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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Labor market – Soviet Union

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Academic literature on the topic 'Labor market – Soviet Union'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

1

Siegelbaum, Lewis H. "The Condition of Labor in Post-Soviet Russia." Social Science History 28, no. 4 (2004): 637–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012876.

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Labor (meaning both wage workers as well as their collective representation) in Russia was a major loser in the decade following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Aggregate data on prices, average wage and pension levels, wage arrears, and unemployment indicate a serious decline in workers’ standard of living that is unprecedented in the post-World War II era, while strike data show an upsurge in this form of worker militancy during the mid-1990s but a decline thereafter.This article seeks to explain both why these developments occurred and what prevented workers from adequately defending thei

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Charnovitz, Steven. "The Human Rights of Foreign Labor." Worldview 28, no. 1 (1985): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0084255900046416.

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Little noticed by the press. United States trade policy is undergoing significant changes aimed at promoting the rights of workers in foreign countries—changes achieved through the use of both a carrot and a stick. The carrot, now being offered to the less-developed world, is dutyfree access to the U.S. market for qualifying products exported by countries that meet certain new criteria on bbor. The stick is a ban on imports made by forced labor— something the Reagan administration is under increasing pressure to invoke against the Soviet Union. While it is too early to gauge the success of suc

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Ayazbekov, Zh, and S. Kemelbayeva. "Gender Wage Gap in the Former Soviet Union: Evidence from EBRD Data." ECONOMIC SERIES OF THE BULLETIN OF THE L.N. GUMILYOV ENU, no. 1 (2023): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2789-4320-2023-1-126-141.

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This research article examines gender inequality in employment in the former Soviet Union based on data collected by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development with the third wave of the “Life in Transition” Survey conducted in 2016. Despite numerous efforts, the wage gap between women and men is still an important problem in many countries of the world, and especially in the countries of the former Soviet Union. It is worth noting that this wage gap affects the economic and social spheres of life, human rights, and dramatically affects women's economic independence. Several articles

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Gerber, Theodore P. "Structural Change and Post-Socialist Stratification: Labor Market Transitions in Contemporary Russia." American Sociological Review 67, no. 5 (2002): 629–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240206700501.

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In Russia, market transition has led to sweeping structural changes: a long recession, growth of the private sector, expansion of certain branches of the economy and contraction of others, a decrease in average firm size, and regional differentiation in economic performance. These structural changes had important consequences for stratification through their effects on individual labor market outcomes. Analyses of nine types of individual labor market transitions in Russia using 1991–1997 work-history data show that structural location has strong effects. Human capital and membership in the Co

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Saipova, Kamola D. "National-state construction and its impact on the formation of the ethnic composition of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic." Historical Ethnology 10, no. 1 (2025): 56–66. https://doi.org/10.22378/he.2025-10-1.56-66.

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The article focuses on studying the influence of employment policy of the Soviet regime in Central Asia on the formation of the ethnic composition of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR). Based on archival sources, stratistical data and fundamental works, the author concludes that the delimitation process was carried out on the basis of a narrow approach, while very little attention was paid to the historical, geographical, socio-economic characteristics of the peoples of the region. The paper outlines differing interpretations of migration processes in the Uzbek SSR: discourse of the Sov

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Svejnar, Jan. "Microeconomic Issues in the Transition to a Market Economy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 4 (1991): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.4.123.

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The socialist system introduced microeconomic distortions that probably transcend those observed in the third world. The recent developments in Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union also support the hypothesis that macro stabilization will be difficult to achieve in the transforming socialist economies in the absence of adequate micro adjustments. In this paper, I address what I consider to be the most important micro issues related to the transition from socialist to market economies. First I summarize the initial microeconomic conditions, covering labor, capital, and energy markets; the p

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Kalter, F., and I. Kogan. "Migrant Networks and Labor Market Integration of Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Germany." Social Forces 92, no. 4 (2014): 1435–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/sot155.

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Orynbassarova, Dilara. "Entrepreneurial University Perspective: Tracking Labor Force Capacity to Support Industrialization Processes in the Emerging Markets, Evidence from Kazakhstan Data." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 6, no. 2 (2017): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2016.111.

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Industrialisation is considered as main engine of growth in economic development of the most emerging markets. This is especially true for Central Asian transitional countries as Kazakhstan, which obtained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. For enhancing country’s competitiveness potential, Kazakhstan National Program for 2010-2014 aimed to accelerate industrial-innovative development of the country. While many papers published about the importance of industrialization activities in Kazakhstan, few have focused on examining the current capacity of labor market to meet the industry dem

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Malle, Silvana. "Labour redeployment and cooperatives in the Soviet Union." Recherches économiques de Louvain 56, no. 2 (1990): 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800031900.

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SummaryPolicy approach towards employment has changed under perestroïka. The emphasis is falling on the release of labour from the material branches and on its partial redeployment in the service sector in general and in the cooperative sphere in particular.The pattern of labour redeployment, however, does not suggest that under perestroïka the labour market has become less taut. Since cooperative and individual activities draw out of the state sphere the best cadres, the inefficiency of the state economy could increase. Recurrent criticism against cooperatives and price control measures indic

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Shumskii, N. "Regional Economic Unions of CIS Countries." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2012): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-3-52-58.

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For 20 years after the collapse of the USSR the post-Soviet countries, for the most part, turned into the independent states. So, it is not surprising that each of them has its own policy, posts and defends its own interests. The strive to preserve independence, to modernize the economy and to improve the living standards of the population remains the main driving force of interaction between the former Soviet republics within the Commonwealth of Independent States. The CIS serves as the main systemic structure in the post-Soviet space that allows the member states to harmonize their positions

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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Kragh, Martin. "Exit and voice dynamics : an empirical study of the Soviet labour market, 1940-1960s." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1483.

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Svensson, Bengt. "Seven Years That Shook Economic and Social Thinking : Reflections on the Revolution in Communist Economics 1985-1991." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8353.

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The main theme of this study is to analyze the Soviet economic theoretical debate in the period 1985 – 1991. This period of reconstruction gave possibilities of a more free debate. In the period up to 1989/90 the directive from the Central Committee of the Communist Party was to defend the socialist economic system and its supremacy over market economics. However, certain market economic ideas were deemed as functioning methods also in a planned economic system. One of the conclusions in this thesis is that the Soviet economists failed to solve some central theoretical problems in the Soviet e

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ZAVAKOU, Alkistis. "How labour market institutions in European welfare capitalisms affect labour market transitions." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/61309.

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Defence date: 22 February 2019<br>Examining Board: Prof. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. François Rycx, ULB (Co-Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerick, European University Institute; Prof. Manos Matsaganis, Politecnico di Milano<br>Despite the large body of literature on labour market institutions and their effects on employment and unemployment, large gaps remain. This thesis sheds a new light to the old problem of labour market institutional design and labour market performance. It examines how labour market institutions in different European models o

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Bingle, Jean C. "Labor for bread the exploitation of Polish labor in the Soviet Union during World War II /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=630.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 242 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-242).

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Girard, Françoise. "Labour incentive problems in Soviet agriculture : the small autonomous work group in the socialized and private sectors." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61854.

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Barnett, Vincent. "At the margins of the market : conceptions of the market and market economics in Soviet economic theory during the new economic policy, 1921-1929." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1992. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2162/.

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The period of the New Economic Policy was a time when the Bolshevik government was forced to reconsider its attitude towards the market, as NEP involved the introduction of market elements into Soviet society. This thesis is a comparative study of eleven Soviet economic theorists from this period; Bukharin, Preobrazhenskii, Strumilin, Bazarov, Groman, Kondrat'ev, Oparin, Sokol'nikov, Yurovskii, Chayanov, and Blyumin. It asks two basic questions: how did each theorist conceive of the market, and how did they relate this conception to socialism? The primary source material used is the works of t

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Kim, Byung-Yeon. "Fiscal policy and consumer market : disequilibrium in the Soviet Union, 1965-1989." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319109.

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Forsén, Sven Johan Richard. "Investigating Swedish Trade Unions’ Labor Market Preferences: the role of union member labor market risk exposure and the white-collar/blue-collar union divide." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-380569.

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In the literature on the emergence of the welfare state, the strength of trade unions and the organized working class is often touted as the primary driving force behind the welfare state project. Furthermore, much of the previous literature has tended to assume union homogeneity across countries, federations, industries and professions. What is conspicuously lacking from the current political science literature is a systematic analysis of real-world trade unions’ choice of labor market advocacy focus. Using a qualitative approach and studying both published union material as well as conductin

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Pavlova, Olga. "Effects of transitional policies on labor market outcomes fifteen years after transition the case of Ukraine and Lithuania /." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12032006-162541/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006.<br>Title from title screen. Julie L. Hotchkiss, committee chair; Dawn M. Baunach, Erdal Tekin, Jorge L. Martinez-Vazquez, Bruce E. Kaufman, committee members. Electronic text (177 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed June 19, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-176).

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Karras, Anne, and Monika Morina. "Trade union strategies for labor market integration of refugee immigrants in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21144.

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Sweden’s social and labor policy have been influenced by strong labor movements. The role of trade unions is of significance, when speaking of labor market integration of refugee immigrants. This study aimed to examine how the Swedish Trade Union Confederation, LO, supports integration of refugee immigrants on the Swedish labor market. Through semi-structured interviews with representatives from LO, reasons of exclusion of refugee immigrants from the labor market, strategies to integrate refugee immigrants on the labor market and current policies regarding integration of refugee immigrants, we

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Books on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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G, Gaddy Clifford. Labor market and the second economy in the Soviet Union. Edited by Grossman Gregory, Treml Vladimir G, Berkeley-Duke Project on the Second Economy in the USSR., University of California Berkeley, and Duke University. WEFA Group, 1991.

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Malle, Silvana. Employment planning inthe Soviet Union: Continuity and change. Macmillan in association with the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, 1990.

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Ashwin, Sarah. Adapting to Russia's New Labour Market. RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.

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Bertram, Silverman, Vogt Robert C, and Yanowitch Murray, eds. Labor and democracy in the transition to a market system: A U.S.-post Soviet dialogue. M.E. Sharpe, 1992.

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Igor, Chernyshev, and International Labour Office, eds. Labour statistics for a market economy: Challenges and solutions in the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Central European University Press, 1994.

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Rimashevskiĭ, A. A. Women's position in the labor force in the transition to a market economy in the Soviet Union. Handelshögskolan vid Göteborgs universitet, 1993.

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Sarah, Ashwin, ed. Adapting to Russia's new labour market: Gender and employment behaviour. Routledge, 2006.

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Grancelli, Bruno. Soviet management and labor relations. Allen & Unwin, 1988.

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Marnie, Sheila. The Soviet labour market in transition. European University Institute, 1992.

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Ebell, Monique. Product market regulation and endogenous union formation. IZA, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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McAuley, Alastair. "Horizontal Segregation in the Labour Market, 1939-70." In Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003303732-4.

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McAuley, Alastair. "Vertical Segregation in the Labour Market, 1939-75." In Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003303732-5.

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McAuley, Alastair. "The Sources of Sexual Inequality in the Labour Market." In Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003303732-7.

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Buonomo, Alessio, Giuseppe Gabrielli, and Salvatore Strozza. "Former Soviet Union Migration to Italy: Characteristics and Determinants of Women Condition in the Italian Labour Market." In Societies and Political Orders in Transition. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36075-7_18.

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Ma, Xinxin. "Trade Unions and Union Wage Premiums." In Labor Market Institutions in China. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6156-2_2.

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Mikkelsen, Flemming, and Jesper Jørgensen. "Labor Market Struggles and Labor Market Relations in the Nordic Countries, 1848–2020: Trends and Fluctuations." In Trade Union Activism in the Nordic Countries since 1900. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08987-9_2.

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Elbashbishy, Tamima, and Islam El-adaway. "A Union Versus Non-union Analytics for the Construction Labor Market." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61503-0_18.

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Ryan, Paul. "Youth Interventions, Job Substitution, and Trade Union Policy in Great Britain, 1976–1986." In The State and the Labor Market. Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0801-0_9.

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Spoor, Max. "7. Agrarian transition in the former Soviet Union: the case of Central Asia." In The ‘Market Panacea’. Practical Action Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445441.007.

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Bogomolov, Oleg T. "The Soviet Union on the Road to Market Economy." In Building a New Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22922-2_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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Cristina, Mirica Stefania. "LEGAL MODALITIES FOR ENSURING THE BALANCE BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL AND PRIVATE LIFE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s02/11.

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The demands of the contemporary society revealed the necessity to create a legislative framework that would be able to provide concrete solutions to ensure the balance between professional and private life. To achieve this, it was emphasized at the European Union level that workers ought to gain from suitable policies that would motivate them to keep their jobs or go back to work after carrying out responsibilities imposed by their personal lives, such as being parents or family caregivers. The European Union�s legislation has made it clear that in order to achieve these aims, it is crucial to

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Çelebi Boz, Füsun, and Atakan Durmaz. "Immigration in Central Asia and its Effects on the Labor Market." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00526.

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Many Central Asian countries declaring their independence after the splitting of the Soviet Union, cannot meet the economical and social needs of their citizens by falling much behind of the era in terms of industry despite the natural wealth they have. In addition to all these, the problems in the ruling class and the chaos environment have resulted in the immigration of many people to alternative living spaces. These immigrations have affected labor market both positively and negatively besides the social life. The labor demand increased by the entrance of the immigrants into the market has

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Yurtseven, Ahmet. "An Evaluation of Turkistan Tradesman in Terms of Social Policy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00396.

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The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of those countries that declared their independency after collapse of former Soviet Union. It tries to implement the market economy. The petroleum sector is one of the top of the rapidly developing economic sectors. But it is not a labor intensive sector. Poverty and unemployment are the main socioeconomic problems. The level of the wages is low throughout the country. Even though poverty exhibits tendency to drop, it prevails in the rural area. In our study, socio-economic structure, organization, working relations, social-cultural life, consumers’ characteri

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MATEI, Denisa Ligia. "INTEGRATION OF YOUNG NEETS ON THE LABOR MARKET." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2021/03.12.

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The worst effect that continuous bullying can cause is dropping out of school. And these children are turning into young NEETs: young people outside the education, employment or training systems. Based on suffering, self-distrust reaches adults who find it difficult to find a job and integrate socially without frustration. Both in the European Union and individually in the countries of the European Union, the largest subcategory in the NEETs group is unfortunately made up of young unemployed.; also, in Romania, among the young people integrated on the labor market (NEETs), there are young peop

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Kosowska, Katarzyna. "AZERBAIJAN FACING NEW CHALLENGES ON THE ENERGY MARKET AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF SOVIET UNION." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/1.4/s06.035.

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Lanska, Svitlana. "Inclusive vector of labor market development as a component of economic sustainability." In Rule of Law and Economic Resilience in the Context of Moldova's Accession to the European Union. Moldova State University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59295/rler2024.47.

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The article is devoted to the substantiation of the importance of inclusiveness in the labor market in the current conditions of economic development. It substantiates that inclusiveness has become one of the main aspirations of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. However, social inclusion encompasses a broader set of concerns than those reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals. It is noted that promoting inclusion is not easy and requires concerted political efforts over time. The article is contained several definitions of «social inclusion», as well as features (elements) of

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Kuznetsova, Alfiya, Albina Akhmetyanova, Martina Hedvičáková, and Libuse Svobodova. "Factors of Successful Adaptation of Migrants in the Labor Market in the European Union." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Education Science and Social Development (ESSD 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/essd-19.2019.95.

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Bulut, Cihan, Fakhri Hasanov, and Elchin Suleymanov. "The Impact of the Oil Revenues on the Standard of Living in Oil-Exporting Countries of the Former Soviet Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00852.

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The aim of our study is to examine the impact of the oil revenues on the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union and to make policy suggestions based on the obtained findings. It has been explain that resource dependency adjust the structure of these countries' economies, which leads to income inequality compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. Characteristic of resource- rich of post-Soviet oil exporters countries - Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that dependency on resources modifies the structur

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Legnerova, Katerina. "CBME 2017 Gender Equalities on the Czech Labor Market in Comparison with EU." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.029.

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The paper deals with the equality of women and men in the labor market in the Czech Republic compared with the European Union in connection with the strategy for the period 2010–2015. The aim of the research was based on analysis of available statistical data to describe and assess the evolution of the situation in this area in the last five years, assess the benefits of the Strategy and to assess the achievement of the objectives that the European Commission has identified. Data is processed and analysed from the perspective of the whole of the European Union, with a focus on the Czech Republ

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Sulaimanova, Burulcha, and Daniyar Jasoolov. "International Migration in Kyrgyzstan: Dynamics and Determinants." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01831.

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After disintegration of Soviet Union, mass labor migration has been seen in newly independent states. This migration mostly caused by ethnic reasons, while after mid of 1990's the migration predominantly reasoned by economic issues, such as differences in economic growth, wage levels, social conditions and welfare in countries of destination and origin. Due to labor migration in Kyrgyzstan, which is count around the 10 % percent of active population of the country, and high remittance inflow, which is more than 30 % of Gross Domestic Product of Kyrgyzstan, it is important to investigate the fa

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Reports on the topic "Labor market – Soviet Union"

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Gaddy, Clifford G. The Labor Market and the Second Economy in the Soviet Union. Defense Technical Information Center, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada274282.

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Pezold, Chantal, Simon Jäger, and Patrick Nüss. Labor Market Tightness and Union Activity. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31988.

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Dickens, William, and Kevin Lang. Labor Market Segmentation and the Union Wage Premium. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1883.

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Rankin, Richard K. Economic Reforms in the Soviet Union: A Transformation to the Market. Defense Technical Information Center, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada234223.

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Kennan, John. Open Borders in the European Union and Beyond: Migration Flows and Labor Market Implications. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23048.

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Chong, Alberto E., César Calderón, and Rodrigo Valdés. Labor Market Regulations and Income Inequality: Evidence for a Panel of Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010833.

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This paper presents evidence on the impact of labor regulations on income inequality using two recently published databases on labor institutions and outcomes (Rama and Artecona, 2002; Botero, Djankov, La Porta, López-de-Silanes and Shleifer, 2003) and different cross-section and panel data analysis techniques for a sample of 121 countries over the 1970-2000 period. When we consider the techniques most likely to be robust, we find that: (i) de jure regulations do not improve income distribution; (ii) relative compliance with existing regulations improves income distribution; (iii) de facto reg

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Dicandia, Vittoria, and Silvia Vannutelli. Immigrants' Legalization and Firms: Evidence from the 2007 EU Enlargement. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202504.

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How do firms respond to permanent changes in the legal status of a substantial group of migrants? We study the effects of the entry to the European Union of Bulgaria and Romania in the Italian labor market. This event was particularly relevant for Italy, where Romanians constitute approximately one fifth of the immigrant population. We use administrative employer-employee data on the universe of private-sector workers and an IV-DID design to identify the effects of this change in migrants' legal status on firms' personnel and performance. Firms exhibit an increase in the share of migrant worke

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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.

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Abstract:

In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI

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