Relevant bibliographies by topics / Labor market – Soviet Union

Academic literature on the topic 'Labor market – Soviet Union'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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Siegelbaum, Lewis H. "The Condition of Labor in Post-Soviet Russia." Social Science History 28, no. 4 (2004): 637–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012876.

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Labor (meaning both wage workers as well as their collective representation) in Russia was a major loser in the decade following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Aggregate data on prices, average wage and pension levels, wage arrears, and unemployment indicate a serious decline in workers’ standard of living that is unprecedented in the post-World War II era, while strike data show an upsurge in this form of worker militancy during the mid-1990s but a decline thereafter.This article seeks to explain both why these developments occurred and what prevented workers from adequately defending their collective interests. Four explanations have been advanced by Western and Russian scholars. The first is that workers were victims of state policies pursued in line with the“Washington consensus” on how to effectuate the transition from an administrative-command to a market-based economy. The second points to workers’ attitudes and practices that were prevalent under Soviet conditions but proved inappropriate to post-Soviet life. The third, claiming that several key indices of workers’ standard of living are misleading, denies that labor has been a loser. The fourth and most compelling of the explanations is derived from ethnographically based research. It argues that despite changes in the forms of property and politics, power relations at the enterprise level remained intact, leaving workers and their unions dependent on the ability of management to bargain with suppliers of subsidies and credits. The article concludes with some observations about workers’ survival strategies and the extent to which collective dependence on economic and political strongmen has worked against structural change in favor of labor.
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Charnovitz, Steven. "The Human Rights of Foreign Labor." Worldview 28, no. 1 (January 1985): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0084255900046416.

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Little noticed by the press. United States trade policy is undergoing significant changes aimed at promoting the rights of workers in foreign countries—changes achieved through the use of both a carrot and a stick. The carrot, now being offered to the less-developed world, is dutyfree access to the U.S. market for qualifying products exported by countries that meet certain new criteria on bbor. The stick is a ban on imports made by forced labor— something the Reagan administration is under increasing pressure to invoke against the Soviet Union. While it is too early to gauge the success of such attempts at exercising economic leverage, they may yet become a milestone in the march of human rights.
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Kalter, F., and I. Kogan. "Migrant Networks and Labor Market Integration of Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Germany." Social Forces 92, no. 4 (March 3, 2014): 1435–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot155.

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Svejnar, Jan. "Microeconomic Issues in the Transition to a Market Economy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.4.123.

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The socialist system introduced microeconomic distortions that probably transcend those observed in the third world. The recent developments in Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union also support the hypothesis that macro stabilization will be difficult to achieve in the transforming socialist economies in the absence of adequate micro adjustments. In this paper, I address what I consider to be the most important micro issues related to the transition from socialist to market economies. First I summarize the initial microeconomic conditions, covering labor, capital, and energy markets; the product markets, industrial organization, and trade; and the market for land and housing. Then, I describe the main changes that have taken place in the early stages of the transition. Finally, I discuss the micro policy agenda that needs to be addressed if the transition is to be successful
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Malle, Silvana. "Labour redeployment and cooperatives in the Soviet Union." Recherches économiques de Louvain 56, no. 2 (1990): 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800031900.

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SummaryPolicy approach towards employment has changed under perestroïka. The emphasis is falling on the release of labour from the material branches and on its partial redeployment in the service sector in general and in the cooperative sphere in particular.The pattern of labour redeployment, however, does not suggest that under perestroïka the labour market has become less taut. Since cooperative and individual activities draw out of the state sphere the best cadres, the inefficiency of the state economy could increase. Recurrent criticism against cooperatives and price control measures indicate that political and ideological barriers against private enterprise are still considerable.
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Бурда and M. Burda. "Russia's Policy in the Sphere of External Labor Migration: Management Problems." Administration 5, no. 2 (July 5, 2017): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59537e447b96c2.84477889.

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The author analyzes the policy of the Russian Federation in the sphere of external labour migration, reveals the peculiarity of formation of the Russian labor market for foreign workforce, focusing on its basic focus on the integration model of the Eurasian economic Union and the Commonwealth of independent States. The article discusses the scheme of formation of migration policy and identifies a number of problematic issues of management of external labour migration, which the author attributed the imperfection of the migration system and peculiarities of political processes in the post-Soviet space. According to the author, this approach is not conducive to quality development of external labour migration, however, is one way of lobbying foreign policy interests in the post-Soviet space. In turn, Central Asian autocrats are interested in the maximum outflow of the economically dissatisfied citizens to prevent anti-state speeches. The quality of the existing risks management of external labor migration indicates the potential of growth of popularity of right-wing political forces and destabilization of the Russian political system. Taking into account the need to balance national security interests and supported by loyal Russian foreign political elites, the author proposes to separate the management of migration on the field of law enforcement and socio-economic part, which requires a political decision of government institutions. Proposed dualism in the author’s opinion, will promote increase of efficiency of counteraction of illegal migration and activation mechanisms, presence on the labour market demand for migrants. As a tool of migration management, the author highlights the Institute of international agreements, the potential of which is currently used does not fully.
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Orynbassarova, Dilara. "Entrepreneurial University Perspective: Tracking Labor Force Capacity to Support Industrialization Processes in the Emerging Markets, Evidence from Kazakhstan Data." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 6, no. 2 (January 6, 2017): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2016.111.

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Industrialisation is considered as main engine of growth in economic development of the most emerging markets. This is especially true for Central Asian transitional countries as Kazakhstan, which obtained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. For enhancing country’s competitiveness potential, Kazakhstan National Program for 2010-2014 aimed to accelerate industrial-innovative development of the country. While many papers published about the importance of industrialization activities in Kazakhstan, few have focused on examining the current capacity of labor market to meet the industry demand. Main aim of this paper was to investigate if current manpower is adequate to maintain the planned rate of growth in the country. Higher level of economic production led to higher demand of engineering labor force. High demand with low frequency supply created an imbalance in the labor market that resulted what we see as shortage of technically skilled labor. Low frequency of supply is influenced by such factors as high engineers’ outflow rate, low students enrolment and graduation rates, and lack of practical skills of the graduates hired. An erratum to this article has been published as https://doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2017.132.
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Rzhanitsyna, L. S., and E. V. Kravchenko. "Modern Labor Market in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation." Federalism, no. 3 (October 3, 2020): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2020-3-39-51.

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The article highlights the features of employment in the Arctic zone of Russia. The main one is the disparity between the importance of the AZRF in the country’s economy and the constant shortage of workers. This disparity has not arisen now, but is a traditional problem since the Soviet Union, which created a certain management mechanism that promotes the development of this potential. This mechanism was based on state ownership of the property of enterprises and organizations, a centralized system of recruitment of personnel attracted to work from other regions, as well as wages and social packages in order to ensure their material interest in work. All this is against the background of unfavorable climatic conditions for health, lagging service infrastructure (housing, education, medicine), difficulties in providing food and personal consumption goods - primarily due to agricultural production and hence dependence on the center for all these items.
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Shumskii, N. "Regional Economic Unions of CIS Countries." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2012): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-3-52-58.

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For 20 years after the collapse of the USSR the post-Soviet countries, for the most part, turned into the independent states. So, it is not surprising that each of them has its own policy, posts and defends its own interests. The strive to preserve independence, to modernize the economy and to improve the living standards of the population remains the main driving force of interaction between the former Soviet republics within the Commonwealth of Independent States. The CIS serves as the main systemic structure in the post-Soviet space that allows the member states to harmonize their positions and, with varying degrees of effectiveness, to solve common problems. CIS provides more certainty than the regional grouping of states of the CIS. While assessing the results of different integration projects at the post-Soviet space, it can be concluded that until now Belarus and Russia fail to create a viable Union State. The Eurasian Economic Community (G5) is also far from the establishment of a customs union and an unified economic space. The fate of the Customs Union of three states (Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia) will be defined in the upcoming years in the context of the enormous challenges of creating a common market for goods, services, capital and labor.
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Saar, Ellu, Siim Krusell, and Jelena Helemae. "Russian-Speaking Immigrants in Post-Soviet Estonia: Towards Generation Fragmentation or Integration in Estonian Society." Sociological Research Online 22, no. 2 (May 2017): 96–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.4228.

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The disadvantages experienced by immigrants in education and labour markets have been of growing concern in many countries in recent years. However, little research has been undertaken on ethnic inequalities in labour markets in Eastern Europe, and especially in post-Soviet societies. This article considers the integration of the immigrant population into the labour market in post-Soviet Estonia, where the context and peculiarities of the arrived population are quite different from the assumptions of Western immigrant integration theories. The Russian-speaking population arrived in Estonia after World War II as internal migrants, because Estonia was part of the Soviet Union. A remarkably high proportion of them were well educated. After Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the context of integration changed radically, and the legal status of internal Soviet Union migrants was redefined. To account for these societal and political changes, we suggest making an analytical distinction between generations of immigrants in a demographic sense (being born in Estonia) and an integrational sense (becoming an integral part of the host society, in the labour market - having more similar patterns to those of the native population in the context of labour market outcomes). This distinction impacts differently on different age cohorts and we analysed outcomes of labour market integration alongside both nativity generations and age cohorts. Our analysis based on the 2011-2013 Labour Force Surveys shows that, while in most Western countries there are tendencies of convergence between natives and second-generation immigrants regarding structural integration, in Estonia the dynamics are different. The net disadvantage of young second-generation immigrants relative to their Estonian counterparts is either more pronounced compared to the disadvantage of their ‘parents’ age cohort relative to their Estonian peers (with regard to the risks of unemployment or chances of obtaining a high occupational position) or becoming less pronounced, but only for the highly educated portion of second generations (in terms of self-assessed over-education).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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Kragh, Martin. "Exit and voice dynamics : an empirical study of the Soviet labour market, 1940-1960s." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1483.

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Svensson, Bengt. "Seven Years That Shook Economic and Social Thinking : Reflections on the Revolution in Communist Economics 1985-1991." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8353.

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The main theme of this study is to analyze the Soviet economic theoretical debate in the period 1985 – 1991. This period of reconstruction gave possibilities of a more free debate. In the period up to 1989/90 the directive from the Central Committee of the Communist Party was to defend the socialist economic system and its supremacy over market economics. However, certain market economic ideas were deemed as functioning methods also in a planned economic system. One of the conclusions in this thesis is that the Soviet economists failed to solve some central theoretical problems in the Soviet economy and as consequence their thinking failed to have a stabilizing effect on the socialist economic theory. The Achilles heel was how to apply the labour theory of value on a planned economy. In 1990 and 1991 the discussion was very free and now a transition to market economy was accepted by the economists. The main issue between the Soviet economists became now whether a gradual transition to market economy was to be preferred to shock therapy. The majority of the economists recommended a gradual transition. Scholars have emphasized that old stationary structures are important in Russian and Soviet history. A conclusion in this thesis is that such structures seemed to have played a role in Soviet and Russian theoretical thinking in the period 1985 – 1991.
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ZAVAKOU, Alkistis. "How labour market institutions in European welfare capitalisms affect labour market transitions." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/61309.

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Defence date: 22 February 2019
Examining Board: Prof. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. François Rycx, ULB (Co-Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerick, European University Institute; Prof. Manos Matsaganis, Politecnico di Milano
Despite the large body of literature on labour market institutions and their effects on employment and unemployment, large gaps remain. This thesis sheds a new light to the old problem of labour market institutional design and labour market performance. It examines how labour market institutions in different European models of capitalism affect labour market transitions. It does so by employing an advanced econometric method: an event history analysis, estimating a piecewise constant exponential model. Longitudinal data are employed from three different national datasets (the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the Italian Survey “Famiglia e soggetti sociali”) for the period 1990–2009. The effects of labour market institutions are estimated both at a country-level and at a comparative, pooled-country-level to increase the degrees of freedom and the variability in the independent variables. The empirical evidence suggests that institutions indeed have a significant effect on labour market transitions and this effect differs largely among different models of capitalisms, corroborating the Varieties of Capitalism approach. In accordance with the latter, the importance of non-pecuniary institutions such as trade union power, trade union fragmentation and wage bargaining is re-affirmed and substantial labour market institutional complementarities are found. This thesis advocates for an optimal, strictly positive and intermediate level of EPL in all countries; an unemployment insurance contingent on strict conditionality and high activation; while the optimal level and system of wage bargaining are found to depend crucially on the trade union power as well as trade union coordination and fragmentation. Trade union fragmentation is found to reduce all labour market transitions and have a negative effect on labour market performance.
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Bingle, Jean C. "Labor for bread the exploitation of Polish labor in the Soviet Union during World War II /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=630.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 242 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-242).
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Girard, Françoise. "Labour incentive problems in Soviet agriculture : the small autonomous work group in the socialized and private sectors." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61854.

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Barnett, Vincent. "At the margins of the market : conceptions of the market and market economics in Soviet economic theory during the new economic policy, 1921-1929." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1992. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2162/.

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The period of the New Economic Policy was a time when the Bolshevik government was forced to reconsider its attitude towards the market, as NEP involved the introduction of market elements into Soviet society. This thesis is a comparative study of eleven Soviet economic theorists from this period; Bukharin, Preobrazhenskii, Strumilin, Bazarov, Groman, Kondrat'ev, Oparin, Sokol'nikov, Yurovskii, Chayanov, and Blyumin. It asks two basic questions: how did each theorist conceive of the market, and how did they relate this conception to socialism? The primary source material used is the works of these theorists, and in many cases this material has not been previously discussed by scholars. A theoretical framework places these conceptions into a historical context. The basic result obtained is that there were many diverse conceptions of the market prevalent in this period. The bulk of the thesis investigates these various conceptions, and suggests that their theoretical roots lie in various currents of economic thought: classical, neo-classical, Marxist, and socialist. During NEP these currents were allowed to mix freely to a certain extent, although pressure to censor them began to build towards the end of the 1920s.
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Kim, Byung-Yeon. "Fiscal policy and consumer market : disequilibrium in the Soviet Union, 1965-1989." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319109.

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Forsén, Sven Johan Richard. "Investigating Swedish Trade Unions’ Labor Market Preferences: the role of union member labor market risk exposure and the white-collar/blue-collar union divide." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-380569.

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In the literature on the emergence of the welfare state, the strength of trade unions and the organized working class is often touted as the primary driving force behind the welfare state project. Furthermore, much of the previous literature has tended to assume union homogeneity across countries, federations, industries and professions. What is conspicuously lacking from the current political science literature is a systematic analysis of real-world trade unions’ choice of labor market advocacy focus. Using a qualitative approach and studying both published union material as well as conducting a number of elite interviews with high-level union officials, this thesis studies the degree to which Swedish trade unions’ labor market policy preferences are defined by the union members’ labor market risk exposure and whether the union adheres to white-collar or blue-collar unionism. While the conclusions indeed suggest that labor market risk and blue-collar/white-collar unionism do have a systematic impact on cartain aspects of trade unions’ labor market advocacy, future “large N” studies utilizing alternative methodological approaches will be required to draw more easily generalizable conclusions.
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Pavlova, Olga. "Effects of transitional policies on labor market outcomes fifteen years after transition the case of Ukraine and Lithuania /." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12032006-162541/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006.
Title from title screen. Julie L. Hotchkiss, committee chair; Dawn M. Baunach, Erdal Tekin, Jorge L. Martinez-Vazquez, Bruce E. Kaufman, committee members. Electronic text (177 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed June 19, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-176).
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Karras, Anne, and Monika Morina. "Trade union strategies for labor market integration of refugee immigrants in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21144.

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Sweden’s social and labor policy have been influenced by strong labor movements. The role of trade unions is of significance, when speaking of labor market integration of refugee immigrants. This study aimed to examine how the Swedish Trade Union Confederation, LO, supports integration of refugee immigrants on the Swedish labor market. Through semi-structured interviews with representatives from LO, reasons of exclusion of refugee immigrants from the labor market, strategies to integrate refugee immigrants on the labor market and current policies regarding integration of refugee immigrants, were investigated. The empirical data was analyzed using theoretical frameworks of social exclusion, empowerment and Esping-Andersen’s categorization of welfare state regimes. According to the LO representatives, refugee immigrants are excluded from the Swedish labor market due to reasons such as lack of language skills, discriminatory unemployment and segregated housing conditions. The results show that there is a lack of strategies used by LO to integrate refugee immigrants on the labor market, although elements of providing information and forms of influence for conscientizing and empowerment have been identified. Removing administrative barriers combined with protection of collective agreements and the solidary welfare state system are identified as important for a successful integration on the labor market. The findings are related to the shift of Sweden’s welfare state, from a universal to a more liberal one.
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Books on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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G, Gaddy Clifford. Labor market and the second economy in the Soviet Union. Edited by Grossman Gregory, Treml Vladimir G, Berkeley-Duke Project on the Second Economy in the USSR., University of California Berkeley, and Duke University. Bala Cynwyd, PA (150 Monument Rd., Bala Cynwyd 19004): WEFA Group, 1991.

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Guy, Standing, and International Labour Office, eds. In search of flexibility: The new Soviet labour market. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1991.

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Malle, Silvana. Employment planning inthe Soviet Union: Continuity and change. London: Macmillan in association with the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, 1990.

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Stefano, Scarpetta, ed. Enhancing job opportunities: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005.

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Employment planning in the Soviet Union: Continuity and change. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.

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Peasant dreams & market politics: Labor migration and the Russian village, 1861-1905. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998.

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Ashwin, Sarah. Adapting to Russia's New Labour Market. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.

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Bertram, Silverman, Vogt Robert C, and Yanowitch Murray, eds. Labor and democracy in the transition to a market system: A U.S.-post Soviet dialogue. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 1992.

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Igor, Chernyshev, and International Labour Office, eds. Labour statistics for a market economy: Challenges and solutions in the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1994.

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Rimashevskiĭ, A. A. Women's position in the labor force in the transition to a market economy in the Soviet Union. [Göteborg, Sweden]: Handelshögskolan vid Göteborgs universitet, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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McAuley, Alastair. "Horizontal Segregation in the Labour Market, 1939-70." In Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union, 48–66. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003303732-4.

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McAuley, Alastair. "Vertical Segregation in the Labour Market, 1939-75." In Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union, 67–97. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003303732-5.

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McAuley, Alastair. "The Sources of Sexual Inequality in the Labour Market." In Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union, 120–33. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003303732-7.

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Buonomo, Alessio, Giuseppe Gabrielli, and Salvatore Strozza. "Former Soviet Union Migration to Italy: Characteristics and Determinants of Women Condition in the Italian Labour Market." In Societies and Political Orders in Transition, 395–421. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36075-7_18.

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Mikkelsen, Flemming, and Jesper Jørgensen. "Labor Market Struggles and Labor Market Relations in the Nordic Countries, 1848–2020: Trends and Fluctuations." In Trade Union Activism in the Nordic Countries since 1900, 15–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08987-9_2.

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Ryan, Paul. "Youth Interventions, Job Substitution, and Trade Union Policy in Great Britain, 1976–1986." In The State and the Labor Market, 175–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0801-0_9.

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Spoor, Max. "7. Agrarian transition in the former Soviet Union: the case of Central Asia." In The ‘Market Panacea’, 93–111. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445441.007.

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Bogomolov, Oleg T. "The Soviet Union on the Road to Market Economy." In Building a New Europe, 377–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22922-2_17.

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Liakin, Alexander I. "Reprivatisation and Economic Transformation in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union." In The Social Market Economy, 139–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72129-8_13.

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Koenker, Diane P. "6. Labor Relations in Socialist Russia: Class Values and Production Values in the Printers' Union, 1917-1921." In Making Workers Soviet, edited by Lewis H. Siegelbaum and Ronald Grigor Suny, 159–93. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501718144-009.

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Conference papers on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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Çelebi Boz, Füsun, and Atakan Durmaz. "Immigration in Central Asia and its Effects on the Labor Market." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00526.

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Many Central Asian countries declaring their independence after the splitting of the Soviet Union, cannot meet the economical and social needs of their citizens by falling much behind of the era in terms of industry despite the natural wealth they have. In addition to all these, the problems in the ruling class and the chaos environment have resulted in the immigration of many people to alternative living spaces. These immigrations have affected labor market both positively and negatively besides the social life. The labor demand increased by the entrance of the immigrants into the market has affected the employee wages and also this situation has affected the life standards of the citizens. In this study, the immigration that took place in the countries established after the splitting of the Soviet Union, forming one of the two poles of the world before the cold war, and the effects of this immigration on the labor market have been analyzed considering previous studies on the subject. The studies carried out on this subject have yielded various results according to the area in which it’s carried out, the time interval it includes, and the period’s structure. For this reason, the points of views on the subject are compared by making a long literature review.
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Yurtseven, Ahmet. "An Evaluation of Turkistan Tradesman in Terms of Social Policy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00396.

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The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of those countries that declared their independency after collapse of former Soviet Union. It tries to implement the market economy. The petroleum sector is one of the top of the rapidly developing economic sectors. But it is not a labor intensive sector. Poverty and unemployment are the main socioeconomic problems. The level of the wages is low throughout the country. Even though poverty exhibits tendency to drop, it prevails in the rural area. In our study, socio-economic structure, organization, working relations, social-cultural life, consumers’ characteristics, and problems of bazaar tradesman in the Turkistan city are being introduced. The average of age of 66% of Turkistan bazaar tradesman, most of them are women, is between 20 and 40, the rate of marriage for 6-11 years is 30%, average number of children is 3, schooling rate is 100%. Turkistan bazaar tradesman’s saving habit is 24%, percentage of insured ones is 6%, the percentage of them who take advantage of laws that arrange the working life is 27%. Although the Republic of Kazakhstan has a large land, it has population problems. Literacy level is high with the rate of 98%. Policies in favor of increasing the number of population are being followed. The increase of the number of the children in the family is being encouraged. Policies for bringing the Kazakh citizens who live abroad and reaches up to 5-6 million into the country are being followed.
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3

MATEI, Denisa Ligia. "INTEGRATION OF YOUNG NEETS ON THE LABOR MARKET." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2021/03.12.

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The worst effect that continuous bullying can cause is dropping out of school. And these children are turning into young NEETs: young people outside the education, employment or training systems. Based on suffering, self-distrust reaches adults who find it difficult to find a job and integrate socially without frustration. Both in the European Union and individually in the countries of the European Union, the largest subcategory in the NEETs group is unfortunately made up of young unemployed.; also, in Romania, among the young people integrated on the labor market (NEETs), there are young people, children, adolescents, who dropped out of school too early, young people who are part of the category of people with disabilities, respectively young people who come from vulnerable backgrounds; of the young NEETs, some are those who do not choose to be in this category (those mentioned above, chronic diseases, poverty, etc.), but in the category of NEETs there are also young people who choose not to work, do not want to integrate on the labor market; In conclusion, it can be said that young NEETs are an inhomogeneous category, which makes it difficult to intervene at the stratum of public policies in the absence of specific profiles, related to each sectary. For this grouping, a series of actions must be considered, both at the level of Romania and at the level of the European Union. Thus, there is a comparative advantage in order to find solutions in terms of integrating young people who fail to pursue or complete a form of education, those who do not work or those who are not in personal and professional development programs. The paper is made up of three chapters and presents both approaches to the literature and the analysis of the evolution of NEETs in the European Union and in Romania. The first chapter focuses on theoretical concepts about what "NEETs" mean, as well as the literature. The second chapter captures the analysis of the situation of young NEETS in the European Union, and the third part focuses on young NEETs in Romania, measures implemented so far, but also a series of proposals. At the same time, the paper will end with the area of proposals for the strategy to reduce the NEETs rate in Romania and conclusions.
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Kosowska, Katarzyna. "AZERBAIJAN FACING NEW CHALLENGES ON THE ENERGY MARKET AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF SOVIET UNION." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/1.4/s06.035.

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Kuznetsova, Alfiya, Albina Akhmetyanova, Martina Hedvičáková, and Libuse Svobodova. "Factors of Successful Adaptation of Migrants in the Labor Market in the European Union." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Education Science and Social Development (ESSD 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essd-19.2019.95.

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6

Bulut, Cihan, Fakhri Hasanov, and Elchin Suleymanov. "The Impact of the Oil Revenues on the Standard of Living in Oil-Exporting Countries of the Former Soviet Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00852.

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The aim of our study is to examine the impact of the oil revenues on the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union and to make policy suggestions based on the obtained findings. It has been explain that resource dependency adjust the structure of these countries' economies, which leads to income inequality compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. Characteristic of resource- rich of post-Soviet oil exporters countries - Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that dependency on resources modifies the structure of these countries’ economies, which leads to income inequality based on employment via a mechanism of labor compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. We are going to employ co-integration and error correction methods in our empirical analysis. Is there a long-run relationship between the oil revenues and the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union; What is the role of dynamics of the oil revenues in the standard of living in the short run; What is the magnitude of speed of adjustment from the short-run fluctuation towards long-run equilibrium of the system; What is the direction of long- and short-run causality in the oil revenues - standard of living relationship.
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7

Legnerova, Katerina. "CBME 2017 Gender Equalities on the Czech Labor Market in Comparison with EU." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.029.

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The paper deals with the equality of women and men in the labor market in the Czech Republic compared with the European Union in connection with the strategy for the period 2010–2015. The aim of the research was based on analysis of available statistical data to describe and assess the evolution of the situation in this area in the last five years, assess the benefits of the Strategy and to assess the achievement of the objectives that the European Commission has identified. Data is processed and analysed from the perspective of the whole of the European Union, with a focus on the Czech Republic. Based on the analysis of available statistical data, and through selected indicators described the current situation in selected areas of the issue of the achievement of the equality between women and men in the Czech labor market. The obtained data are compared to the data from 2009 and by the method of induction is evaluated the achievement of the rate of equality between women and men in the labor market and also the contribution and the rate of implementation of the strategy, the primary objective is mentioned in all areas to achieve this equality.
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Sulaimanova, Burulcha, and Daniyar Jasoolov. "International Migration in Kyrgyzstan: Dynamics and Determinants." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01831.

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After disintegration of Soviet Union, mass labor migration has been seen in newly independent states. This migration mostly caused by ethnic reasons, while after mid of 1990's the migration predominantly reasoned by economic issues, such as differences in economic growth, wage levels, social conditions and welfare in countries of destination and origin. Due to labor migration in Kyrgyzstan, which is count around the 10 % percent of active population of the country, and high remittance inflow, which is more than 30 % of Gross Domestic Product of Kyrgyzstan, it is important to investigate the factors causing this migration outflow. This paper aims to empirically present the determinants of international migration outflow from Kyrgyzstan, by using nationally representative "Life in Kyrgyzstan 2011" survey.
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ANGHELUȚĂ, Sorin Petrică, Sorin BURLACU, Carmen Valentina RĂDULESCU, and Carol Cristina GOMBOȘ. "LEVEL OF TERTIARY EDUCATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2021/02.15.

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Through the skills they acquire upon graduation, higher education is increasingly important. Cooperation between different higher education institutions, as well as joint support for university programs, has contributed to increasing student mobility. The article presents an analysis of the level of tertiary education for the population of the European Union, aged between 25 and 34 years. The application of new technologies requires highly qualified people. Given the demands that will come from the labor market, higher education will need to take advantage of the opportunity to provide flexible and modular learning pathways.
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Reel, Yeşim. "Problems of Privatisation and Regulation in Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00956.

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In spite of difficulties, most transition economies in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Eastern Europe now have private sectors whose relative size is comparable to the private sectors in Western European countries. The transition countries have had very different objectives, but most started privatisation more or less with the same policy, based on the experience of the United Kingdom, although this was soon to change. While most of the Eastern European countries were fast to adopt modern standards and regulations, some FSU countries have lagged behind. Along with a wide range of gains for producers and consumers, there have been drawbacks, such as social polarisation and forms of capture (of business, of the state). Unlike most analysis of transition, which considers major components, this paper looks at the microeconomics of transition, since this involves the creation of markets through the process of privatisation. In general, transition economies have to develop new institutions and polices to support the privatisation and restructuring. In addition to these, they require regulation, which has been under-developed and causes other, different problems, related to the development of new models. Therefore, the need for a new, third phase of transformation is highlighted. New initiatives on labour, capital and regulation issues become vital now in transition economies.
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Reports on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

1

Gaddy, Clifford G. The Labor Market and the Second Economy in the Soviet Union. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada274282.

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2

Dickens, William, and Kevin Lang. Labor Market Segmentation and the Union Wage Premium. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1883.

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Rankin, Richard K. Economic Reforms in the Soviet Union: A Transformation to the Market. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada234223.

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4

Kennan, John. Open Borders in the European Union and Beyond: Migration Flows and Labor Market Implications. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23048.

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5

Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.

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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias
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