason for the reduction of the world population due to the high mortality and death rate. This is expected to be carried on for unpredicted months perhaps a year until the right vaccine is in reach of every person in the world.
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Trpkova-Nestorovska, Marija. "FACTORS OF EMIGRATION: ANALYSIS OF COUNTRIES FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION." Knowledge International Journal 32, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij320133t.
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The past decade was a period that was characterized by massive migration flows in European Union countries, a situation like none other before. Different migration flows contributed to inflow of working force from conflict areas of the Middle East, countries from the Western Balkans, and also migration within the European Union. While immigration is dominant, emigration also has large impact in the migration flow in the EU. The purpose of this paper is to determine the main factors that contribute to emigration in the 28 EU countries. The panel regression model with random effects is used where seven factors were examined in order to determine their influence on the emigration. Macroeconomic determinants include GDP per capita and unemployment rate, demographic factors include total population, young male population and young female population and other factors include level of corruption and enrollment in tertiary education. Analysis includes 28 EU countries, while the analyzed period is 1999-2017 (19 periods), and the total number is 560 observations. The results confirm that emigration is driven by unemployment rate, total population, young male and young female population. When the unemployment rate increases, the emigration also increases, which is logical. If the national labor market cannot provide vacancies for the increasing supply of work force, the next option would be emigration in another country due to eligible working positions. Population, as demographic factor, also influences emigration. The bigger the population, the larger emigration is expected. Also, young female and male population have statistically significant effect on the emigration, yet the direction of the relationship is different. Increase in young male population can contribute to increase in emigration. On the other side, increase in young female population reduces the number of emigrants. From the results it would seem that demographic factors dominate over macroeconomic and other factors. Policy makers in the countries with accentuated emigration component should be concerned that young male population is leaving, and this labor force is or soon will become deficitary. Also, unemployment is another issue that should be addressed. National governments should create policies that contribute to increased economic growth that produces vacancies. Otherwise, the high unemployment rate would soon drain the country out of its working source. Other factors such as level of corruption, GDP per capita and enrollment in tertiary education seem not to have statistically significant impact on emigration in the countries of the European Union.
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G.C., Shreezal. "Relationship between Trade Openness, Financial Development and Economic Growth of Nepal: Evidence from a Developing Country." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 206–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v2i2.33270.
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Background: Capital investment, financial and technological developments are essential drivers for the economic growth of developing countries like Nepal. These factors, directly and indirectly, contribute to the growth of the country. Technological factors such as FDI and trade allow technology and knowledge transfers to Nepal along with foreign investments, goods and services. The financial sector encourages investors by providing loans that further generates investment in the country. Similarly, the development of human capital further increases labor productivity. Nepal, being a developing country, lacks advanced infrastructure and technology, that are vital for pushing the economic growth in the country.
Objective: This paper examined the effect of capital, labor, foreign direct investment, financial development and trade on the economic growth of Nepal using the endogenous growth model.
Methods: The study employedthe ARDLboundstesting approach to test the long-run relationships introducing an error correction model to estimate both short and long-term relationships among the variables.The TY non-granger causality test was used to ensure robustness and check the direction of causality.
Results: The results showed that gross fixed capital formation, population and financial development were significant and inducedpositive economic growth in the long run at a 1% level of significance whereas, the impact of FDI on economic growth was negative and significant at 1%.
Conclusions: The study concludes that an increase in gross fixed capital formation, population and broad money supply positively impacts the economic growth of Nepal. However, technological factors such as FDI and trade do not adequately explain the economic growth due to low FDI inflows, political instability, poor infrastructure and import dependency.
Implications: The study emphasized domestic investment and financial development of the country as they were found to be highly significant in the long run. Also, the human capital of the country should be developed by providing education and training as the population was found to be highly significant. The study also indicated that Nepal should push export as its share in the trade is very less. Moreover, policies such as legal reforms, incentives to foreign investors and infrastructural development to attract FDIs in Nepal should be formulated.
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Tan, Yongfeng, Lu Qian, Apurbo Sarkar, Zhanar Nurgazina, and Uzair Ali. "Farmer’s adoption tendency towards drought shock, risk-taking networks and modern irrigation technology: evidence from Zhangye, Gansu, PRC." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 431–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-11-2019-0063.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure Farmer’s adoption tendency towards drought shock, risk-taking networks and modern irrigation technology. Design/methodology/approach Based on this assumption, this paper evaluated the data gathered from 498 household surveys of Zhangye, Gansu province, PRC, by using the binary probit model. First, the empirical data was analyzed for evaluating the impact of drought shock and risk-taking tendencies on the adoption of modern irrigation technology by farmers. Second, the authors introduced informal risk-bearing networks with formal risks. Final, based on the empirical results, the sustainability test, along with the marginal effect analysis and the degree of impact was carried out. Findings The results show that the drought shock has a significantly deferent effect on the modern irrigation technology of the farmers. The probability of using technology for each level of drought loss is reduced by 15.02%. The risk-taking network has a significant role in promoting the modern irrigation technology of farmers. The probability of adoption for each additional unit of rural household labor security supply, the likelihood of adoption by farmers increased 23.11%, the probability of approval for each level of relative support, and neighborhood assistance by farmers increased by 13.11% and 17.88% respectively. This study further revealed that insurance purchases enabled farmers to adopt new irrigation technology with the probability increased by 24.99%; easily available bank loans increased the probability of farmers using irrigation technology by 31.89%. From the perspective of interactions between farmers, the risk-taking network can alleviate the inhibitory effect of drought impact towards the adoption of irrigation technology. Among the control variables, the number of years of education, the age of farming, the degree of arable land, the distance from home to the market, and the price of water all has significant effects on the adoption of modern irrigation technology by farmers. Originality/value The novelty of the study is that it illustrated the interactive influence of drought shock and risk-taking networks on the farmer’s adoption tendencies of modern irrigation technologies, the inner relationship among drought impact, the risk-taking network and the farmer’s adoption behavior and provide an interactive relationship between the formal risk-taking network and the non-risk-taking network in farmer’s technology adoption.
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Charlebois, Sylvain, Maggie McCormick, and Mark Juhasz. "Meat consumption and higher prices." British Food Journal 118, no. 9 (September 5, 2016): 2251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2016-0121.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate if sudden retail price increases for beef products have affected consumers purchasing behaviors. Little research has been conducted that integrates retail price volatility with subdued food consumption motivations. Prior research about consumers’ meat-purchasing habits and systemic concerns linked to sustainability and animal welfare is limited or de-contextualized. This study also attempts to assess if retail price increases have triggered a change in perception of the meat industry, by looking at specific values related to animal protein production and consumption. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on an inductive, quantitative analysis of primary data obtained from a survey on beef consumption. For convenience and validity, all respondents had to be living in Canada for 12 months, and were at least 18 years old. The choice of country is not trivial. First, access to data were convenient for this study. Second, and most importantly, Canada has supply managed commodities that include poultry and chicken. In effect, Canada produces the amount of chicken it needs. Beef production is vulnerable to market volatility. As a result, demand-focussed market conditions for one often influence conditions for the other. Findings Findings indicate that higher prices have compelled 37.9 percent of the sample to reduce or to stop beef consumption altogether in the last 12 months. Beyond the issue of price, sustainability, food safety and health appear to be significant factors, more so than ethics (animal welfare). Results also show that education can be considered as a determinant for sustainable aspects of beef production when prices increase. Age and gender had no statistical significance on survey results. Some limitations are presented and future research paths are suggested. Research limitations/implications Since the sample in this study was mainly composed of consumers based in Canada, the generalizations of the findings should be approached with some caution. The same research should be conducted with consumers from other parts of the Western world to verify if the results can be generalized. Practical implications This survey help the authors to understand some aspects of beef consumption at retail. Findings of this empirical study have implications for future communications to consumers, in that greater emphasis should be given to the connection consumers have with other nutritional alternatives. Since meat consumption in the Western world is intrinsically linked to culinary traditions, behaviors can be challenging to change. Social implications The economic implications of a rapid adoption of a plant-based diet for the agricultural economy would be significant. However, the reality is that according to many studies of consumer behavior, customers still place a higher value on buying and eating meat than on any other food group. Canada’s relationship with animal proteins has deep cultural roots, particularly during holidays and summertime. Originality/value The present study has given important insights into the determinants of meat consumption reduction, a behavior which could both have long-term economic implications for the cattle and beef industries. This paper provides a deeper insight into some socio-economic factors that contribute to slow erosion of meat consumption reduction, and the effects of higher prices at retail. This is, as far as the authors know, likely the first study of its kind.