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Rannenberg, Ansgar. "Explaining medium run swings in unemployment : shocks, monetary policy and labour market frictions." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/974.
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The literature trying to link the increase in unemployment in many western European countries since the middle of the 1970s to an increase in labour market rigidity has run into a number of problems. In particular, changes in labour market institutions do not seem to be able to explain the evolution of unemployment across time. We conclude that a new theory of medium run unemployment swings should explain the increase in unemployment in many European countries and the lack thereof in the United States. Furthermore, it should also help to explain the high degree of endogenous unemployment persistence in the many European countries and findings suggesting a link between disinflationary monetary policy and subsequent increases in the NAIRU. To address these issues, we first develop an endogenous growth sticky price model. We subject the model to an uncorrelated cost push shock, in order to mimic a scenario akin to the one faced by central banks at the end of the 1970s. Monetary policy implements a disinflation by following an interest feedback rule calibrated to an estimate of a Bundesbank reaction function. 40 quarters after the shock has vanished, unemployment is still about 1.8 percentage points above its steady state. The model also partly explains cross country differences in the unemployment evolution by drawing on differences in the size of the disinflation, the monetary policy reaction function and wage setting. We then draw some conclusions about optimal monetary policy in the presence of endogenous growth and find that optimal policy is substantially less hawkish than in an identical economy without endogenous growth. The second model introduces duration dependent skill decay among the unemployed into a New-Keynesian model with hiring frictions developed by Blanchard/Gali (2008). If the central bank responds only to inflation and quarterly skill decay is above a threshold level, determinacy requires a coefficient on inflation smaller than one. The threshold level is plausible with little steady-state hiring and firing ("Continental European Calibration") but implausibly high in the opposite case ("American calibration"). Neither interest rate smoothing nor responding to the output gap helps to restore determinacy if skill decay exceeds the threshold level. However, a modest response to unemployment guarantees determinacy. Moreover, under indeterminacy, both an adverse sunspot shock and an adverse technology shock increase unemployment extremely persistently.
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Ilkserim, Ayselin Yildiz. "Labor Migration In Europe Within The Context Of Demographic Challenges." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605341/index.pdf.
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Today, it is a very crucial problem that many European countries are encountering demographic challenges stemming from the population decline and aging and according to many studies and future projections, this demographic trend will reach more critical levels for the next 50 years. The most prominent impact of this demographic situation will be on social security systems that the functioning and sustainability of pension and health care systems will be severely damaged with regard to the rapidly increasing number of elderly and the decline in number of young labor force resulting from the low births rates all over Europe. In this context, labor migration that received significant attention, has risen up to the agenda of Europe to serve as a policy option to mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic challenges. Taking its impetus from the mentioned demographic problem, this thesis aims to analyze the discussions over labor migration as a foreseen policy option to compensate the shortage of labor force in Europe. It also intents to bring relevant data and current debates together to generate a ground in order to open this critical issue to discussion and to elaborate the feasibility of labor migration need for Europe. In this regard, the thesis scrutinizes the reactions of European states regarding their reluctance to open their borders again for &ldquomass influx&rdquo
and examines briefly the other preferred and enforced policies that exclude migration option, such as aiming to increase fertility rates, ameliorate social security systems or encourage the native labor force participation. By taking all these into account, this thesis aspires to attract attention to this urgent problem and evaluates the labor migration need in Europe by presenting the relevant reactions and appraisals shaping the migration policies both at the nation state and EU level. Finally, this thesis attempts to contribute to the literature in terms of generating a base for further intensified discussions and studies which constitutes a significant need in the context of interaction between demography and migration in Europe.
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Jain, Aditya Kailash. "Development and implementation of policies for the management of psychosocial risks : exploring the role of stakeholders and the translation of policy into practice in Europe." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12295/.
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The key aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of policy level interventions for the management of psychosocial risks in Europe. This research is exploratory in nature and seeks to clarify the policy framework in relation to psychosocial risk management, identify key policy stakeholders, examine their perceptions and clarify their role in the policy making process. The research also evaluates the impact of selected policies by analysing their implementation and impact on action at the national and enterprise levels. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies was employed. Three qualitative and two quantitative studies were conducted and sought to: a. identify all stakeholders relevant to psychosocial risk management, b. analyse the role of key stakeholders in the policy development process as well as drivers and barriers for the development and implementation for such policies for psychosocial risk management, c. investigate the effectiveness and needs related to EU and national regulations governing health and safety and psychosocial risk management at the workplace, d. explore stakeholders’ views on the impact of policy interventions and priorities for action at the policy level, and e. analyse the translation of policy into practice at the enterprise level, by assessing the impact of policies on enterprise action (specifically on the implementation of procedures and measures to manage psychosocial risk management), and by identifying the key drivers, barriers and needs of European enterprises in relation to psychosocial risk management. Overall, the findings of this work recognise many challenges in relation to policy evaluation for psychosocial risk management. However, unless the impact of these policies is evaluated using predefined and appropriate evaluation methodologies and criteria, the basis on which further policies can be developed will not be clear. The research also highlighted that despite the increased awareness of issues relating to psychosocial risks in Europe, there are several differences in perceptions amongst stakeholders and lack of prioritisation of these issues at the policy level that may seriously hinder practice. In this context, the role of researchers and academics is important. Evaluation of policies must therefore ideally be carried out on a tripartite plus basis and should not be within the remit of governmental agencies alone.
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Plasman, Robert. "Les politiques du marché du travail: analyse et comparaisons européennes :procédures d'évaluation (micro et macro-économiques) :évaluation des politiques de résorption du chômage et des politiques du temps de travail en Belgique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212651.
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Chen, Maria X. "Wine in their veins : France and the European Community's common wine policy, 1967-1980." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/933/.
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This thesis analyses the impact that the European Community had on table wine growers in the Midi region of France in the 1970s. This work is divided into the following parts: the negotiations leading to the creation of the Common Wine Policy (CWP) in 1970, its operation in the early 1970s until its first major crisis in 1975-1976, its drastic transformation from liberal policy to one of restrictive control in the late 1970s, the reaction of table wine producers in Languedoc-Roussillon to these changes over the decade, and the change in political relationships and governance at three levels - Brussels, Paris, and Languedoc-Roussillon - as a result of this process. It argues that the first decade of the CWP changed relationships between different groups at the European, national, and local level in two major ways: first, national French government institutions voluntarily decreased their power over a key national industry – this was the most marked feature in the French wine industry of this time period. Second, the CWP helped facilitate the rise of sub-national and non-state actors in policy circles from which they were previously excluded. Empowered by the new responsibilities given to them by the French government, particularly via a newly-created national office of wine, French vignerons began attempting to bypass the national French bottleneck to the Community and directly lobby European-level institutions, either via their own organisations or as part of transnational endeavours. Given the French government’s particularly adamant control of who represented the country at the Brussels levels in the 1960s, this change in only a decade was a significant shift. In analysing this process, this thesis also makes broader comments on the integration process as a whole, adding particularly to the literature on the Community’s agricultural integration, and is the first comprehensive review of the history of the Common Wine Policy, and the first to make an extensive assessment of the impact on local farmers in the Midi during this time in relation to the European Community’s policies.
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Maron, Leila. "La parentalité et l'emploi: quel défi pour les politiques publiques belges au regard de la situation en Europe?" Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210076.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'impact de la présence d'un jeune enfant sur la participation au marché du travail et sur la qualité de l’emploi des parents (temps plein versus temps partiel et inactivité, ségrégation horizontale et verticale, salaire), tant de la mère que du père, et sur l’allocation du temps entre les parents. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence la capacité des politiques à relever les nouveaux défis en matière d'emploi et de fécondité auxquels sont confrontés les pays européens aujourd'hui. En effet, l'objectif est d'identifier les dispositifs qui sont en faveur des familles bi-actives, et de déterminer quels sont les instruments politiques favorisant ou défavorisant la situation des femmes et des hommes sur le marché du travail (et plus particulièrement lorsqu'ils ont des enfants). Pour ce faire, nous analysons les politiques publiques visant à favoriser l'emploi des parents et couvrant plusieurs dimensions de la prise en charge de l'enfance: services de garde d'enfants, congé de maternité, congé de paternité, congé parental, mode d'imposition du système fiscal et possibilité de déduire les frais liés à la garde d'enfants.
Cette thèse vise à montrer la position relative de la Belgique au sein de l'Union Européenne afin d'identifier des exemples de bonnes pratiques qui pourraient aider à la formulation de recommandations politiques.
Doctorat en sciences sociales, Orientation sciences du travail
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Curto, Millet Fabien. "Inflation expectations, labour markets and EMU." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9187d2eb-2f93-4a5a-a7d6-0fb6556079bb.
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This thesis examines the measurement, applications and properties of consumer inflation expectations in the context of eight European Union countries: France, Germany, the UK, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden. The data proceed mainly from the European Commission's Consumer Survey and are qualitative in nature, therefore requiring quantification prior to use. This study first seeks to determine the optimal quantification methodology among a set of approaches spanning three traditions, associated with Carlson-Parkin (1975), Pesaran (1984) and Seitz (1988). The success of a quantification methodology is assessed on the basis of its ability to match quantitative expectations data and on its behaviour in an important economic application, namely the modelling of wages for our sample countries. The wage equation developed here draws on the theoretical background of the staggered contracts and the wage bargaining literature, and controls carefully for inflation expectations and institutional variables. The Carlson-Parkin variation proposed in Curto Millet (2004) was found to be the most satisfactory. This being established, the wage equations are used to test the hypothesis that the advent of EMU generated an increase in labour market flexibility, which would be reflected in structural breaks. The hypothesis is essentially rejected. Finally, the properties of inflation expectations and perceptions themselves are examined, especially in the context of EMU. Both the rational expectations and rational perceptions hypotheses are rejected. Popular expectations mechanisms, such as the "rule-of-thumb" model or Akerlof et al.'s (2000) "near-rationality hypothesis" are similarly unsupported. On the other hand, evidence is found for the transmission of expert forecasts to consumer expectations in the case of the UK, as in Carroll's (2003) model. The distribution of consumer expectations and perceptions is also considered, showing a tendency for gradual (as in Mankiw and Reis, 2002) but non-rational adjustment. Expectations formation is further shown to have important qualitative features.
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Dmitrijeva, Jekaterina. "Unemployment and labour market policy in Central and Eastern Europe." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0002/document.
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Transition vers l’économie de marché et accession a l’Union Européenne ont profondément modifié la structure et le fonctionnement des économies d’Europe Centrale et de l’Est. Cette thèse propose une analyse des évolutions observées sur les marchés du travail régionaux et nationaux des nouveaux pays membres de l’Union Européenne ainsi qu’une évaluation des politiques publiques mises en œuvre dans ce contexte de transition économique. L’analyse du processus d’appariement entre travailleurs et employeurs révèle l’importance de la demande de travail dans la création de nouvelles embauches en Lettonie, Slovénie et Estonie et souligne la nécessité d’intégrer flux (chômeurs et emplois vacants) et effets spatiaux dans la modélisation. L’efficacité des politiques publiques est attestée au niveau macro et microéconomiques et démontre l’influence positive des programmes de formation sur les taux de sortie du chômage et l’employabilité des participantsDuring the transition to market economy and the accession to the EU Central and Eastern European countries have witnessed remarkable changes in the structure and functioning of national economies. This thesis aims to assess the development of aggregate and regional labour markets in new EU member states through this eventful period and to investigate the role of active labour market policy in moderating the consequences of transitional shock and improving the performance of the labour market. The analysis of the process of worker-firm matching in Latvia, Slovenia and Estonia reveals that in transition - EU accession context the hiring process is labour demand driven and displays the existence of stock-flow patterns and spatial spillovers. The effects of ALMP programs are confirmed to be positive at both macroeconomic and individual levels: involvement of unemployed in training increases aggregate outflows from unemployment to jobs and increases individual employability of participants
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Dmitrijeva, Jekaterina Laurent Thierry. "Unemployment and labour market policy in Central and Eastern Europe." S. l. : Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2008/2008EVRY0002.pdf.
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Brink, Bernd. "One flexible future for Europe? : the case of European convergence and/or divergence in the light of the flexibility debate." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21526.
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This Thesis examines recent trends in flexible forms of employment and how those forms of employment influence and at the same time are influenced by the economic, structural and regulatory environments in the different countries of the European Union, as well as their diverse labour market regimes. Those interactions are used as the basis for an analysis of the likelihood of convergence or divergence in European ways of work organisation; and for a consideration of how much influence decision makers are capable of exercising on this process. The Thesisis divided into four parts. The first part starts by discussing theories of societal development, presenting a model of firms flexibility, and deals with methodological issues involved in relating firms strategies with national employment environments. The second part examines the characteristics of the various European labour markets using data from the European Labour Force Survey (ELFS, 1984 - 1994) and the New Forms of Work and Activity Survey (NFWA, 1989/90). Firm specific data from the NFWAis used to explain variance in firms use of new forms of employment with other firm features. The study argues that European labour markets are still distinct and that differences in the usage patterns and meaning of new forms of employment can not be explained by firm characteristics alone; differences in national labour market regimes have also to be considered. The third part relates the findings of the previous part to the national employment systems and compares various aspects of the findings in three sample countries (Spain, United Kingdom and Germany). It shows that the various systems function in different manners, and possess competitive advantages / disadvantages in different areas. Conditions needed for one system to work are distinct from those needed for the other systems. Interchanging some features known from other systems to increase for example flexibility in the short run, might have effects contrary to those sought and might destroy a system's foundations in the long run. The fourth part looks into possible converging / diverging trends in European ways of work organisation, given the different starting positions. The evidence presented suggest that in the short term gains can be made through a cost cutting strategy, however this will make in the long run the creation of the wanted high trust, high wage, high quality economy in Europe even more difficult. To overcome short term thinking, which could bring about a convergence towards a economy competing only on costs, co-ordination on a supranational level is needed. As the situation of the national systems is still distinct, decision making on this level is increasingly prone to gridlock. However, recent developments on the company level towards transnational information and work councils on a European level might have important effects, even when such arrangements still lag behind the swift developments towards economic and monetary union.
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Altzinger, Wilfried, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, Bernhard Rumplmaier, Petra Sauer, and Alyssa Schneebaum. "Education and Social Mobility in Europe: Levelling the Playing Field for Europe's Children and Fuelling its Economy." European Commission, bmwfw, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4720/1/WWWforEurope_WPS_no080_MS19.pdf.
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The persistence of socioeconomic outcomes across generations acts as a barrier to a society's ability to exploit its resources efficiently. In order to derive policy measures which aim at accelerating intergenerational mobility, we review the existent body of research on the causes, effects and the measurement of intergenerational mobility. We also present recent empirical works which study intergenerational mobility in Europe, around the Globe, and its relevance for economic growth. We recommend four policy measures to reduce the negative impacts of
intergenerational persistence in economic outcomes: universal and high-quality child care and pre-school programs; later school tracking and increased access to vocational training to reduce skill mismatch and facilitate technological development; integration programs for migrants; and simultaneous investment in schooling and later social security programs.Series: WWWforEurope
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ZAVAKOU, Alkistis. "How labour market institutions in European welfare capitalisms affect labour market transitions." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/61309.
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Defence date: 22 February 2019Examining Board: Prof. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. François Rycx, ULB (Co-Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerick, European University Institute; Prof. Manos Matsaganis, Politecnico di Milano
Despite the large body of literature on labour market institutions and their effects on employment and unemployment, large gaps remain. This thesis sheds a new light to the old problem of labour market institutional design and labour market performance. It examines how labour market institutions in different European models of capitalism affect labour market transitions. It does so by employing an advanced econometric method: an event history analysis, estimating a piecewise constant exponential model. Longitudinal data are employed from three different national datasets (the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the Italian Survey “Famiglia e soggetti sociali”) for the period 1990–2009. The effects of labour market institutions are estimated both at a country-level and at a comparative, pooled-country-level to increase the degrees of freedom and the variability in the independent variables. The empirical evidence suggests that institutions indeed have a significant effect on labour market transitions and this effect differs largely among different models of capitalisms, corroborating the Varieties of Capitalism approach. In accordance with the latter, the importance of non-pecuniary institutions such as trade union power, trade union fragmentation and wage bargaining is re-affirmed and substantial labour market institutional complementarities are found. This thesis advocates for an optimal, strictly positive and intermediate level of EPL in all countries; an unemployment insurance contingent on strict conditionality and high activation; while the optimal level and system of wage bargaining are found to depend crucially on the trade union power as well as trade union coordination and fragmentation. Trade union fragmentation is found to reduce all labour market transitions and have a negative effect on labour market performance.
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Lindholm, Leevi. "Human capital and labour immigration to Europe: Retrospective study of policy outcomes of the Blue Card Directive." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22580.
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This research paper focuses on the success of policy outcomes of the Directive, by illustratingthe change in the European Union’s (EU) migration statistics after the implementation in2011. This is done by implementing the concepts of knowledge based economy with thetheory of human capital. In the 21st century, the ever growing interconnectedness brings us acompetition of the skills and knowledge between countries when it comes to the labour force.The first remarkable EU directive — the Blue Card Directive — to harmonise and attractmore highly skilled labour into the EU, and its success are explored through a retrospectivepolicy analysis on the directive and its achievements. This study presents as the results thatthis directive is not as successful as the decision-makers intended to be due to its lack ofeffectiveness and the complexity of other overlapping policies within Europe. I argue that theBlue Card Directive failed because of the weak structure of the policy and the low level oninterest for it from the EU member states.
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Coley, Lucie Louise. "Gendering the labour market : a critical evaluation of European employment policy 2000-2010." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601112.
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This thesis evaluates the evolution of the European Union's high-level employment policy using gender equality as a critical lens. The research reveals the contestation around gender equity means that are otherwise invisible in this policy. The findings point to an increasingly ambiguous approach by EU policy actors towards gender equality in EU employment policy. The multiple le perspectives on gender in EU employment policy were explored through analysing the paradigms within which the policy is structured, namely: work life reconciliation, flexible labour markets and education and training. Each policy paradigm is distinct; however they share similar features such as a common language and a set of normative assumptions across a specific policy area. The policy paradigms are studied over a ten year period which coincided with two high level framings of EU employment policy, the Lisbon Strategy in 2000 and the Growth and Jobs Agenda 2005. The thesis argues that gender equality offers a useful lens with which to critically evaluate EU employment policy as it ' cross-cuts' debates during policy-making (Vedoo and Lombardo 2007). Through the analysis of a considerable body of pol icy documents and interviews with leading figures in EU policy-making, multiple visions of gender equality are exposed each fining Rees's (1998) criteria of 'tinkering', ' tailoring' and ' transforming'. The significance of each of these interpretations is attributed to the access and influence of gender-sensitive policy-making actors during the evolution of in the high-level EU employment policy .
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Zanasi, Francesca. "Carers and Careers. Grandparental care investment and its labour market consequences in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/258594.
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As life expectancy increases, grandparents spend a longer part of their life with grandchildren, which opens opportunities for sharing time, resources, and affection. The present dissertation aims at investigating the content of the grandparent-grandchild relationship and, at the same time, the consequences that becoming a grandmother could have on mid-life women’s labour market participation. It revolves around three main contributions. First, it approaches grandparenting from a stratification perspective, putting forward that grandparents could perform different activities with grandchildren according to their educational levels. Second, it investigates grandmothers’ transition to retirement as driven by the institutional context, which shapes both the extent to which grandparental childcare is needed as support for the younger generations (measured through the availability of childcare services) and the extent to which it is easy and attractive to withdraw early from the labour force for old-age individuals (measured through the generosity of the pension system). Finally, it considers grandmothers’ labour market withdrawal as enabled, or constrained, by women’s previous work history, with two case-studies: England and Italy. In fact, decisions taken earlier in life on work-family reconciliation, on the one hand, could be reproduced in late-life upon the grandchild’s birth; on the other hand, years worked, and kind of job held open different routes for retirement. Taken together, the present dissertation unveils that grandparenthood is a multifaceted phenomenon, which must be studied in a multi-generational framework and by considering demographic, social, and institutional trends of current European societies.
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Petri, Hedwig. "A crime without punishment : policy advocacy for European Union Health and Safety legislation on harassment at work." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2001. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6244/.
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The study is concerned about employers' liability to protect the mental welfare of employees alongside their physical health. The need for protection is demonstrated in several ways. Firstly, the introduction examines the statistical evidence of harassment in the workplace and its effect on its victims. Secondly, data was collected from nine participants who had taken their employer to court claiming that they had been bullied out of their jobs. These documents which were supplemented in some cases by personal statements, were analysed using the Glaser and Strauss Grounded Theory method tempered with Case Study method. Ethical issues coming to the fore during data collection supplied additional material for a chapter which eflects on problems researchers will encounter when working with vulnerable research participants. Analysis showed the importance of social support for victims and implicated the role the trade unions, the medical and legal professions plays in secondary victimisation for victims of workplace bullying. A review of existing legislation was conducted to determine if internal voluntary guidelines or new legislation would give best protection. Employer-led bullying was identified as the form on which internal guidelines have no impact. Workplace bullying was always found to be morally wrong and the issue of what is legally right but not morally right was discussed. The findings emerging from the analysis together with recommendation to place protection of harassment at work within Health and Safety policies was presented to opinion makers to gauge the level of interest in the investigator's recommendation that European Union Health and Safety officials should take the lead in advancing legislative change outlawing workplace harassment.
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Tejic, Maja. "Social citizenship beyond the nation-state : A qualitative analysis of the European parliamentary debates concerning the development of an EU welfare." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-36711.
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Welfare and questions regarding social security have historically been a concern of the nation state, but the development of the European Union’s integration project has created a necessity for an international legal framework that covers that specific field. It has been found that international cooperation on welfare issues is not such an easy task, and numerous scholars have given different answers to why this has been the case. The purpose of this study is to examine if there exists a path dependency in the argumentations in the European parliamentary debates through the following research question: Is it able to see signs of path dependency concerning welfare regimes in the debates of the European parliament and do these affect how far the EU is willing to go concerning the development of the social citizenship, or has this more to do with the ideological stances between party group affiliations? Gösta Esping-Andersen suggests an almost path dependent development of welfare regimes and suggests that they have an impact on political behavior, and his theory on welfare regimes has been used in this study. This study has been conducted through an analysis of plenary debates in the European parliament between the years 2001-2010 using Toulmin's argumentation analysis model which focuses on deducing underlying warrants in the statements. Based on this model, the result is that the debates are an ideological conflict. The difference in opinion between the representatives are rather ideologically influenced than based on the path dependence of welfare regimes.
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Marry, Beatrice. "Towards greater gender equality? An examination of gender equity policy in the European Union's labour market." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40837.
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Since the late 1970s, the EU has attempted to alleviate gendered labour market inequality throughout its member states with the help of a set of gender equitable policies. While some progress was achieved, both the gender wage gap and the glass ceiling remain firmly in place. Subsequently, women throughout the EU are severely underpaid and under-represented in positions of leadership and power, suggesting that the problem is far from being solved. Why does such blatant gender inequality persist in spite of policies meant to alleviate it? Policies are only as effective as the degree to which they are implemented. This thesis will suggest that the implementation of equity policy is impeded due to a process that renders EU equitable policy less effective than it could be otherwise. Consequently, the policy process needs strengthening and policies need wider utilization by multiple stakeholders, as well as domestic employers to yield greater results.Depuis la fin des années 1970, l'UE s'est efforcée de réduire les inégalités entre les hommes et les femmes dans le marché du travail des pays membres en établissant des politiques de traitement équitable entre les sexes. Bien qu'on ait fait certains progrès, la disparité salariale entre les sexes et le plafond de verre sont encore fermement en place. En conséquence, les femmes de l'UE sont remarquablement sous-payées et sous-représentées dans les postes de leadership et de pouvoir, ce qui semble démontrer que le problème est loin d'être résolu. Pourquoi une inégalité aussi criante persiste-t-elle malgré les politiques visant à redresser la situation? Les politiques ne sont efficaces que dans la mesure où elles sont mises en œuvre. Cette thèse suggère que la mise en œuvre de la politique d’équité de l’UE est entravée par un processus qui nuit à son efficacité. Par conséquent, si l’on veut atteindre les objectifs visés, il faut renforcer le processus de mise en œuvre de la politique et voir à ce que cette dernière soit plus généralement appliquée par les nombreuses parties intéressées et les employeurs des pays membres.
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BELMONTE, MARTINA. "SKILLS DECOUPLING IN EUROPEAN LABOUR MIGRATION POLICYTHE REASONS BEHIND THE RACE FOR TALENT. A COMPARATIVE POLICY ANALYSIS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/581034.
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Since the beginning of 2000s, labour migration policy in EU countries has entered a new phase, generally referred to as ‘managed migration’. This features more liberal measures to attract sought after migrants, especially highly skilled workers, and more restrictive measures to deter less welcome migrants, notably low skilled workers. This dissertation explores the extent to which EU Member States have pursued this approach and the causes of its different declinations.
The first chapter provides an overview of the managed migration approach in labour migration, and its economic and political rationale.
The second chapter reviews the existing scholarship efforts to operationalise migration policy, and presents an original index on labour migration policy openness and decoupling by skill level, tested on 14 Member States. Different patterns of labour migration policy openness and decoupling emerge.
The third chapter looks for the causal conditions under which Member States have implemented liberal labour migration policy for highly skilled migrants, for general/low skilled migrants, and have decoupled policies by skill level. It reviews the existing causal explanations, in particular an explanation based on the ‘Variety of Capitalism’ research agenda, and an explanation based on coalitions building by labour market actors. Then, by means of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), it tests a number of conditions, specifically on i. employers’ preferences on migrants’ number and skills, ii. employers’ capacity to affect the policy outcome, and iii. presence of anti-immigration political parties, to find the configurations under which the outcome is present or absent.
The fourth chapter explores the causal mechanism associated with the identified conditions with specific case studies, selected on the basis of the QCA results, and notably Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom (typical cases) and Czech Republic (deviant case).
The fifth chapter analyses Member States’ behaviour at the EU level, in negotiating and transposing the first EU directive on highly skilled migrants, the Blue Card Directive. It looks for the drivers of Member States behaviour and analyses the interplay between the national and EU dimension of migration policy, and specifically whether the same conditions that explain labour migration openness and decoupling at national level work at EU level.
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Connolly, Mark. "Capital and culture : an investigation into New Labour cultural policy and the European Capital of Culture 2008." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55756/.
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This thesis is an investigation into the relationship between culture in New Labour policy and within the competition for the European Capital of Culture 2008. The study interrogates a policy paradigm which it identifies as a 'creative city/urban planning' approach to urban regeneration. It locates this approach within a wider New Labour 'Third Way' politics, in that it attempts to reconcile economic instrumentalism with a rhetorical commitment to a politics of the social. Based on elite interviews and documentary analysis, this thesis argues that this approach to urban regeneration draws on a misappropriation of the work of cultural theorist Raymond Williams. It demonstrates how this misappropriation results in an unbounded anthropological definition, whereby culture colonises all areas of economic and social life. Within this template, culture becomes a surrogate economic and social policy. This is illustrated in the case-study of Liverpool's bidding for, winning of and plans for Capital of Culture 2008. This analysis shows how culture without parameters is usurped within both a neo-liberal economic agenda, and a policy template which recasts social inequality as a personal cultural deficit. Within Liverpool's urban strategy, culture is conceived as a social and economic panacea. However, when culture comes to mean everything, it invariably means nothing. This thesis attempts to put Raymond Williams' 'vague and baggy monster' back in its theoretical cage.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Peter Huber, Doris Anita Oberdabernig, and Anna Raggl. "Migration in an ageing Europe: What are the challenges?" European Commission, bmwfw, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4719/1/WWWforEurope_WPS_no079_MS17.pdf.
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We use new migration modelling and projection techniques in order to quantify the effect of migration in the context of ageing societies in Europe over the forthcoming decades. Using new empirical results, data and projections of migration flows developed in the framework of the
WWWforEUROPE project, we inform the policy discussion concerning the role of demographic change, inequality dynamics, labour market integration of migrants and the sustainability of public finances in the continent.Series: WWWforEurope
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Papadopoulos, Theodoros N. "Welfare support for the unemployed : a comparative analysis of social policy responses to unemployment in twelve European Union member-states." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265658.
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PISAREVSKAYA, ASYA. "ROLE OF POLICY CONFIGURATIONS IN LABOUR MARKET INTEGRATION OF HUMANITARIAN MIGRANTS. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEVEN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/569662.
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This PhD thesis explores how policies in several receiving countries in Europe shape the labour market integration of humanitarian migrants. This research involved a systematic comparison across seven countries (The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Norway and Greece) in the period 1990 - 2008. Building on the integration framework of Ager and Strang (2008), I argue that integration is a multidimensional process that is influenced by both the individual characteristics of persons and the policy factors in the countries of reception. A combination of various policy instruments create an environment conditioning the behaviour of the integrating migrants, namely in granting or depriving legal rights, allowing more or less decision-making freedom with regards to employment or residence, and facilitating or hampering employment trajectories. A policy tool does not act in isolation, thus I deem it crucial to consider several policy areas at the same time. The following aspects are explored in this study: 1) access to a stable residence status and official labour market; 2) welfare benefit policies; 3) policies actively promoting labour market participation; 4) policies supporting language training. I show how different configurations of these policy conditions have led to different labour market integration outcomes among humanitarian migrants.
Successful labour market integration is understood as equal labour market performance between humanitarian migrants and natives. This is operationalized by two indicators – difference in employment chances and difference in chances of having a good quality job. These parameters are measured through logistic regression analysis using the data of the European Labour Force Survey, Ad-hoc Module of 2008.
The findings reveal that no country exhibited an outcome where humanitarian migrants are fully equal to natives in both parameters. However, Norway and Germany were found to be the countries where the differences between humanitarian migrants and natives were minimal. This outcome was labelled ‘balanced integration’. Using a technique of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), I compared the configurations of policies observed in the countries revealing balanced integration (Germany and Norway) with the remaining five countries. I found that having obligatory language and employability training programmes for humanitarian migrants was a crucial policy aspect, and the success of economic integration increases when such a policy is combined with generous welfare benefits and relatively easy and fast access to the official labour market.
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Gerwel, Heinrich John. "The effects of labour policies in the Piedmont Region of Italy on equity in the labour market: reflections on women in Labour." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2122.
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Magister Economicae - MEconThe study concentrates on a particular type of state intervention in social policy. It considers whether policy reforms and subsequent provision of information with regards to the issue of parental leave and part-time work arrangements, makes an impact on gender equity in the labour market (Del Boca, 2002; Naldini & Saraceno, 2008). Giddens' theory of structuration is the conceptual framework from which this study approaches these questions. It is thus held that agents (in this instance, women) are constrained by structures (labour policy framework and institutionalised labour practices) to achieve specific social goals. And further: that the apparent lack of power on the part of agents requires intervention on the part of the state apparatus to correct the failure (or inability) of the labour market to deliver the social justice as aspired to in the cited European Employment Strategy, as well as fostering economic efficiency (Barr, 1992). I further contend that not only are agents constrained by structural properties, but that institutional reform (in the form of labour policy reform) is constrained by the human action1 of the management of firms and enterprises as economic agents within the policy framework.
South Africa
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Fella, Stefano. "The European policy of the Labour Party, from opposition to government : the 1996-97 intergovernmental conference and the politics of European Union Treaty reform." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391915.
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Wulfgramm, Melike [Verfasser], Herbert [Akademischer Betreuer] Obinger, and Andrew [Akademischer Betreuer] Oswald. "Labour Market Policy and its Effects on Subjective Well-Being and Reemployment Stability in Europe / Melike Wulfgramm. Gutachter: Herbert Obinger ; Andrew Oswald. Betreuer: Herbert Obinger." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1072159422/34.
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Dufresne, Anne. "Les stratégies de l'euro-syndicalisme sectoriel: étude de la coordination salariale et du dialogue social." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210769.
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The main contribution of my thesis is the analysis of substantial empirical material that I have collected from Community trade union actors. My analysis focuses on the institutional strategies of the sectoral European trade union federations and their implications for the Europeanisation of wages policy. I have demonstrated that the development of European coordination processes of national collective bargaining, particularly at sectoral level, has contributed to reviving the concept of collective bargaining and professional relations in the European Area, which until then had been covered in the literature by the social dialogue. I have identified three obstacles to collective negociations at a European level: the “depoliticised” wage in the economic partnership, employers identified as the “lobby partner” in the sectoral social dialogue, and the difficulties encountered in the Europeanisation of trade unions.L’apport majeur de notre thèse est l’analyse d’un matériel empirique conséquent que nous avons collecté auprès des acteurs syndicaux communautaires. Notre analyse se concentre sur les stratégies institutionnelles des fédérations syndicales sectorielles européennes et sur leurs implications en matière d’européanisation de la politique salariale. Nous avons démontré que le développement des processus de coordination européenne des négociations collectives nationales, en particulier au niveau sectoriel, peut contribuer à renouveler la conception de la négociation collective et des relations professionnelles dans l’espace européen jusqu’alors appréhendée dans la littérature par le dialogue social. Nous avons identifié trois obstacles à la négociation collective européenne :le salaire « dépolitisé » dans le partenariat économique, le patronat devenu « partenaire-lobby » dans le dialogue social sectoriel, et la difficile européanisation syndicale.
Doctorat en sciences sociales, Orientation sociologie
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Halldén, Karin. "What's Sex Got to Do with It? Women and Men in European Labour Markets." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-61877.
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This thesis consists of four empirical studies on women and men in European labour markets. Study I examines effects of the sex of the immediate supervisor on the time men and women spend in initial on-the-job training (OJT) in Sweden. The results show that men receive longer initial OJT than women do, but men’s time in training is independent of the supervisor’s sex. For women in the private sector, the chances of receiving long initial OJT are higher if the immediate supervisor is a man. Study II analyses effects of labour market institutions on the quality of part-time work by comparing the skills and autonomy of female part-time jobs in Britain and Sweden. The results show that female part-time employees in Sweden hold positions of higher skill and have more autonomy compared to their equivalents in Britain. Both British and Swedish part-time employees face relative disadvantages when compared to female full-time workers. Study III examines associations between maternal employment policies and wage penalties for mothers by skill in 10 European countries. The results indicate that, net of variation in female labour force participation, extensive publicly funded childcare is associated with a modest decrease in the motherhood wage penalty, regardless of skill. By contrast, paid maternity leave is weakly associated with a larger motherhood wage gap in less skilled jobs only. Study IV examines the extent to which women’s opportunities to attain positions of high workplace authority are related to maternal employment policies, such as paid parental leave and part-time work. Based on data from 25 European countries, the results show that a high proportion of women working long part-time hours is associated with a wider gender gap in the attainment of high authority positions, to the disadvantage of women. However, paid parental leave appears to be unrelated to the gender authority gap.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Hasselbalch, Jacob. "The Contentious Politics of Disruptive Innovation: Vaping and Fracking in the European Union." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/246795.
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This thesis investigates what it means to view disruptive innovation as a political problem. I take my point of departure in the tendency for controversial disruptions in heavily regulated sectors, such as electronic cigarettes or hydraulic fracturing, to open regulatory spaces by challenging established expectations about how they ought to be governed. In the wake of such disruption, policy actors with a stake in the matter engage in sensemaking and discursive contests to control the meaning of the innovations in order to close the regulatory spaces by aligning them with one set of laws instead of another. I study these contests in two recent legislative initiatives of the European Union to address the disruptive potential of e-cigarettes and fracking: the 2014 revision of the Tobacco Products Directive and the 2014 Commission recommendations on unconventional fossil fuels. The research draws on 51 interviews carried out with key policy actors during and after the policy debates. I bolster this with an analysis of policy documents, press releases and scientific studies, as well as a content and network analysis of position statements in newspaper articles. I find that the strategic use of rhetoric and framing plays an important part in creating, maintaining, and entrenching opposed coalitions in both policy debates. In both case studies, the policy solution is accompanied by deteriorating levels of trust among participants, leading coalitions to engage in strategies of venue-shopping to circumvent their opponents. This underscores the significant challenges there are for policymakers to address disruptions while maintaining legitimacy. The original contribution of the thesis lies in its novel conceptualization of disruptive innovation as a political problem, its application of micro-sociological approaches to the politics of expertise and European public policy, and its practical and theoretical suggestions for how to better study periods of disruption and govern through them.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Mourre, Gilles B. P. "Five essays on performance and structural rigidities in European labour markets." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210306.
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The thesis investigates the role of structural rigidities in recent labour market performances in Europe through various and complementary angles in five essays. By structural rigidities, we mean a lasting feature caused by a set of institutions, which prevents a market from operating efficiently. The approach is essentially empirical and macro-economic, while the scope of the analysis is definitely European, which is technically reflected in the use of either euro area aggregates or panels and cross-sections of European countries.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Feyertag, Joseph. "Varieties and politics of skill protection : a micro level analysis of unemployment protection systems in Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c69681da-2da3-4467-985f-b644c1be6c48.
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Varieties of Capitalism theory predicts that the skill specificity of workers determines their demand for social protection. In this thesis, I test this assumption using a measure of occupational mobility between pre- and post-unemployment, which I apply to European workers in different skill groups as defined by Fleckenstein et al., (2011). Using this measure as an indicator of the portability of workers' skills, I then evaluate whether the lower marketability of human capital investments is associated with greater demand for unemployment protection. The findings demonstrate that whilst this relationship is apparent in certain countries, notably Coordinated Market Economies such as Germany, the assumptions do not apply across institutional settings. Consequently, skill specificity cannot explain variation in attitudes towards unemployment protection policies between countries.
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Novák, Radek. "EVROPSKÁ POLITIKA ZAMĚSTNANOSTI A JEJÍ VLIV NA TRH PRÁCE V REGIONU NÁCHOD." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76218.
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Unemployment has begun to be considered as a European problem since the early nineties, when a coordination of activities in the social field at the EU-level has also gradually started. Since that time, spending on the social policy from the EU budget has been constantly rising, but, as shown in this thesis, the situation on the European labour market has not been significantly improved. This is illustrated also by the fact that any from the EU employment targets from the Lisbon strategy has not been until now met. The most important instrument of the EU-Employment policy is the European Social Fund (ESF). Because its expenditures on the Czech Employment policy are constantly increasing, it is necessary to ask whether it improves a condition of a labour market. Moreover, if nowadays contributions from the ESF represent the majority of expenditure on the Czech active labour market policy (ALMP) carried out by particular labour offices. Analytic part of this thesis focuses on the evaluation of the ALMP, which is financed from the Czech state budget as well as from the ESF and which is implemented by the particular labour office - in the region of Nachod. According to a similar analyses, programmes of a subsidised employment shows the highest effectiveness also in the district of Nachod, while direct job creation schemes and retraining courses contribute to reducing unemployment only to a limited extent.
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Bannan, Kelvin. "Industrial relations and institutional changes in Sweden : a response to European integration : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1322.
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Šimková, Tereza. "Trh práce v Evropské unii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71764.
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The diploma thesis "The Labour Market in the European Union" evaluates the developments of the labour market in the European Union and the mechanisms of the European Union's employment policy in the period of 2000-2010. The theoretical definitions of the main labour market categories and three major macroeconomic models are explained in the first chapter. The second part provides comparative analysis of them member states based on selected labour market indicators -- employment, unemployment, labour productivity and costs and labour market policy The third chapter investigates in the activities of the European Union in the area of employment policy and more closely focuses on the European Employment Strategy, its guidelines and influence on member states policy setting. The chapter closes with the overview of the financial resources activated by the EU to support employment in response to the financial crisis.
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Akyelken, Nihan. "Capital and development in social and cultural contexts : an empirical investigation on transport infrastructure development and female labour force in Turkey." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:01b1cb7a-aac9-436f-82c5-eb7ab8db138c.
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Non-economic factors like culture and politics, as well as the socio-economic background, matter significantly in directing economic development endeavours towards social wellbeing. Therefore, the current narrow definition of economic development must be extended to include overall wellbeing. As one of the primary forms of physical capital constituting a regional economy, transport investments have played a significant role in development plans. Given that accessibility to social infrastructure is a basic need, certain levels of infrastructure are essential. How these investments have an impact on different groups of individuals has kept many scholars busy for a long time. However, the economic spillover effects of these investments into female labour markets have remained largely unexplored. Situating the implications of development initiatives, including transport investments, for female labour markets in social and cultural contexts requires an integrated view of the regional economy. Although economic geography and existing development theories provide extensive conceptual models to elucidate the links between transport, labour markets and culture, the methodological implications are obscure; hence, the empirical evidence remains weak. This thesis explores the economic and non-economic dynamics of regional economies to clarify the links between transport infrastructure, labour markets, and social and cultural conditions. In particular, the association between female labour forces and development efforts, in the form of transport infrastructure development, is conceptually and empirically examined. This thesis conducts a case study on Turkey. With the extensive infrastructure investment that has been made since 2002 and the extremely low rates of female labour force participation (around 25%), compared to EU-15 and OECD averages of around 65%, Turkey serves as an illuminating case. Theoretically, the study shows that the focus of transport economics on the economic growth effect of investments is not consistent with current efforts to extend economic development objectives: transport research requires a broader view to assess its development implications. The study demonstrates how the interactions between the economic, physical, political, cultural and socio-economic attributes of regions significantly affect how individuals benefit from the investments. The overarching policy implications of the study are useful for regional development policy with a gender focus: complementary policy interventions in human capital development and the consideration of social and cultural attitudes should strengthen the positive impacts of physical investments on female labour markets.
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Rejžková, Veronika. "Vliv vstupu ČR do EU na aktivní politiku zaměstnanosti a její financování." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10800.
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The thesis conducts an analysis of active labour-market policy and its support in the framework of the European Social Fund. The first section is specialized in labour policy and described documents of European Union in this framework. The second section of the paper focuses on active labour-market policy -- its development, implementation, tool kit as well as its reaction to European Union requirements and a subsequent efficiency evaluation of a number of programmes aimed to support the active labour-market policy. The next section assesses the achievability of quantitative targets of the Lisbon strategy which the Czech Republic should meet by 2010, i.e. whether we are on track to meet these targets. We aim to determine the achievability of targets using an analysis of employment. The following important section looks at labour policy expenditures in the Czech Republic, their change over time and particularly after the European Union accession in 2004, since when the Czech Republic has been able to draw financial support from the European Social Fund. The last section therefore deals with the European Social Fund, in particular with the implementation of projects, assessment of their impact on employment growth and recommendations for improvements in the efficiency of their execution.
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Gobin, Corinne. "Consultation et concertation sociales à l'échelle de la Communauté économique européenne: étude des positions et stratégies de la Confédération européenne des syndicats, 1958-1991." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212339.
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Garofalo, Carmela. "La promozione dell'occupazione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423546.
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The research aims to verify if an Italian model of occupation promotion exists, in order to consider its compatibility level with the European social policy.
First of all, it is necessary to consider the steps of the EC social policy (from the SEO, to the Lisbona Strategy until the passing of the Europe 2020 Strategy), through the analysis of the suitably provided tools, that is to say the occupation trends issued over the years, and of the opened coordination method (MAC). These supporting documents are useful to give to the member States the directives whom they have to draw inspiration drafting occupation and labour market regulations.
From this analysis it comes out that one of the most important occupation goals has been the harmonization of all member States labour policy, in order to create more and better workplaces.
The remarkable labour policy part is the active one [Active Labour Market Policy (Almp)], including all services and measures useful to gear job offer features to the job demand ones in order to promote occupation and improve workers and unemployed employability.
With reference to our country, in the first instance a particular attention has been paid on employability, then on adaptability (aiming at the increase of the labour market admission tools), finally on the last labour market reform (brought about the law 92/2012), that tried to recover and promote the role of the employment services, considered the main actors who are able to promote employability of all the ones that have to be led in or reinstated in the labour market, definitely changing the relationship between the employment services and their end users, above all if they are receiving unemployment benefits.
In the law provisions it is possible to identify three macro areas of intervention: the first one is linked to the employment services and the active labour policy; the second area includes vocational training (rectius permanent learning) vocational and orientation courses; the third and last one concerns employment incentives.
Examining the basics of Fornero Reform, it has been made a second reading of the regional rules of the labour market, mostly preceding the 2012, in order to verify their elegibility to discipline the active policy.
The object of the analysis has been the active policy tools as the “conditionality”, the concept of “fair” job offer, suspension from unemployment, the different services the employment services have to offer to the unemployed.
Fornero reform put attention to the instrumental profile, returning to the deputy legislator the reform of the employment services system, who has to fix a short term (six months) already overdue.
Then the observation has been focused on the vocational training, with an in depth-analysis of the institution of vocational and orientation courses, considered pre-eminently the best active policy tool.
Alternatively, the Italian system of occupation promotion is the occupation policy that affects the job offer market. Analyzing the administrative and normative material of the matter, it has been tried to find out a process model for the incentive measures conforming to the European one due to the disjointed intervention of our legislator.
In the light of this research, we can confirm with great optimism that our country is halfway, waiting to implement the reforms of employment services, vocational training system and employment incentives, already forecasted but never realized.
The reasons of the delay are most of all financial onesLa ricerca mira a verificare se esiste un modello italiano di promozione dell’occupazione e a valutarne il livello di compatibilità con le politiche sociali europee. A tal fine viene prioritariamente esaminata l’evoluzione della politica sociale dell’Unione europea (dalla SEO, alla Strategia di Lisbona fino a giungere al varo della Strategia Europa 2020) attraverso l’analisi degli strumenti appositamente previsti, ovvero degli orientamenti integrati in materia di occupazione emanati nel corso del tempo, e del metodo di coordinamento aperto (MAC). Attraverso tali documenti vengono impartite agli Stati membri le direttive alle quali gli stessi devono ispirarsi nell’elaborazione delle normative in materia di occupazione e di mercato del lavoro. Dall’analisi è emerso che uno dei principali obiettivi degli orientamenti in materia di occupazione è stato l’armonizzazione delle politiche del lavoro dei vari Paesi membri, onde creare migliori e maggiori posti di lavoro. Parte rilevante delle politiche del lavoro sono le politiche attive [Active Labour Market Policy (Almp)] ovvero tutti quei servizi o misure utili ad adattare le caratteristiche dell’offerta di lavoro alla domanda di lavoro con l’obiettivo di promuovere l’occupazione attraverso il miglioramento dell’occupabilità dei lavoratori e dei disoccupati. Proprio con riferimento al nostro Paese può sostenersi che ad un iniziale periodo di particolare attenzione verso l’occupabilità, ne è seguito un secondo nel quale l’attenzione si è spostata sull’adattabilità (puntando sulla moltiplicazione degli strumenti di ingresso nel mercato del lavoro), fino ad arrivare all’ultima riforma del mercato del lavoro (attuata con la l. 92/2012) che ha voluto recuperare ed incrementare il ruolo dei servizi per l’impiego ritenuti i principali attori in grado di favorire l’occupabilità dei soggetti che devono essere inseriti o reinseriti nel mercato del lavoro, modificando decisamente l’impostazione del rapporto che si crea tra questi ultimi e gli utenti, specie se percettori di trattamenti di disoccupazione. Nell’articolato legislativo sono individuabili tre macro aree di intervento: la prima riguarda i servizi per l’impiego e la politica attiva del lavoro; la seconda ricomprende la formazione professionale (rectius apprendimento permanente) e i tirocini di formazione e di orientamento; la terza ed ultima afferisce agli incentivi alle assunzioni Muovendosi lungo le coordinate fissate dalla Riforma Fornero, si è proceduto ad una rilettura della normativa regionale in tema di mercato del lavoro, per la gran parte antecedente al 2012, onde verificarne la perdurante idoneità a disciplinare la politica attiva. Oggetto di analisi sono stati gli strumenti di politica attiva quali la ‘condizionalità’, la nozione di offerta di lavoro ‘congrua’, la sospensione dello stato di disoccupazione, le tipologie di prestazioni che i Servizi per l’impiego devono offrire ai disoccupati. Come si vede la Riforma Fornero si è occupata del profilo strumentale, rinviando ad un intervento del legislatore delegato la riforma del sistema dei servizi per l’impiego fissando un termine breve (di sei mesi) già scaduto. La riflessione si è poi spostata sulla formazione professionale, con uno specifico approfondimento dell’istituto dei tirocini formativi e di orientamento, ormai divenuto lo strumento di politica attiva per eccellenza. La seconda gamba sulla quale cammina il sistema italiano di promozione dell’occupazione è la politica per l’occupazione che incide sul versante della offerta di lavoro. Attraverso l’analisi del materiale normativo ed amministrativo in materia si è cercato di individuare un modello di sviluppo delle misure di incentivo adeguato ai modelli europei a fronte della frammentarietà dell’intervento del nostro legislatore. Alla luce dell’indagine svolta può affermarsi con buona dose di ottimismo che il nostro Paese è a metà strada del percorso, mancando all’appello le preannunciate, ma non ancora realizzate, riforme dei servizi per l’impiego, del sistema di formazione professionale e di quello degli incentivi all’occupazione. Le ragioni del ritardo sono anche, ma non solo, finanziarie
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Pachlová, Renata. "Realizace aktivní politiky zaměstnanosti (OP RLZ - priorita 1) ve Středočeském kraji, s důrazem na Kladensko." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16360.
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In the following dissertation I discuss the issue of European social resource as a main financial way for developing sphere of human resources. In this work is described the Operational Programme of Development of human resources (OP RLZ) that was realized in Czech republic in the year 2004-2006. In this Operational programme is this precedence:1: Interactive management of the employment. The next dissertation's part is focused to grant and national projects that were realized within the scope of this precedence at Středočeský district(county). Sequentially I indicate the realization of Interacive management of the employment at Kladno region. This region has specific position at Středočeský district because of the transformation of its economy in the 90th of last century that was influented by this changes so much (a bankrupt of Poldi Kladno factory, therefrom releasing of working forces and in the present high level of commute to capital). The emphasis of my dissertation is the evaluation of a realized projects that relate with precedence 1: Interacive management of the employment OP RLZ in Kladno region. An attention paid to: Efectivity of interactive management of the employment and its realization. Summary of advantage and disadvantage of realized projects. In terms of obtained informations are defined the recomendationes which should contribute to increasing done activities and its efectivity.
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Davies, Aled Rhys. "The city of London and British social democracy, c. 1959-1979." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d45f1e5b-ca50-403d-a3d9-e802c78de9ba.
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This thesis considers the position of the British financial sector in the economic strategy of social democracy during the 1960s and 1970s. In doing so it attempts to shed light on a broader question – what caused the collapse of the postwar social democratic project in Britain during the final quarter of the twentieth century? It contends that the social democratic project faced a variety of challenges to its principles, assumptions, and practices in the two decades prior to the election of Margaret Thatcher as a result of changes to the financial system. These challenges offered opportunities for the advance of social democracy beyond the norms established following the Second World War, but the capacity to pursue these was constrained in a number of ways. The emergence of institutional investment, and the breakdown of the postwar banking settlement, undermined the social democratic methods for managing and controlling credit and investment, yet also offered the opportunity to advance the State’s capacity to intervene in the economy. However the ability of the left to renew and rebuild the social democratic economic project along more advanced, interventionist lines was limited by new material constraints which made extensive reform of the financial system and the domestic economy extremely difficult. Structural changes to the international financial system following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods settlement, combined with the severe economic crisis of the 1970s, imposed new limits on the freedom of governments to engage in domestic-focused macroeconomic management. As the methods and techniques of social democratic economic strategy became less effective, the ideal of developing an advanced industrial economy through State coordination faded. In its place a new conception of the British economy was promoted which sought to revive its historic liberal and internationalist role in which the City of London was at its heart.
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Valero, Rafael. "Essays on Sparse-Grids and Statistical-Learning Methods in Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/71368.
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Compuesta por tres capítulos: El primero es un estudio sobre la implementación the Sparse Grid métodos para es el estudio de modelos económicos con muchas dimensiones. Llevado a cabo mediante aplicaciones noveles del método de Smolyak con el objetivo de favorecer la tratabilidad y obtener resultados preciso. Los resultados muestran mejoras en la eficiencia de la implementación de modelos con múltiples agentes. El segundo capítulo introduce una nueva metodología para la evaluación de políticas económicas, llamada Synthetic Control with Statistical Learning, todo ello aplicado a políticas particulares: a) reducción del número de horas laborales en Portugal en 1996 y b) reducción del coste del despido en España en 2010. La metodología funciona y se erige como alternativa a previos métodos. En términos empíricos se muestra que tras la implementación de la política se produjo una reducción efectiva del desempleo y en el caso de España un incremento del mismo. El tercer capítulo utiliza la metodología utiliza en el segundo capítulo y la aplica para evaluar la implementación del Tercer Programa Europeo para la Seguridad Vial (Third European Road Safety Action Program) entre otras metodologías. Los resultados muestran que la coordinación a nivel europeo de la seguridad vial a supuesto una ayuda complementaria. En el año 2010 se estima una reducción de víctimas mortales de entre 13900 y 19400 personal en toda Europa.
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Hartzén, Ann-Christine. "The European Social Dialogue in Perspective : Its future potential as an autopoietic system and lessons from the global maritime system of industrial relations." Doctoral thesis, Lund University, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-67414.
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There are three starting points for this thesis. First, there is the system of ESD, which is criticised for lacking capacity to improve the working conditions within the EU. Secondly, there is the system developed through the global ITF FOC campaign, which is considered to have capacity to improve working conditions for seafarers at a global level. Thirdly, there is the theory on self-referential autopoietic systems, which is a useful tool for analysing systems of industrial relations and their functions. The purpose of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of the function of the ESD in relation to the development of EU legislation and policy with the aim of trying to find a model for providing a holistic analysis of regulatory systems for the labour market. The research questions are: ‘How can the significant differences and similarities between the ESD and the global ITF FOC campaign be understood?’ and ‘Why is the ESD generally regarded as lacking the capacity needed for producing results that improve working conditions, while the ITF FOC is considered to have such capacity?’ The theoretical framework used for the analysis is Luhmann’s theory on autopoietic systems. Since the thesis has a normative core I have applied a methodological model that consists of a two-layer analysis at both the empirical and theoretical level. Firstly an analysis of positivistic values has been carried out and secondly an analysis of hermeneutic values. The empirical material consists of documents and texts that can be considered part of or reflecting the communication of the studied systems. The main conclusion is that whereas the ITF FOC system is a traditional system of industrial relations based on the binary code of negotiable or non-negotiable between collective actors the ESD is a system of industrial relations based on a less clear binary code of discussable or non-discussable. The ESD is also subject to less developed communicative structures that negatively affect the system’s capacity both to produce results and to secure the efficient implementation and application of these results. This makes the ESD as a system more sensitive to hermeneutic values framing the programming of structurally coupled systems causing difficulties for the ESD to challenge such hermeneutic values.
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Hodková, Petra. "Vývoj regionální politiky zaměstnanosti v Kraji Vysočina v letech 2005 - 2015." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262340.
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The goal of the diploma thesis is to perform an analysis of the labour market and of selected measures of active employment policies in the course of 2005 to 2015 and to evaluate its development during the observed years. The theoretical part of the thesis engages in the development of employment policies in the European Union as well as in the Czech Republic and in the characteristics of state employment policies. In the practical part of the thesis the analysis of the Vysočina region and of the regional labour market is performed. The following part analyses individual measures of employment policies and characterises new employment policy measure, "kurzarbeit". In the concluding part of the thesis recommendations leading to potential improvement of the situation on labour market in the Vysočina region are offered. The main output of the thesis is the realization that measures of active employment policies are not flexible enough to promptly react on the development of unemployment during the observed years, which was the case for example with the implementation of kurzarbeit. The analysis also shows that financing of active employment policies is heavily influenced by the funds the state receives from the European Social Fund.
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Šulai, Michal. "Analýza příčin nezaměstnanosti mladých ve věku 15-24 let v EU v letech 2000-2015." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262348.
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The aim of this thesis was to analyze main causes of youth unemployment in countries of European Union. In order to assess main determinants of this negative phenomenon, an econometric model based on panel data was constructed. Source dataset, containing mainly Eurostat data, covers EU-28 countries in the 2000-2014 period. Results of a regression inclined that youth unemployment is effected mainly by overall economic development. Youth unemployment is more sensitive for economic downturns than unemployment in an adult age class. The model also suggested that cuts in payroll taxes and deregulation in the minimum wage legislation could have positive effect on youth employment. Based on the literature, reforms toward more practical and effective education system with elements of dual apprenticeship, could be also a positive step in tackling youth unemployment. However, an econometric-based proof of this hypothesis was not found.
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Menendez, Gonzalez Irene. "The politics of compensation under trade : openness, economic geography and spending." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7974d14a-b88d-46a3-99aa-553dc85a9192.
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This thesis examines the conditions under which democratically elected policymakers are more likely to provide policies that compensate individuals that lose from international trade. It develops and empirically tests a theoretical framework of compensation in open economies that accounts for differences in the degree to which governments benefit losers from trade. It first develops a theory of preference formation based on economic geography, and then argues that electoral and legislative institutions jointly condition the supply of compensation. The theoretical analysis provides three sets of observable implications evaluated using micro- and macro-level data in Europe and Latin America. First, exposure to international competition increases demand for policy that compensates for the costs of trade, but this effect is more pronounced among those individuals in economically specialised and uncompetitive contexts where reemployment in the event of a shock is difficult. Second, policymakers in proportional electoral systems face weak incentives to target trade losers in geographically concentrated and uncompetitive regions. In contrast, majoritarian institutions generate incentives to increase compensation when trade losers are geographically concentrated. Another implication is that under some conditions, the presence of a strong upper house that represents regional interests dampens the provision of compensation, and the relative effect of electoral rules. The empirical implications of the argument are tested using a multi-method research strategy that combines cross-national and case study analyses and draws on quantitative and qualitative techniques. Chapter 3 tests the micro-level implications of the model using survey data for European regions over 2002-2006. The findings indicate that regional economic specialization and regional competitiveness jointly condition the impact of trade on preferences for compensation. Chapter 4 systematically tests the extent to which the geographical concentration of trade losers conditions the effect of electoral institutions on levels of compensation. It uses panel data from 14 European countries from 1980 to 2010. The findings indicate that where trade losers are concentrated, lower district magnitude leads to more compensation. Chapters 5 and 6 conduct case studies of compensation in Spain and Argentina, both countries that underwent deep liberalisation and offer significant variation at the regional and institutional level. Chapter 5 explores preferences over compensation in selected regions in Spain and Argentina, and shows that regional specialisation and competitiveness were important in shaping levels of support for compensation. Chapter 6 examines the role of electoral institutions and legislative veto bargaining in shaping the politics of compensation in Spain and Argentina.
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Macke, Petr. "Analýza účinnosti aktivní politiky zaměstnanosti na nezaměstnanost v Ústeckém kraji." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-161868.
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The active employment policy belongs to main means solving problems of unemployment. This dissertation concentrates on active employment policy and analyses it by an example of Ústí region. Its main aim is to determine whether the implements used in active employment policy are purposeful and effective in decreasing of unemployment rate in Ústí region, using methods of induction and abstraction,analysis of statistical data. The dissertatioun evaluates the period after 2000. The dissertation is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part describes labour market, unemployment and employment policy. There are described other implements used to fight the unemployment in some European countries. There is a description of European social fund that gives the financial support to some implements and projects concerning active employment policy. In the analytical part there is a brief socioeconomical analysis of Ústí region, and the analysis of unemployment describing its developmemt since 1990s in Ústí region and in the Czech Republic. The structure of applicants for job is described out of various viewpoints. On the basis of these data we find out which groups of people have the greatest participation in unemployment and should be the target group of active employment policy. The main part of the dissertation is the analysis of active employment policy, its financing, analysis of implements and some completed projects that had been concentrated on threatened groups of job applicants. On the basis of these results we try to say whether the active employment policy in Ústí region has an effect on decreasing the number of unemployed. At the end there are some suggestions and possible solutions of the problem in Ústí region in following years.
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Chromáčková, Klára. "ÚLOHA EVROPSKÝCH FONDŮ PŘI ŘEŠENÍ NEZAMĚSTNANOSTI NA ČESKOLIPSKU V LETECH 2007 - 2011." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-149809.
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The thesis deals with unemployment in the district of Ceska Lipa within the period 2007 -- 2011. During this time, two of main employers in the region dismissed large number of its employees. The massive layoffs during the economic crisis meant significant increase in the unemployment rate, especially when a number of vacancies was declining. Thus, labour office in Ceska Lipa decided to use resources from the European Social Fund and implement projects called "Restart for Ceskolipsko" and "Restart means a new chance" The thesis deals with the impact of these project on unemployment in the district, quantifies the costs of projects, how many participants within the projects succeeded or failed to employ. In addition, the aim of this thesis is to find out whether the projects implementation affected the occupational structure in the district, early retirement and the development of labor conditions in the region.
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Kadavá, Jana. "Trendy daňových reforem v zemích EU (komparace nových a starých členských zemí EU)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198634.
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This thesis is focusing on the major trends in the tax reform in the European Union. The direction of development from direct to indirect taxes is analyzed and it attempts to find some consistent trends in taxation between selected countries within groups of new and old member states of the European Union in 1995 - 2011. Firstly the text gives the reader an introduction to tax theory and the optimal design of tax system is presented. Thesis also focuses on the issue of tax policy in the European Union. It describes the main tax policy challenges and possible design of efficiency-enhancing tax reforms. The global macroeconomic model QUEST III is being introduced. This model is widely used by international institutions for the quantitative evaluation of the potential impacts of tax policies. Furthermore, the development and structure of the tax mix is analyzed as well as the overall tax burden and labour taxation in new and old member states of the European Union. In conclusion there is commentary to stated hypothesis that in recent years there has been increasing emphasis on indirect taxes, while the direct taxes were being reduced.
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PIRIU, ANDREEA ALEXANDRA. "ESSAYS ON GLOBALISATION: EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/728739.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis studies the effects of import competition from China and Eastern Europe
on the health and fertility decisions of German individuals working in manufacturing.
Individuals are matched with separate measures of exposure to competition from China
and Eastern Europe, respectively. To isolate exogenous supply shocks from the origin,
instrumental variables for competition from each of China and Eastern Europe are constructed.
Results in Chapter 1 suggest that higher import competition worsens individual health via
job displacement, wage decline, shortened employment duration, increased reliance on
welfare and less future orientation, with Chinese import competition affecting individuals
twice as much. Health declines as individuals increase their visits to the doctor, exercise
less frequently and have a higher probability of developing chronic illness. Also, there is
some evidence that individuals do not tend to become disabled but may be slowly pushed
into chronic illness.
Findings in Chapter 2 show that import competition negatively affects the individual’s
probability of having children via reduced earnings, lower satisfaction with personal
income and shortened employment duration. The chapter then investigates effects of
import exposure by gender. Results show that male and female fertility choices differ
upon rising import competition. Higher import exposure lowers female earnings and
job autonomy, which in turn generates a lower opportunity cost of work, to the point
where having children would become a more rewarding alternative for female workers.
By contrast, increased import exposure negatively affects male workers’ fertility through
reduced earnings and employment duration.
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Malone, Chad Allen. "A Socio-Historical Analysis of U.S. State Terrorism from 1948 to 2008." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1216592463.
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