Journal articles on the topic 'Labor safety state policy'
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1
Ramankulov, Kubanychbek Sovetovich, Ulan Turdubekovich Andashev, and Gulnaz Kachkyn kyzy. "Trends in the legal labour reform policy in the Kyrgyz Republic." SHS Web of Conferences 108 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110801004.
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The article is concerned with the analysis of the transformations in the labour market taking place in the Kyrgyz Republic (KR), which cause a great resonance in society, but continue to remain unexplored in the legal literature. Consequently, the purpose of the article is to identify the general trend in the legal labour reform policy and to determine the main directions of legal policy to improve the mechanism of legal regulation of labor. In the article, the objectives of classifying the main periods of the implementation of labor reforms (begun in 2005) are solved, analysis and assessment of the means of implementing reforms in terms of their compliance with national and international labor standards are carried out based on dialectical and logical methods, as well as the use of the systemic method. The article reveals serious inconsistencies between the deregulation policy and prohibitions in the labour market with the ILO Conventions No. 81, 87, 150, 155, which were ratified by the Kyrgyz Republic (except for the ILO Convention No. 155). In particular, the negative consequences of the deregulation policy for the field of labor safety and protection were noted, especially in the context of the onset of the COVID-19 coronavirus. Based on the analysis of the problems of the labor regulation reform policy, it is concluded that it is necessary to develop a unified state program for the development of the labour market, containing a system of strategic priorities, conceptual ideas, goals and measures that determine the prospects for improving the labor legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic on the basis of intensifying the processes of monitoring labor legislation and the practice of its enforcement in the Kyrgyz Republic. The provisions and conclusions of this article are of practical importance for the executive authorities implementing state policy in the field of labor.
2
Almaeva, Yu O. "Realization and protection of the rights of workers as fundamentals of legal policy in the sphere of work." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18051.
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In legal democratic society the state is urged to define and protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, to ensure a law and order, safety of citizens, including in the sphere of the social and labor relations. Therefore providing the labor law of workers was and remains to one of the priority directions of legal policy of the state.
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Harris, Rebecca C. "State responses to biotechnology." Politics and the Life Sciences 34, no. 1 (2015): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2015.2.
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This article reviews biotechnology legislation in the 50 states for 11 policy areas spanning 1990–2010, an era of immense growth in biotechnology, genetic knowledge, and significant policy development. Policies regarding health insurance, life insurance, long-term care insurance, DNA data bank collection, biotech research protection, biotech promotion and support, employment discrimination, genetic counselor licensing, human cloning, and genetic privacy each represent major policy responses arising from biotechnology and coinciding with key areas of state regulation (insurance, criminal justice, economic development, labor law, health and safety, privacy, and property rights). This analysis seeks to answer three questions regarding biotechnology legislation at the state level: who is acting (policy adoption), when is policy adopted (policy timing), and what is policy doing (policy content). Theoretical concerns examine state ideology (conservative or liberal), policy type (economic or moral), and the role of external events (federal law, news events, etc.) on state policy adoption. Findings suggest ideological patterns in adoption, timing, and content of biotech policy. Findings also suggest economic policies tend to be more uniform in content than moral policies, and findings also document a clear link between federal policy development, external events, and state policy response.
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Nizova, L. M., and E. A. Andreeva. "Labor protection as a factor of improving the well-being of the personnel of the enterprise." Normirovanie i oplata truda v promyshlennosti (Rationing and remuneration of labor in industry), no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-3-2009-08.
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The article examines the state of labor protection in the conditions of solving strategic tasks of the state policy on preserving the life and health of employees in the course of labor activity. The analysis of the regional experience of labor protection contributes to obtaining objective facts and allows us to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the system under consideration. Priority measures are proposed to improve the labor protection of employees of enterprises on the basis of increasing investments in human capital, improving the education and competencies of employees, forming a culture of labor safety.
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Tleuberdiyeva, S. S., R. S. Mussina, A. B. Moldasheva, and G. S. Kodasheva. "Regional unemployment and state employment regulation." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2021-1-3-28-32.
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The purpose of the article is to study a unique and planned sphere of life of social and economic society in the regional labor market. As it also covers the market of workforce directly connected to production, the concepts unemployment and workplace safety are important. The loss of work means low quality of life and the instability of the economy for many people. Employment determines the content of important aspects of social development to meet the needs of people in the labor market. The article emphasizes that the main policy of the state in regulating the labor market is the implementation of an employment policy for the entire population that preserves the natural level of employment, does not allow the emergence of cyclical employment, the formation of a “flexible market” that quickly adapts to internal and external changes, allowing to maintain stability and management. This compared to the traditional market creates conditions for flexible employee management in conditions of incomplete working day, temporary employment, replacement. On this flexible market, every citizen, looking for work, is obliged to find a workplace that meets its requests. In the labor market, public policy goes in two directions. Active training and retraining in order to create new jobs, ensuring employment and deliverance from unemployment. This can include events implemented in the framework of programs in our country. Passive is support for unoccupied citizens by providing social benefits. The main methods applied by the state in providing regional employment include stimulating investment in the economy, depending on the specifics of each region, which is the main condition for creating new jobs.
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Vorozhbiian, M., M. Ivashchenko, and O. Skrypnyk. "WAYS TO INCREASE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY ON RAILWAY TRANSPORT OF UKRAINE." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 168 (March 25, 2022): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-1-168-86-94.
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One of the main indicators of the state of labor protection at any enterprise is the level of occupational injuries and occupational diseases. Injuries to workers at work in Ukraine are a very serious problem. The article analyzes the statistics of Ukraine and the European Union on general and fatal injuries in recent decades, found that occupational injuries in Ukraine are much higher. OSMS in Ukraine is ineffective in modern conditions, as it is not based on risk-oriented approaches aimed at preventing the realization of hazards by studying the risks and conditions of their implementation. In order to objectively assess the state of labor protection in railway transport, the general state of accidents and occupational diseases in Ukraine is considered. Railway transport is one of the main components of Ukraine's economy, and the state of labor protection at its enterprises is important for both employees and railway users. It is very important in the period of reforming the industry and the transition to high-speed traffic to analyze the causes of accidents, identify risks that can lead to injuries and manage them, which is the purpose of this work. Research in this area was conducted through an analytical review of legislative and regulatory documents, as well as an analysis of the state of labor protection in the industry in recent years. Statistical analysis of occupational injuries in Ukraine was also used. It is established that injuries in the period 2000-2021 on railway transport decreased by 2 times, and the number of employees - by 1.8 times. To reduce the level of occupational injuries at railway enterprises, the main measures are proposed, which should primarily be based on a risk-oriented approach. The general policy for the prevention of industrial risks should cover the technical, organizational, social component and take into account the impact of factors related to the working environment, including proper training of workers on occupational safety. It is necessary to systematically conduct comprehensive, control and targeted inspections of the state of labor protection at railway transport enterprises, to exclude a formal approach to inspections.
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Borodina, Nataliiа, Vasyl Golinko, and Serhii Cheberiachko. "The uncertainty and antimony of laws of Ukraine in civil sefety sphere." Legal, regulatory and metrological support of information security system in Ukraine, no. 2(38) (July 21, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2074-9481.2(38).2019.233901.
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The analysis of the legislative base of Ukraine in the field of national safety is performed. It is established that the existing system of national safety does not fully take into account such components as: transport safety, life safety, industrial safety, labor safety (labor protection), man-made safety, fire safety, sanitary and epidemiological safety. It should be noted that despite the urgent need to ensure cybersecurity in modern conditions, the training of specialists carried out in higher education institutions is not coordinated with the state bodies that formulate and implement state policy in the field of national safety. It is shown that currently the terms “Civil Safety” and “Economic Security” are not defined by law and this component of national safety is not included in the national safety system at all. The structure of national safety is proposed and the compliance of safety types with the main components of national safety is determined, which will allow to remove the existing uncertainties and contradictions in the legislation. It is recommended that the next revision of the legal framework of Ukraine in the field of safety take into account the proposed structure of national safety and the defined compliance of safety with the main components of national safety, which will remove existing uncertainties and contradictions in the legislation. At the same time, the proposed structure of national safety can be changed and new definitions of concepts will be provided, which will already be based on the type of threat (military / non-military) and on the objects of influence (state / society / person).
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Williams, Paul D. "Commentary: The grateful state: The 2020 Queensland election." Queensland Review 28, no. 1 (June 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2021.4.
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AbstractThis article explores the totemic 2020 Queensland state election, at which a two-term government plagued by a deteriorating economy and widely criticised travel restrictions amid the COVID-19 pandemic was returned with an increased majority. The article posits three arguments: that COVID-19 created a new ‘lens’ through which electors evaluated public policy and that allowed voters to frame public health and safety over the more usual measures of economic performance; that Queensland voters drew on their traditional political culture – especially their predilection for strong leadership and state chauvinism – to evaluate the Palaszczuk Labor government’s pandemic management favourably compared with contemporaneous events in Victoria; and that Queensland voters expressed similar confidence in a Labor economic recovery plan that contrasted favourably with the LNP’s economic platform. In sum, this article argues that Queenslanders in 2020 cast a ‘gratitude vote’ for a government they saw as being in control of both public health and economic recovery.
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Irkha, K., H. Ahafonova, and V. Dudkevych. "The state of implementation of socio-economic transformations in Ukraine in the context of European integration policy." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 4(52) (December 21, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2021.4(52).248132.
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The author has analyzed ranking indexes of the state in the period before and after active European integrational practices – in 2013 and in 2019. The indexes which, by their content, correspond to the principles which serve as a foundation for social and economical policy of the EU have been paid attention to. As a result, it has been concluded that the reputational progress of Ukraine is conditioned by European integration reforms, in particular, in the areas of entrepreneurship, economic rights and freedoms, information openness in relation to economics and public finances, creating conditions for citizens to manage their property and labor. The study highlights those aspects of the socio-economic plane that are sensitive to European integration processes: migration processes to increase labor, touristic and academic mobility. It has been stated the dual nature of the geographical reorientation of labor migration from Ukraine to the West in contrast to the Russian Federation, due to both the worsening of labor conditions and environmental safety in Russia and the simplification of employment procedures in the EU countries. It is emphasized that this layering of circumstances, in fact, made a choice on behalf of people and European integration in this case is a favorable condition, not a key reason. Four levels of European integration factor in the socio-economic development of Ukraine have been emphasized: adaptation of domestic legislation to the integration of principles and values of EU policy into Ukrainian practices; support and acceleration of systemic reforms, correlated with the European integration course by means of macro-financial assistance and loans; assistance in activation and reorientation of social mobility of Ukrainians to the European direction – within the framework of labor migration, academic mobility and touristic flows; improvement of Ukraine’s reputation indexes in world’s rankings.
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Glazunova, T. V. "Report of labor safety inspector on sanitary and living conditions of factories in Omsk in 1923." Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Society. History. Modernity 6, no. 1 (2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2542-0488-2021-6-1-65-71.
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This paper presents an official source that has not been published before describing the problematic aspects of the daily functioning of industry and urban life in Omsk during the period of the new economic policy. The publication is addressed to researchers of the early Soviet society, everyday life, industrial history, sanitary and ecological state of the cities of Western Siberia in the early 1920s
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Vorozhbiian, M., M. Ivashchenko, O. Skrypnyk, and P. Bilym. "THE INFLUENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL REFORM ON THE STATE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 163 (June 29, 2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-3-163-221-228.
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Injuries to workers at work in Ukraine are a very serious problem. The decision of this question is possible at the analysis of the reasons of trauma, and on this basis to offer measures for reduction of risk of dangers. The agricultural sector of the economy has a number of features and problems in the organization of labor protection on its safety and in the period of reform the situation in this direction may deteriorate. The reforms carried out in Ukraine, namely decentralization, administrative-territorial organization and land, affect primarily in the suburban and rural areas the agricultural sector of the economy, including the interaction of government agencies with farms on labor protection. Therefore, it is important to develop measures to improve the work of the labor protection management system at the enterprises of the industry during the reform period to prevent the deterioration of this situation, primarily as a result of administrative-territorial reform. The paper presents statistical data on injuries at work in Ukraine for 2018-2020 and emphasizes the state of labor protection in the agricultural sector. The analysis shows that injuries in agricultural production are directly related to the organization of labor protection and, above all, the most persistent trend in accidents in small businesses. The decrease in the number of occupational diseases against the background of unfavorable working conditions is associated with difficulties in accounting and control over workers in agriculture, including due to changes in ownership, deterioration of medical and occupational care services for the rural population. A large proportion of agricultural workers are hidden due to the lack of formal employment, which reduces the possibility of accounting and medical supervision of employed workers. Modern health care reform has also had a negative impact on health surveillance and the detection of occupational diseases. The impact on the state of labor protection in settlements and rural areas during decentralization and administrative-territorial reform is considered. Changing the administrative-territorial division involves the redistribution of powers between districts and local governments. Earlier, the territory of Ukraine was divided into 490 districts, the reform provides for 136 districts. It is pointed out that it is necessary to address these issues within the framework of state policy, including taking into account administrative and territorial reform, namely not only in state district administrations, but also in community associations there should be labor protection specialists who can , but also to provide real assistance in organizational matters, as well as in identifying risks in production processes and help prevent their implementation, especially for small farms, including farms. This requires the effectiveness of the control and supervisory bodies for labor protection, which can affect the reduction of injuries, primarily for organizational reasons, and this is almost 70% of all injuries.
12
Laurell, Asa Cristina. "The Role of Union Democracy in the Struggle for Workers' Health in Mexico." International Journal of Health Services 19, no. 2 (April 1989): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n1nk-lxek-nfkm-bnrm.
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In this article, the author analyzes the struggle for workers' health in Mexico, emphasizing the importance of the general and specific political context. In an overview of the legislation on industrial health and safety, the state institutions involved in the issue, and the characteristics of union organization in Mexico, the author shows that the limited activities related to workers' health have more to do with the relative political weakness of the Mexican working class than with the formal structures of legislation, state institutions, and unions. The second part of the article deals with the four most important struggles for health and safety in Mexico during the last ten years, which show some similarities. These struggles are consistently linked to processes of union democratization and tend to decline when union democracy is lost. The strategies of the companies show a common pattern: removing health issues from collective bargaining and putting them in the hands of state institutions. When workers have opposed this solution, management has used selective repression to solve the conflict. The state institutions subordinate their position to the companies' by postponing action or by doing a technically poor job. Changing the existing situation involves the social legitimation of the workers' health issue, since this would have an impact on the political processes involved, i.e., corporate control over workers, authoritarian labor relations and professionalism, and resources of the state institutions.
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Lyutov, N. L. "Labor Inspections in Post-Soviet States: Degradation for the Sake of the Myth about Economic Efficiency?" Actual Problems of Russian Law 1, no. 12 (January 20, 2020): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.109.12.092-106.
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The paper discusses the policy to limit the powers and resources allocated to labor inspectorates in 10 post-Soviet states (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine). This policy is carried out under the slogans of protecting businesses from excessive regulatory burden and attracting investment. The aim of the study is to determine the extent of restrictions and trends in the development of legislation and law enforcement practices of these states in this regard. The objectives of the study are to identify specific limitations enshrined both in regulatory legal acts and in the practical activities of state bodies and non-state structures in these states. The methodology includes both the study of legal acts, and communication with experts in the countries of the region, as well as field surveys involving participants in labor relations and social partners. The study reveals a significant number of restrictions, some of which are in direct conflict with the requirements of the ILO priority conventions on labor inspection. Some, although not in direct contradiction with them, in combination with other restrictions and the specific approach to their application in practice, destroy the efficiency of the working conditions of workers inspection. Among the most important restrictions of labor inspections are: limiting the subject of inspections only to issues of compliance with safety and health standards; establishing in the legislation of a mandatory requirement to warn the employer on the part of the inspection about the inspection being carried out and / or the obligation of the inspection to coordinate the inspection with other state bodies (prosecutors, courts, etc.); establishing the occurrence of workers’ complaints as a prerequisite for the labor inspectorate, etc.
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Grebenyuk, Pavel. "Social sphere of the Magadan region in 1954—1957." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-1 (December 1, 2020): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi15.
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The article explores the main changes in the development of the social sphere of the Magadan region in 1954-1957, with focus on the demographic situation, social groups and employment of the population. The features of the implementation of state policy was accompanied by the transition to free labor at the Dalstroy enterprises, increased attention to the development of public health and ensuring public safety of the population arriving in the North-East of the USSR.
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Kryvenko, G. М., G. D. Lialiuk-Viter, and V. Ya Shymanskyi. "The issues of preventing occupational injuries of workers in the oil and gas industry." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 2(79) (June 27, 2021): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2021-2(79)-64-72.
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Creating safe working conditions is the main task of the state in the implementation of the constitutional right of citizens. The task of state policy in the field of labor protection is to reduce the level of injuries and occupational diseases at work. Occupational safety is one of the basic principles of the oil and gas industry. Particular attention is paid to the continuous improvement of health and safety standards. This reduces the risk of accidents and possible negative consequences for the environment. Now the focus of the organization is not only labour protection, but its broader interpretation, which is presented in the following three aspects: safety, health and psychosocial component of employee well-being. The aim of the work is to analyze the causes of injuries at workplace to form a sustainable culture of safety and health of workers. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks: analysis of the causes of accidents and occupational injuries at the enterprises of the oil and gas complex; creating a sustainable culture of safety and health of employees. A detailed analysis of accidents that occurred at the oil and gas industry enterprises during 2014 – 2019 is analyzed. The change of the coefficient of the frequency of injuries is analyzed. The analysis of the causes of industrial injuries is given. There is a tendency to increase accidents related to organizational reasons. Psychophysiological causes also affect a significant number of accidents. The distribution of events by potential danger will help properly allocate the organization's resources to achieve the desired results in the field of labor protection. The methodology for assessing the level of workplace safety is Stevens' psychophysical law to predict the likelihood of harm to the health of workers in the process of labor activity. An integrated approach has been created, combining analysis, assessment and risk management on the model of continuous process improvement (Deming cycle), the implementation of which should lead to zero mortality, zero loss of time from accidents, zero injuries, zero damage to nature. Setting goals to be achieved in the field of security involves the formation of a strategic program to identify the main practical steps. The program approach makes it possible to step by step monitor and guide the actions of all stakeholders to form a sustainable culture of safety and health of workers at workplace
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Лапшин, Вячеслав, Vyacheslav Lapshin, Елена Колесниченко, Elena Kolesnichenko, И. Лапшина, I. Lapshina, Александр Шевяков, and Aleksandr Shevyakov. "Problems of management of labor resources in the context ensuring economic safety of the regions of central Russia." Forestry Engineering Journal 7, no. 4 (January 30, 2018): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a3cec0ff06ad7.33007503.
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The article reveals the reasons for quantitative and qualitative deformation of the process of reproduction of la-bor resources in the regions of central Russia on the example of Tambov region. Attention is focused on the scale and dynamics of this deformation, which is the main difference from previously existing depopulation processes. Based on the analysis of consequences of structural changes, a whole range of regional problems is identified, including: labor depopulation, "narrowed" reproduction, labor shortages, spatial disproportion, "aging", "replacing" migration, "brain drain", de-qualification, low level and quality of life, deformed industry structure of the economy, undeveloped infrastructure. In this context, security threats for a regional economic system are identified, oriented almost exclusively for a short period. Conclusion is made about the need for rapid development of the state anti-crisis policy in this area, based on integrated approach and including measures to improve: market mechanism of functioning, main generator of which should be an "innovative drive", infrastructure, relations in the sphere of social reproduction and in the market labor, quality of life of population, level of social security, etc.
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Muntaner, Carles, John W. Lynch, Marianne Hillemeier, Ju Hee Lee, Richard David, Joan Benach, and Carme Borrell. "Economic Inequality, Working-Class Power, Social Capital, and Cause-Specific Mortality in Wealthy Countries." International Journal of Health Services 32, no. 4 (October 2002): 629–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n7a9-5x58-0dyt-c6ay.
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This study tests two propositions from Navarro's critique of the social capital literature: that social capital's importance has been exaggerated and that class-related political factors, absent from social epidemiology and public health, might be key determinants of population health. The authors estimate cross-sectional associations between economic inequality, working-class power, and social capital and life expectancy, self-rated health, low birth weight, and age- and cause-specific mortality in 16 wealthy countries. Of all the health outcomes, the five variables related to birth and infant survival and nonintentional injuries had the most consistent association with economic inequality and working-class power (in particular with strength of the welfare state) and, less so, with social capital indicators. Rates of low birth weight and infant deaths from all causes were lower in countries with more “left” (e.g., socialist, social democratic, labor) votes, more left members of parliament, more years of social democratic government, more women in government, and various indicators of strength of the welfare state, as well as low economic inequality, as measured in a variety of ways. Similar associations were observed for injury mortality, underscoring the crucial role of unions and labor parties in promoting workplace safety. Overall, social capital shows weaker associations with population health indicators than do economic inequality and working-class power. The popularity of social capital and exclusion of class-related political and welfare state indicators does not seem to be justified on empirical grounds.
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Mykytiuk, S., and V. Mykytiuk. "Productive employment and labor productivity as a condition for implementation of the concept of decent work." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(49) (June 8, 2021): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2021.1(49).233119.
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The article considers the basic conditions for the implementation for the provisions of decent work as productive employment and labor productivity. Man is the main value of social and labor relations. Global transformations, changes in the social and labor sphere require a rethinking the rules of labor law in accordance with the provisions of decent work, which provide for labor productivity in conditions of freedom, equality, security and respect for human dignity, safety at workplace, social protection of workers, fair earnings, equal attitudes and equal opportunities for everyone. The study concludes that, firstly, productive employment is an external form of implementation of the provisions of decent work, which depends on the state and government agencies that implement social policy. The state creates the starting conditions which allow individuals to be realized, benefiting both the society and the state. Secondly, labor productivity reflects the internal content of the concept of decent work, individual (own) needs of the employee and is realized through the main factors which include: material and technical (promoting the technical progress of the organization and employees); organizational and economic (streamlining of labor organization, optimization of the number of managers and employees); socio-psychological (creating the necessary motivation for the employee). An important motivational factor for the employee is establishing a normal psychological climate in the team, which affects labor productivity and means: non-discrimination; fair, loyal attitude to the employee taking into account professional abilities and benefits in the overall process; proportionality in realism of the set goals and the ability to achieve them; creation of disciplinary guidelines or general rules of functioning of the organization with provisions on stimulation of positive behavior by encouraging methods.
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Yaremko, Zinoviy, Svitlana Tymoshuk, and Viktoriya Vashchuk. "SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO WORK SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN THE WORKPLACE." Management of Development of Complex Systems, no. 46 (June 24, 2021): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2412-9933.2021.46.149-154.
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Occupational safety management in our country no longer meets modern requirements for occupational safety in the workplace and needs to be improved, in particular through the introduction of a risk-oriented approach to the assessment of production factors. The use of risk-oriented approach system to safety management in the workplace is substantiated in this work, and it is the primary link in the management system of labor protection and its optimal (comfortable) organization significantly affects the production environment, safety and staff productivity. A structural and logical model of the incident at the workplace is proposed and possible dangerous events, the development of which in space and time can lead to its implementation are identified. Dangerous events can be caused by both - the actions of the employer and the employee, as well as external factors. All considered dangerous events are random in nature, so methods of general theory of random process control, simulation and Boolean algebra are used for their analysis. According to this model, workplace safety management involves identifying the factors that are most likely to be present in the workplace and justifying measures to reduce the frequency of their occurrence and increase the level of safety. It is shown that the use of a systemic risk-oriented approach to safety management in the workplace will allow to identify the factors that are most likely to cause accidents and to develop appropriate measures to eliminate them. In a market economy, an important point in occupational safety management at all levels is to resolve the compromise between the economic feasibility of economic activity and social responsibility of the state in a way that reduces production risk, namely - maintaining human-centric economic development. Finding such a compromise is difficult and problematic, as it is difficult to compare in commensurate units the economic performance of economic activities with social losses due to accidents and occupational diseases at work. In the conditions of decentralization, when the role of supervisory bodies over the state of labor protection is reduced, it is very important to form elements of labor protection culture in employees and managers. Improving public and cultural education on occupational safety remains a priority of our country's public policy, in particular through higher education, which trains highly qualified workers and senior managers who are personally responsible for occupational safety at each workplace.
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Chang, Yu-Ling, Jennifer Romich, and Marci Ybarra. "Major Means-Tested and Income Support Programs for the Working Class, 2009–2019." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 695, no. 1 (May 2021): 242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027162211033524.
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This article examines policy changes to and trends in five cash or near-cash income support programs for low-income workers and their families from 2009 to 2019. Our analyses show that the safety net expanded during the recession and then contracted via the tightening of eligibility rules and expiration of most temporary expansions for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), unemployment insurance (UI), and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). Expansions for the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the Child Tax Credit (CTC) over the period 2009 to 2019 align with a decades-long trend of social welfare policy reinforcing or enforcing labor force participation. Caseloads fell mostly rapidly for UI, which is explicitly designed as countercyclical support; and for TANF, which maintained high levels of administrative burden. We conclude with a cross-program discussion of the state of the social safety net in the pandemic era and postpandemic recovery.
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Amanuel, Tedla, Azmach Dache, and Aregahegn Dona. "Postpartum Hemorrhage and its Associated Factors Among Women who Gave Birth at Yirgalem General Hospital, Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 8 (January 2021): 233339282110627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23333928211062777.
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Background Globally, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality. In developing countries, it accounts for more than 30% of all maternal deaths. So, understanding its burden in the health care setting is significant. Thus, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of PPH and its associated factors among women who gave birth at Yirgalem General Hospital, Sidama Region, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 12 to 26, 2020 among randomly selected 298 women. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered, structured, and pretested questionnaire. EpiData version 3.1 and SPSS version 20 were used to enter and analyze the data, respectively. Descriptive statistics, bivariable, and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to measure the presence and strength of association between the independent and the outcome variables. A P-value ≤.05 was considered to declare statistical significance. Result The magnitude of PPH was 9.4% [95% CI: 6.0, 12.8]. Prolonged labor (≥24 h) [AOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 9.9], giving birth by cesarean section [AOR = 5.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 22.0], and instrumental vaginal delivery [AOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 12.7], and having a history of the uterine atony [AOR = 4.8, 95% CI: 1.4, 16.6] during their last delivery were factors significantly associated with PPH. Conclusion The magnitude of PPH was high. Healthcare professionals should manage the progress of labor and take all necessary measures at right time. Also, giving attention to the safety of delivery-related procedures and early related potential risks is crucial.
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Хайруллина, Л., L. Hayrullina, М. Чижова, M. Chizhova, В. Гасилов, V. Gasilov, Оксана Тучкова, and Oksana Tuchkova. "Labor Protection Specialist’s Role in Modern Management System of Occupational Safety." Safety in Technosphere 7, no. 5 (November 19, 2019): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d8b19e70bfae9.81257352.
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The necessity of professional standards application in the organization’s personnel policy formation and remuneration system setting is discussed. It is specified that the professional standard can be used during certification of the worker upon examination a level of his knowledge. Invaluable assistance of professional standards during preparation of employment contracts is also noted. There is an opinion that professional standards are an addition to the unified job evaluation catalog, and should replace it over the long term. In connection with the stated topic, the labor protection specialist’s professional standard is considered in detail in this paper. It has been noted that the main purpose of this employee is assessment, decrease and even elimination the impact of harmful and dangerous production factors on workers. The whole complex of the most important issues in the safety management system has been considered. It is subject to problems related to both personal protective equipment, and providing of investigation and recording for accidents and occupational diseases. The requirements to the labor protection specialist’s education and training, experience of his practical work are discussed, as well as special conditions for permit-to-work. The importance of a special assessment for labor conditions has been highlighted in this paper. It is noted that one of the latest trends in the safety management system is a behavioral audit, representing a system for assessment and analysis of personnel’s unsafe actions at work. It is concluded that the professional standard is a characteristic of the qualification required for an employee to perform a certain type of activity. This standard should serve as a valuable reference point for vocational education’s aims. It is pointed out that the role of labor protection services and specialists is constantly increasing and requires even some elements of independence directly from employers. Such a process is supposed to be carried out in the form of an industry council on professional qualifications and centers for their evaluation.
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Ometsinska, Iryna. "Accounting as an information base for the social policy implementation in the company’s management." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 4 (86) (December 12, 2017): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.04.125.
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The article considers the economic essence of the concepts of social accounting, sociallyoriented accounting, and social activity. It is found that carrying out social activities requires incurring social costs, which are presumably understood as the reduction of economic benefits in the form of disposal of assets and increase in obligations related to the implementation of company’s social policy. These expenditures result in a decrease in equity (except for a reduction in capital due to its withdrawal or distribution by the owners) within the operational, financial or investment activities of the enterprise. It is stated that depending on the trends, social expenditures should be divided into: personnel costs (wages and salaries (basic, extra, financial rewards and compensation payments), labor protection and occupational safety, personnel training and development, maintaining company’s social facilities); customer costs (warranty service, product quality assurance); state and society costs (taxes, charity donations, regional development programs, support for sports and cultural activities); natural environment protection costs (environmental and ecological payments). The need to display information on social costs in management and financial reporting is confirmed. In this regard, it is proposed to use the management reporting form called “A Statement on Social Expenditures” and the form from section XVI named “Directions of social policies” of the Notes to the annual financial statements, whose items are arranged in four categories: personnel, environment; state and society; customers. It is pointed out that the publication of social reporting has certain advantages for enterprises (a higher credibility from special interest groups; better relations with the state; attracting investments; better business reputation; gaining a competitive advantage; making sound decisions in pursuing social policies) and for the state and society (encouraging socially responsible business; efficient use of resources; drawing attention to sustainable development; information transparency). The need for state regulation of social reporting in Ukraine is emphasized, and it is claimed that the lack of it brings into question reliability and validity of the information provided by enterprises in such reporting.
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NESTER, A. A., O. V. ROMANISHYNA, and L. O. MITIUK. "TEACHING OF “CONTROL SYSTEMS OF HAZARDOUS AND HARMFUL FACTORS” WITH “THE LEGAL BASIS FOR CIVIL SECURITY” IN THE INSTITUTION BUILDING AND CIVIL SECURITY PROFILES (FOR SPECIALTY CONSTRUCTION AND CIVIL SECURITY)." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 4 (November 21, 2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.310821.78.792.
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Problem statement. The article is aimed at determining the characteristics of the specialty, the presenceof problems in learning. The purpose of the article is to highlight the main problems associated with the production andthe process of mastering the profession. As the specialty is quite young, there are often no materials to master it byfuture specialists. We hope that we have managed to overcome these shortcomings. The training of future specialists intoday's changing conditions of production needs and employers poses new challenges to higher education, includinguniversities that train specialists in the field of civil security. The article is built in the classical style according to therequirements of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine to scientific articles. Purpose. The specialty is one ofthe most relevant and popular specialties of training and is focused primarily on training specialists who are able toensure effective implementation of labor protection policy, industrial safety and cooperation with state supervisoryauthorities in accordance with regulations and international standards. The specialty allows to acquire practical andspecialized knowledge and skills in the field of both technical and human sciences, related to the risks that arise in theprocess of work, methods of eliminating hazards, assessment of occupational risks, etc. Graduates can interpret the roleand place of a person in solving health and safety problems with all the consequences. Conclusions. The purpose of thespecialists in civil safety and labor protection is to implement the task of compulsory state social insurance againstaccidents at work and occupational diseases, including participation in ensuring the employer's preventive and othermeasures aimed at eliminating harmful and dangerous factors of production, prevention of accidents at work,occupational diseases and other cases of threat to the health of personnel caused by working conditions, and providingthe employer with practical assistance in constantly improving the forms and methods of preventive work in the field oflabor protection.
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Zoidze, Gia, and Shota Veshapidze. "TRANSFORMATION OF ECONOMIC POLICY PRIORITIES UNDER COVID-19." Three Seas Economic Journal 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2022-2-5.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the main challenges of the new paradigm of economics in the context of Covid 19, the economic role of the state and the scale of state intervention in the economy. Economics teaches us that there is a time for budget expansion and a time for budget constraints. There are times when the government has to intervene in the value chain and there are times when it has to leave the markets alone. Sometimes the tax has to be high and sometimes low. Trade in some areas should be more independent and regulated elsewhere. Globalization is one of the primary variables impacting the state's economic condition in the modern world. The most important function of the state in the context of globalization is not only to protect the national economy from external influences (so-called "external shocks"), which is virtually impossible today, but also to effectively participate in international economic ties and increase the country's global competitiveness. In this aspect, the contemporary state plays a critical role. In turn, Georgia must construct a "Georgian model" of economy that will serve as the "core" of an economic model that would attract investment (in the real economy), generate employment, expand exports, and deliver true prosperity to all Georgians. Today is the day when, at the state's initiative, the country's economic priorities are defined and the country's distinctive economic potential is fulfilled. The modern economic crisis, which was triggered by the Covid-pandemic, has demonstrated that a route out of the current predicament is conceivable when the anti-crisis strategy is based on increased government participation in the economy. To accomplish so, the government and the public sector must play a larger role in crisis management. Despite these examples, the economic regulation of the state has always had strategic and tactical significance. For any country, there are and will always be state problems that are either not addressed through the supply-demand mechanism or are associated with negative side effects. Based on the existence of such cases, a set of free market economic measures is being developed through state programming of the economy and the use of regulatory tools. In view of the above, it is necessary to reconsider and reform the role and rights of the state in modern economic relations. The need to establish the state as a factor of progressive development in the economy should be emphasized during the reform. In addition, it should include legislative activities such as – compliance with labor safety conditions, regulation of the minimum wage, resolution of social conflicts, etc.
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Telyubaeva, Anara Zh, Valeria V. Torop, Aidar A. Farrakhov, and Natalia S. Vikhlyaeva. "LABOR ACTIVITIES OF MINORS AS A CONDITION FOR ACCUMULATION OF HUMAN CAPITAL." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 11 (2021): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.11.02.014.
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Importance. Substantiation of the importance of the labor activity of minors for the accumulation of hu-man capital in the context of digitalization. Objectives. Investigate the state of the labor market in the Russian Federation and identify the share of minors in it; determine the areas of employment of minors; to carry out a comparative analysis of legislative norms that establish restrictions and allow types of activities of minors; to define a list of measures to ensure the interest of employers in the use of minors' labor. Methods. The study was based on the data of economic calculations and sociological studies carried out in 2017–2021, as well as an analysis of the legal framework governing the labor activity of minors. A systematic and integrated approach in the course of the research made it possible to identify trends in the modern labor market and understand how to address the issue of increasing interest on the part of employers in hiring minors. Results. The analysis carried out by the authors showed that the decline in the population at the age of 15–19 is a factor in the development of a shortage of resources in the labor market in the future, accordingly, this requires an “outstripping” model of personnel training for the economy. Expansion of «competent» tools that minimize the clash of interests of the parties and ensure the «safety» of the minor will improve the quality of human capital and ensure sustainable economic growth. Conclusions and Relevance. In a rapidly changing world, the priority direction of the professionalization of minors is to ensure, including legal, the student's self-selection of the range of available professional tra-jectories, learning along their own trajectories and self-realization within the chosen direction. To increase the interest of employers in hiring minors, it is necessary to form a range of permissive measures of state policy, including measures of economic support for the employer.
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Fricke, Werner. "2. Twenty Five Years of German Research and Development Programs “Humanization of Work / Work and Technology”." Concepts and Transformation 5, no. 1 (September 4, 2000): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cat.5.1.11fri.
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Within the German state financed programs “Humanization of Work” and (since 1989) “Work and Technology” 1,500 research and development projects have been executed since 1974 with a total budget of about 1.3 billion DM. The program activities, more design orientated than the Scandinavian programs with their predominant process orientation, generated many successful results, especially in the field of health and safety, reduction of work load, robotics, design of software, work restructuring, qualification of the work force etc. Many innovative concepts were developed, not all of which were realized.In general, due to conflicts between the social partners in the 80s and also the erosion of work reform strategies and concepts during the 90s, the programs are characterized by decline, both in financial and conceptual terms. At present, on the threshold of the 21st century, there is no visible initiative for a new labor policy.
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Feitshans, Ilise. "New law preventing COVID-19: the first effort to prevent occupational transmission of disease of the 21st century in the USA." Cadernos Ibero-Americanos de Direito Sanitário 10, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.17566/ciads.v10i2.771.
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No one has been untouched by the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, which underscores the principle that there is an inextricable link between health, work and the global economy of civil society. The goal of this article is to describe law in the USA that was written during the 2020 pandemic to mobilize occupational health tools that could stem the tide of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 transformed previously stoic economic sectors such as airlines, hotels, food service and major stores into marginal employers. Essential workers in food, retail delivery and health care workers confronted health risks from occupational, transmission of communicable disease. Among workers with school children impacted by COVID-19 Emergency Executive orders to stay in place, e-learning and remote work, e-hospital data collection and health status monitoring, returning to school as teachers or nonessential workers also generated fear of workplace transmission of disease that might infect their family. Using legislative policy analysis methods, this article describes the traditional principles of state labor relations that were rewritten using the legislative pen, now instead requiring risk assessment for all employees and employers to thereby prevent occupational transmission of disease. As discussed here, Virginia, the USA state, responded with a COVID-19 prevention law deploying modern industrial hygiene tools with broader jurisdiction compared to state labor law precedents. As a result, swift administrative action, justified for pandemic response, underscores that marginal employers and their workers need strong occupational health and safety laws, because health is inextricably linked to creating thriving commerce.
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FESENKO, O., V. LYSYUK, and Z. SAKHAROVA. "RISK-ORIENTED APPROACH TO LABOR PROTECTION AT GRAIN PROCESS ENTERPRISES." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i1.1313.
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The article focuses on the introduction of a risk-oriented approach to labor protection at the enterprises of the grain processing industry. Such an approach is imperative in modern conditions in accordance with the Concept of reforming the system of labor protection management. This will involve the introduction of the proactive principle of “preventive actions” (prevention of hazardous events and situations) instead of the existing reactive principle of “corrective actions” (response to hazardous events and situations). A risk-oriented approach to occupational safety and health is the basis for the formation of a new national system for prevention of the operational risks. In the grain process enterprises, which have agreed their policy on labor protection with international standards, there has been an increase and improvement of the responsibility and competency of the ordinary employees and managers in the safety field, the risk of on-the-job injury has decreased. Improvement of the system of labor protection and risk management at enterprises should be carried out according to State Standard (DSTU) ISO 31000:2018 “Risk Management. Guidelines (ISO 31000:2018, IDT))”. The purpose of the standard is to reduce operational risks to an acceptable level. The main stages of the risk management process are presented. Identification of hazards, risk assessment, definition of security measures is a constituent and integral part of such a system. This is necessary to identify and understand the dangers that may arise in the course of an enterprise's activity, to assess the risk arising from a particular hazard, and to take measures to reduce the probability of occurrence of hazards. At the enterprises of the grain process industry, the identification of hazards consists in the definition of all objects, situations or actions (or their combination) that are inherent in an enterprise's activities and present a potential threat to the health and life of workers. At the same time, the different types of works and situations are considered in order to identify the dangers that are constantly present in normal working conditions, as well as the hazards, the impact of which is possible in case of deviation from normal working conditions and emergencies. Examples of possible hazardous factors at such enterprises are given. The adequacy of the existing security measures, the need for heir improvement or the introduction of other security measures are determined based on the results of the risk assessment.
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Joshi, T. K. "Work Security Impacts in Developing Countries: India." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tpnq-u5vw-85xr-uuc4.
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Given the rapid pace of globalization, newly industrialized countries cannot adequately protect workers from emerging hazards. Only 5–10% of workers in developing countries have access to occupational health services. Work-related health problems are exacerbated by a scarcity of resources, socio-economic dislocation, and poor general health status. The author considers the case of India and looks at its background in occupational safety and health (OSH) regulation, national health policy, and recent experience. He notes the decline in trade unions and rise of hazardous industries, and presents a case study of the situation in the state of Delhi. He concludes that the progress of OSH has stalled since economic reform. The high rate of injury and illness is a bad omen for productivity. Lowering the guard on safety and health will ultimately harm the businesses that currently seek to profit from it. The well-being of workers may deteriorate further if poor enforcement and wide-spread ignorance of OSH persist. Labor standards must be reevaluated and responsible legislation must be developed. Training and nutrition subsidies should be offered to increase productivity and improve worker health.
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Freidman, Oksana, and Irina Smirnova. "The Corruption Component in Transport and Logistics Services: a Causal Complex." Russian Journal of Criminology 12, no. 5 (November 8, 2018): 669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(5).669-677.
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The authors analyze the problems of contemporary criminal policy and transport policy regarding the prevention of corruption and the effectiveness of combating it. They highlight the development of transport and logistics services. The authors use statistical data reflecting specific features of contemporary transport and anti-corruption policies to show that it is only possible to solve the urgent theoretical and practical problem of counteracting corruption in a specific business sphere if the used methodological instruments are poly-functional in nature. The key causes and conditions promoting corruption in this sector are such factors as multiple subject contacts, a large number of sanitary, labor and safety regulations, intense competition among transport companies due to a high concentration of companies on the market of transport and logistics services, their transition to the outsourcing sector, the development of ecologistics, etc. That is why corruption prevention should be carried out at the general social and the special criminological level. To prevent corruption in transport and logistics services at these levels the authors recommend, on the one hand, to modernize transport policy by widening the use of information technologies, organizing combined transportation, etc. On the other hand, it is necessary to develop the mechanisms of preventing and regulating conflicts of interests while stressing the prohibition element and to synchronize the transport and the criminal policy of the state that concerns combating corruption in this sector.
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Telyatnikova, Victoria S., Anna V. Shokhnekh, Natalia S. Mushketova, and Ali G. B. Al Aayedi. "Innovative Paradigms of Responsible Consumption in Ensuring Environmental Security of Socio-Economic Systems in a Pandemic." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001087.
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Innovative paradigms of responsible consumption represent a template, a model of renewal processes and environmentally friendly use of labor to create good in socio-economic systems, which corresponds to sustainable development and the society needs. The article examines a socioeconomic system that built on the cultural and ethical norms of actors (society, individual groups, people), taking into account their emotional state and the framework of legitimate rationality. The socioeconomic system defines a vector for improving the life quality in a balanced ecological environment as the basis for the moral component of responsible consumption in a civilized society. The socioeconomic paradigm quite rightly assigns an important place to moral obligations, social expectations and power relations that affect the behavior of economic actors, and, consequently, their responsible consumption of natural resources and goods produced. The analysis of social efficiency, sustainability of development, socio-economic and environmental balance of decisions made in a pandemic is becoming essential. It is important to note that the conditions of isolation, which are provided by the state, determine not only economic and social losses, but also cause psychological damage to the individual. The state, business and society must understand that a decrease in innovative interest and readiness for development during a pandemic will be massive. Currently, it is necessary to create conditions for the favorable adaptation of society to the use of forced measures, providing not only financial, but also mental support to prevent: decreased performance, emotional instability, the emergence of a state of tension and stress. In the process of making forecasts and socio-economic responsible consumption policy, it is important to define the concept, goals, objectives, principles, tools of reproduction environmental safety of economic and social system from the standpoint of economic, social, moral and moral parameters of entrepreneurial activity and labor.
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Kindzers'kyi, Yurii. "POLICY OF INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIALIZATION: THE CHALLENGES AND PRIORITIES OF IMPLEMENTATION." Economic Analysis, no. 30(1, Part 1) (2020): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.01.01.105.
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Introduction. Overcoming the phenomena of de-industrialization and structural degradation of the Ukrainian economy should be based on the development and implementation of structural and industrial policies, given the need to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of the country and the corresponding transition of the economy to the tracks of inclusive and sustainable industrial development. Purpose. To analyze the key challenges facing the Ukrainian industry and propose directions for shaping national policies for inclusive and sustainable industrialization. Results. Key indices of development of the Ukrainian industry in comparison with some industrially developed countries are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the inconsistency of industrial transformation processes in our country with the world trends and trends of inclusive and sustainable industrial development, defined by the Lima Declaration of UNIDO's, in particular in the context of the dynamics and structure of production and export, technological level, the need to improve labor productivity and income of the population, approximation to social inclusivity and fair distribution of national wealth, the transfer of production to environmental safety rails. The key defects of the state economic policy which led to negative tendencies are outlined. Attention is drawn to the actual refusal of the state from industrial policy, both in the "vertical" and "horizontal" variants of it, the replacement of structural policy by deregulation and orientation to the formal improvement of the country's positions in international ratings with further deterioration of the economic situation. The institutional distortions that led to the unfair distribution of the country's wealth and the emergence of domestic peculiarities of the short-terminism phenomenon in state and corporate decision-making are shown. The model and main directions of the policy of inclusive and sustainable industrialization are offered. It is based on the principle of dualistic combination of means of "vertical" and "horizontal" industrial policy, outlines priority directions of development of domestic industry, based on the possible specialization of the country and the existing threats and challenges. The key role of the state in this process is emphasized and the conclusion is made about the necessity of its transformation into a " developmental state", whose activity will be subordinate to the interest of the whole population of the country, and public property should be considered as an effective means for reviving production and creating the "total causality effect" of inclusive industrialization and achievement social justice.
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Sawyer, Laura Phillips. "Contested Meanings of Freedom: Workingmen's Wages, the Company Store System, and theGodcharles v. WigemanDecision." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 12, no. 3 (June 18, 2013): 285–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781413000182.
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In 1886, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court struck down a law that prohibited employers from paying wages in company store scrip and mandated monthly wage payments. The court held that the legislature could not prescribe mandatory wage contracts for legally competent workingmen. The decision quashed over two decades of efforts to end the “truck system.” Although legislators had agreed that wage payments redeemable only in company store goods appeared antithetical to the free labor wage system, two obstacles complicated legislative action. Any law meant to enhance laborers' rights could neither favor one class over another nor infringe any workingman's ability to make voluntary contracts. These distinctions, however, were not as rigid andlaissez faire-oriented as depicted by conventional history. Labor reformers argued that principles of equity must supplement these categories of class legislation and contract freedom. This essay explores how legal doctrine helped both sides of the anti-truck debate articulate the contested meanings of liberty. Ultimately, theGodcharlesruling enshrined the specialness of workingmen's labor contracts and rejected the use of equity principles to justify contract regulations, but the controversy also informed future labor strategies, especially the turn to state police powers as the rubric under which workers' safety, morals, and health could be protected.
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Lyutov, Nikita, and Ilona Voitkovska. "Labour Inspections in Post-Soviet Countries: Reform or Collapse?" International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 37, Issue 2/3 (June 1, 2021): 269–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2021013.
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This article examines the policy of limiting the powers and resources assigned to the labour inspectorate in ten post-USSR republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. This policy is pursued in all ten countries in the name of boosting economic efficiency and reducing regulatory constraints on business. A significant number of limitations on labour inspections is identified, some of them in direct contradiction with the requirements of the priority International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions on Labour Inspections, No. 81 and 129. Some of the restrictions do not directly contradict the requirements of these Conventions, but their inadequate application in combination with certain restrictive measures leads to significant non-compliance with international labour standards. It is argued that international institutions such as the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) have advocated this decline in inspections. The most significant restrictions on labour inspections in the region include limiting inspections to occupational safety and health matters; the legal requirement for labour inspectors to give prior warning to employers about the inspection, or to obtain approval for the inspection from other state authorities; and the requirement for a complaint to be made by workers as a necessary precondition for carrying out an inspection. Labour Legislation, International Labour Law, Labour Inspection, Law Enforcement, Post-Soviet Countries, Compliance, Occupational Safety and Health
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Sheveleva, Oksana, Ekaterina Slesarenko, Natalia Kudrevatykh, and Maria Kumaneeva. "The Role of Investment and Innovation Activities of Coal Mining Enterprises in Increasing the Level of Environmental Safety of Country and Region." E3S Web of Conferences 174 (2020): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017404008.
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The key role of investment and innovation activities of coal industry enterprises in improving the environmental safety of regions specializing in coal mining is substantiated in the article. The coal industry enterprises are recognized by the world scientific community as the absolute leader in the field of negative impact on the environment and industrial production waste generation. In this regard, one of the most important tasks of increasing the investment and innovation activities of coal companies, the introduction of modern technologies should be not only an increase in labor productivity and production efficiency, but also a reduction of anthropogenic impact on the environment. Despite the obviousness of the presented thesis, the trends characterizing the coal industry as the most inert and low-innovative sphere, which follows the path of extensive development, continue to dominate. The insignificant increase in investments in fixed assets, periodically followed by a recession, the reduction of trapped and neutralized air polluting substances, the lack of demand for innovations in the coal industry, as well as their low impact on ensuring compliance with modern technical standards, procedures and rules, bear evidence of low responsibility of business entities and inefficient measures of state economic policy in the field of improving environmental safety in the commodity-dependent regions.
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Upadhyay, Prakash. "Accessing Labour, Resources and Institutions: Women Laborers in Brick Kiln of Jamune Bhanjyang, Tanahun , Nepal." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5 (July 21, 2017): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v5i0.17840.
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The key argument of this paper is that the changing nature of women’s involvement in non-agricultural labor force has added a critical dimension in the development process of Nepal. This relationship between involvement and development has been affected by nature of women’s employment, education, family responsibility and state policy. The major objective of this paper is to analyze critical issues, condition, tribulations and options associated with the livelihoods of women labourers working in brick kiln. For meeting the objectives, qualitative and quantitative data from both primary and secondary sources were used. Primary data were collected via self administered questionnaire, interview, observation and case study. The study findings reveal that due to poverty, low education and skills, many rural women are concentrated in low-skilled and low-paid employment in urban brick kilns where they suffer from gender discriminations, exploitations and male chauvinism in salary, working hours, promotion and facilities. Gender relation has been foremost in determining control over and access to labour, resources, institutions and services. Hence, understanding the different role of women and men is critical to understanding how that system affects women labour, reward, punishment, productivity and sustainability in brick kilns. Policies should consider women labourers easy access to education and information on their rights, as well as supportive institutions and legal measures to ensure their safety, gender rights and encourage private sector development in rural areas that can increase job opportunities for rural women hence reducing their brisk migration to urban areas for job.Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 5 (December 2016), page:56-74
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Hill, Katherine, Donald Hirsch, and Abigail Davis. "The Role of Social Support Networks in Helping Low Income Families through Uncertain Times." Social Policy and Society 20, no. 1 (April 14, 2020): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746420000184.
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In times of labour market insecurity and retrenchment of state support, low income families rely on friends and relatives as a safety net. This article explores the enhanced role of this ‘third source of welfare’ in light of these developments. It draws on qualitative longitudinal research to demonstrate how families’ situations fluctuate over two years and the importance of social support networks in hard times and periods of crisis. The research illustrates how social support is not necessarily a stable structure that families facing insecurity can fall back on, but rather a variable resource, and fluid over time, as those who provide such support experience changing capabilities and needs. A policy challenge is to help reinforce and not undermine the conditions that enable valuable social support to be offered and sustained, while ensuring sufficient reliable state support to avoid families having no choice but to depend on this potentially fragile resource as a safety net.
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Vlasenko, I. M. "Improvement of the organizational legal mechanism of public risk management in the field of construction and operation of facilities during the decentralization of power." Public administration aspects 6, no. 4 (May 15, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/15201819.
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Analyzing the organizational and legal concepts of state risk management in construction, during the decentralization reform in Ukraine, attention is focused on the overall impact of risks arising from the partial delegation of managerial powers to local authorities and those directly related to the state administration of risks in the field of construction and operation of structures. It is well-proven that every region has the priorities in the management of building risks and they can conflict with not only interests of other regions but also public policy. It can result even in bankruptcy of territories, when every region will defend the interests in relation to a management risks and inculcate the own system of self-regulation of town-planning activity in a region. Presently the process of scientific research and study of level of offensive of risks in building, depending on the regional features of territory, remains a white spot in planning of activity of organs of local-authority. The question is about forming of practice of state administration risks which test changes, in building as a result of decentralization of power, as a result of leadthrough of row of marketings researches, both into industry and at the oversea market. It is noted that the result of decentralization reform could be better if the necessary constitutional changes were voted for to develop the local level of government. The author substantiates the provision that the main tasks of public authorities in the sphere of construction and operation of facilities, with decentralization, are: the territorial organization of power to ensure the reliability and safety of construction and operation facilities; the establishment of requirements for regional policy reforms that must ensure proper conditions for the functioning of construction enterprises; ensuring the proper scientific and technical level and quality of construction and operation of facilities; state management of lands, natural resources, environmental protection, rational use of land and natural resources, saving material, energy and labor resources and others. An organizational and legal mechanism for the adoption of public-management decisions in the sphere of state construction policy has been developed and its advantages have been revealed.
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Wang, Huashu, Zhenyi Li, and H. Holly Wang. "Does Backward Integration Improve Food Safety of the Tea Industry in China in the Post-COVID-19 Era?" Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042323.
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China is the largest tea producer in the world; however, tea quality and safety issues have caught broad attention due to pesticide overuse in the growing stage. In order to control the quality and safety of their raw inputs, tea-processing firms in China are expanding their own plantations. Does this backward integration (BI) improve the food safety performance of the tea firms in China? Based on the transaction cost theory, we empirically investigate the effect of tea firms’ BI on their food safety performances, using data from 246 tea firms collected via an online survey in 2021. Controlling the basic background situation and firms’ characteristics, the empirical regression results, when controlling for the self-selection bias, support the hypothesis that BI can improve the food safety performance of the tea industry when it reaches the effective integration level, specifically, 80% or higher. Other factors include that the private brand and asset share of the plantation would also help reduce the firms’ food safety problems. Therefore, the government may consider supporting firms’ BI in the development of tea plantations through one-time subsidies and/or land and labor coordination, so as to improve the food safety situation and industry efficiency.
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Sefriani, Sefriani. "The Urgency of Non-Precluded Measures Clause in Indonesian Bilateral Investment Treaty." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 02 (August 2019): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n2.a2.
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The legitimacy crisis of the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) within the international community was caused by the increasing regulatory disputes before the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) forum. It encourages Indonesia to discontinue several BITs, to review and to make new BIT models for Indonesia. This article aims to analyze the urgency of the non-precluding measures (NPM) clause in the new BIT Model of Indonesia to balance the interests of investors and the interests of Indonesia as the host state, considering that to date the existing BIT content is not balanced. The BIT provides so much protection to investors and, vice versa, weighty obligations to the host country. This study employed descriptive analytical method. The study concludes that the NPM Clause is very important in the new Indonesian BIT Model. At least, can be based on five arguments. First, the NPM clause will transfer risk from the country to foreign investors in situations of extraordinary threats. Second, the NPM clause will limit investor protection in certain situations. Third, the NPM clause will provide greater flexibility to Indonesia as the host to regulate its investment policy to achieve sustainable development to realize the people’s welfare, labor rights, public health, safety environment, public morals, and order. Fourth, the NPM clause is important for self-recovery during international financial crisis. Fifth, lastly, the NPM clause will balance the protection of both investors and Indonesia as the host state.
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Sefriani, Sefriani. "The Urgency of Non-Precluded Measures Clause in Indonesian Bilateral Investment Treaty." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 06, no. 02 (August 2019): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n2.a2.
Full textAbstract:
The legitimacy crisis of the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) within the international community was caused by the increasing regulatory disputes before the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) forum. It encourages Indonesia to discontinue several BITs, to review and to make new BIT models for Indonesia. This article aims to analyze the urgency of the non-precluding measures (NPM) clause in the new BIT Model of Indonesia to balance the interests of investors and the interests of Indonesia as the host state, considering that to date the existing BIT content is not balanced. The BIT provides so much protection to investors and, vice versa, weighty obligations to the host country. This study employed descriptive analytical method. The study concludes that the NPM Clause is very important in the new Indonesian BIT Model. At least, can be based on five arguments. First, the NPM clause will transfer risk from the country to foreign investors in situations of extraordinary threats. Second, the NPM clause will limit investor protection in certain situations. Third, the NPM clause will provide greater flexibility to Indonesia as the host to regulate its investment policy to achieve sustainable development to realize the people’s welfare, labor rights, public health, safety environment, public morals, and order. Fourth, the NPM clause is important for self-recovery during international financial crisis. Fifth, lastly, the NPM clause will balance the protection of both investors and Indonesia as the host state.
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Zorin, V Yu. "The Migration Situation in the Russian Federation: Problems and Solutions." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 9, no. 3 (December 4, 2019): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2019-9-3-40-50.
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The current situation characterises the increase in migration flows around the world. The Russian Federation belongs to the three countries the most attractive to migrants. In the structure of migration to our country, the essential place takes labour migration. An overwhelming part of migrants comes from neighbouring countries — the former Soviet republics that support close economic and political connections with Russia. There is a consensus between scientists that migration, indeed, is necessary for our country. It allows for solving critical economic and demographic problems. At the same time, it is required to pay attention to those risks it brings. Among the issues revealed in the sphere of management of the migration relations, we should stipulate the essential improvement of a regulatory framework of the state migration policy and support for successful social and cultural adaptation and integration of migrants into the native community. In 2012, after the adoption of strategic documents, begins the new stage in the history of the state migration policy in our country. Its characteristic feature is the search of balance between the interests of economic development of the country and safety of the state and society. It is supplemented by the widespread introduction of innovative techniques and approaches to management of the migration relations. Adoption in 2018 of the new edition of the “Conception of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation until 2025” is targeted on to the solution of the relevant tasks arising in this sphere. “Conception” stresses the necessity of accounting of interests of representatives of the native community and migrants, close interaction of representatives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Agency for the Affairs of Nationalities of the Russian Federation and institutes of civil society in establishing partner relationship between public authorities and national public organizations.
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Raman, Sankara, Margaret J. Rys, and Eugene R. Russell. "Life-Cycle Economic Comparison of Common Signpost Materials and Types." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1911, no. 1 (January 2005): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191100102.
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There is a wealth of information related to life-cycle costs of different sign sheeting materials and considerable information on common signposts, but there is little or no information about the life-cycle costs of different types of signposts. The primary objective of this research was to determine the best cost-effective policy, consistent with safety, for signpost materials and types used on state highways in Kansas. From the initial literature review, a matrix was constructed detailing the various materials used for signposts by each state. This was followed with a survey questionnaire to gather information on what posts other states were using for three major types of signs used in Kansas. From the data obtained from the state departments of transportation, test installations were carried out by three vendors. Life-cycle economic analysis was conducted, taking into consideration the labor, equipment, and time requirements for the initial installation and the replacement. Among the four systems compared for a single signpost, the Poz-Loc Socket System is the most cost-effective alternative in life-cycle costs, followed by the Break-Out Sign Support System, the 4″ x 4″ x 14′ wood post, and the Telespar anchor-driven unit. Among the three systems compared for a double signpost, the Poz-Loc Slipbase System is the most cost-effective alternative, followed by the Telespar Slipbase System, and the double 4″ x 6″ x 16′ wood post. The present worth analysis and sensitivity analysis, conducted according to varying the interest rate, did not have any significant effect in changing the cost-effective alternative.
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Marhavilas, Panagiotis K., Michael G. Tegas, Georgios K. Koulinas, and Dimitrios E. Koulouriotis. "A Joint Stochastic/Deterministic Process with Multi-Objective Decision Making Risk-Assessment Framework for Sustainable Constructions Engineering Projects—A Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 23, 2020): 4280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104280.
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This study, on the one hand, develops a newfangled risk assessment and analysis (RAA) methodological approach (the MCDM-STO/DET one) for sustainable engineering projects by the amalgamation of a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) process with the joint-collaboration of a deterministic (DET) and a stochastic (STO) process. On the other hand, proceeds to the application of MCDM-STO/DET at the workplaces of the Greek construction sector and also of the fixed-telecommunications technical projects of OTE SA (that is, the Greek Telecommunications Organization S.A.) by means of real accident data coming from two official State databases, namely of “SEPE” (Labor Inspectorate, Hellenic Ministry of Employment) and of “IKA” (Social Insurance Institution, Hellenic Ministry of Health), all the way through the period of the years2009–2016.Consequently, the article’s objectives are the following: (i) The implementation and execution of the joint MCDM-STO/DET framework, and (ii) to make known that the proposed MCDM-STO/DET algorithm can be a precious method for safety managers (and/or decision-makers) to ameliorate occupational safety and health (OSH) and to endorse the sustainable operation of technical or engineering projects as well. Mainly, we mingle two different configurations of the MCDM method, initially the Analytical Hierarchy-Process (the typical-AHP), and afterwards the Fuzzy-Extended AHP (the FEAHP) one, along with the Proportional Risk Assessment Technique (PRAT) and the analysis of Time-Series Processes (TSP), and finally with the Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA).
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Galeeva, G. M., and L. Kh Ishtiryakova. "Investments in the Sharing Economy and their Impact on the Employment Structural Changes." Finance: Theory and Practice 24, no. 5 (October 24, 2020): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2020-24-5-128-148.
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The article examines topical issues related to structural changes in employment in the Russian economy, due to the intensive development of the sharing economy. The aim of the study is to systematize disparate knowledge in assessing the impact of investments in the sharing economy on the employment structure, providing an understanding of the labor market, which is influenced by transformation processes in consumption patterns and factors of digitalization of the economy, as well as to develop recommendations for improving state policy in the field of employment. Based on the methods of theoretical research (analysis and synthesis, generalization), the authors reviewed scientific literature and information from various sources, identified the main elements characterizing the model of collaborative consumption, considered by various researchers and online platforms. The study highlights the scientific concepts and approaches to the definition of the sharing economy, including the concept of a shared economy; collaborative economy as well as access-based consumption (to resources); network interaction; commercial exchange systems. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors show how investments in the further development of the infrastructure of the sharing economy, including the development of digital online platforms, lead to an increase in the number of employers and workers by removing barriers and reducing transaction costs. The authors propose recommendations for solving employment issues: to form a system for measuring the sharing economy and accounting for it in official statistics; provide a regulatory framework for the functioning of digital platforms; ensure the privacy of personal data and the safety of citizens participating in the sharing economy. It was concluded that the implementation of the proposed measures will have a positive impact on the Russian labor market and increase the investment attractiveness of the most important sectors of the sharing economy
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Simpson, Elizabeth, Edward Miller, Molly Wylie, and Marc Cohen. "Providing Nursing Home Care in an Era of Increasing Scarcity: The Case of Pennsylvania." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1935.
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Abstract Medicaid financing of nursing home (NH) care provides the strongest safety net for low income older adults, persons who have high-intensity long-term care (LTC) needs, and consumers with exorbitant LTC costs. Yet, NHs currently face serious threats to their financial viability, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where the costs of caring for residents in a safe way have increased significantly, even as the ability to recoup these costs from the Medicaid program has been constrained. The purpose of this study is to assess key demand and supply factors affecting the performance of the NH industry in Pennsylvania over time. It draws from several large, national data sources, including NH Compare, LTCFocus.org, the U.S. Bureaus of the Census and Labor Statistics, and Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reports, as well as state-level population projections and Departments of Health and Human Services data. An aggregate database was constructed with historical data points at the facility, regional, and state level. Annual total and regional trends were examined from 2010 to 2020. Findings suggest a growing gap between what NHs require to meet the needs of residents and the level of reimbursement paid by the largest funder: Medicaid. Considering demographic trends, this gap will only grow over time in the absence of policy change. The pandemic has further highlighted the existing challenges resulting from an underfunded service infrastructure and the need for additional investment if NHs are to provide high quality care to a growing cohort of older adults requiring support.
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NEKIPELOV, A. D. "ON ECONOMIC STRATEGY AND ECONOMIC POLICY IN RUSSIA UNDER CURRENT CONDITIONS." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 230, no. 4 (2021): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2021-230-4-76-89.
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In the face of clear limitations of the current economic model, the formation of a long-term vision of its development is of particular importance in each country. It is essential to decide on two issues on a purely pragmatic basis: the relative importance of internal and external factors and the role that the state should play in the economy. The strategy developed on this basis should determine the specifics of economic policy. Russia has developed an original holistic model of macroeconomic policy aimed at countering the "Dutch disease." Within its framework, the financial component is used not only for classical functions, but also as a tool to influence the monetary sphere. The "division of labour" in this area between the monetary and financial authorities is aimed at targeting not one but two indicators - the level of inflation and exchange rate - to simultaneously maintain the high efficiency of fuel and raw materials exports and to protect from competition domestic production oriented to the national market. But the implementation of this model entails serious costs - the freezing of significant resources in international reserves, with the impossibility of using them as a “safety bag”, high interest rate and, ultimately, prolonged stagnation. To move towards a sustainable development and modernization strategy, a whole range of interconnected changes to fiscal and monetary policy, on the one hand, and industrial policy, on the other, are proposed. At the same time, the author advocates a return to the classical division of functions between monetary and financial power, and in the sphere of monetary policy - for the transition to the regime of "dirty float" of the ruble and the use of economic instruments limiting the cross-border movement of speculative capital. The importance of implementing structural reforms, primarily concerning the economic behavior of the state, is emphasized.
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Wereda, Wioletta, Natalia Moch, and Anna Wachulak. "The Importance of Stakeholders in Managing a Safe City." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010244.
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Contemporary cities are complex systems in which there are many interactions and dependencies in relation to the environment. Currently, the development of cities and their safety are among the most important international socio-economic processes. The movement of people to larger agglomerations from smaller towns creates a variety of relationships between actors and often leads to very complicated lives in urban space. Features of contemporary cities include urbanization, personal development opportunities, labor markets, and infrastructure, as well as technological and cybernetic networks that optimize all the processes taking place in agglomerations. It should be emphasized that the main goal of public management in urban space is to create various solutions in the field of safety and thus to improve the quality of. In this respect, the role and influence of stakeholders on the processes of smart and safe city development are important. At each stage of activity, the City Council, local communities, economic entities, scientific institutions, and municipal enterprises are important for a city’s safety. This article emphasizes the importance of stakeholders in the process of managing a safe city. The article presents a literature review, as well as research results based on the example of Polish cities, presenting the importance of stakeholders in managing safe cities.
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Jones, Catherine. "Falls are a sensitive and challenging area of health care." Australian Health Review 27, no. 2 (2004): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042720007.
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Letter to the EditorsDear Editor,When 16 year old roofer, Joel Exner, was killed after falling from a roof, his employer was held responsible for failing to provide a safe workplace (Herald Sun 16/02/04). Construction workers stopped work to march on the NSW parliament demanding jail sentences for bosses who were guilty of breaches of safety (Sydney MorningHerald 22/10/03). The Labour Council of NSW pushed for the State Government to implement a criminal charge of industrial manslaughter which would carry a maximum fine of $5 million and up to 25 years in jail (Sydney Morning Herald 19/10/03).Imagine the legal ramifications if an up-and-coming Ian Thorpe or Pat Rafter was to be seriously hurt or disabled in a slip and fall accident in a change room. If it could be proven that falls prevention strategies had not been put in place (for example slip resistant floor surfaces) the potential payout would be in the multiple millions. Why is it then, that an elderly person can fall in hospital and die a week later as a direct result of injuries sustained in the fall, and the public is silent?