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1
Hungler, Sara. "Labor Law Reforms after the Populist Turn in Hungary." Review of Central and East European Law 47, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 84–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-bja10063.
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Abstract The characteristics of Hungarian populism and its effects on labor and social policy are rather different compared to those of western Member States of the EU. These differences are due to the different experiences related to inter- and intra-EU migration and to the difference in how the EU’s austerity measures were imposed during the economic crisis. The two distinctive elements are the workfare regime which replaces the welfare state, and anti-pluralism. In the workfare model, ‘hard-working people’ are pictured as an idealized mass of employees who are disciplined and striving for betterment every day; and whose jobs and wellbeing are jeopardized by illegal migrants and the idle poor. However, labor law does not strengthen the rights of ‘hard-working people’ or support them in asserting their rights against their employers. While the Roma have been described as the undeserving poor and mainstreamed in everyday politics and practice, guarantees and protective measures have been severely curtailed in social policy, amplifying the insecurity and material deprivation of those who lose their jobs. Regarding collective labor law, the lack of an autonomous social dialogue supports anti-pluralist trends, a characteristic of populist governance. The fundamental elements of democratic control, such as participation or trade union rights have been largely eliminated to cement the executive power of the coalition.
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Inglot, Tomasz. "The Triumph of Novelty over Experience? Social Policy Responses to Demographic Crises in Hungary and Poland since EU Enlargement." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 34, no. 4 (May 12, 2020): 984–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325419874421.
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This article belongs to the special cluster, “Politics and Current Demographic Challenges in Central and Eastern Europe,” guest-edited by Tsveta Petrova and Tomasz Inglot. During the past two decades, many European countries, including Germany, Italy, and Spain in the west, and Poland and Hungary in the east, encountered prolonged demographic crises. These challenges first became evident in the late 1990s as fertility rates declined rapidly, much below the level necessary to ensure a simple replacement of generations. Moreover, since the EU accession, mass labor migration from the new Member States to the more developed western European countries added yet another dimension to the growing population problems. This article attempts to explain variation in governmental policy responses to these developments between two countries, Poland and Hungary. Hungary, owing to its long-term tradition of relatively generous and extensive social programs directed to families, youth, and children, should be expected to handle its population emergency much better than Poland. Yet, the opposite has happened. In the last few years, Poland has proposed and implemented several innovative measures to address fertility and migration pressures while Hungary has remained committed to its traditional social policies in this domain. I will analyze and compare the two cases by examining a combination of historical factors related to the legacies of demographic emergencies defined in terms of national strength and survival, and by examining the politics of family policy, with a special focus on the creation of coalitions of governmental and/or nongovernmental actors that either facilitate or obstruct effective policy innovation.
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Sziller, István, Miklós Szabó, Andrea Valek, Barbara Rigó, and Nándor Ács. "Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis in Hungary in 2012. Preliminary data of a nation-wide survey." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 29 (July 2014): 1167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29932.
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Introduction: At present, there is no obligatory guideline for the prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease in Hungary. Aim: The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the spontaneously developed preventive strategy of the domestic obstetric divisions and departments in Hungary. Method: Standardized questionnaire was sent out to each of the 71 obstetric divisions and departments in Hungary. Results: Overall, 20 (27.4%) of the chairpersons replied, and thus, 39.9% of the total number of live births in Hungary were included in the study. Despite missing public health guidelines, each of the divisions and departments developed their own strategy to prevent neonatal group B streptococcal disease. In 95% of cases, bacterial culture of the lower vagina was the method of identifying pregnant women at risk. In 5% of the cases intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis was based on risk assessment only. Of the departments using culture-based prophylaxis, 58% departments sampled women after completion of 36th gestational weeks. Antibiotic of choice was penicillin or ampicillin in 100% of cases. Of the study participants, 80% reported on multiple administration of colonized pregnant women after onset of labor or rupture of the membranes. Conclusions: The authors concluded that the rate of participation in the study was low. However, prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection is a priority of obstetric care in Hungary. Lack of a nation-wide public health policy did not prevent obstetric institutions in this country to develop their own prevention strategy. In the majority of cases and institutions, the policy is consistent with the widely accepted international standards. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(29), 1167–1172.
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Brown, Karl. "‘For Girls it is an Honor …’: Women, Work, and Abortion in Communist Hungary, 1948–56." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 3 (March 25, 2019): 602–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418824390.
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Concerned with a falling birth rate in the early 1950s, the Hungarian communist regime banned abortion and encouraged motherhood. A closer inquiry into the 1953 abortion ban and the broader cultural context of crime and policing in early communist Hungary suggests that repression alone was inadequate, as an underground abortion network provided some respite for women seeking to control their reproduction. However, the regime’s pronatalist policy aligned well with the interests and biases of skilled male workers: redirecting women’s efforts from productive to reproductive labor both removed them as competitors at work and returned them to their “proper”, subordinate place. Internal Party documents and interviews with refugees and émigrés conducted before and after 1956 reveal that although women exerted some control over their reproduction throughout the entire period, they were thwarted as much by men’s resistance to working women as by the regime’s intrusive pronatalist policy.
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Vanhuysse, Pieter. "Silent Non-Exit and Broken Voice. Early Postcommunist Social Policies as Protest-Preempting Strategies." Südosteuropa 67, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2019-0012.
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Abstract This essay contributes to the development of an analytical political sociology examination of postcommunist policy pathways and applies such an analysis in a reinterpretation of the social policy pathways taken by Hungary and Poland. During the critical historical juncture of the early 1990s, governments in these new democracies used social policies to proactively create new labor market outsiders (rather than merely accommodate or deal with existing outsiders) in an effort to stifle disruptive repertoires of political voice. Microcollective action theory helps to elucidate how the break-up of hitherto relatively homogeneous clusters of threatened workers into newly competing interest groups shaped the nature of distributive conflict in the formative first decade of these new democracies. In this light, we see how the analytical political sociology of postcommunist social policy can advance and modify current, predominantly Western-oriented theories of insider/outsider conflict and welfare retrenchment policy, and can inform future debates about emerging social policy biases in Eastern Europe.
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BULAKH, T., S. ZALYUBOVSKA, and G. KASHCHEІEVА. "Strategic and Innovative Areas in the Development of National Migration Policy in the Context of Macroeconomic Growth of the Ukrainian Economy." Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/nasoa.1-2-2022.05.
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The distinctive features of the Ukrainian migration policy today are inadequate administrative, legal and social regulation of migration processes, creating bureaucratic barriers in public administration bodies. These problems call for solutions that would promote consolidation of democracy and observation of human rights in Ukraine, its integration in the global community, on the one hand, and enhancement of the national security, on the other. Being subject to broad-scale political debate in scientific and political circles of Ukraine, the migration problem needs continuing research.
The article analyzes performance and trends in the migration policy of Ukraine. Its features and efficiency are revealed.
It was found that the main characteristics of the country’s external migration are: dominance of labor migrants among the migrant categories; by gender structure, labor migration is most common among men. The main destinations of labor migration are Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary.
The main characteristics of internal migration are the continuation of the trend towards urbanization, with the decreasing rural population and increasing urban population. High migration losses of the population are characteristic of the Western and South-Western regions of Ukraine. Most people changed their place of residence for Kharkiv, Kyiv and Dnipropetrovsk regions.
It was found that the migration policy of Ukraine is characterized by low efficiency. At the moment, migration processes are spontaneous. And this leads to an increase in the disproportion of regional labor markets, increasing social tensions, the formation of conditions for the spread of ideas of national intolerance among the Ukrainian population.
The main reasons behind the growing migration activity in Ukraine are highlighted: the instability of the socio-economic environment, decreasing salary rate, overall welfare and quality of life.
Measures to improve the migration policy of Ukraine are proposed.
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Kamerman, S. B., and A. J. Kahn. "Child and Family Benefits in Eastern and Central Europe and in the West: Learning from the Transition." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110199.
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As countries in Eastern and Central Europe attempt the transition to market economies, they challenge the theoretical and applied repertoires of political economy. It is the premise in this paper that the transition tests the social policy ‘wisdom’ of the pluralistic, democratic ‘Western’ societies and offers scholars the opportunity for monitoring and learning. The paper is focused on family benefits, a component of social policy, and is concentrated on Hungary, Poland, and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. A contrast is made to European countries of the European Community and the European Free Trade Association. The United States is also covered. The discussion is concentrated on maternity and parental leave, care for infants, toddlers, and preschool children, and family allowances. One important question addressed is whether with current financial constraints the East will be forced to relinquish its family benefit policies as the West expands such policies. Or, to the contrary, will these policies be expanded further in the East, as a substitute for unemployment insurance and to solve other labor-market problems?
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Zieliński, Mariusz. "The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Labor Markets of the Visegrad Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 7386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127386.
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The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sudden and deep recession contributing, among other things, to a sharp rise in unemployment. The article addresses changes in the labor markets of the Visegrad countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia), covering the period 2018–2021. It attempts to answer the questions: how deep a slump was caused by the pandemic in these markets, how flexible forms of employment responded to it, and whether there were discriminatory phenomena (decline in employment and increase in unemployment in the most vulnerable groups in the labor market). The analysis was based on quarterly data published by Eurostat on the size and structure of the employed and unemployed population. The results of the compilations indicate a relatively small deepening of imbalances in the labor markets of the analyzed countries, a differentiated reaction of flexible forms of employment (depending on the form of employment), which was in line with expectations (they were used as a business cycle buffer). In most of the V4 countries, women were relatively less likely to lose their jobs than men during the pandemic. In a few cases, a relatively stronger decline in employment (increase in unemployment) affected young people, people aged 55–64, and people with the lowest education.
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Bringye, Bernadett, Maria Fekete-Farkas, and Szergej Vinogradov. "An Analysis of Mushroom Consumption in Hungary in the International Context." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2021): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070677.
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It is hardly an exaggeration to state that producing and consuming mushrooms may provide an answer to several of the challenges facing mankind. This research is related to the UN sustainable development goals relative to different issues. First of all, mushroom production uses agricultural and industrial byproducts as inputs and being labor intensive contributes to the job and income creation for undereducated people in less developed areas. In addition, as mushrooms have high protein content and they are a suitable alternative for meat for populations with a diet lacking in variety; at the same time, they also have the potential for food connoisseurs and consumers who make conscious and educated choices to improve their diet by using healthful and environmentally friendly methods. The nutritional value of mushrooms means that consumption could be an important supplementary therapy for several illnesses. The key issue of sector development is the increasing demand. In order to address this, investigation and research related to consumer behavior is needed. The aim of this research was to explore the dimensions of Hungarian mushroom consumer behavior and to segment Hungarian consumers. An online questionnaire survey was conducted between December 2019 and February 2020 and the final sample of 1768 respondents was considered for the purposes of analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify groups of correlating variables describing mushroom consumption. The authors identified four dimensions of Hungarian mushroom consumer behavior: (1) medicinal and functional properties, (2) consumption for enjoyment, (3) supplementary food source, and (4) negative assessment of the product range. Using cluster analysis, three consumer groups were identified: (1) health-conscious consumers, (2) indifferent consumers, and (3) average consumers. The research results indicated that consumers’ sociodemographic characteristics (age, educational level, marital status, and place of residence) have a significant impact on mushroom consumption behavior. The results of this paper can have implications for policy makers and business management in diversifying their production and selecting marketing tools.
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Bilenko, Yuriy. "Labor productivity in the agriculture, structural shifts and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European countries." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 8, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2022.08.04.01.
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Purpose. In our article, we assess the scope and directions of changes in agricultural labor productivity compared to other sectors of the economy.
Methodology / approach. For our survey we choose 15 countries: (і) EU countries – Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, as well (іі) post-Soviet European countries – Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, russia and also (ііі) Albania for period 1996–2019. We use an empirical methodology designed to analyze structural decomposition of labor productivity into the growth effect within the sector and structural dynamic and static effects, often called ‘shift-share analysis’. We analyze process of convergence of sectoral labor productivity and its impact on economic growth.
Results. Labor productivity grows in the agricultural sector of the economy at the fastest rate, on average by almost 12 % per year. The growth effects within the industry takes a dominant position in all sectors of the economy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and its share is on average 88.5 %, and the structural effects are as follows: the dynamic effect is almost 1%, the static effect is 10.4 %. We have confirmed that the agricultural sector is gaining weight in the economic growth of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the influence of the service sector is increasing, although together they do not exceed the influence of the growth of value added in industry.
Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time we have used the methodology of decomposition of labor productivity growth into three effects: growth, dynamic and static ones for the period before the financial crisis 2008 and after the crisis for 15 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Using panel GLS estimator with fixed effects we estimate the impact of labor productivity on economic growth in different sectors for 1991–2020 period.
Practical value / implications. The main results of the study can be used for elaboration of effective economic policy in agriculture development in Central and Eastern European countries; for identification of structural shifts in labor productivity in different sectors of the economy before and after the financial crisis; for estimation of the level of convergence between different sectors of the economy; determining main factors of increasing value added in agriculture in Ukraine and other Central and Eastern European countries; implementation structural changes in economy in the period of crisis.
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Gorin, Nazar. "Development of international economic ties of Western Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX century." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2019, no. 52 (2019): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2019.52.155.
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The article describes the main forms and channels of international economic relations of the Western Ukrainian lands during their being in Austro-Hungary state. The role of government policy in attracting foreign investment for the development of economy of the Western Ukrainian region has been clarified. The role of railway network development in the integration of Western Ukraine economy into the world commodity-cash flows is analyzed. It was noted that the northeastern regions of the empire were developed by the central government primarily in order to obtain cheap raw materials and labor, as well as to create a market for the sale of industrial goods produced by enterprises from the central regions of the empire. It is noted that the then shaped specialization of production laid the foundations for the disproportionate development of the economy of Western Ukrainian lands in the future. Generalized sectors where foreign capital participated most, in particular: railway construction, chemical, machine building, oil and refining, electricity, sawmill, woodworking and ozokerite industry, banking and wholesaling. The role of Austrian, German, American, French and English capital in the development of individual branches of economy was tracked down. It is shown that the weakness of the competitive environment and institutional mechanisms of asset capitalization, governmental patronage for large enterprises caused the emergence and accelerated development of monopolistic tendencies in the economy of the region. The main vectors of foreign trade relations of Western Ukrainian lands are analyzed and the reasons and directions of labor migration of Ukrainians in the second half of the nineteenth – beginning of the twentieth century are highlighted.
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Mulska, Olha, Olha Levytska, Volodymyr Zaychenko, Taras Vasyltsiv, and Olha Ilyash. "Pull environment of migration in the EU countries: Migration vector from Ukraine." Problems and Perspectives in Management 19, no. 4 (November 19, 2021): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.23.
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The growing Ukrainian migration towards EU countries determines the need for evaluation of pull factors shaping their environment to regulate these processes better. The study aims to assess the EU’s pull environment attracting migrants, and evaluate the elasticity of Ukrainian total and labor migration to the change of social and economic factors in EU countries. The data are collected for the period from 2005 to 2018. The method involves weighting the indicators and sub-indices with the following calculating partial and integral indices of the pull environment of migration for selected EU countries (the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Italy, Portugal, Greece, and Spain) and the EU-28. During 2005–2018, the integral level of pull environment of migration in the EU-28 was above average, whereas the most attractive countries for external migrants were Germany, the Czech Republic, Spain, and Italy. In terms of the intensity of total migration from Ukraine in 2018, Poland (236.06 departures per 1,000 Ukrainians), Hungary (73.6), Germany (12.6), and Italy (7.3) are among the main destinations. While the intensity of Ukrainian migration is high, its growth rate depends on the time lag (different elasticities in the medium and long run). The integral analysis of the pull environment has a practical value allowing to conduct migration intensity and elasticity evaluation, as well as the cross-country pull-factor analysis (pull strength) for substantiating the improvement of regulatory and methodological provisions of migration policies for both Ukraine and the hosting EU states. AcknowledgmentThe study has been conducted within the framework of applied research “Mechanisms of the proactive policy for reducing social vulnerability of the population (based on the Carpathian region of Ukraine)” (M. Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Reg. No. 0121U112014, 2021–2023).
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Bereczki, Dániel, Mónika Bálint, András Ajtay, Ferenc Oberfrank, and Ildikó Vastagh. "Pregestational neurological disorders among women of childbearing age—Nationwide data from a 13-year period in Hungary." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 21, 2022): e0274873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274873.
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Objectives Comprehensive statistics evaluating pregnancies complicated by various medical conditions are desirable for the optimization of prenatal care and for improving maternal and fetal outcomes. The main objective of our study was to assess pregnancies during a 13-year study period with accompanying pregestational neurological disorders in medical history on a nationwide level. Methods In the framework of the NEUROHUN 2004–2017 project utilizing medical reports submitted for reimbursement purposes to the National Health Insurance Fund, we included women with at least one labor during 2004–2016 who had at least one pregestational diagnosis of a neurological disorder received within this time frame prior to their first pregnancy during the studied period. Three-digit codes from the 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD) were used for the identification and classification of neurological and obstetrical conditions. Results Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were employed during the study process. A total of 744 226 women have been identified with at least one delivery during the study period with 98 792 of them (13.3%) having at least one neurological diagnosis received during 2004–2016 before their first gestation in the time frame of the study. The vast majority of diagnosis codes were related to different types of headaches affecting 69 149 (9.3%) individuals. The most prevalent diagnoses following headaches were dizziness and giddiness (15 589 patients [2.1%]; nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders (10 375 patients [1.4%]); epileptic disorders (7028 patients [0.9%]); neurological diseases of vascular origin (6091 patients [0.8%]); other disorders of the nervous system (5358 patients [0.7%]); and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (2129 patients [0.3%]). The present findings of our study show high prevalence of pregestational neurological disorders, the dominance of headaches followed by the rather nonspecific diagnosis of dizziness and giddiness, the relevance of nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders and epilepsy, and the importance of cerebrovascular disorders among women of childbearing age. Conclusion The present research findings can help healthcare professionals, researchers and decision makers in adopting specific health policy measures based on nationwide data and further aid the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms of various neurological manifestations concerning women of childbearing age.
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Mykhailіuk, Angela, and Ivan Rovenchak. "Causes and consequences of external labor migration in Ukraine (on the example of Ivano-Frankivsk region)." 30, no. 30 (June 10, 2021): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2076-1333-2021-30-05.
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Migration processes of the XXI century have a significant impact on the development of civil society in Ukraine, as they are characterized by large scale. These processes affect the formation of socio-demographic, economic, political and cultural spheres. In Ivano-Frankivsk region, as in the border area, they are quite dynamic. Coverage of migration processes, in particular, labor migration, during the economic crisis, social instability and hostilities in the country and served as a study of the chosen topic of scientific publication. Based on the methods of analysis and synthesis, the main causes and consequences of migration processes in Ivano-Frankivsk region are analyzed. The authors noted the influence of geographical, social and personal factors on the intensification of external migration, and also noted that the economic factor is predominant. In the scientific work for the first time a thorough analysis of the financial condition of citizens of Ukraine in the calculation of the level of the minimum wage in Ivano-Frankivsk region and within Ukraine, in general. Wages were also compared and their differences between Ukraine and a number of European countries, in particular, in Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Lithuania. The number of migrants by all types of migration flows during the last year within the Ivano-Frankivsk region is graphically represented by gender. It is established that the majority of migrants are women. Also an important place in the study was the analysis of migration from 2002 to 2019. In the article highlighting the dynamics of these processes, a comparative analysis of the definition of migration. The authors propose the main steps to improve migration policy, namely: the formation of a clear regional program in the field of migration processes, which will ultimately form the basis for sustainable economic development of the region, wage growth (including minimum wage), increase the employed population (respectively, reducing the number of unemployed), as well as replenishment of local budgets through taxes. The current state of external migration within Ivano-Frankivsk is analyzed. It was revealed that against the background of complex socio-economic reforms in the region there was a reduction in the migration flow of the local population in Ivano-Frankivsk region.
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Samoggia, Antonella, Chiara Perazzolo, Piroska Kocsis, and Margherita Del Prete. "Community Supported Agriculture Farmers’ Perceptions of Management Benefits and Drawbacks." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123262.
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Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is a direct partnership between producer(s) and a group of consumers/members to share the risks and responsibilities of farming activities. CSA aims at producing and providing environmentally, socially, economically, and nutritionally sustainable food. Past research has focused on CSA members’ motivations. This research aims to gain a better understanding of CSA farmers’ perceived benefits and drawbacks in managing a CSA farm, and whether CSA management perception varies in different countries. The research collected data from 35 farmers that were based in the United States (US) and Hungary (HU). Data elaboration includes a one-way Anova test, Chi-square test, principal component analysis, and multiple multivariate linear regressions. The results support that US and HU farmers have similar positive perceptions of CSA farming management, especially in food quality, nutritional value products, environmental, and community benefits. The main differences concentrate on economic, financial, and management perceptions. CSA success as an alternative agro-food production and distribution system relies on the capability to involve CSA members. Therefore, CSA farmers’ management skills may evolve to ensure the performance of communication and community engaging practices. The main CSA concern is ensuring a fair income and living wage for the farmers and labor force. There is a need for better balancing non-monetary and monetary benefits for the farmers.
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Kluchnyk, Liliya, and Stepan Davymuka. "Savings and Migration Capital of Households: World Experience and Domestic Realities." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2020-0025.
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SummarySubject and purpose of work: The subject of the paper is the formation of household savings in Ukraine and their sources of aggregate household incomes, with particular attention to the Ukrainian labor migration. It is an important source of foreign exchange earnings in the form of remittances, which help improve the welfare of population and ensure economic growth in the country.The purpose of the paper is to research and determine major trends of the development of households’ financial resources, to examine the foreign experience of forming and use of residents’ savings and to determine the ways it can be applied in Ukraine, and to analyze the main trends of state policy in the regulation of labor migrants’ remittances.Materials and methods: The author of this paper analyzed the literature on the subject and performed desk research using data from reports and studies published by EU statistics (Euro stat Statistics) and GUS (Statistics Poland), statistical yearbooks of Europe; WDR reports (Global Financial Development Report 2019/2020) and NBU (Official website of the National Bank of Ukraine).Results: The author’s research has shown that the process of saving is quite popular for European people is quite popular. Accordingly, in 2019, the residents of Poland, Hungary and Romania were the most frugal – 82%, 84% and 85%. Further attitudes towards savings are the following: Turks (77%), Ukrainians (76%), Croats (75%), Serbs (72%), Germans (73%), while savings are slightly less important for Austrians (70%), Slovaks (67%), Czechs (66%), and Montenegrins (59%). This savings situation has clearly demonstrated the power of effective household decisions for overall political and economic activity in Europe. Finally, the migration capital of Ukraine has a “shadow character” due to, first of all, the desire to minimize the costs of transferring funds home through official channels, as well as distrust of the banking sector in Ukraine.Conclusions: To increase the efficiency of the formation and use of household savings in Ukraine, it is necessary to increase the interest of citizens in savings by partially or completely exempting from taxation the income directed to accumulation and create the conditions necessary for the implementation of new banking, insurance, and other types of financial services.
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Kovacs, Karolina Eszter, Agnes Reka Dusa, Zsofia Kocsis, Katalin Pallay, Timea Szucs, and Jozsef Palfi. "Practical or theoretical persistence?: The investigation of (f)actors influencing students’ persistence at three levels." Hungarian Educational Research Journal 9, no. 2 (September 2019): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/063.9.2019.1.22.
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Higher educational dropout is a major education policy issue that can be influenced by several factors. In addition to the family background, it is necessary to mention the motivation for further education as an individual factor which has a complex effect. Another possible individual cause can be the attractiveness of the labor market. Due to the ratio of students dropping out of higher education in Hungary, it can be suspected that students’ intensive work contributes to weaker learning outcomes, resulting dropout finally. In this context, however, the decisive role of the different work values and working attitudes is also unquestionable. Other institutional factors such as the country of the institution or the type of financing of the training cannot be ignored as well. Accordingly, in our research, we investigated individual, institutional, and sociodemographic factors affecting persistence through the TESCEE 2015 (N = 2015) database. Factors influencing persistence were measured by linear regression analysis with the application of two-sample t-test to measure the between-group differences. Regarding socio-demographic factors, the father’s educational level showed a significant impact on a negative while the mother’s employment in a positive way, furthermore, gender presented a trend effect. Institutional factors by themselves are not remarkable; however, some individual factor can increase their impact. At the individual level, the significant effect of career office membership and work values could be detected. Our results can contribute to the recognition of the relationships behind the high ratio of dropout and the identification of factors that can promote persistence, which can support to reduce the dropout ratio at a national and international level.
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Micklewright, John, and Gyula Nagy. "Labour market policy and the unemployed in Hungary." European Economic Review 40, no. 3-5 (April 1996): 819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(95)00092-5.
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Lentner, Csaba. "A magyar állampénzügyi rendszer rezilienciája a COVID–19 járvány kapcsán." Scientia et Securitas 2, no. 3 (December 22, 2021): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/112.2021.00054.
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Összefoglaló. A COVID–19 járvány a magyar gazdaság teljesítményeit és pénzügyi egyensúlyát is gyengítette, ám a korábbról stabil államháztartási alapok következtében a negatív hatások csak átmenetinek vélelmezhetők. Magyarország 2010–2019 között egy sikeres állampénzügyi reformot hajtott végre, amely jó alapot ad a válság elleni védekezéshez. Ugyanakkor a járványválság még erősebben ráirányítja a figyelmet a magyar nemzetgazdaság versenyképességének erősebb javítására, az infláció fékezésére, a költségvetési egyensúly megfelelő keretek között tartására, és a kis- és középvállalati szektor mérethatékonyságának növelésére. A tanulmány bemutatja a válság alatti fiskális és jegybanki intézkedések vázát, és egyúttal utal a válság utáni időszak kihívásaira, amelyek a nemzetközi térből, s különösen a jegybanki politika megváltozásából fakadnak. Summary. The COVID-19 epidemic hit the position of the otherwise strong Hungarian economy. We could see an economic downturn and financial imbalance developed in the last one and half years. As in the recovery (post-crisis) period of the 2010 decade, the crisis is being addressed with the active involvement of the state and the central bank. However, in the course of managing the crisis, it arises that on the new growth trajectory to be built after the recovery period, the competitiveness aspects, especially in the small and medium-sized enterprise category, which plays a major role in Hungary, should be more efficient than in the previous decade. It is necessary to improve the size efficiency, liquidity and capital efficiency of the SME sector by means of fiscal regulation, and the allocation of state resources should be more strongly linked to the requirements of export capacity and innovative business conduct. The decade after the 2007–2008 crisis – the previous recovery period – was characterized by the weak enforcement of fiscal policies in regulating and improving competitiveness, especially in Hungary, where change is essential. After 2013, Hungarian monetary policy also caught up with the international practice of quantitative easing, achieving significant results in improving both the financial balance and economic growth. However, the previous quantitative easing of the central bank, as well as the increase of budget expenditures on epidemiological expenditures, investments, normative budget annual subsidies from the European Union and subsidies from the European Reconstruction Fund, and even investment loans from our Eastern economic partners, generates an overheated economy, inflationary pressures, and external and balance of payments deficits. Added to this is the wage dynamics of the population, and the permanent and even increasing disbursement of family benefits during the crisis. All in all, in the 2020s we will face a new financial-debt crisis, unemployment and labor shortage problems, the competitiveness problems of the small business sector, culminating in the reorganization of the world economy, new competitiveness aspects, it will be a rather complex task. Thus, the turn of competitiveness that has essentially failed in the context of an abundance of resources and consolidated macroeconomic conditions (2010-2019) must be implemented “uphill”, it is only the time, will and opportunity to take its first steps. But the main lesson of the crises caused by the epidemics (also) is that the remaining economic entities have become stronger. And perhaps there is a chance to avoid falling into the trap of medium development through a new central bank policy that moderates inflation and truly enforces modernization considerations, as well as improving financial positions and improving economic positions (competitiveness).
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Orjonikidze, Nino. "THE PLACE OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM IN THE ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE COUNTRY." Economic Profile 15, no. 20 (December 25, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2020.20.06.
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A market economy is based on economic freedom, which is revealed in freedom of choice. Choice is the main precondition for competition, and competition is the main driving force of economic development. Economic freedom contributes to the development of the economy of country and the well-being of the population the country depends on it. The International Heritage Foundation has been conducting annual surveys since 1995 on the fulfillment of these conditions in 180 countries around the world, including Georgia. The index of economic freedom in Georgia changes every year. A country is considered economically free if it does not restrict individual choice, voluntary exchange, freedom of competition. A necessary condition is the protection of private property. In an economically free society, every person has the full right, at his own discretion and in the conditions of free choice, to achieve his own goals, the state does not interfere in its activities and choices. It should be noted that economic freedom does not mean economic independence. At the present stage of society's development, the economic activities of any economic entity are so intertwined, so dynamic and in-depth, that the notion of economic independence sounds more an anachronistic than a 21st-century achievement.This applies to relations between countries, as well as relations between individuals and legal entities. Economic freedom means, above all, freedom of choice. Index of Economic Freedom (Economic Freedom of the World) is a measure of economic freedom compiled by the Heritage Foundation, a leading center for American policy research and ,,The Wall Street Journal“ . This index has been established since 1995.The world rating of "economic freedom" has a great importance in terms of further attracting investment in the country. The Index of Economic Freedom is based on ten criteria. These are: freedom of business, freedom of trade, fiscal freedom, government costs, monetary freedom, freedom of investment, financial freedom, property rights, freedom from corruption, freedom of labor. The information on the results of survey of the Heritage Foundation "Economic Freedom Index" 2020 is posted on the official website of the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, according to the survey 2020 of the "Heritage Foundation" Index of Economic Freedom " rating score of Georgia reached a historical maximum - 77.1 points, it was promoted by 4 positions in the world ranking and took the 12th position. Compared to the previous year, Georgia was promoted by 2 positions in the European region - with this result Georgia is in the 6th place among 45 countries in the European region with the status of "mostly free". Total score ofGeorgia exceeds both the regional (69.8 points) and the world average point (61.6 points). In our view, property rights are crucial in this large system of valuation. In terms of private ownership, the benefit or loss is the property of the owner, which gives him an incentive to use the resource efficiently. When a resource is transferred to collective ownership, the responsibilities are dispelled, and the different motives of the owners ultimately make the preservation and reasonable use of that resource less possible. An even worse result is achieved if the asset becomes state-owned, because then the liability for profit and loss is not dispersed but divided among different groups.There are known cases in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary, where after the end of socialism, the profitability of privately owned companies increased by an average of 77% in just a few years. There are many such stories in the former socialist countries, although privatization is a permanent process in developed countries as well, and the value of privately owned assets around the world has, in fact, been rising every year since the 1980s.
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Bilenko, Yuriy. "ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BETWEEN TWO GLOBAL CRISES AND BEYOND." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-4-8-18.
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The aim of the article is to assess the factors of economic growth of the CEE countries over the 30-year history, the productivity of capital and human resources, the resilience of these countries to the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Methodology. The Solow growth model was used to estimate the growth rates of capital, labor and total factor productivity (TFP). The impact of macroeconomic indicators on GDP and TFP growth is assessed. The group of Central and Eastern European countries that joined the European Union was chosen for the analysis: Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, as well as post-Soviet European countries: Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Moldova and Albania in the period from 1991 to 2019. Results. TFP makes a significant contribution to the economic growth of CEE countries. During the period of market reforms, TFP significantly decreased, and during the boom of 2000-2008 it fully ensured the growth of the CEE economies, after the crisis of 2008, the contribution of TFP decreased by 2 times. In the conditions of recovery, TFP growth is positively influenced by inflation, negative CA balance, and unemployment reduction. In the post-crisis period, a decrease in inflation, a positive CA balance, and an increase in unemployment had a positive impact on TFP growth. During a depression, the influence of capital becomes dominant. Restrictive monetary policy contributes to the efficiency of CEE economies. In the short run, unemployment increases, but in the long run it decreases significantly due to the growth of investment and exports. Practical implications. The analysis makes it possible to identify effective macroeconomic policies to stimulate the productivity of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe during the period of economic recovery and depression. Value/originality. A long-term study of the economic performance of CEE countries using the Solow methodology has revealed the behavior of total factor productivity in different periods of modern economic history and its contribution to economic growth.
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Járdány, Krisztián, and Tímea Győri. "Spatial Research of the Labour Reserve in the Winery Center of the Danube Wine Region (2014–2019)." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 4 (December 2021): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2021.4.11.
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In Hungary, the positive impact of the wine sector on rural areas has encouraged Hungarian and EU policy makers to provide significant development support to wineries. One of the main objectives of the support was to increase employment in rural areas. In the period 2014–2019, nearly €60 million was awarded to support the development of wine businesses in Hungary. The aim of our research is to examine how labour supply in the Danube wine region, Hungary’s largest wine region, has changed over the period covered by the wine sector development aid. We analysed the spatial distribution and concentration of several groups of potential labour supply in the study area. The Dual-index and the Hoover-index were used to measure spatial disparities. To measure the spatial concentration of jobseekers, we calculated the location quotient and then examined the spatial pattern of the resulting municipality-level concentration values using the Local Moran I statistic, a local test function of spatial autocorrelation. As a result of our research, we identified the spatial specificities of the potential labour pool available in the study area. The results are useful for business decisionmakers planning to expand or reorganise their human resources. In addition, knowledge of the characteristics of the available potential workforce will support the definition of future development directions, in particular with regard to human resource expansion.
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Németh, András Olivér, Petra Németh, and Péter Vékás. "Demographics, Labour Market, and Pension Sustainability in Hungary." Society and Economy 42, no. 2 (June 2020): 146–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2019.015.
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The sustainability of an unfunded pension system depends highly on demographic and labour market trends, i.e. how fertility, mortality, and employment rates change. In this paper we provide a brief summary of recent developments in these fields in Hungary and draw up a picture of the current situation. Then, we forecast the path of the economic old-age dependency ratio, i.e. the ratio of the elderly and employed populations. We make different alternative assumptions about fertility, mortality, and employment rates. According to our baseline scenario the dependency ratio is expected to rise from 40.6% to 77% by 2050. Such a sharp increase makes policy intervention inevitable. Based on our sensitivity analysis, the only viable remedy is increasing the retirement age.
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Balog, Ádám. "Tax evasion and the shadow economy in Hungary." Society and Economy 37, s1 (December 2015): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.s.3.
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The fight against the shadow economy and tax evasion is among priority policy objectives in most developed countries. In addition to causing significant budget revenue shortfalls, the shadow economy and tax evasion distort the quality of statistics and market competition. Based on the theoretical and empirical literature, this paper presents the underlying reasons behind the shadow economy and estimates on the size of the shadow economy in Hungary. Furthermore, it draws conclusions on the whitening effects of recent policy measures, based on the most recent statistics of the National Labour Office and the retail sales statistics.
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Mike, Károly, and Gábor Balás. "Measuring for Absorption: How the Institutionalisation of EU Cohesion Policy Influences the Use of Performance Indicators in Hungary." NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nispa-2015-0012.
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Abstract We investigate the performance measurement of the implementing agencies of EU Structural Funds in Hungary. Following the advice of Thiel and Leeuw (2002), we focus on the incentives created by the institutional environment of these agencies. The core of this environment is a double principal-agent relationship between the European Commission (EC), the national government and the Managing Authority. We investigate its institutional features and the resulting organisational incentives for Managing Authorities in Hungary. Relying on programme evaluations, we explore how these incentives actually affected the design and use of performance measurement by Authorities in two policy fields: active labour-market policy and higher education. We find that external incentives to focus on absorption and formal compliance created bias against integrating performance measurement into the policy process and tackling problems of performance risk and non-measurability.
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Molnár, György, Balázs Bazsalya, Lajos Bódis, and Judit Kálmán. "Public works in Hungary:." socio.hu 9, Special Issue (June 18, 2020): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.116.
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This paper reviews the past 10 years of the Hungarian public works system in an international context. It describes changes in the system of public works over time, its various forms, its regional allocation mechanisms and the decision-making and planning process. In that respect, it explores the motivations of the key players, including the central planner, the employment service and the municipalities, as well as their interactions. The analysis is based on interviews conducted in the competent ministries, at national public works providers, the county and district offices of the public employment system and municipalities on one hand, and quantitative data analyses on the entire public works database for the period of 2011-2014, on the other hand.Originally intended to be a labour market policy tool, public works programmes assumed more significant social and municipality management functions, partly because of the extraordinary expansion of their volume. None of their functions performs adequately in the regulatory environment developed; however, they play a key role in mitigating social tensions in disadvantaged rural areas. The planning and regional allocation mechanisms of public works are in many ways similar to the planning procedure of state socialism and provide scope for the of plan bargaining, based on information asymmetry. As a result, this mechanism creates impacts different from the stated objectives in somerespects. The most disadvantaged municipalities thus have proportionately fewer public works participants than would be expected based on the number of long-term unemployed. The system of public works has had a considerable impact on local power structures and transformed the functions of mayors. The responsibility for tackling labour market problems was transferred from the competent employment services to municipalities without expertise, which also had a negative impact on the Public Employment Service.
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McGowan, Christopher. "Workers Entering the Prison." Qui Parle 29, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 343–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10418385-8743016.
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Abstract This article argues that Steve McQueen’s Hunger (2008) represents an unexpected but compelling mutation of the genre of postindustrial labor film. Hunger depicts the protests of Irish republican prisoners inside the Maze Prison that culminated in the 1981 Irish hunger strike. At the same time, the film develops an extended representation of the labor of the prison workers who beat, humiliate, care for, and counsel the prisoners throughout the protests. By combining and reworking the genres of labor film, prison film, and Irish Troubles film, Hunger imagines the prison as a microcosm of a deindustrialized Northern Irish economy where labor has left the factory and become conjoined to the disciplinary power of the state, either as police work or as care work. In this way, Hunger attends to the “spirit” of what Lenin called the “labor aristocracy,” here reduced to the work of maintaining the very boundary between itself and those excluded from it. McQueen’s attention to the body and to the affective dimensions of labor and struggle, the article argues, allows Hunger to achieve a uniquely committed, totalizing representation of the political economy of Northern Ireland.
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Mohamed Baqutayan, Shadiya, Sumaya Mohammed Bagotayan, Hafiz Hussin, Boniface Basin Anak Nyirob, and Faisal Ali Al Balushi. "Is Child Labor an Issue Today? Factors and Policy-Related." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 69 (September 21, 2020): 826–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.69.826.837.
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The world has accomplished progress in human right and child education under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); the goal that comprises end modern slavery and human trafficking and secures the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labor in all its forms, nevertheless, child labor issues are continuing to spread to many countries in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to address the issue of child labor and factor that help to eliminate child labor issues in Malaysia. Data were collected through an online survey; the participants included twenty-nine (29) Malaysian civil services. The finding of this research indicated that, although the cost for hiring the children is low compare to the adult as highlighted in supply and demand side, few factors preventing community to use the child as a laborer like religion, awareness/knowledge, humanity, ethic, and culture, therefore, there must be a child labor policy that eliminates all forms of child labor in Malaysia. This research is carried values to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in enhancing the policy to end child labor, reduce poverty and hunger, and improves the quality of education; thus, this research carries values to the minister of labor and social affairs in enhancing the policy on human resources development.
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Cserháti, Ilona, and Károly Pirisi. "Industry 4.0 and some social consequences: Impact assessment by microsimulation for Hungary." Society and Economy 42, no. 2 (June 2020): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00010.
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AbstractThe expected future impact of the fourth industrial revolution is a hotly debated issue in the literature. The majority of papers focus on quantifying the expected impacts on labour demand, or on a specific country, or on huge macro-regions – and the estimates differ widely. Our paper focuses on the impact assessment of Industry 4.0 on the expected structure of employment, wages and inequalities in Hungary. We built a static microsimulation model for our analysis, where the “EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions Hungary 2017” dataset was used as a starting point. Projections by the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) were used for policy simulations on future employment by sector and by occupational group for each European Union (EU) member state. The analysis also elaborates our own augmented vision about the expected labour demand changes and expected wage trends. Based on this information, the spill-over effects were calculated regarding wage structure and inequalities by sector, region and the highest educational attainment.
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Szombati, Ivett. "Szociális ellátások a társadalombiztosítási családtámogatás rendszerében." Orvosi Hetilap 160, Supplement 1 (February 2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2019.31395.
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Introduction and aim: In my study, analysing the data available from the change of the regime to the present day, from among the social services, I examine the changes of the financial support relating to children and its parts which are currently financed from the budget of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary, with special emphasis on the Child Care Benefit and the Child Care Allowance and their modifications. Data and methods: Within the framework of our research, we analyze – through data from the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary, the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Hungarian State Treasury as well as on the basis of literature review – the social financial support and its changes, within the family policy system. Results: Hungarian family policy is still driven by the attitude of staying at home for three years with the child. The long period spent at home with the children fundamentally affects the adjustment of mothers to the labour market which has a direct effect on the economic productivity. Even though according to the current regulations, mothers are allowed to work full-time besides receiving child care allowance after their child fills 6 months, part-time employment and telework is still in its infancy compared to the Western-European countries. Based on our research, high percentage of families go for the child care benefit directly after the birth of the child thus not participating in the labour market processes. Besides if they do participate, the percentage of employment on minimal wage is still very high which means that in 2016–2017 36% of families with two breadwinners and two children were forced to survive on subsistence income. Conclusion: In the examined period, we found that social and family policy changes unfortunately were not able to react sufficiently to the demographic challenges despite Hungary spending significantly more on family policy than other European and OECD countries. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(Suppl 1): 43–48.
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Artner, Annamária. "Production Technology and Competitiveness in the Hungarian Manufacturing Industry." Acta Oeconomica 55, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.55.2005.3.4.
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Following the big transformations of the 1990s, enterprise structure and technological level seem to have become stabilised in Hungary. Under these circumstances it is especially interesting to identify the elements responsible for competitiveness in general, and the role technology plays in development in particular, according to managers experienced in production and marketing. This empirical study - based on in-depth interviews and field research - summarises characteristics of the technological level in the sectors examined, role of technology and labour in production, effects of foreign direct investment, relations between competition and firm-level factors determining competitiveness, and concludes by summing up those most frequently mentioned proposals that should be incorporated into economic policy according to managers. Main findings indicate that more qualified, more intensive and cheaper labour can be substituted for high technology. The competitiveness of an enterprise is not determined by technology alone, but rather by a combination of technology, the parameters of available labour and the costs of investment increasing productivity. The insufficiency of inter-company relations, together with a shortage of available assets necessary for investment constitute the major threat undermining the competitiveness of enterprises in present-day Hungary.
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Boda, Dorottya, and László Neumann. "Social dialogue in Hungary and its influence on EU accession." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 6, no. 3 (August 2000): 416–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890000600307.
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The paper reviews the positions of the Hungarian social partners on the labour issues relating to EU accession. In addition to the topics dealt with in the 'Social Policy and Employment' chapter in the accession negotiations, the paper also discusses unions' and employers'views on labour migration, as well as how the adaptation of EU regulations in various sectors is likely to affect employment prospects. The paper argues that, on the one hand, social dialogue on EU accession can become more meaningful if employers and unions develop a co-ordinated strategy. On the other hand, appropriate back-up by experts is also required, because social partners ought to influence the complex system of negotiations being conducted, by experts of both the EU Commission and the Hungarian government, behind the scenes of high-level political negotiations. The authors also analyse the operation of social dialogue fora dedicated to EU accession issues. Hungary was the first East European candidate country to establish a joint committee with the Economic and Social Council (ESC), and within the country labour-related issues of accession have been delegated to the newly founded European Integration Council. In these fora the behaviour of trade unions is largely a consequence of the frustration over the fact that the current right-wing coalition government does not wish to go any further than formally observe the unions' consulting rights on major issues. At the same time organisational weakness and internal divisions still exist on the trade union side.
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Süli-Zakar, István. "The Formation of Social and Economic Peripheries in Hungary after the Change of Regime." Landscape & Environment 10, no. 3-4 (September 13, 2016): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/10/3-4/11.
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The Hungarian industrial revolution started in the second half of the 19th century, which caused therevaluation of the geographical peripheries in Hungary. After the Trianon Treaty the rural areas of Hungarylost their foreign markets and became the "country of three million beggars". The socialist industrializationof the systems of Rákosi and Kádár absorbed the surplus of rural labour, but the industrializationmeant the redistributive exploitation of the agricultural areas and the further impoverishment. Afterthe political transition in 1989, the rural Hungary could not be the "pantry of the Council for MutualEconomic Assistance", and the final crisis of the Hungarian agricultural sales finalized the deformationof the three-quarters of Hungary, the major part of the rural areas in Hungary. In the recent decades thebrain drain worked in the Hungarian peripheries, the disinvestment and the pauperization increased.The emerging of the new latifundia and the monoculture commodity production operate independently,separated from the Hungarian rural people in the sense of ownerships and production. As the result ofthese negative processes, significant part of the society in the peripheral areas declassed. In this hopelesssituation awareness only a conscious regional policy and above all, a very well-considered education isonly able to offer a chance for break
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Losoncz, M. "Hungary's Competitiveness in an International Comparison - A Supply-side Approach." Acta Oeconomica 54, no. 2 (August 1, 2004): 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.54.2004.2.4.
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The paper analyses Hungary's competitiveness in international comparison by focusing on the supply-side factors determining competitiveness. Although it attaches outstanding importance to the business-friendly general economic environment mainly in terms of the transition to the market economy and attracting foreign direct investments, the interrelationship among labour productivity, labour costs and nominal and real exchange rates are in its focal point. Its main conclusion is that it is labour productivity which determines international competitiveness in the long run. However, appropriate economic-policy measures are required to prevent the erosion of relative international competitiveness by increasing labour costs and the real appreciation of the national currency.
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Donath, Liliana E., and Petru-Ovidiu Mura. "The Looming Central and Eastern European Real Convergence Club. Do Implicit Tax Rates Play a Part?" Danube 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/danb-2019-0004.
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Abstract The paper investigates whether there is a convergence club stance for the Visegrad countries plus Romania and Bulgaria and the part played, in this process, by the implicit tax rates on labour and consumption, respectively. For the purpose of the research, the GDP per capita, productivity and unemployment are used as convergence indicators and dependent variables. The dataset covers the 1995–2016 timeframe and the analysis is based on a panel-model approach. The main results show that the implicit tax on labour has no significant effect on the convergence indicators while the implicit rates on consumption are statistically significant with negative influence. The interpretation of results is made considering a set of control and robustness variables where policy lessons derive from. The conclusion reflects on the policy lessons that can serve to accomplish the convergence club within selected CEE countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Romania.
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Cseres-Gergely, Zsombor. "Can the modernisation of a public employment service be an effective labour market intervention? The Hungarian experience, 2004-2008." European Journal of Government and Economics 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2012.1.2.4282.
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The Public Employment Service often delivers much of the employment policy including active labour market programmes in many member states in the EU, yet we know little about its effectiveness in general. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of the potential impact of the modernisation programme of the Hungarian Public Employment service between 2004 and 2008. Using data at the level of local offices, I calculate programme effects using a difference-in-difference estimator. Results show that the programme has increased re-employment rates significantly, by 6%. The modernisation was thus a moderately effective but relatively inexpensive intervention, similar in terms of cost-effectiveness to the better active labour market programmes in Hungary.
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Bacsi, Zsuzsanna, Lóránt Dénes Dávid, and Zsolt Hollósy. "Industry Differences in Productivity—In Agriculture and Tourism by Lake Balaton, Hungary." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 11809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911809.
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The paper compared the performance of firms in agriculture and in tourism in two countryside areas of Hungary, assessing 2613 firms for 16 years (2004–2019). The data are from tax reports of all firms of the analysed areas. Agriculture and countryside tourism depend on environmental factors, thus they are more seriously affected by adverse environmental events than other production or service industries. The research was aimed at identifying differences between the two industries, and reveal time patterns and size-related traits of performance. Labour force, sales revenues, total assets, labour productivity, and total factor productivity (TFP) were analysed with descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis. Results reveal that the performance of firms in these industries differ significantly regarding total assets, sales revenues, labour force, and labour productivity, but does not differ in TFP, and differences are associated either with average levels of indicator values or their temporal tendencies. Our results underline that firm performance considerably differs by firm size, smaller firms are generally more labour-efficient than larger ones, and labour efficiency is positively impacted by total asset level, but TFP is not. Agriculture was found to be not less efficient than tourism, contrary to general assumptions.
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Włodarczyk, Przemysław. "Monetary Policy Transmission and the Labour Market in the Non‑eurozone Visegrad Group Countries in 2000–2014. Evidence from a SVAR Analysis." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 20, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0026.
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This paper is aimed at filling the gap in existing economic research by delivering new evidence on the money‑labour nexus in the emerging markets of the non‑eurozone Visegrad group countries (i.e. Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland). Analyses are based on the Strucutral VAR (SVAR) models of the monetary transmission mechanism, estimated using monthly data from the 2000:1–2014:2 period. In order to obtain impulse responses, the short‑run restrictions set, based on the monetary transmission theory, is imposed. Two different identification schemes are considered.The results confirm that there exists a nexus between monetary policy, employment, and unemployment. According to the obtained estimates monetary policy shocks invoked lagged, hump‑shaped reactions of output, employment and unemployment in each of the analysed countries.
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Boardman, Robert. "Building States without Society: European Union Enlargement and the Transfer of EU Social Policy to Poland and Hungary." Canadian Journal of Political Science 41, no. 1 (March 2008): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423908080347.
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Building States without Society: European Union Enlargement and the Transfer of EU Social Policy to Poland and Hungary, Beate Sissenich, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007, pp. xiv, 237.Social policy has been a crucial and at times controversial area for the European Union, yet it remains limited in scope and clout. EU social policy is not a major annoyance of a kind to alarm employers nor does it present labour unions with tantalizing opportunities for social change. It does not deal with redistribution politics and does not establish an EU-level welfare state. Important topics are left out. In the negotiations before the 2004 enlargement, the issues of mobility and the freedom of movement of persons—politically charged issues in view of the fears on the part of some older members of a significant influx of workers from new lower-wage EU states—were handled in a separate negotiating chapter.
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Grundey, Dainora, and Miglė Sarvutytė. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF LABOUR FORCE MIGRATION: THE CASE OF LITHUANIA." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2007.9637802.
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This paper aims at presenting a conceptually new model of labour force migration in relation to the higher education policy making and the role of the Government in this process. The concept of human capital development stands out as the main theoretical backbone in this paper, comprising the aspects of financing the higher education and any realities, of how educated specialists could return (if at all) the Government's subsidies provided in their education process, especially in case of their migration to foreign countries. As Lithuania, alongside with other new EU member‐states, such as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia etc, experiences a ‘brain‐drain’ effect on its labour force market, which, consequently, has a crucial impact on the equilibrium of skilled and unskilled workforce in the listed countries. Therefore the authors raise a question, whether the labour force migration process could be managed, controlled or monitored?
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Oláh, Judit. "Közfoglalkoztatás, mint a munkanélküliség csökkentésére alkalmas egységes rendszer bemutatása." Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 9, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2014): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2014.1-2.116-130.
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It is important to investigate labour market tools as employment policy is expected to reduce unemployment and the segmentation of the labour market, to decrease the intensifying unfavourable situation of vulnerable social groups, to help the geographical, employment and branch labour mobility and to improve productivity. I examine the role of public employment of the labour market tools. I introduce the development of public employment tools and detail that what effects the public employment has on the tendency of unemployment. The literature review in my research was compiled with the aim of a secondary research objective. In the literature review I deal with the introduction of the public employment as a tool for handling labour market crises in the countries of the European Union, as well as with the characteristics of the new system of public employment in Hungary. The numbers of those who are involved in the public employment program both at national and sub-regional levels forecast its significance and necessity under the present condition of the Hungarian economy.
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Pakurár, Miklós, Béla Cehla, Judit Oláh, and András Nábrádi. "Aspects of working Ukrainian citizens in Hungary." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 7, no. 4-5 (December 30, 2013): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2013/4-5/16.
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The primary focus of the joint survey, by the National Employment Foundation (OFA) and the researchers of the University of Debrecen in 2009, was to identify the employment characteristics of Ukrainian citizens in Hungary in relation to their impact on the labour market. Our research activities implied the analysis of existing data, relevant scientific literature and a survey questionnaire. For all the target groups, we were guided by the principle of representativity. Statistical analyses and the survey questionnaire were supplemented by indepth interviews. Our research findings are instrumental in simplifying the administration of the Foreign Affairs Police, the process of issuing work permits for foreign employees and their access to employment. The responses given by employees revealed that access to employment in Hungary posed several administrative and official problems for both Hungarian and Ukrainian citizens. Moreover, Ukrainian employees felt a kind of negative discrimination regarding their wages and the conditions of employment as compared to Hungarian employees and they sought remedy from Hungarian official bodies for this problem. The authors hope to call the attention of competent authorities to structural problems and loopholes in the employment of foreign citizens. If these are corrected, it will not only improve employment conditions for foreign workers, but for Hungarian ones as well.
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Mohiuddin, Iqra, Muhammad Asif Kamran, Shokhrukh-Mirzo Jalilov, Mobin-ud-Din Ahmad, Sultan Ali Adil, Raza Ullah, and Tasneem Khaliq. "Scale and Drivers of Female Agricultural Labor: Evidence from Pakistan." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 6633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166633.
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Agricultural labor is largely informal, particularly for female agricultural labor in developing countries. Despite significant participation in the agricultural labor force in Pakistan, women’s contribution is not properly acknowledged and rewarded. The issue is further aggravated by the dearth of literature on gender–labor relations in cropping and livestock activities. Considering this gap in the literature, the current study was conducted with the specific objective of exploring the labor composition of different agricultural activities in different farm size categories in general and, particularly, female agricultural labor (family and hired labor) participation and its determinants in the rice–wheat cropping system of the Punjab province, Pakistan. The data were collected from 300 households across four districts of the province. Labor participation was calculated on an official farm size classification basis, i.e., small (<12.5 acres), medium (12.6–25 acres) and large (>25 acres) farms. The findings show that female labor is predominantly demanded in the manual harvesting of wheat, rice nursery transplantation and harvesting, and the majority of the livestock-related activities. The regression model results showed that family female labor and hired female labor participation significantly depend on the landholding status of farmers, household size, family type and level of education. The interviews also illustrated that labor relations are rapidly changing—ongoing mechanization threatens conventional female labor activities due to the lack of machinery operation skills among females, caused by informal state policies and cultural barriers. The findings of the study have important policy implications for mainstreaming gender status in agricultural policy and rural development and contribute directly to the Sustainable Development Goals on Gender Equality (SDG#5) and Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG#8), and indirectly to No Poverty (SDG#1), Zero Hunger (SDG#2), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG#12) and Climate Action (SDG#13).
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Brusis, Martin. "Residuales oder europäisches Wohlfahrtsmodell?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 29, no. 114 (March 1, 1999): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v29i114.823.
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The study discusses welfare reforms in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) in relation with the adaptation processes of Western European welfare states on the one hand, the accession preparations of the CEEC on the other. Policy approaches and outcomes are scrutinized for labour market policy, health care, pension systems and family policy in the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Poland. The study argues that the institutional reforms currently undertaken in Central and Eastern Europe will decide on the future - European or residual - nature of the welfare states in the region. Due to the pre-accession constellation the EU is in a position to influence the path of development and there are good reasons for the EU to promote a European welfare model in the CEEC. However, the European Commission has neither formulated such a model nor contributed to its implementation during the accession preparations.
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Pickvance, C. G. "Employers, Labour Markets, and Redistribution Under State Socialism: An Interpretation of Housing Policy in Hungary 1960-1983." Sociology 22, no. 2 (May 1988): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038588022002003.
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Katona, Klára. "Tőkepiaci versenyképesség tényezőinek alakulása Kelet-Közép-Európában." Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 4, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2009): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2009.3-4.143-147.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyse the FDI potential index in Central-Eastern Europe. This index was elaborated by UNCTAD to identify the main elements of competitiveness in capital market. According to international and regional researches these factors influence the investors' decisions which are the following: market size of the country, openness of the trade, state of the infrastructure, level of human capital, country risk, the labour cost and labour productivity, tax policy, tax level. The research covers the periods before and after the integration of this region to European Union. The temporal and spatial comparison concerning the influence of these factors on FDI mirrors the competitiveness of these countries (Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland) in capital market and proved the essential effects of the level of human capital and the infrastructure in the new member states.
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Stańko, Aneta. "Poziom ubóstwa w krajach nowo przyjętych do Unii Europejskiej." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 53 (September 25, 2004): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.53.17.
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The paper presents chosen indicators of poverty and labour market in new member countries of the European Union. The new member countries could participate in the open coordination of policy against poverty and social exclusion from the first day of membership. The poverty level in new member countries was almost on the same level as in the "old" members but the poverty threshold was much lower in new members. The biggest sphere of poverty was in Estonia and Lithuania (over 16%), the lowest-in the Czech Republic and Hungary (about 10%). The main cause of poverty in all of the member countries was unemployment, especially persistent.
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Honcharenko, D. O. "The Pharmaceutical Industry in New EU Member States: A Statistical Comparison with Germany. Lessons for Ukraine." Statistics of Ukraine 92, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/su.2(93)2021.02.03.
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Pharmaceutical production is a strategic sector of the EU economy. The authorities of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries that became EU members in 2004 have been building up domestic pharmaceutical industries for purposes of production and distribution of medical drugs (MDs) and medical products (MPs), on the one hand, and government assistance to business entities and public procurement, on the other. The article’s objective is to assess the change in economic performance of the pharmaceutical industry in Poland, Hungary and Czechia after their accession to EU, to make a comparative statistical analysis with Germany, the leader of pharmaceutical production in EU, and to reveal key problems of this industry development in CEE countries, in order to elaborate recommendations for Ukraine on replication of best practices and avoidance of potential risks.
Results of research show that pharmaceutical producers (group 54 SITC Rev.4) in CEE countries have been focusing mostly on EU market, with Germany being their main partner. The turnover of high tech pharmaceutical goods in CEE countries has significantly grown after the accession to EU, along with the significantly grown imports of these goods and the increasing negative trade balance. Pharmaceutical companies in CEE countries could increase the salaries and the apparent labor productivity, but the gap between them and Germany in salary and productivity terms still remains too wide. In the studied CEE countries there has been significant increase in pharmaceutical R&D spending, but its estimated share remains quite low compared with average figures for EU (16.1%) and Germany (25.6%).
It is substantiated that because the future Agreement between the European Community and Ukraine on conformity assessment and acceptance of industrial products (ACAA agreement, or “Industrial visa-free regime”), which is being negotiated right now, will cover the pharmaceutical industry, the Ukrainian pharmaceutics will gain benefits only given the consolidated endogenous capacities of the industry and firmly established advantages of localization providing stimuli for European companies to create production facilities and R&D centers in Ukraine (including ones for contract-based R&D and productions). It is demonstrated that the inflow of investment and technologies from European pharmaceutical companies is capable of accelerating production start-up and exports of MDs and MPs (as time need not be lost for setting up all the links of the chain), thus adding up to the assets of Ukrainian producers (through transfer of knowledge and skills), but all the above cannot compensate for domestic efforts aimed at creating tangible and intangible assets in the industry. Given its Eurointegration context, Ukraine needs to pursue the policy of increasing the industry’s endogenous capacities and rely on the comprehensive approach (instead of focusing on MDs and MPs) that will cover the following key areas: biological and chemical ingredients, medical equipment, pharmaceutical fillers and packages, equipment and apparatus for pharmaceutical production. This is expected to reduce the dependence of Ukrainian pharmaceutics on imports and eliminate the problem of “truncated industrialization” that can cause structural imbalances, worsen the balance of payments and weaken the national currency.
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Stitt, Sean, Glenys Griffiths, and Diane Grant. "Homeless & Hungry: The Evidence from Liverpool." Nutrition and Health 9, no. 4 (January 1994): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609400900404.
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Much research has established the link between low incomes and poor nutritional standards. A research team from the Centre for Consumer Education & Research at Liverpool John Moores' University recently found that 30% of all families with children in Britain today are spending less on food than what is required to achieve a dietary which adheres, at minimum cost, to the Department of Health's Dietary Recommended Values (DRVs). But very little, if any, research has investigated the nutritional implications of a particularly extreme form of material deprivation—homelessness. This pilot study therefore sets out to study the dietaries of a number of homeless families in Liverpool—homeless as defined by living in Bed & Breakfast accommodation. Not only do such families have to contend with dependency upon welfare benefits when purchasing their foodstuffs; they also have to labour under inadequate cooking facilities. The study has involved these families keeping a dietary diary of all food and drink consumed. This information has then been analysed for its nutrient composition, using the Microdiet computer programme at Liverpool JMU. The results will show that, in every single case, the dietaries of these homeless families fall substantially short of the government's own nutritional guidelines and are, without doubt, unhealthy in the extreme. This paper is thus an examination of the nature and extent of the problem, using the science of nutrition and dietetics: not a policy prescription (although this is obvious) not a policy analysis. A study of the dietary implications of homelessness for 100 individuals (the largest ever undertaken) on Merseyside will be undertaken between September 1993 and June 1994.
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Vutsova, Albena, Martina Arabadzhieva, and Todor Yalamov. "YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN EUROPE – BUSINESS CYCLES, CRISES, AND POLICY RESPONSES." Proceedings of CBU in Economics and Business 2 (October 24, 2021): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/peb.v2.263.
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Purpose: The goal of the paper is to analyse in which countries’ youth unemployment is statistically pro or countercyclical and how crises in the last decade have affected it. What would the plausible explanations for diverging patterns within the EU and other European countries be? In what terms is the young people’s labour market across Europe imbalanced?
Methodology: The paper builds on Gontkovicova et al.’s (2015) analysis of correlations between GDP growth and youth unemployment on an annual basis by adding more indicators and considering the quarterly basis as well. The quantitative approach is enriched by qualitative insights on Southeast European countries studied within the Erasmus+ YouthCap project (CRA, 2020).
Findings: Most of the countercyclical youth unemployment trends in the last 20 years are observed in Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia). From Western European countries Iceland, Denmark and Portugal are countercyclical. The most resilient countries in terms of COVID-19 are North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Iceland, which were able to reduce youth unemployment during the coronavirus crisis (Q3 in 2019 and 2020). Plausible policy reactions have been identified based on the concept of learning societies and the need for continuous education.
Practical implications: The paper argues why localised policy responses could be more effective than a centralised solution. However, increased coordination and standardisation of secondary and higher education could lead to increased youth labour migration.
Originality/value: The paper combines a more traditional quantitative approach to the most recent data series with the qualitative approach of identifying various micro-trends by looking at selected outlier countries.