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1
Krajňáková, Emília, and Sergej Vojtovič. "Global Trends in the Labor Market and Balance of Losses and Benefits from Labor Migration." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 05012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207405012.
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The study deals with the analysis of global labor market trends in the European Union countries under the influence of free movement and labor migration within the European Union. Named analyzes include defining trends in the emigration and immigration flows of the workforce among the countries of the European Union that apply the policy of migration and countries that are the source of labor emigration. On this basis, labor migration losses and benefits are assessed and their impact on GDP creation on the labor market, the state budget and other economic and social indicators for countries with a migration policy and for countries with a strong majority of labor migration flows abroad are examined. On this basis, the processes of creating imbalances in the European labor market, which are affected by the absence of balance sheets in the benefits and losses of labor migration for individual countries, are examined. The analyzes and investigations carried out have resulted in the definition and justification of the shift in the balance of losses and benefits of labor migration towards a predominance of benefits for countries with a migration policy and a prevalence of losses for countries with a strong dominance of labor migration flows abroad.
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Dudauri, Tamar. "REGULATION OF LEGAL MIGRATION FROM GEORGIA TO EU COUNTRIES AND INTEGRATION INTO THE LABOR MARKET." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 07, no. 12 (2022): 4017–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2022.v07i12.018.
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Migration processes have become not only an important factor in modern international relations, but also have a serious impact on the state's domestic policy. In addition to combating illegal migration, protecting borders and providing asylum, an integral part of migration policy is also regulation of legal migration channels, including labor migration. Effective management of legal migration is in the common interest of EU member states and the EU as a Union. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the stages and principles of the formation of the supranational component of the regulation of legal migration in the European Union. The author pays special attention to the political and legal component, methods and tools of migration regulation in the European Union. The assessment of the current situation of the common migration policy of the European Union is of interest for the integration processes and the future development of the European Union.
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Khomutenko, L., and O. Ieremenko. "MULTICULTURALISM AS A DERIVATIVE PHENOMENON OF LABOR MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 1 (2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2019.1-9.
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The article explores the essence of multiculturalism and its place in the politics of the European Union. This article looks at aspects of the impact of migration flows on countries of the world and world politics. It reveals the scope and main directions of international labor migration. The purpose of the article is to investigate the economic indicators of the countries most affected by irregular migration flows and to develop practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of employment in international relations. Analyzing and summarizing the results of scientific works and research of domestic and foreign scholars, the tendency of characteristic changes of multiculturalism as part of cultural relations was considered. Several consequences of international labor migration from different countries are described. The importance of multiculturalism policy for international economic relations has been proved. Particular attention is paid to the problems and prospects of multicultural policy development in EU countries. Keywords: multiculturalism, migration, labor migration, emigration, immigration, economic migrants.
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Sviashchenko, Zinaida. "Migration Policy of the European Union on the Countries of Northern Africa." European Historical Studies, no. 13 (2019): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.13.67-83.
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The article is devoted to the actual issues of the European Union migration policy with regard to the countries of North Africa. Indeed, the intensive migration movement that has recently taken place in Europe has forced the EU to develop a new, adequate migration policy that would be able to effectively address the problems encountered in this area. The reasons and the current state of migration processes are investigated. The main directions and areas of regulation of migration processes in the European Union concerning the countries of North Africa are highlighted. In particular, attention is drawn to such an important direction of the EU migration policy as the fight against illegal migration. The main problems of regulation of migration processes, in particular, labor migrants and refugees, are outlined. The substantial quantitative and qualitative changes that have taken place in the migration processes from the countries of North Africa to Europe have been analyzed. The general economic consequences of migration from the countries of North Africa for donor countries and recipient countries are described. Attention is drawn to the issue of professional training of Africans for further employment in the EU. It is concluded that migration in the EU countries plays a special role due to the aging of the population in European countries and the need to attract labor from third countries. Migration flows between the countries of North Africa and the EU are particularly intense. This is due to the geographical proximity of these regions, as well as close economic, political and cultural ties. Among the priority areas of the EU migration policy, such as border management and the return of illegal migrants to their homeland, convergence of Member States practice in strengthening the common European regime, sharing responsibilities and ensuring the acceptance of refugees with their further resettlement among EU member states.
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Martirosyan, Diana G. "LEGAL LABOR MIGRATION REGULATION FROM THIRD COUNTRIES UNDER EUROPEAN UNION LAW." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 1 (2022): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-1-09.
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The article deals with the EU legal framework in the sphere of regulation of legal labor migration of citizens from third countries. In recent years this issue has become one of the most discussed in the European Union due to the migration crisis and the development of geopolitical transformations. By examining the relevant provisions of primary and secondary EU law, especially certain provisions of EU secondary legislation, as well as the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter — CJEU), the author concludes that the European Union institutions and competent authorities need to change their approach when it comes to labor market needs. The migration crisis of 2015-2019 has shown the need to develop and further adopt a common migration policy at the supranational level, with particular attention to the regulation of labor migration. Details on improving and developing a program for the integration and assimilation of migrants in host countries are extremely important. There is also a need to develop online platforms and tools to help potential migrants better integrate, which could be similar to the European Job Mobility Portal (EURES). Particular attention needs to be paid to the implementation of European law at the supranational level, as individual countries complicate administrative and bureaucratic regulation in order to reduce the flow of migration into their countries. In general, despite some progress in the development of EU migration law, there is a need to improve it in order to bring it into line with the reality of migration regulation.
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Semeko, Galina. "LABOR MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS." Economic and social problems of Russia The digital economy Current state and prospects, no. 4 (2021): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/espr/2021.04.06.
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Quarantine measures and restrictions on movement associated with the spread of the COVID-19 virus have a serious impact on the mobility of the population in the EU, in particular on the labor migration. The pandemic highlighted the significant contribution of the migrant workforce to the keeping vital sections of the European economy operational, which necessitated a reassessment of its role and the adaptation of immigration policy. The article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the situation of migrant workers, their employment, wages, remittances to their homeland, as well as on the regulation of migration flows and immigration policy. The problems of labor migration from the Eastern Partnership countries to the EU countries are also considered.
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Popović, Svetlana, Irena Janković, and Velimir Lukić. "Heterogeneity of inflation processes in European monetary union." Ekonomika preduzeca 70, no. 7-8 (2022): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekopre2208373p.
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Paper analyses the extent to which inflation processes in Eurozone member countries are heterogeneous. Eurozone is composed of 19 different countries, are they similar enough to share the common currency? Significant heterogeneity of inflation processes makes the management of common monetary policy very complicated, since it poses contradicting demands, so it will not suit all members. Growing inflation has been very significant problem in the world since the beginning of 2021 and events in the first quarter of 2022 brought even higher, unprecedented rise in inflation rates. How might that influence the management of common monetary policy? Should we fear of new debt crisis in EMU? It was expected that Monetary union will support the integration of labor, product and capital markets, which will further reduce the heterogeneity of inflation processes. Literature review showed significant achievement in inflation convergence when comparing period before and after the advent of Monetary union, however problems occurred in later stages. Our analysis indicates significant departure of inflation process in majority of member countries from EMU average and among themselves. There is no statistically significant convergence of inflation rates, while there is a unit root in the series of standard deviations of inflation differentials. Coefficient of variations shows large differences in inflation rates in a single period, variability of inflation between members is very high, and variations of inflation seem insufficiently correlated. Inflation rates show significant persistence measured by autocorrelation coefficients, and there are differences among member countries showing that their inflation transmission processes differ.
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MALYNOVSKA, O. А. "Modern Development of EU Migration Policy and Migration Prospects of Ukraine." Demography and social economy, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2021.02.092.
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The aim of the article is to analyze the development of migration policy of the European Union, its main directions set out by the European Commission in the draft of new Pact on Migration and Asylum, and assess the impact of European approaches to migration management on migration of population of Ukraine. To achieve it, general scientific methods are used, such as systemic, comparative, structural-functional. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of migration of Ukrainians to the EU for the development of the country, as well as the need to implement the norms and principles of European legislation as a component of European integration of Ukraine. The novelty of the article is to identify current trends in EU migration policy and predict their impact on changes in the volume, direction and characteristics of migration of Ukrainians. It is concluded that the development of the channels of legal migration envisaged by the new Pact, primarily for skilled labor, and strengthening the fight against illegal migration, will encourage Ukrainians to move more orderly to European countries. This, of course, will help to improve working conditions of migrants, ensure their rights, but will increase the risks of turning part of temporary labor migration into permanent one and, consequently, further loss of labor and intellectual potential of the country. At the same time, the European Commission’s proposals to deepen cooperation in the field of migration with neighboring countries open up new opportunities for Ukraine to mitigate the negative effects of migration processes. In particular, it is time to raise once again the issue of concluding agreements with the countries of destination of la bor migrants from Ukraine on the joint use of labor and on social security of migrants. The possibility of support by European partners of programs of promoting the reintegration of returnees is worth discussing. The proposal for a “talent partnership” contains certain prospects for transforming the brain drain from Ukraine to their mutually beneficial circulation. The development of migration management in the EU should be taken into account in order to improve migration policy of Ukraine. In particular, the European experience of a differentiated approach to immigration, promoting the arrival of professionals, students and investors is noteworthy. In order to prevent illegal migration and shadow employment of foreigners, EU developments on procedures for admitting seasonal workers, obtaining a residence permit and permit for employment in one document can be used. European experience in improving the efficiency and timeframe of asylum procedures is also useful. Key words: migration policy, European Union, migration of the population of Ukraine.
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Trpkova-Nestorovska, Marija. "FACTORS OF EMIGRATION: ANALYSIS OF COUNTRIES FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION." Knowledge International Journal 32, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij320133t.
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The past decade was a period that was characterized by massive migration flows in European Union countries, a situation like none other before. Different migration flows contributed to inflow of working force from conflict areas of the Middle East, countries from the Western Balkans, and also migration within the European Union. While immigration is dominant, emigration also has large impact in the migration flow in the EU. The purpose of this paper is to determine the main factors that contribute to emigration in the 28 EU countries. The panel regression model with random effects is used where seven factors were examined in order to determine their influence on the emigration. Macroeconomic determinants include GDP per capita and unemployment rate, demographic factors include total population, young male population and young female population and other factors include level of corruption and enrollment in tertiary education. Analysis includes 28 EU countries, while the analyzed period is 1999-2017 (19 periods), and the total number is 560 observations. The results confirm that emigration is driven by unemployment rate, total population, young male and young female population. When the unemployment rate increases, the emigration also increases, which is logical. If the national labor market cannot provide vacancies for the increasing supply of work force, the next option would be emigration in another country due to eligible working positions. Population, as demographic factor, also influences emigration. The bigger the population, the larger emigration is expected. Also, young female and male population have statistically significant effect on the emigration, yet the direction of the relationship is different. Increase in young male population can contribute to increase in emigration. On the other side, increase in young female population reduces the number of emigrants. From the results it would seem that demographic factors dominate over macroeconomic and other factors. Policy makers in the countries with accentuated emigration component should be concerned that young male population is leaving, and this labor force is or soon will become deficitary. Also, unemployment is another issue that should be addressed. National governments should create policies that contribute to increased economic growth that produces vacancies. Otherwise, the high unemployment rate would soon drain the country out of its working source. Other factors such as level of corruption, GDP per capita and enrollment in tertiary education seem not to have statistically significant impact on emigration in the countries of the European Union.
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Sompolska-Rzechuła, Agnieszka, and Agnieszka Kurdyś-Kujawska. "Generation of Young Adults Living with Their Parents in European Union Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 4272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074272.
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Young adult Europeans today find it more and more difficult to leave their native nest. The article examines the changes in the percentage of nesters over time, considering their gender, age, and the form of professional activity and employment status. The article also measures the phenomenon of nesting using the linear ordering of countries. Eurostat data were used in the work. The period of the study covers the years 2011–2019, while the spatial scope relates to the 28 countries of the European Union. The results show that more and more young adults live with their parents, and the percentage of nesters varies across Europe. Young adults living with their parents are people with a different employment status and professional activity. Those are employed persons working full-time, employed persons working part-time, unemployed persons, students, employees with a permanent job, employees with a temporary job and other persons outside the labor force. We prove that the problem of nesting between European countries was varied. It is noticeable that this phenomenon is intensifying, especially among the unemployed and those without permanent employment.
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Rollnik-Sadowska, Ewa, and Edyta Dąbrowska. "Cluster analysis of effectiveness of labour market policy in the European Union." Oeconomia Copernicana 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2018.008.
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Research background: In the era of demographic changes and the need for rationalization of public expenditure, the European Union social policy promotes the activation approach. In addition, a growing importance of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of public entities can be noticed. These phenomena are visible in the implementation of the labour market policy. However, the EU countries represent a different approach to spending public funds on issues related to the implementation of labour market policy.
Purpose of the article: The authors are presenting the main theoretical assumptions concerning effectiveness and efficiency of labour market policy. Moreover, in the paper the EU countries are classified in clusters according to their level of expenditure on different categories of LMP. A comparison of the situation over ten years — in 2004 and 2014 — has also been conducted. In 2004, ten new members entered the EU, and the year 2014 presents the most current data in the analyzed area.
Methods: As a research method cluster analysis was applied. Cross-country labour market situation throughout the EU is presented by the analysis of the Eurostat data. The countries are grouped in clusters following Ward's and k-means methods.
Findings & Value added: There is a need to work out a complex evaluation of labour market policies in the EU to provide comparative analysis of the EU countries (or groups of countries). It would allow to determine the level of development of the country in terms of the efficiency of labour market policies. The EU countries with the best labour market indicators represent diverse levels of LMP expenditure.
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Cseh Papp, Imola, Norbert Bozsik, and Erika Varga. "A review of the tendencies and challenges in the European Union labour market." Contemporary Research on Organization Management and Administration 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33605/croma-022018-013.
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Purpose – The paper presents the phenomenon of the past decade (2008-2018) that shaped the labour market all over Europe and also points out the differences lying beneath with the changes generated in the post-crisis period. In the context of this study this literature review is intended to provide a theoretical background for the development of a piece of research revealing the new labour market phenomena. Design/methodology/approach – The study first examines theoretical frameworks, solutions, and their practical operation through international experience. Findings – The economic crisis, initially of financial nature, had its percussions felt on the state budget and went on to real economy. Its consequences were also felt on the labour market. According to global experience, modern economies and societies are facing several challenges including unemployment, labour shortage and underemployment at the same time, in spite of the fact that the level of employment has significantly been rising in the past few years. Research limitations/implications – We applied an abductive approach. The reconstruction of past events is based on abduction, as we can deduce the events from their consequences and impacts on the present. Practical implications – Both unemployment, labor shortages and underemployment result in unfavorable economic conditions in a country. It is of utmost importance to effectively address these phenomena in order to reduce and control their negative effects. Originality/Value – Our study deals with the impact of employment on the labour market, the three key phenomena of the labor market: labour shortages, chnages in underemployment and international migration (labour migration) in European Union countries. Analysis is needed because conscious economic policy begins timely preparations for these changes. Keywords: job vacancy, labour market, labour shortage, migration, underemployment Research type (choose one): research paper JEL classification: J24, J62
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Cefalo, Ruggero, Rosario Scandurra, and Yuri Kazepov. "Youth Labor Market Integration in European Regions." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093813.
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Countries’ institutional configurations and structural characteristics play an important role in shaping transitions from school to work. Recent empirical evidence shows significant regional and territorial differences in youth unemployment and labor market participation. Along this research strand, we argue in favor of a place-sensitive approach to youth labor market integration in order to address the regional disparities of young people’s opportunities. In order to investigate the synergic effect of different contextual configurations, we construct a composite measure, namely, the youth labor market integration (YLMI) index. This considers a wide range of indicators of the access, exclusion, and duration of the transition into employment at the regional level. The YLMI index allows cross-regional and longitudinal comparisons of the European Union (EU) local labor markets and youth employment opportunities.
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Abdildina, B. S., and B. E. Sailaubaeva. "Инклюзивті білім беруді дамыту саясатындағы еуропалық кәсіподақтардың тәжірибелері." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 138, no. 1 (2022): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2022-138-1-8-22.
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The article examines the supportive actions of European educational trade union organizations for the comprehensive implementation of inclusive education. The main types of problems and ways to solve them in educational organizations that are in the focus of the trade union organization are considered. Since the beginning of the XXI century, especially during the crisis, education has been a major political priority at the national and pan-European level. The European sectoral social dialogue in the field of education is very important, because this industry allows bringing together European employers and employees in the field of education to discuss emerging issues. At the same time, social dialogue is considered as an institutional framework that unites social partners in negotiations on labor relations in the implementation of inclusive education. Specific examples reflecting the diversity of society are given in order to determine the need for the formation of a general inclusive education. It is very important to ensure equality and participation in education in various European societies. The need to take diversity into account in education is attracting increasing political attention at the European level. With regard to diversity and inclusivity, the need to change the mentality of Governments and the entire community is determined; the need to achieve a more complete reflection of the diversity of teachers, students and the whole society; the need to develop a unified definition of the concepts of diversity, equality and inclusivity for all countries. The authors fundamentally consider the approaches of the European Committee of Trade Unions of Education (ETUCE) to the development of inclusive education and the main elements and conditions for its support and implementation. The emphasis is on the analysis of the activities of trade unions in solving the problems of inclusive education
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Hawkins, Daniel. "El tema laboral en las negociaciones de los TLC: Lecciones de las experiencias de Colombia frente a los TLC con los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea." REVISTA CONTROVERSIA, no. 207 (July 5, 2016): 205–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54118/controver.vi207.1077.
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Los dos tratados de libre comercio firmados por Colombia con los Estados Unidos (2012) y Perú y la Unión Europea (2013) no solo marcaron el eje central de la política de apertura e integración económica de los gobiernos de Álvaro Uribe y Juan Manuel Santos, sino también pusieron a prueba la capacidad del Gobierno estadounidense y las instituciones de la Unión Europea para asegurar que sus políticas comerciales hacia países del Sur, como Colombia, pudieran mejorar las precarias condiciones laborales de gran parte de la población trabajadora y la capacidad estatal para proteger y garantizar los derechos laborales fundamentales y demás derechos sociales. Este artículo analiza las diferencias en ambos modelos de negociar temas laborales y compara el grado de impactos sociales positivos que ambos TLC han traído a Colombia varios años después de su implementación.Palabras clave: Tratados de libre comercio, acuerdos laborales paralelos, derechos laborales fundamentales, plan de acción laboral, Resolución 2628. Abstract The Labor Issue in FTA Negotiations: Lessons from Colombia’s Experiences with FTAs with the United States and the European Union Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) signed by Colombia with the United States (2012) and Peru and the European Union (2013) not only marked the central axis of the economic liberalization and integration policy of Alvaro Uribe and Juan Manuel Santos governments, but they also put to test the ability of the US government and the EU institutions to ensure that their commercial policies with countries of the South, such as Colombia, would improve the precarious working conditions of a considerable part of the working population. Furthermore, they also challenge the capacity of the Colombian state to protect and guarantee fundamental labor rights and other social rights. This article examines the differences between both models of negotiating labor issues and compares the degree to which both FTAs have actually brought about positive social impact in Colombia a few years after their formal implementation.Key words: Free Trade Agreements, Parallel Labor Agreements, Fundamental Labor Rights, Labor Action Plan, Resolution 2628.
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Vanhutte, Henk. "Basic steps in assessing the compliance of PPE with EU requirements." Okhrana truda i tekhnika bezopasnosti na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh (Labor protection and safety procedure at the industrial enterprises), no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-4-2009-12.
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The online conference "PPE – New Challenges in the New World" became a platform for discussing topical issues of the development of the standardization system in Russia and abroad, their impact on solving industrial policy issues, improving the quality of PPE products and labor protection in a new reality. We bring to your attention an interview with the speaker of the conference, Henk Vanhutte, Secretary General of the European Security Federation, on the legislation and current practices of the countries of the European Union.
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Battista, Andrew. "Capital, Labor, and State: The Battle for American Labor Markets from the Civil War to the New Deal. By David Brian Robertson. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. 320p. $75.00 cloth, $22.95 paper." American Political Science Review 96, no. 1 (March 2002): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305540237432x.
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This important new study argues that American labor markets have been and are governed by employers to a degree unique among Western capitalist democracies; that this pattern of governance is the outcome of crucial struggles among unions, employers, and middle-class labor reformers from the Civil War to the New Deal; and that American political institutions strongly shaped the struggles and their outcome. In the nineteenth century, all Western countries largely protected employer control of hiring, firing, wages, hours, and working conditions, but in the twentieth century nations other than the United States began to curb employer prerogatives and extend worker protection in the form of labor regulations, trade union and collective bargaining laws, public management of labor supply and demand, and work insurance (the four major types of policy in Robertson's framework). In the United States, fewer such protections were established, and the fragmented federal and state labor policies that were enacted were often undermined by lax enforcement or court rulings. On the eve of the New Deal, Robertson shows, U.S. employers had a degree of autonomy in labor markets unparalleled in European and other industrialized countries.
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Vuković, Ivan. "Development of European Union and joining perspective of Croatia." Tourism and hospitality management 13, no. 2 (June 2007): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.13.2.7.
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In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.
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Georgescu, Maria-Ana, and Emilia Herman. "Productive Employment for Inclusive and Sustainable Development in European Union Countries: A Multivariate Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 24, 2019): 1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061771.
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It is widely recognized that achieving highly productive employment is a serious challenge facing inclusive and sustainable development. In this context, the aim of this article was to highlight the main characteristics and mechanisms of productive employment, focusing on the interrelationships between productive employment, and inclusive and sustainable development in European Union countries, during the recent economic crisis and recovery period (2007–2016). The results of the correlation and regression analysis suggest that the high level of inclusive and sustainable development in some European Union countries can be mainly explained by high labor productivity, an efficient sectoral structure of employment, a low level of vulnerable and precarious employment, and low working poverty. Moreover, the results of the principal component analysis and cluster analysis show that there are common features and differences between the European Union member states in terms of their interrelationship between productive employment, and inclusive and sustainable development, which emphasizes the need to take specific actions to transform unproductive employment into productive employment, especially in southern countries and some central and eastern European countries, so that productive employment will be the driving force for development.
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Cristea, Mirela S., Marilen G. Pirtea, Marta C. Suciu, and Gratiela G. Noja. "Workforce Participation, Ageing, and Economic Welfare: New Empirical Evidence on Complex Patterns across the European Union." Complexity 2022 (January 6, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7313452.
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The ageing population has become one of the major issues, with manifold consequences upon the economic welfare and elderly living standards satisfaction. This paper grasps an in-depth assessment framework of the ageing phenomenon in connection with the labor market, with significant implications upon economic welfare, across the European Union (EU–27). We configure our research on four distinctive groups of the EU–27 countries based on the Active Ageing Index mapping, during 1995–2018, by acknowledging the different intensities of ageing implications on economic well-being from one group of countries to another. The methodological endeavor is based on Structural Equation Modelling. Empirical results highlight that the ageing dimensions and labor market productivity notably shape the socioeconomic development of EU countries, visibly distinguished across the four panels. The economic development induced remarkable positive spillover effects on the welfare of older people, under the influence of the ageing credentials and dynamic shaping factors. Our research advances the literature underpinnings on this multifaceted topic by investigation made on specific groups of the EU countries and distinctive strategies proposed for each group of countries, as effective results for improving the well-being of older people. Constant policy rethinking and adequate strategies should be a top priority for each specific group of EU countries, to further sustain the ageing phenomenon, with positive implications mostly on elderly welfare.
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V, Kovorotnyi, and Levchenko O. "PROBLEMS OF HUMAN RESOURCES OF THE ENTERPRISES OF THE TRANSPORT COMPLEX OF UKRAINE." National Transport University Bulletin 49, no. 2 (2021): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-2-49-084-094.
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The object of research – staffing, labor market trends and employment in enterprises by type of activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities». The purpose of the work – 1) to investigate 93 the indicators of wages and labor movement in domestic enterprises by type of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities»; 2) compare labor market indicators with those of the European Union. The research method is monographic and statistical. The article is devoted to the study of trends in the staffing of domestic enterprises by type of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities», including by sectors: land transport, water transport, air transport, warehousing and ancillary activities in the field of transport, sweating and courier activities. An international comparison of wage indicators in these sectors of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities». The results of the study show that the main trends in the labor market by type of economic activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities» are unequal pay in the sectors of economic activity; high staff turnover; growing demand for skilled workers; uncompetitive level of wages compared to the countries of the European Union; the possibility of free movement of labor to EU countries. This situation complicates the work of domestic enterprises and negatively affects their efficiency. Further areas of research are to study the dependence of the efficiency of enterprises of the activity «Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities» on the general economic and social factors that have formed in Ukraine; development of proposals for the formation of state personnel policy in the field of transport. KEY WORDS: PERSONNEL, HUMAN RESOURCES, TRANSPORT, STATE POLICY, EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, LABOR MARKET, PERSONNEL TURNOVER, TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES
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Matei, Elena Florentina, and Ioana Manuela Mindrican. "The Evolution of Nominal Convergence After Accession to The European Union. The Case of Romania." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n3p149.
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Economic and Monetary Union is the result of progressive economic integration that includes collective regulation for the free movement of goods, services, labor, capital, and products. Economic and Monetary Union presupposes a common currency and market, but also a monetary policy coordinated by the European Central Bank, which has the role of ensuring economic stability. In this context, the countries wishing to join must be prepared to deal with possible economic imbalances, this being possible through the existence of a high level of economic development. Through this paper, we want to identify the evolution of the nominal convergence criteria established by the provisions of the Maastricht Treaty to identify the level of readiness of the Romanian economy for integration into the Economic and Monetary Union.
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Gendon, Anzhelika L., and Galina F. Golubeva. "FINANCIAL SUPPORT (NOT TAX) OF THE ECONOMY IN THE EU COUNTRIES DUE TO THE PANDEMIC." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3, no. 11 (2021): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.11.03.039.
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The article examines the financial support (not tax) of the economy in the EU countries due to the pandemic. A comprehensive vision of the situation and strategic planning are the foundation of the Euro-pean Union's economic policy. These qualities help to develop comprehensive measures to stabilize the labor market and entrepreneurship in the countries of the European Union in the context of a global emergency. A positive factor is also the fact that in an epidemic situation, political decisions of various states are aimed at introducing socially oriented measures that support their citizens.
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Soava, Georgeta, Anca Mehedintu, Mihaela Sterpu, and Mircea Raduteanu. "Impact of Employed Labor Force, Investment, and Remittances on Economic Growth in EU Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 10141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310141.
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This paper analyzes the evolution and influence of gross domestic product per capita, labor force participation rate, gross fixed capital formation, and personal remittances on economic growth for European Union (EU) countries, using data from the World Bank (1996–2019) and from Eurostat (the first two quarters 2019–2020). The study has three components: statistical analysis, analysis of the evolution for each country and EU, and estimation of the impact on economic growth rate by using a linear multifactorial regression model for 1996–2019, 1996–2008, and 2009–2019. The model was validated by econometric techniques. The long-term causal relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables was validated by the Granger test. The results of the study show a differentiated evolution of the indicators, and that all indicators are severely affected by the 2008 financial crisis and the debut of the COVID-19 crisis in early 2020. The model used shows the significant positive influence of labor and investment, and the minor effect of remittances on economic growth. In the context of the COVID-19 epidemic, the results of the study could be arguments to be considered for the redesign of economic policies at European Union level.
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Pontarollo, Nicola, and Carolina Serpieri. "Challenges and Opportunities to Regional Renewal in the European Union." International Regional Science Review 44, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 142–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017620931591.
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The strength of the 2008 financial and economic crisis and the resulting degree of resilience were heterogeneous among and within the European Union countries. Challenges and opportunities driven by regional-specific differences determined the ability to overshoot the precrisis levels of growth. Focusing upon Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 2 (NUTS 2) European regions, we explore a novel conceptual framework related to regional economic resilience, namely the renewal capacity. Precisely, we concentrate on the capacity of regional economies to “renew” their growth paths in the labor market in the aftermath of the recent global crisis. We find some well-identified spatial patterns of regional employment renewal and we identify a set of territorial assets that allow regions to bounce back faster and more comprehensively than others to the economic downturn. Furthermore, there are significant differences between the drivers of the regional renewal of Old and New Member States. Our findings suggest potential policy directions at all levels for enhancing regional resilience.
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Dimian, Gina Cristina, Mirela Ionela Aceleanu, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, and Andreea Claudia Șerban. "UNEMPLOYMENT AND SECTORAL COMPETITIVENESS IN SOUTHERN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES. FACTS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS." Journal of Business Economics and Management 19, no. 3 (November 19, 2018): 474–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2018.6581.
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This article addresses the problem of the main factors driving sectoral unemployment in the Mediterranean countries most affected by this phenomenon. The choice of the four countries (Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal) relies on the fact that they are dealing with the highest unemployment rates in the European Union and a certain typology of the economic structure. The originality of our research is offered by its direction, less tackled until now, namely the focus on the particularities of the economic sectors, trying to capture differences between them. The importance and the impact of the results are supported by the methods used to produce them, indicators and econometric models that are on trend and bring extra information to available studies. Descriptive statistics and mismatch indexes are used to outline the economic and labour market structure, while the econometric models built on panel data capture the impact of factors such as GVA growth, specialization and labour market mismatches on the unemployment rate at six economic sectors level. Our paper makes three contributions to the literature. First, we have demonstrated that agriculture is the sector of activity less sensitive to output fluctuations in terms of unemployment and can become a buffer for the jobless in times of recessions. Second, we have proved that industry, as a whole, is highly responsive to economic developments and bad specialization could worsen unemployment situation in this sector. Third, we showed that educational mismatches have a significant impact on unemployment in those sectors of activity that employ low educated workforce.
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Djorobekova, A., A. Khamzin, A. Boretskiy, and Sh Fayziev. "Labour migration and forced labour in the context of economic integration: new challenges and realities: statement of the problem." Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 80, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2020-4/56-61.
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Main problem:The main idea of this study is the development of proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the regulatory framework of the Eurasian Economic Union, taking into account the experience of the European Union countries (as the largest integration association), towards the further development of the legal framework for cooperation in the social-labor sphere, as well as improving the integration and migration policy of the Eurasian Economic Union countries in general, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, in particular. In addition, this study intends to develop practical recommendations aimed at improving the activities of the law enforcement agencies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the EAEU countries, in the field of combating illegal migration and forced labor on the territory of this integration association. Moreover, this project suggests the legal promotion of the results obtained, both on the territory of the EAEU and beyond. Purpose: The aim of the study. To develop proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the EAEU countries in the field of legal regulation of labour migration and counteracting its negative consequences such as illegal migration, forced labour in the territory of this integration association. Methods: The methodological basis of the study is made up of traditional general scientific and special legal methods used in comparative jurisprudence: system-structural, historical-legal, social-legal and comparative-legal. Results and their significance:All of the above testifies to the relevance and necessity of research in the framework of this study, since its implementation, taking into account the expected results, will further improve the regulatory framework in the field of combating illegal migration, human trafficking and other illegal manifestations resulting from insufficient regulation of the labour migration sphere.
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Hrysenko, Maryna, and Olena Pryiatelchuk. "Modelling the factors influencing migration processes in the European Union." Economic Annals-ХХI 183, no. 5-6 (June 4, 2020): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v183-03.
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The countries of the European Union have traditionally been actively involved in the processes of international labour migration. Given the existence of a general strategy for regulating these processes, there are significant differences in the mechanisms of their implementation in the context of individual national business environments. This research identifies the factors influencing the formation of volumes, directions, and structure of the system of migration flows in the European region based on the conducted economic and mathematical modelling. Thus, it is possible to state the fact of exclusively economic reasons for labour migration. The social factor, represented by the size of wages, is derived from the economic one and has a secondary impact. The environmental factor does not affect the intensification of migration processes. The basic factors in determining the current migration policy of the EU are the general situation on the world labour market, the state of socio-economic development of the region, the structure of domestic production and consumption in individual countries. An additional factor influencing today is the nature of the crisis, the cause of which is not economic and financial, but medical and social one. Given the sustainability of the factors of influence, it is possible to predict changes in the main trends of international labour migration in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The consequences are not only a change in migration policy within the region, but also a strategy to attract external migrants from donor countries and the development of a special system for managing migration processes in the new environment.
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Armingeon, Klaus. "Towards a European System of Labor Relations?" Journal of Public Policy 11, no. 4 (October 1991): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006334.
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ABSTRACTAre the systems of collective labor relations in member countries of the European Communities converging towards a common European system of industrial relations? In this paper the hypothesis is put forward that the national systems have not been converging in the past and probably will not do so in the immediate future. The analysis is based on changes in procedural rules of collective labor relations and on data on labor unions, strikes, wage structure, and government employment.
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Pesquera Alonso, Carlos, Práxedes Muñoz Sánchez, and Almudena Iniesta Martínez. "Youth Guarantee: Looking for Explanations." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 5561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105561.
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Aiming to tackle the high levels of youth unemployment and rates of Not Employed, in Education, or Training (NEET), the European Union launched the flagship policy Youth Guarantee in 2013. In this article we evaluate this policy in order to reveal the lessons it can teach us and possible ways for its improvement to achieve a sustainable active labor market policy. We use the data collected through the Indicator Framework for Monitoring the Youth Guarantee to analyze the policy impact, limited to some of the countries with the highest NEET rates: those of the Mediterranean European Economic Area (Cyprus, Greece, Italy, and Spain). We used the data to create regression models for the evaluation of policy measures, spread, and achievements. In our findings we reveal the importance of time in the policy implementation, the differences and commonalities between the countries, and hidden problems in the data collection that lead to biases and misleading results. We conclude that it is too soon to judge the usefulness of the policy and recommend an improvement in the data collection process.
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Horbal, Nataliya, Uliana Kohut, and Uliana Motorniuk. "Analysis of the competitiveness of the EU and its member countries." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2021, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2021.01.193.
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With the convergence of national markets of individual countries and the revival of globalization processes, international competition is growing not only among producers of goods and services, but also among regions and countries. There are a significant number of approaches to the analysis and improvement of countries’ competitiveness. Given Ukraine’s European integration pass, we consider the EU countries to be a key benchmark for its development. The EU, as a union of democratic European countries working together for peace and prosperity, must support a high competitiveness for both the Union as a whole and its member states in the face of increasing global competition. European integration has a significant positive impact on the development and competitiveness of the EU. However, in recent decades, it has deteriorated somewhat compared to global leaders due to dynamic changes in the international environment. As shown, EU countries (primarily the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Finland) occupy high positions in international rankings (Global Competitiveness Indexes of the WEF and IMD, Legatum Prosperity Index, ERT Benchmarking Report, Business Europe Reform Barometer), and especially sustainable development (SDSN Sustainable Development Index) etc. However, in a number of key areas, many EU countries and the Union generally lag behind world leaders. Today’s open and export-oriented European economy suffers from weak demand for investment and consumer goods, slow development of innovative and digital businesses etc. Instead, the EU is a global leader in achieving the goals of sustainable development. Experts primarily recommend strengthening the EU’s single market and supporting new technologies, while all European countries should increase productivity, which requires greater investment in critical infrastructure, innovative technologies, skills development and labor market efficiency. Оn the other hand, European companies should constantly take into account the global situation and dynamics and modernize their competition policy accordingly. Ukraine’s adoption of the best European experience of raising the competitiveness, taking into account the obtained conclusions, may be the subject of further research.
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Losheniuk, Oksana. "The concept of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 3(85) (August 8, 2017): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.03.064.
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The article deals with challenges and opportunities for international labour migration in Ukraine. It is stressed that the approach to regulation of international labour migration should be comprehensive and should encompass a whole range of factors influencing migration flows, which will ensure making appropriate economic and social changes. The present concept of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine is analyzed and the need for its improvement is discussed. The priority goals of the Concept of State Migration Policy in Ukraine are highlighted. It is stated that state migration policy is carried out in both emigration and immigration. Some of the key factors of immigration and emigration are identified. It is proved that migration policy in Ukraine is being shaped towards the European Union, which envisages a mutually beneficial redistribution of human resources over the countries. The paper claims, that achieving the quality of life as high as in the EU countries is a key demand for the integration into the European Union. It is emphasized that the existing legislation on migration has some weak points related to developing and fulfilling human potential of migrants. A range of measures to regulate international labour migration is introduced. Based on the research findings, the following actions are proposed to meet the aims of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine: reduction of emigration from Ukraine by improving its socio-economic status; training and retraining of potential emigrants tailored to the specific characteristics of labor market growth in the country; stimulation of internal mobility aimed at the reduction of emigration; regulation of external employment of Ukrainian citizens; creation of conditions for attracting and efficient using of migrants’ money transfers; using transnational connections of migrants; halting the employment of national human resources; stimulation of immigration attractiveness for certain professional; halting illegal and undesirable migration; regulation of immigrants in Ukraine; legalization of illegal present immigrants; signing bilateral agreements between countries on return migration; stimulating re-emigration; protection of the rights and interests of labour migrants in Ukraine and abroad.
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Oriekhova, T. V. "IMPACT OF THE TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS INFRASTRUCTURE POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE EUROPEAN UNION COMPETITIVENESS." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Ekonomìka 11, no. 22 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2822-2021-11-22-5-17.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the influence of the development of the potential of the transport and logistics industry on the competitiveness of EU countries. In the work, a retrospective analysis of the formation of the unified transport policy of the EU is carried out. Using statistical methods of analysis and official information sources, the specifics of the modal distribution of domestic freight transport of the EU countries, its national and international components, were investigated. Based on data from the World Bank and the World Economic Forum, the dependence of international competitiveness and the development of transport sector indicators on the accession of some countries to the common market of the European Union was analyzed. Conclusions were made about the need for innovative approaches to the formation of a unified transport policy of European states, based on the principles of sustainable development. The common transport policy is the central pillar of the single market in the European Union, which is extremely important for ensuring the free movement of people, services and goods. In addition, the transport sector makes a significant contribution to the EU's economic prosperity, accounting for around 9 percent of European gross value added. The multiplicative effect of this contribution can be measured in several directions, such as the accessibility index, the transport infrastructure index, the reduction of emissions and noise levels, the growth of employment and labor supply, the growth of GDP per capita, productivity, the density of new business, the number of enterprises, the inflow of FDI, export of goods and services and, finally, a decrease in the market price. Finally, infrastructure development is one of the basic factors that ensure the country's global competitiveness rating, which is proven by the examples of several new EU member states. The challenges facing the European transport sector today require a comprehensive review. For example, the goal of complete decarbonization of transport can only be achieved with the help of zero-emission mobility, which avoids the transport policy of finding new innovative approaches. Integration into the European transport network TEN-T can bring Ukraine almost 4.5 billion dollars investments until 2030.
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Lu, Ching-Cheng, and Liang-Chun Lu. "Evaluating the energy efficiency of European Union countries: The dynamic data envelopment analysis." Energy & Environment 30, no. 1 (July 26, 2018): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18787257.
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This study uses the dynamic data envelopment analysis model to evaluate the intertemporal efficiency and the executive efficiency based on fossil fuel CO2 emissions in European Union countries. European Union countries in pursuit of economic growth, taking into account the growth of gross domestic product may result in increased CO2 emissions, countries in order to reduce CO2 emissions to meet the target of the UN climate change conference in Paris 2015, in pursuit of gross domestic product growth and CO2 emission reduction targets. Whether the reduction of CO2 emissions will affect the overall efficiency of the country’s economic growth or not will make gross domestic product a major consideration in carryover variables in this study. This paper analyzes data of 28 selected European countries dating from 2009 to 2013 to study the effects of the undesirable output to the energy efficiency ranking. The variables in the model are the input variables: labor force, real capital stock, and energy consumption and the output variable is the undesirable output of fossil fuel CO2 emissions. In the model, the carryover intermediate activity is real gross domestic product. After the Paris Protocol formally replaced the Kyoto Protocol in 2015, the emphasis of this study is on the future state’s pursuit of economic growth, the gross domestic product as a variable in terms of intertemporal efficiency and using CO2 as a variable of undesirable output to analyze the relationship between national economic development and the greenhouse gas emissions for getting a policy indicator of the environmental protection and economic development.
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Béresné Mártha, Bernadett. "Relationship of the employment policy with rural development in the European Union." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 34 (September 2, 2009): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/34/2818.
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Employment policy has won primary attention both at national and EU levels for the past decade. Managing its problems has become one of the major social economic and political challenges. One of the problems is the aging of the continent’s population, which is in close relation with the slow increasing or decreasing economic trends.Comparing the EU’s unemployment, employment and labour productivity rates to those of ten years earlier a positive tendency can be traced. On of the other hand compared with the USA, Japan or the average of OECD countries the Community has still not been able to reduce its several decades lasting leeway. Difficulties of labour management are much more striking in rural territories than in urban districts. Not even the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy: the rural development has been successful in managing the employment of the labour supersededfrom the primer sector so far, which is significantly reflected in the unfavourable indicators of labour management and unemployment.
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Clement, Sandra, Eugenia Ramona Mara, and Monica-Violeta Achim. "THE IMPACT OF FISCAL DETERMINANTS ON INVESTMENTS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES. A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS." DIEM: Dubrovnik International Economic Meeting 6, no. 1 (September 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/diem/2021/1.1.
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Taxation plays an important role in investment decisions and on net profit. In this view, this paper examines the fiscal determinants of investments realized by non-financial corporations in European Union (EU) countries. More exactly, the influences of profit tax and other important taxes like consumption and labor tax on the rate of investment are analysed. For this purpose, we use a panel analysis for 28 Member States from 2008 to 2018. In the presence of variables cointegration, we apply the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) for investigating the long-run impact of taxation. Our results show a negative influence of the profit tax and a positive influence of consumption tax on the investment expansion. In addition, we find that the profit tax rate decreased after 2008 representing one of the most important fiscal measure adopted by the majority of EU Member States in order to stimulate the investment increase. The results are important for the governments, corporate governance of the companies and the investors, in order to understand the efficiency of their decisions to recover after a crisis. Keywords: Corporate tax policy, Rate of investment, Panel data.
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Davidson, Natalia, Elizaveta Maksimova, and Oleg Mariev. "How does renewable energy consumption affect economic growth? Evidence from the European Union countries." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112909005.
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Research background: Fossil fuels are used at such a high rate that they are currently being depleted. Moreover, they are associated with a greenhouse effect leading to global warming. Meanwhile, green energy is naturally replenished and fosters sustainable development (Nelson and Starcher, 2015). However, the empirical evidence of the impact of green energy on economic growth is controversial (Adewuyi and Awodumi, 2017; Chen et al., 2020; Destek and Aslan, 2017; Zafar et al., 2018). Purpose of the article: This paper analyses the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in the European Union (EU) countries. This is important in line with the goals of EU to shift towards green energy during the coming years (Directive (EU) 2018/2001). Methods: We use data of the World Bank and Our World in Data over 1990 to 2015 for 28 EU countries. We estimate the impact of renewable energy consumption on the countries’ gross domestic product. The control variables are labor force, research and development, and foreign direct investment. We apply the pooled mean group, mean group, the dynamic fixed effect estimators (Pesaran, 1997; Pesaran et al., 1999), and generalized method of moments (Arellano & Bond, 1991). Findings & Value added: Results show that the renewable energy consumption positively affects economic growth of the EU countries. We contribute by shedding light on the possibility to develop renewable energy, while achieving economic growth. The results have important implications for economic policy.
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Mosakova, E. A., and K. Kizilova. "Labor market in the UK in digital era: The gender dimension." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-3-512-519.
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The article considers gender discrimination in the field of labor relations in the United Kingdom (UK) in the pre-covid period. In the past decades, the Western European countries have made the most significant progress in achieving gender equality in various fields, including labor relations, and became the world leader in this area. However, despite all the efforts of the international community, no country has achieved a full gender equality, and Great Britain is no exception. The authors argue that the British anti-discrimination legislation (before leaving the European Union) was based on international acts and conventions. For a long time, there were acts and laws prohibiting discrimination in the labor market, which seriously hindered the implementation of an effective anti-discrimination policy in the sphere of labor relations. It was not until 2010 that the law on equality was passed to replace all previous laws and regulations and to provide an exhaustive list of criteria for prohibiting discrimination. As a result, Great Britain began to develop a rather strict national anti-discrimination legislation in the field of labor relations. Thus, in the past decades, the UK has been achieving gender equality in the economic sphere at a faster pace than the average European Union country. The study shows a steady decline in the gender wage gap in the UK over the past two decades, which may be considered one of the countrys most significant achievements in fighting gender discrimination in the labor market. However, there is still a number of serious challenges: a relatively low female labor force participation and employment rate, a gender wage gap and income gap, horizontal and vertical segregation, a gender gap in postgraduate education, and a significant gender gap in time spent on family responsibilities. Age discrimination presents a special problem in the sphere of labor relations in Great Britain. In the European Union, the first laws prohibiting age discrimination were adopted only in the 2000s, and in the UK - in 2006. This problem still remains extremely acute for the labor market, since age discrimination in the UK ranks third among the most common grounds for discrimination - after gender and disability.
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Zavhorodnia, V. M. "The origin and development of the European Union sports policy and law." SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL, no. 39 (2022): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/shaj.2022.i39.p.50.
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The presented work is devoted to highlighting the processes of evolution of the EU sports law and policy, identifying facts and events that have contributed to the development of communitarian regulation in this area and establishing trends and directions significant for Ukraine in the European integration aspect. Integration processes, first purely economic and then increasingly multidirectional, could not but affect this vital sphere of social life on the European continent and internationally. Sport is an essential element of the self-realization of a human personality and a sphere of economic activity. It is also a form of international communication, cross-cultural communication, the assertion of authority, and a positive image of countries. Also, sports can be an instrument of political and diplomatic influence or even a means of responding to violations of international law and order. The evolution of EU sports policy and law has been a difficult and long way in the general context of European integration processes. Initially, the sport was not covered by Community law and the spheres of competence of the Communities. However, since the 60s of the last century, the foundations of the European sports model began to form. Implementing the Council of Europe’s standards in the Member States’ practice was essential in forming this model. The European sports model implies, on the one hand, the unity of values and sports traditions of Europe. On the other hand, it is based on considering the national characteristics of European countries, pluralism, and diversity of the organization of sports relations and activities of non-governmental sports organizations. To the main features of the European sports model, which have developed historically and are preserved to this day, the author refers voluntary participation in sports competitions, non-discrimination, democracy, solidarity, compliance with the rules of “fair play,” good governance, and prevention of corruption and abuse. The article characterizes the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the creation of the EU acquis in the field of sport. CJEU developed the legal criteria system for extending communitarian rules and principles to the economic aspects of sports activities, including regulating relations with non-state actors such as national Olympic committees, sports federations, etc. Relevant CJEU decisions are analyzed in the study, approaches to the application of EU competition rules in sports, as well as to labor relations, freedom of movement of workers, and the provision of services, are revealed. Further integration and reform of the EU under the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty led to the emergence of a sector of the EU policy in the field of sports and several regulations and organizational measures aimed at realization of this policy. Implementation of the relevant standards in the national legislation, introduction of the best practices of governance in the field of sports in the state policy and activities of non-governmental sports organizations are important components of the implementation of Ukraine’s European integration aspirations, fulfillment of obligations under the Association Agreement and prospectively – the criteria for the EU membership.
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Mahdich, Alisa S. "GEOGRAPHY OF THE MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE TO THE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE: ANALYSIS OF THE POLICY OF INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS IN THE COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION." Academic Review 1, no. 56 (June 2022): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-10.
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This study is devoted to the analysis of the geography of migration of the population of Ukraine over the last decade on the basis of the Global Index of Migrant Integration Policy (MIPEX) and the identification of factors that attract the population of Ukraine to migrate to other countries. According to European Commission statistics since 2014, the number of Ukrainian labor migrants moving to the European Union (EU) has increased significantly. In 2019, Ukrainian citizens received 660,000 residence permits for paid activities in member states – the largest external labor force in the EU. Thus, the dependence of Member States’ economies on Ukrainian workers has reached significant levels, as evidenced by the labor shortages observed during the COVID-19 crisis, which forced the EU to close its borders. Emigration reduces the supply of labor and accelerates the growth of wages of workers who remain in the country; one of the problems of concern is the loss of skills – most of Ukrainians work abroad without qualifications or do very simple work. The main benefit for the Ukrainian economy is related to the remittances, equivalent to 8% of GDP. Remittances significantly improve the well-being of migrant families and stimulate domestic demand, increasing the country’s GDP. Stable and significant inflow of remittances contributes to a more stable balance of payments, compensation for the constant deficit of trade and investment income. At the same time, there is a risk that migrants will remain permanently resident abroad, which will mean a decrease in the working population in Ukraine. In addition, the impact of emigration and remittances on Ukraine’s public finances is ambiguous: remittances increase VAT, excise and customs revenues, while reducing labor supply reduces revenues from labor taxes and social security contributions in Ukraine. Therefore, it is important to understand what factors currently attract the population of Ukraine to other countries. The Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) is an index that measures the quality of migrant integration policy in 52 countries. The index indicators were developed for a multidimensional view of migrants’ opportunities to participate in public life. The index is a tool for evaluating and comparing the actions of governments to promote the integration of migrants in all analyzed countries. The index helps to understand and analyze the factors that contribute to the integration of migrants. The index covers the following areas of integration: labor market mobility; family reunification; access to services in the field of education; participation in political life; obtaining permanent residence; obtaining citizenship; antidiscrimination; access to health services.
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KNUDSEN, JETTE STEEN. "Integrating Western and Eastern European Markets." Comparative Political Studies 31, no. 2 (April 1998): 188–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031002003.
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Although general trade theories are useful for specifying which groups support or oppose trade, these frameworks see preferences as static and do not explain how they change over time. Instead, this article proposes a dynamic perspective that considers how economic adjustment and liberal trade policies alter trade preferences. The article examines why the traditionally protectionist German textile and apparel sectors accept the recent trade agreements with Eastern Europe. Producers can exploit technological and product changes by gaining access to export markets. Furthermore, to take advantage of low labor costs abroad, producers shift production to these countries for later reimportation. Lower trade barriers are therefore attractive to producers. This strategy is also supported by increasingly liberal trade policy orientations in Germany, the European Union (EU), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). German producers have therefore modified their protectionist focus to a qualified support for more free trade, and German workers have reluctantly followed suit.
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Zaika, Artem. "Forming Digital Literacy in Students Based on the Experience of EU Countries." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2019-0039.
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AbstractThe article analyzes the tendencies in the development of digital literacy of citizens of European Union member states in educational institutions. The urgency of the study is driven by the need to develop the skills needed to communicate effectively in the epoch of 4 – the Industrial Revolution. This study focuses on analyzing the approaches needed to build digital literacy, as well as identifying its key development criteria in the education systems of the UK, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Lithuania and Estonia. Attention is drawn to the existing documents and programs that formulate conceptual trendsways for digital literacy across Europe. At the same time, in the European Union there is no common model that reflects the ways and methods of digital literacy, each country defining its priorities for achieving the goals. It is noted that digital literacy is characterized as one of the key skills for developing the professional competencies of a teacher and a competitive specialist. Based on the study of digital literacy experience abroad, it is possible to define a clear public policy focused on high levels of digital literacy and digital skills. The digitalization status of educational establishments and the population of Ukraine, which is defined as low, is compared. The main directions of the concept of development of the digital economy and society of Ukraine for 2018–2020 are described which aim to bridge the “digital divide” in comparison with the developed EU countries. It is concluded that it is precisely the educational institutions need significant reform. Based on the analysis of digital literacy approaches abroad, this study identifies priority areas for reforming education systems in the European Union in line with current labor market and digital society requirements.
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González Garibay, Montserrat. "The Trade-Labour Linkage from the Eyes of the Developing Countries: A Euphemism for Protectionist Practices?" European Foreign Affairs Review 14, Issue 5 (December 1, 2009): 763–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2009052.
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This article assesses the perception of the European Union’s trade-labour linkage policy by the developing countries at the bilateral level. While the normative foci of the policy are on human rights, social justice and regulation, it is uncertain whether the developing countries view the linkage in those terms. Drawing on a constructivist theoretical background, the developing countries’ perceptions are assessed, taking into account the discussions that, at the multilateral level, have preceded the European Union’s incorporation of labour-oriented provisions to preferential trade agreements. These discussions, which mainly took place during the WTO Ministerial Meetings, featured a strong polarization between linkage advocates and detractors. The possibility that the discussion has spilled over from the multilateral into the bilateral field is explored by analyzing the positions of Brazil, Chile, India and South Africa towards the linkage in their bilateral relations with the European Union
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Nesterovich, O. "Experience of foreign countries in legal regulation of employment of graduates of educational institutions." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 71 (August 25, 2022): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.71.31.
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The article examines the experience of foreign countries in the legal regulation of employment of graduates of educational institutions, as for the best settlement of relations on youth employment, it is advisable to pay attention to foreign experience in solving similar problems. The study briefly examines the experience of some European countries in solving youth employment problems at the national level, taking into account national specifics, economic and social situation. It is concluded that the experience of countries with developed market economies shows that the scale of state intervention in the system of the labor market is significant. A special place in the employment policy of these countries is occupied by measures to promote the employment of young people who have no practical training. States encourage employers to hire young people by providing them with special guarantees, subsidies, and tax breaks. Vocational training and retraining are important in regulating the world’s youth labor market, as the economic costs of providing these services far outweigh the costs of unemployment benefits. Currently, most Member States of the European Union are trying to facilitate the process of adaptation of young people to enter the labor market after graduation through a combination of so-called supply and demand strategies. Proposal strategies mainly include programs focused on vocational training of young people. Although each country takes into account its national, economic and social specificities when implementing youth employment programs, all youth employment programs have one thing in common - facilitating the entry of different categories of young people into the labor market by providing them with vocational training, qualifications and providing the first work experience. Mechanisms of close cooperation and interaction between the education system and the labor market play an important role in this process.
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Brkic, Luka. "European Union: From social integration to social state." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 4 (2004): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0404447b.
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This paper analyzes recent free trade arrangements from a positive political economy perspective. In contrast to most other literature, which fails to take into account geographical factors, it is argued here that proximity and transportation costs play an important role in trade arrangements. Another important also largely neglected factor is the degree of social cohesion in terms of labor standards among potential trading partners. Accepting social integration might also be a condition for admitting those countries to the agreement. Changes of trade policy over time can therefore be explained by changes in the relative political influence of the sectors considered. The other important factors are, of course, a change in the degree of retaliation, leading to lower tariffs under higher retaliation, and a leveling of social standards. Redistribution across countries could also considerably change the optimal rate of tariff. The EU with its regional cohesion funds might be a good example of how those are used as a side-payment for diminishing the social divergence in the member countries. Countries with higher standards should only be willing to integrate when others raise their social standards as well. The negotiations about the social protocol in the EU indicate that this is in fact the case. More than 40 years of European integration have led to an habituation of thinking of the European Community as something ideologically neutral, which transcends normal political debate. European issues, it seems, do not fit the structure of the usual right-left ideological controversy. The only open fault-line in European politics is between advocates of "more" and those of "less" integration. The paper explores the potential cognitive and political gains of a change of perspective. It argues that the issue of more or less integration is often not interesting in itself but only to the degree that it influences the content of policies. It further shows that the policies at stake are normally such, that they can be usefully debated in the right-left framework. The decision about the site of policy control - national or European - is often only the guise in which a decision about the redrawing of the boundary between market and state, between the sphere of competitive allocation and the sphere of political coordination, materializes. This paper aimed at stressing the fundamental differences between conventional and contractarian constitutional orders. To achieve it, we have used the concept of common knowledge and have related it to its political philosophy background, especially with regard to communication and induction. The former generates a spontaneous social order - it is an evolutionist view that belongs to the Hume - Menger - Hayek tradition. The latter produces a contractarian vision shared by the Brennan-Buchanan-Tullock tradition. We consider here a basic distinction between institutions and conventions. An institution is considered as a formal, explicit rule, while a convention appears to be a tacit, implicit agreement. The former can be associated with contractarian constitutionalism, whereas the latter is related to evolutionism. In this context, institutions should not be understood as formalized conventions (such as law in Hayek). They are rather the expression of a voluntary and deliberate agreement, of a covenant. The application describes features relevant to the development of a European constitution and the corresponding unified legal system. It requires a clear vision of what a European "state" is meant to be or become. Then, once a constitutional setting is chosen, one must address the question of legal organization, in particular the nature of administrative law. Two different acceptation of law are thus associated with the two concepts of convention and contractarian institution. The former can be regarded as customary rule a kind of common knowledge that emerges from tradition and sympathy. By contrast, the latter is the place of explicitly created common knowledge. If it is to become more integrated, Europe will have to tackle this constitutional question, either in an evolutionary or in a contractarian way.
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Yeasmin, Nafisa. "Implementation of the EU Immigration Policy in the Barents Euro-Arctic Region: Towards a Framework for Policy Analysis." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 5, no. 1 (2013): 603–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427-91000138.
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Abstract Finland and Sweden along with other countries in the Barents region wish to increase migration, in-line with their labour demands and demographic changes. These states have reformed their economic and immigration policy so that migrants may contribute to their national economies. However, they receive far fewer numbers of immigrants than envisaged. There is a need for increased cooperation within Barents Region on immigration issues, including integration of migrants for utilizing its natural resources properly. The European Union is an important actor in the Barents Region. The European Commission has been a member of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC) since the beginning of regional cooperation. Two out of four states are EU members, with Norway being part of the European Economic Area,1 meaning that many EU regulations are relevant for all Nordic countries, including Norway. EU policies can be also seen as models and examples of best practice. Moreover, EU-Russia cooperation and Northern Dimension may play a major role in agenda-setting for regional cooperation and major changes in EU-Russia relations (like a visa-free agreement) would have major influence on the situation in the region. This paper aims to investigate whether there is coherence in immigration policy and its implementation between Barents Region and the European Union, how the EU places itself within the existing actors and governance frameworks of BEAR, and which role it wants to take up in relation to the migration policy in the region. Finally, this paper aims to highlight the main barriers to implement the existing policies in practice.
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Hoa, Phan Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Hoa, and Pham Thi Minh Chau. "Policy for Industrial Development in Era 4.0 In Some Pioneering Countries and Proposing to Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1527.
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Vietnam is considered to be a country with the advantage of a young and abundant labor force, which will not be a strength because robots will replace all manual jobs. In the future, people will lose their jobs, because robot technology can affect all industries such as textiles, services, entertainment to health, transportation, education. The paper analyzes policies that pave the way for 4.0 industry development in the eight most representative countries of the European Union. The author points out the most basic content and clarifies the key points of the policy that the so-called countries have followed, including identifying policy space, pursuing goals, and supply. funding, efficiency brought about, the focus and impacts of policies, governance and implementation, specific barriers and obstacles in each country. From there, draw lessons learned in planning, as well as implementing policies at the national level on industry 4.0 in Vietnam today. The author also made some suggestive suggestions about the policy direction to create a solid condition for Industry 4.0 to develop.
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Hoa, Phan Thi Thuy, Nguyen Thi Hoa, and Pham Thi Minh Chau. "Policy for Industrial Development in Era 4.0 In Some Pioneering Countries and Proposing to Vietnam." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.9.1527.
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Vietnam is considered to be a country with the advantage of a young and abundant labor force, which will not be a strength because robots will replace all manual jobs. In the future, people will lose their jobs, because robot technology can affect all industries such as textiles, services, entertainment to health, transportation, education. The paper analyzes policies that pave the way for 4.0 industry development in the eight most representative countries of the European Union. The author points out the most basic content and clarifies the key points of the policy that the so-called countries have followed, including identifying policy space, pursuing goals, and supply. funding, efficiency brought about, the focus and impacts of policies, governance and implementation, specific barriers and obstacles in each country. From there, draw lessons learned in planning, as well as implementing policies at the national level on industry 4.0 in Vietnam today. The author also made some suggestive suggestions about the policy direction to create a solid condition for Industry 4.0 to develop.
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Obradović, Nikolina. "Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Family Policy Challenges in Meeting the European Union’s Standards and Recommendations." Revija za socijalnu politiku 27, no. 3 (December 16, 2021): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v28i3.1814.
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Family policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s entities (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic Srpska) is incoherent, with its different elements being scattered across different ministries and levels of government. The system is found to be inapt to respond to the needs of families, thus enhancing gender inequalities in the labour market and within families. As a country aspiring to join the European Union, Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with other countries of the Western Balkans region, participates in regular policy dialogue with the European Union institutions. The latest European Commission assessment of the country’s Economic Reform Programme identifies low employment of women as one of the key challenges and implicitly calls for the country to develop an employment-oriented family policy. By analysing the system of family policy and its recent policy developments, the article assesses the country’s capacity to respond to the recommendation and create conditions for greater participation of women in the labour market. The question is whether the European Union’s conditionality and recommendations have the potential to transform the current family policy arrangements in the entities. Key words: work-family policy, female employment, gender inequalities, maternity leave, parental leave, early childhood education and care services, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Figus, Alessandro. "Beyond Bologna: The Sustainable University Enterprises Partnership." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2, no. 3 (2015): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.23.2005.
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There is a necessity to understand the effects of the globalization on the labor market concerning job markets. The economic and cultural growth and the ability of renewal are the fundamental objectives of every country, and they should also be the main objective of developing and in-transition countries. This is, particularly important in European Eastern countries. The article analyses university-enterprise partnership projects of the European Union. A series of recommendations has been elaborated for Higher Education Institutions, in particular, European Universities intending to progress further with the critical dimension of University-Enterprise cooperation as one of the key elements to enhance their competitiveness, and contribute to EU policy and activities in this area. These recommendations will be based on the findings of the online survey, the case studies and the discussions between all stakeholders of the European Conference held in Bonn on 18-19 June 2007. The qualitative effectiveness of the “higher education product” depends conclusively on the human components – teacher, in the first place, their behavior, competence, and attitudes.