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Journal articles on the topic 'Labor market – Sex differences'
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1
Jepsen, Christopher, and Lisa K. Jepsen. "Labor-Market Specialization within Same-Sex and Difference-Sex Couples." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 54, no. 1 (December 19, 2014): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irel.12078.
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Langton, Nancy, and Alison M. Konrad. "The Impact of Labor Market Structure on Sex Differences in Earnings." Gender, Work & Organization 5, no. 2 (April 1998): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00048.
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Ransom, Michael R., and Sharon Bernstein Megdal. "Sex differences in the academic labor market in the affirmative action era." Economics of Education Review 12, no. 1 (March 1993): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(93)90041-e.
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Sorensen, Annemette, Toby L. Parcel, and Charles W. Mueller. "Ascription and Labor Markets: Race and Sex Differences in Earnings." Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 6 (November 1986): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2071131.
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Humpert, Stephan. "Occupational sex segregation and working time: Regional evidence from Germany." Panoeconomicus 61, no. 3 (2014): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1403317h.
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This paper provides descriptive evidence for declining occupational sex segregation on the German labor market, especially concerning the regional differences between the former East and West Germany. I use segregation measures and long-run social security data for the decade of 1992 to 2004. While segregation has declined over time, it remains higher for the eastern part of Germany. Although this finding is observable for full-time and part-time work, segregation is always lower in part-time employment.
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Walters, Pamela Barnhouse. "Sex and Institutional Differences in Labor Market Effects on the Expansion of Higher Education, 1952 to 1980." Sociology of Education 59, no. 4 (October 1986): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2112347.
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Martínez, Pilar García, Carlos Blanco, Melanie M. Wall, Shang-Min Liu, and Mark Olfson. "Sex differences on the relation between major depressive disorder and labor market outcomes: A national prospective study." Journal of Psychiatric Research 124 (May 2020): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.031.
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Restifo, Salvatore J., and Laryssa Mykyta. "At a Crossroads: Economic Hierarchy and Hardship at the Intersection of Race, Sex, and Nativity." Social Currents 6, no. 6 (August 1, 2019): 507–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496519861990.
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Immigration has been the focus of much contention in the United States in recent years. Indeed, concerns persist with regard to how the foreign-born will adapt and integrate into U.S. society and core institutions, including the economy and labor market. Despite the considerable insights of prior research, however, our understanding of contemporary racial/ethnic stratification remains limited, especially in terms of how race/ethnicity and sex intersect with immigrant status. Using pooled 2012–2016 American Community Survey data, we investigate wage differences and near-poverty status by race/ethnicity, sex, and nativity (among full-time, full-year workers) in five dynamic majority-minority U.S. labor markets and high-volume immigrant destinations (Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York City). Findings demonstrate that assimilative and human capital attributes matter. Yet our analyses reveal discernible group-level inequalities suggestive of depressed mobility, blocked opportunity, and race/ethnic- and sex-based hierarchy—patterns that highlight the embedded character of assimilation and economic outcomes within contexts of constraint. We find significant inter- and intragroup variation in these regards—particularly for near-poverty. We discuss our findings in light of their empirical and theoretical implications toward understanding minority group incorporation and economic inequality.
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Taylor, Julie Lounds, Leann Smith DaWalt, Alison R. Marvin, J. Kiely Law, and Paul Lipkin. "Sex differences in employment and supports for adults with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 23, no. 7 (February 7, 2019): 1711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319827417.
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This study explored sex differences in employment, reasons for unemployment, benefits, and supports among a large, international sample of adults with autism spectrum disorder. The sample included 443 adults with autism spectrum disorder (60% female; 74% residing in the United States) who consented to be part of an autism research registry and completed an Internet survey. Outcome variables included current employment status, number of hours working, number of jobs in the past 5 years, reasons for unemployment, as well as the number of benefits received and the amount of financial support currently being received from families of origin. Using multiple regression models, we found that males and females were working at similar rates. Females were more likely than males to say that their unemployment was a result of choosing to withdraw from the labor market. Similar percentages of males and females reported receiving some form of benefits or family support, but of those receiving benefits/family support, males received more than females. These results are consistent with other studies finding subtle, but potentially important sex differences in life-course outcomes of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
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Kahanov, Leamor, and Lindsey E. Eberman. "Age, Sex, and Setting Factors and Labor Force in Athletic Training." Journal of Athletic Training 46, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.4.424.
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Context: Occupation or occupational setting shifts might be occurring in the athletic training profession, and differences between sexes might exist; however, little evidence exists to confirm this supposition. Objective: To evaluate trends in male and female athletic training employment patterns in terms of age and occupational setting. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: We requested demographic data from the National Athletic Trainers' Association (October 27, 2009) and obtained frequency totals of members by sex across the occupational life span by occupational setting. Patients or Other Participants: Our sample included 18 571 athletic trainers employed in the 3 largest classifications of occupational settings within the profession: college or university, clinical, and secondary school. Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated frequencies and percentages to determine demographic and descriptive data. We analyzed the data using an analysis of variance to identify the differences between sexes across age and setting. Results: We observed trends in occupational setting and sex across ages 22 to 67 years. We identified differences between sexes across the ages 22 to 67 years (F1,18 569 = 110 818.080, P < .001, η2 = .068) and across occupational settings (F1,18 569 = 61.908, P < .001, η2 = .003), noting a marked decline in female athletic trainers in the workforce beginning around age 28 years and an increase in male athletic trainers in the secondary school setting beginning around their middle to late 40s. We observed differences at the intercept between setting and sex (F1,18 569 = 63 529.344, P < .001, η2 = .845), which were greater when observed across the ages (F1,18 569 = 23 566 787.642, P < .001, η2 = .939). Conclusions: We identified differences between sexes across settings and ages in addition to an overall decrease in the workforce among all professionals. A marked decline in female athletic trainers occurred at age 28 years, yet the male population increased at the secondary school level, suggesting a setting shift. Burnout, fatigue, pay scale, and a misunderstanding of professional culture and job duties might influence the exodus or shift in athletic training.
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Berens, Sarah, and Achim Kemmerling. "Labor Divides, Informality, and Regulation: The Public Opinion on Labor Law in Latin America." Journal of Politics in Latin America 11, no. 1 (April 2019): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x19843362.
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While scholarship on the politics of labor market divides and labor law in Latin America has bloomed in recent years, this literature rarely looks at the role of public opinion. Using data on public attitudes towards labor law for 18 Latin American countries, we start filling this gap. We follow the literature on labor market divides to see how far those at the margins of the formal labor market differ in their opinions from the formally employed. We find that large segments of the people perceive labor law as protective for workers, but there are also important divides: Whereas formal sector workers indeed assess the protective function of labor law positively, informal sector workers are more sceptical. Moreover, we find feedback effects of labor law on these differences of opinion. We conclude with a discussion how these divides in attitudes also have political effects, especially on voting behavior.
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Pocius, Arūnas. "Changes in the Situation of Different Demographic Groups in the Lithuanian Labour Market and the Influence of Methodical Differences on Relative Unemployment Indicators." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 55, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2016.13863.
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The paper analyses employment, activity and unemployment trends in Lithuania by sex and age, with thefocus on the monitoring of the labour market situation of different demographic groups. The possibilities of integratingwomen and men, elderly and young people into the labour market are evaluated using key labour market indicators. Differentunemployment estimation methods are used for the assessment of changes in the labour market situation of differentdemographic groups in Lithuania. Statistical data analysis is supplemented by the results of individual research.
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Tracz-Krupa, Katarzyna, Sylwia Przytuła, Vincent Cassar, and Frank Bezzina. "Differences in the Approach of Students of Various Sex to International Mobility Programs: European Research Results." Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi 149, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2047.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore gender differences in learning experiences among students participating in international study mobility programs. It was undertaken by university students from several institutions of higher learning around Europe in the context of internationalization and intercultural education, which has become a central tenet among European institutions. The research on gender differences in student approach to international study mobility was carried out among 440 university students from five European universities within the context of the Competent student: Experienced Graduate: International Labor Market Key Competency Workshops project, conducted within the framework of the International Partnership Project on Student Mobility financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange. Taking into account both potential competences that are developed during Short–Term Study Abroad (STSA) programs and the usefulness of specific modes of learning during international study tours, the findings suggest that female students have a higher predisposition towards intercultural experiences on STSA programs.
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Gerhards, Leonie, and Michael Kosfeld. "I (Don’t) Like You! But Who Cares? Gender Differences in Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Teams." Economic Journal 130, no. 627 (January 28, 2020): 716–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez067.
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Abstract We study the effect of likeability on women’s and men’s team behaviour in a lab experiment. Extending a two-player public goods game and a minimum effort game by an additional pre-play stage that informs team members about their mutual likeability, we find that female teams lower their contribution to the public good in the event of low likeability, while male teams achieve high levels of co-operation irrespective of the level of mutual likeability. In mixed-sex teams, both women’s and men’s contributions depend on mutual likeability. Similar results are found in the minimum effort game. Our results offer a new perspective on gender differences in labour market outcomes: mutual dislikeability impedes team behaviour, except in all-male teams.
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Hughes, Karen D., and Graham S. Lowe. "Unequal Returns: Gender Differences in Initial Employment Among University Graduates." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 23, no. 1 (April 30, 1993): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v23i1.183150.
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This paper examines how socio-demographic, educational, work attitude, and labour market characteristics contribute to gender differences in the earnings and promotion opportunities of 1985 university graduates employed full-time one year after graduating. Even after accounting for the effects of faculty of enrolment, gender differences in initial employment outcomes are attributable to gender-segregated labour market structures, union and professional association membership, and specific job conditions. Thus, men and women graduating from the same faculty and university translate credentials into different kinds of employment futures. Interestingly, wanting a job with good promotion opportunities at the time of graduation increased the chance of finding such a job, regardless of sex. This paper concludes by exploring the theoretical and policy implications of these findings.
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Gołata, Elżbieta. "Labour market inequalities across disability statuses, sex and age." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 66, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5128.
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The paper analyses basic issues relating to labour market discrimination experienced by persons with disabilities, which is reflected in the different levels of employment and unemployment of this group of people in relation to the entire population. Therefore, the aim of the study is to identify the inequality in the labour market with respect to the disability status, sex and age, and to assess the stability of this relation over time. The research covers the period from 2001 to 2018 and was based on the 2002 and 2011 Census and the Labour Force Survey (LFS) data. The examination of the inequalities in economic activity between people with disabilities and the entire population while taking into account both sex and age was based on the analysis of census data. The stability of this relation was verified on the basis of LFS data, which provide information on employment and unemployment among persons with disabilities in general or separately by sex or age. The constructed patterns were used to estimate the economic activity of people with disabilities in 2011. The paper used methods of demographic analysis, comparative statistics, time series, the verification of statistical hypotheses and statistical estimation. Clear differences concern men aged 35–39 and women aged 40–49. The employment rate for men with disabilities is three times lower, and for women 2.5 times lower than among the whole population. The relationship between employment rates was essentially constant over the 2001–2018 period. An upward trend was observed in the case of the unemployment rate. 2008 saw a clear increase in the disproportion in relation to the trend. The unemployment rate among persons with disabilities compared to the entire population was higher for men by an average of 60% and by 50% for women.
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Khamzina, Zhanna, Yermek Buribayev, Yerkin Yermukanov, and Aizhan Alshurazova. "Is it possible to achieve gender equality in Kazakhstan: Focus on employment and social protection." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 20, no. 1 (March 2020): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229120927904.
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International ratings confirm that Kazakhstan is a leader in Central Asia in addressing the causes of gender inequality; however, there are still significant gender differences in key areas. In particular, gender discrimination in the labor market is complex: when hiring or dismissing, while restricting access to certain professions and positions, in matters of promotion and career growth, when remuneration is paid for performing the same work, not related to differences in labor efficiency. Discrimination is especially sensitive in relation to pregnant women and women with young children. Discrimination continues with access to social measures for avoiding poverty and in the pension system. Further progress requires more strategically significant and focused actions to identify and bridge the remaining factors of systemic discrimination and gender gaps. In the article, we show the insufficient attention of the legal science of Kazakhstan to the problems of regulation of equality. We present the author’s methodology for analyzing labor and social legislation from the perspective of regulating gender equality, consisting of several assessments: Kazakhstan’s fulfillment of international obligations; implementation of the principle of nondiscrimination in labor and social legislation; administrative and judicial mechanisms to protect against discrimination based on sex; and opportunities for implementing best foreign and international practices for the regulation of equality.
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Jeruszka, Urszula. "Obszary poradnictwa i wsparcia społecznego w aspekcie poprawy zatrudnialności absolwentów szkół zawodowych." Studia Edukacyjne, no. 44 (June 15, 2017): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2017.44.9.
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The text “Counseling and Social Support as Improving the Employability of Graduates of Vocational Schools” focuses on showing the causes of the low employability of graduates of vocational schools and the ways to help and support instruments for the graduates’ successful entry into the labor market. This article interprets concepts of absolute and relative employability as well as learned helplessness on the labor market, which points to the need for differentiation. The text looks at the fate of professional graduate studies as a source of information about the demand for support activities – career counseling and social support. The text moreover indicates problems corresponding not only to events occurring at one point in a person’s life, but also the processes influencing the growth of the portion of the human capital related to education. Support measures are considered in relation to decisions affecting the educational path and professional graduate (prevention) and therefore the school-induced competence of entering the labor market (prevention of the negative consequences of differences between learning outcomes and employers’ expectations).
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Baltar, Carolina Troncoso, Lilian Nogueira Rolim, and Eugenia Troncoso Leone. "effects of the Brazilian recession on wage inequality between men and women." RBEST: Revista Brasileira de Economia Social e do Trabalho 2 (October 26, 2020): e020008. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbest.v2i..14341.
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The Brazilian economy entered a deep recession in 2014, when the country’s GDP decreased, with negative consequences for the labour market. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of this recession on the country’s wage inequality, taking into account sex differences. The paper classifies employees in different groups considering occupational groups and the sectors of activities these workers belong to in order to verify who are the employees better inserted in the labour market and the ones who are in a more vulnerable situation, separating them by sex. The results show a high asymmetry and dispersion of wage distribution in Brazil. The economic recession of 2015-2016 reduced the country’s income inequality and the differences between men and women, because the share of workers with lower wages increased. However, wage differences in favour of men are still high, especially in occupations of high income and higher education requirements.
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Tarasova, Anna N., and Natalia A. Chernykh. "Risk and threat assessment for youths at regional labor market (the case of the Sverdlovsk Region)." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 5, no. 4 (2019): 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2019-5-4-52-75.
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This article analyzes the main risks and threats that arise in the contemporary labor market among the young people. Given the changes that are taking place under the economical digitalization, globalization processes, as well as due to the increase in the retirement age in Russia, there is a growing need to study the emerging risks. This paper assesses the level of threats to young professionals entering the labor market. The empirical basis of the work includes the data of statistics on labor and employment in Russia and the Sverdlovsk Region, as well as the results of the two empirical studies conducted by the authors in 2018-2019 by means of content analysis of employers’ advertisements and a questionnaire survey of the population. 6,521 vacancy announcements in the Sverdlovsk region were analyzed. 630 people (aged 18-60) were interviewed the sample was quoted by sex and age. The methods of data analysis include frequency distribution analysis, mean analysis, correlation analysis, and Chi-squared difference analysis. The authors have identified the main types of risks on the labor market: they are the problems of employment and the threat of unemployment; employment outside the studied specialty and “leaving” the profession; high differentiation of wages by industry and salary risks; non-compliance with labor legislation and social guarantees; involvement in informal employment. A detailed analysis of these risks is carried out and the threat level is assessed. The authors conclude that the greatest threat in the regional labor market is the mismatch of places of employment of existing qualifications and received specialty. This threat is dangerous not only on its own, leading to the loss of professional skills and competencies, a decrease in overall productivity, etc. Even worse, it increases the likelihood of other risks in the labor market. The employment outside the studied specialty correlates with violation of labor laws, non-compliance with labor rights of employees, and involvement in informal employment.
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Wasiluk, Anna, and Anna Tomaszuk. "Trust in the Superior: The Opinions of Representatives of Generation Z." Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi 149, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2046.
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Four generations of workers are presently active on the contemporary labor market: Baby Boomers, X, Y, and Z. Representatives of the individual generations have different approaches to work and they have a different understanding of development, loyalty, and dedication to work and the organization. Generation Z is just entering the labor market. For this reason it is difficult to predict just what kind of workers they will be and exactly how the managerial staff will face this challenge. The aim of the article is a comparison of the opinions of respondents from Generation Z from Poland, Spain, and Turkey regarding trust in their immediate superior. The following scientific hypotheses have been forwarded: H1 – Trust in the immediate superior is linked to the nationality of the respondent. H2 – Trust in the immediate superior is linked to the sex of the respondent. Analysis of the conducted research makes it possible to state that nationality differentiates the opinion regarding trust in the immediate superior as well as its level. In contrast, no statistically significant difference was noted with respect to view on trust in the immediate superior as being dependent on the sex of the respondent.
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Murawska, Anna. "Differences in unemployment among persons in a special situation on the labour market on the example of Polish provinces." Oeconomia Copernicana 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2016.022.
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The unemployment level in a region and economic activity on the labour market are considered the most important determinants of individuals’ standard of living. The article aims to assess regional differences in indicators characterising the situation on the labour market depending on the selected social and demographic features of the unemployed. In order to achieve this objective, information from secondary sources, primarily statistical yearbooks and other source materials, was used. General data relating to Poland and sixteen provinces was analysed. The assessment of regional differences and the relationship between them used basic indices and ratios in the form of numerical evaluation. Coefficients of intensity, structure, variation and correlation were calculated. Differences in the level of unemployment in Polish provinces depend on such factors as place of residence, age, sex, level of education of the unemployed, seniority and duration of unemployment. Residents of provinces with a favourable situation on the labour market have a notably higher income and standard of living.
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Chapman, Bruce J., and Charles Mulvey. "An Analysis of the Origins of Sex Differences in Australian Wages." Journal of Industrial Relations 28, no. 4 (December 1986): 504–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568602800402.
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Different levels of measured skills, geographic location and demographicfactors (such as marital status and country of birth) explain almost none of the hourly wage differences of Australian women and men in full-time employment. The major contribution to wage differences is apparently in the different returns paid by employers to men and women for observable characteristics. Usually this is considered as evidence for the existence of direct wage discrimination by employers but—at least for the data of this study—some questions remain as to the extent of this influence. Measurement issues related to both schooling and general labour market experience tend to exaggerate the role of direct employer discrimination, but even extreme assumptions as to the extent of mismeasurement of these variables do not eliminate such discrimination (although it is reduced from 13 to 3.5 per cent). Some part of the overall difference is likely to be a consequertce of (unmeasured) occupation factors and, of much greater contplexity, the possible influence of role-stereotyping and its interaction with family arrangements.
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Cunha, Neide de Brito, Adriana Satico Ferraz, and Acácia Aparecida Angeli dos Santos. "Implications of motivation in the application of technologists’ learning strategies." Psico-USF 26, spe (2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-8271202126nesp07.
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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the association between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for the use of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies in technologists. Possible differences in both constructs in terms of sex and course were also analyzed. Participants were 96 students from two technological courses at a public education institution in the state of São Paulo. The Motivation to Learn Scale for University Students and the Scale for Learning Strategies for University Students were used. The results showed the prevalence of intrinsic motivation and metacognitive strategies. The motivational orientations were positively related to cognitive and metacognitive strategies. There were no differences regarding gender, or the course attended. New studies should broaden the knowledge about the characteristics of this public, whose course curricula are directed toward inclusion in the labor market and include practical activities as a reality.
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Norvaišaitė, Justė, and Vita Mikuličiūtė. "The Influence of Applicant's and Rater’s Sex on Decision Making in Hiring Simulation." Psichologija 63 (May 11, 2021): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2021.27.
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Gender stereotypes have determined that the concepts of management and leadership are more associated with men than women. There are more men working in management positions than women in various countries, including Lithuania. The most widely discussed cause for that is discrimination against women in the labor market. The aim of the study was to examine evaluation differences between personnel specialists and comparison group, depending on their own and candidate‘s gender. Study was based on quasi-experimental strategy which included a hiring simulation. Participants had to evaluate potential candidates, a man and a woman, seeking for a job in management position. Data was collected from 128 people (age range - 19 to 56 years): 48 personnel specialists (M=29,38; SD=7,48), 49 women, who represented other specialties (M=26,29; SD=7,36) and 31 men, who represented other specialties (M=25,39; SD=5,05). Both personnel specialists and comparison group evaluated man and woman-candidate as similar. There were no significant differences between the two candidates on their hireability, reliability, competence, potential salary and promotability. However, results also indicate that personnel specialists and women, representing other specialties, suggested that man was more capable to work in teams than woman. The study gives an insight about the possibility of gender stereotype change.
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Brandt, Frans, Marianne Thvilum, Laszlo Hegedüs, and Thomas Heiberg Brix. "Hyperthyroidism is associated with work disability and loss of labour market income. A Danish register-based study in singletons and disease-discordant twin pairs." European Journal of Endocrinology 173, no. 5 (November 2015): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-15-0306.
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ObjectiveTo examine the risk of disability pension and changes in labour market income in patients with hyperthyroidism.MethodsFrom a 5% random sample of the Danish population and twins from the Danish Twin Registry we identified 1942 hyperthyroid singletons and 7768 non-hyperthyroid (matched 1:4) controls as well as 584 same-sex twin pairs discordant for hyperthyroidism. Singletons and twins were followed for a mean of 9 years (range 1–20). Cox regression analysis was used to examine the risk of disability pension and a difference-in-differences model was used to evaluate changes in labour market income.ResultsHyperthyroid individuals had an increased risk of receiving disability pension: hazard ratio (HR) was 1.88, (95% CI: 1.57–2.24). Subdividing as to the cause of hyperthyroidism did not change this finding: Graves’ disease (GD) HR was 1.51 (95% CI: 0.87–2.63) and toxic nodular goitre (TNG) HR was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.02–4.36). With respect to labour market income, the income of hyperthyroid individuals increased on average 1189 € less than their controls (P<0.001). This difference in income was more pronounced in GD (2539 €) than in TNG (132 €). Essentially similar results, with respect to disability pension and labour market income, were seen within monozygotic twin pairs discordant for hyperthyroidism.ConclusionHyperthyroidism is associated with severe work disability as reflected by an 88% increased risk of receiving disability pension and a significant loss of labour market income. Similar results in monozygotic twins discordant for hyperthyroidism suggest that genetic confounding is unlikely.
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Flippen, Chenoa, and Eunbi Kim. "Immigrant Context and Opportunity." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 660, no. 1 (June 9, 2015): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215577611.
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Immigrant-origin populations, once overwhelmingly concentrated in a handful of receiving gateways, have dispersed in recent decades to scores of new destinations throughout the United States. This pattern and its implications for immigrant incorporation have received a great deal of attention, but the vast majority of research has focused on Hispanics. This article examines the relationship between settlement patterns and socioeconomic attainment (income, occupational status, and homeownership) among Asians. Drawing on individual- and metro-level information from the 2009 to 2011 American Community Survey, results suggest that Asians in new destinations face an important tradeoff between income and homeownership, and that differences across contexts are largely attributable to metropolitan labor and housing market conditions, rather than the ethnic context per se. However, there are important differences in outcomes among Asians by national origin and sex, and a comparison with whites suggests that inequality differs across new and more established Asian settlement areas.
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DeWees, Mari A., and Karen F. Parker. "The Political Economy of Urban Homicide: Assessing the Relative Impact of Gender Inequality on Sex-Specific Victimization." Violence and Victims 18, no. 1 (February 2003): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.1.35.
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This research examines the ways in which the changing political economy of urban areas has contributed differently to the homicide victimization rates of females and males across US cities. Recent research, while relatively limited, has presented disparate results regarding the effect of gender inequality on urban sex-specific victimization. Our work further explores this relationship by taking into account relative gender disparities in income, education, labor market opportunities, and politics in an examination of sex-specific homicide victimization in 1990. Key to this current investigation is the evaluation of feminist and lifestyle arguments that suggest that structural gender inequality has a unique effect on female victimization. Overall, our findings reveal gender inequality to be a significant predictor of both male and female urban homicide. While these findings suggest mixed support for theoretical arguments regarding gender inequality, further analyses reveal significant differences in specific types of gender inequality on victimization patterns across genders. These additional results highlight the need for greater attention toward both methodological and theoretical issues when examining the interconnections between gender, political economy, and violence in research.
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Cortès-Franch, Imma, Vanessa Puig-Barrachina, Hernán Vargas-Leguás, M. Marta Arcas, and Lucía Artazcoz. "Is Being Employed Always Better for Mental Wellbeing Than Being Unemployed? Exploring the Role of Gender and Welfare State Regimes during the Economic Crisis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 4799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234799.
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The growth of poor jobs related to economic crisis adds to its increase since the mid-1970s as a result of new forms of flexible employment. In Europe, there is no clear evidence on whether working in a poor-quality job is better for mental wellbeing than being unemployed. The objectives of this study were to compare mental wellbeing between the unemployed and those working in jobs with different quality levels and to examine gender and welfare state differences in Europe. We selected 8324 men and 7496 women from the European Social Survey, 2010. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression models were fitted, separated by sex and country group. No significant differences in mental wellbeing were shown between unemployed-non-active, unemployed-active, and those working in low-quality jobs in either sex. Only men from Conservative countries in low-quality jobs had better mental wellbeing than unemployed (non-active) men. Only having a good-quality job reduced the likelihood of poor mental wellbeing compared with being unemployed (non-active) among men in all countries (except Social-Democratic) and among women in Eastern and Southern European countries. No differences were observed among men or women in Social-Democratic countries, while strong gender differences were found in Conservative and Liberal countries. Our study indicates the need to take job quality into account, in addition to creating jobs during economic crises. The main mechanisms to explain the strong gender and welfare state differences identified could be social protection for unemployed, labor market regulations, and family models.
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Weck-Hannemann, Hannelore. "Frauen in der Ökonomie und Frauenökonomik: Zur Erklärung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede in der Wirtschaft und in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften." Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 1, no. 2 (May 2000): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2516.00012.
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Abstract There are substantial differences in the specialisation within the family, the economy and academics by sex. In order to explain such gender effects, the economic approach focuses on differences in the economic and political constraints and not on gender-specific dispositions and preferences. The division of labour in the family, the education decision and the wage gap, as well as the career choice concerning the occupational structure within the labour market and universities, are discussed using standard economic theory. The paper concludes with some tentative suggestions as to how these decisions by women and men could be influenced in a sensible way.
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Aksoy, Cevat G., Christopher S. Carpenter, and Jeff Frank. "Sexual Orientation and Earnings: New Evidence from the United Kingdom." ILR Review 71, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 242–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793916687759.
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Most prior work on sexual orientation and labor market earnings has relied either on individual-level surveys with small samples of sexual minorities or on large samples of same-sex couples. For this study, the authors use a large individual-level data set from the United Kingdom that allows investigation of both constructs. They replicate the well-documented lesbian advantage and gay male penalty in couples-based comparisons but show that these effects are absent in similarly specified models of non-partnered workers. This finding suggests that couples-based samples overstate the true earnings differences attributable to a minority sexual orientation as well as that household specialization plays an important role in the lesbian earnings advantage. Results also show that no significant lesbian advantage or gay male penalty is observed in London. Finally, they find robust evidence that bisexual men earn significantly less than otherwise similar heterosexual men. The authors discuss how the effects reconcile with theories of specialization and discrimination.
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Hansen, C. D. "Comparing fatal occupational accidents in Denmark and Sweden 1993–2012." Occupational Medicine 69, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqz064.
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Abstract Background Denmark and Sweden are in many respects two very similar countries with similar welfare state systems and work environment authorities. Nevertheless, marked differences in the incidence of fatal occupational accidents have been found in earlier comparisons of the two countries. Aims To investigate differences in the incidence of fatal occupational accidents in the period from 1993 to 2012 to establish to what extent characteristics of the deceased can explain some of the difference between the two countries. Methods Analyses of the accident registers of the two countries’ national work environment authorities with supplemental linkages to official registers on employment status are used to determine the incidence of fatal occupational accidents for different groups. The analysis is based on 2375 accidents (1068 in Denmark and 1307 in Sweden) over the period of 20 years. Poisson regression is used to derive incidence rates over time for specific groups. Results In the study period, the incidence of fatal occupational accidents decreased in both countries (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.95), although the incidence was on average higher in Denmark (IRR: 1.20) and grew larger over time. This difference did not disappear after adjusting for age, sex and industry among the deceased (IRR: 1.12). Conclusions The incidence of fatal occupational accidents was slightly higher in Denmark in the entire period. The difference could not be explained completely by sociodemographic differences or differences related to the labour market structure in the two countries, i.e. other factors (e.g. cultural) may play a role in producing the difference.
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Rafferty, Anthony. "Skill Underutilization and Under-Skilling in Europe: The Role of Workplace Discrimination." Work, Employment and Society 34, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019865692.
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This article examines the effects of discrimination based on race, ethnic background, nationality, religion, sex, age, disability and sexual orientation on skill underutilization and under-skilling in 30 European countries. People who experienced a variety of forms of workplace discrimination were more likely to report over-skilling, defined as having skills for more demanding roles than required for their job. Paradoxically, some forms of labour market discrimination were also linked to under-skilling, where people report requiring more training to fulfil their job role. The findings are explained in terms of how discrimination in the labour market can have differential impacts on access to career progression and training opportunities across organizations. Differences between self-report and statistical estimates of discrimination are observed. Broader implications for the interpretation of statistical models in discrimination research are discussed.
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Adam, Rahma I., Maria da Luz Quinhentos, Pauline Muindi, and Jessica Osanya. "Gender relations along the maize value chain in Mozambique." Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019888661.
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This article offers insights into gender relations at every node of the maize value chain in rural Mozambique. Data were collected using mixed methods, including a survey of 295 households, key informant interviews with 29 individuals (breeders, agro-dealers, traders, and processors), and 12 sex-disaggregated focus group discussions with smallholder farmers. The findings show that in terms of the gender division of labor in maize production, there is no significant difference between male-headed and female-headed households concerning the participation of men, women, children, and hired labor. In addition, due to their culturally prescribed role as head of household, men are responsible for maize marketing and for making decisions both at the farm level and across the higher nodes of the value chain. Moreover, cultural restrictions on women’s mobility and gender disparities in access to transportation tend to exclude women from participating in the markets. However, women from matrilineal villages are shown to have more autonomy than those from patrilineal villages in making decisions about the quantity of maize to sell, participation in the market, and control of revenue. Finally, whether the woman belongs to the patriarchal or matriarchal system, she still faces challenges as she accedes to the higher nodes of the value chain, for example, participating as a trader, because of her dual roles as mother/homemaker and business woman.
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Rosenbaum, David I., Mathew J. Cushing, and Daniel Baquet. "Worklife by Occupation Physical Requirements: A Three-State Model." Journal of Forensic Economics 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5085/jfe-436.
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Abstract Do workers in more physically demanding jobs have different worklives than those in more sedentary occupations? To answer this question, we link individual data from the Current Population Survey with occupation characteristics from the Occupational Information Network to categorize individuals into three mutually exclusive initial labor market states: inactive, or active in either a more or less physically demanding occupation. A three-state Markov model estimates worklives given transitions across states over time. There is not a significant difference in worklives between the two occupation groups, even when controlling for sex, age and education. Men and women initially in more physically demanding occupations can be expected to work just as long as their counterparts initially in less physically demanding occupations.
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Palencia, Angélica Romero, Araceli Sánchez Solís, and Arturo del Castillo Arreola. "Conductas Delictivas Y Antisociales En Adolescentes Que Estudian Y No Estudian." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 14 (May 31, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n14p31.
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Adolescence is a stage of transition from childhood to the adult world, which is affected among other things by the tension between the incorporation into the labor market and permanence in the educational system (D'alessandre, 2010). However, there is little information related to adolescents who do not study or work. Because of the information that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to accentuate at this stage of life (Gaeta & Galvanoski, 2011), this study identifies differences in the presence of antisocial and criminal behavior among students in two public high schools at Pachuca Hidalgo, Mexico, and adolescents who do not study or work in the same city using the AD measure (Seisdedos & Sánchez, 2001). The sample consisted of 120 teenagers between 14 and 18 years of age, with a total of 81 students and 39 adolescents who do not study or work. Through an analysis of variance ANOVA of sex by occupation were found significant differences in the presence of antisocial behaviors between adolescents who study and those who do not. A difference was observed in the presence of criminal behavior also, specifically in the group of male adolescents who did not study. It was observed that those adolescent men and women who are studying, are less likely to commit criminal acts, compared to those adolescent especially men who are not within a school or work system. The role played by the socio-cultural context as a risk factor or protection for the appearance of criminal and antisocial behavior is highlighted.
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Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern. "Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan? Understanding Fertility within Developed Nations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.3.3.
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We seek to explain the differences in fertility rates across high-income countries by focusing on the interaction between the increasing status of women in the workforce and their status in the household, particularly with regards to child care and home production. We observe three distinct phases in women's status generated by the gradual increase in women's workforce opportunities. In the earliest phase, characteristic of the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, women earn low wages relative to men and are expected to shoulder all of the child care at home. As a result, most women specialize in home production and raising children. In an intermediate stage, women have improved (but not equal) labor market opportunities, but their household status lags. Women in this stage are still expected to do the majority of child care and household production. Increasing access to market work increases the opportunity cost of having children, and fertility falls. Female labor force participation increases. Working women in this phase of development have the strongest disincentives to having additional children since the entire burden of child care falls on them. In the final phase of development, women's labor market opportunities begin to equal those of men. In addition, the increased household bargaining power that comes from more equal wages results in much higher (if not gender-equal) male participation in household production. Female labor force participation is higher than in the intermediate phase. The increased participation of men in the household also reduces the disincentives for women to have additional children, and fertility rates rise compared to the intermediate phase. The intermediate, low-fertility phase might describe Japan, Italy, and Spain in the present day, while the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, and the modern-day United States may be entering the final phase. After presenting the empirical evidence, we predict that high-income countries with the lowest fertility rates are likely to see an increase in fertility in the coming decades.
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Kravdal, Øystein, and Ronald R. Rindfuss. "Changing Relationships between Education and Fertility: A Study of Women and Men Born 1940 to 1964." American Sociological Review 73, no. 5 (October 2008): 854–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300508.
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Education and fertility (including childrearing) are foundational processes in societal metabolism, and the relationship between them can have profound, long-term effects on a variety of institutions, including the labor market, the family (especially care for the elderly), and educational institutions themselves. In postindustrial countries, conventional wisdom holds that there is a strong inverse relationship between education and completed fertility, but this has not been carefully examined in recent decades, and the topic has been almost completely neglected for men. In this article, we address these core questions and relations, drawing on the Norwegian population registers for cohorts born 1940 to 1964. Among women, the relationship between completed fertility and educational level attained at age 39 has become substantially less negative. In all cohorts, better-educated women have later first births and remain childless more often than do the less educated. The negative effect of education on higher-order birth rates net of the impact of later motherhood has, however, disappeared. Family-friendly ideologies and policies, including better access to high-quality daycare, are likely the engine behind this shift. Among men, a positive relationship has emerged: the better educated become fathers later than others, but fewer remain childless, and there has been an increasingly stimulating effect of education on second- and third-birth rates. We discuss these sex differences in light of the persistent differences between mothers' and fathers' roles.
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Olafsdottir, Sigrun. "Gendered health inequalities in mental well-being? The Nordic countries in a comparative perspective." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 2 (January 12, 2017): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494816686027.
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Aims: The aims of this study were to: (a) compare gender differences in mental well-being in the Nordic countries with gender differences in 28 other countries around the world; and (b) evaluate whether gender differences in the Nordic countries remain when other social and lifestyle factors are taken into account. Methods: Data were obtained from 32 countries around the world that participated in the 2011 health module of the International Social Survey Programme. Ordered logit regression models were used to evaluate whether gender differences remained significant when other social and lifestyle factors were considered. Results: Gender differences in mental well-being in the Nordic countries are not particularly small and the four countries do not cluster together. The gender differences remain when other social and lifestyle factors are taken into account. Conclusions: There appears to be a similar Nordic health paradox for mental well-being outcomes as for physical health outcomes. Although there may be multiple reasons for this, continued gender equality, including sex segregation in the labour market and gendered expectations, are considered to play a part.
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Christensen, Sarah Friis, Lise Skovgaard Svingel, Anders Kjærsgaard, Anna Stenling, Björn Paulsson, Christen Lykkegaard Andersen, Christian Fynbo Christiansen, et al. "Labor Market Attachment in Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Nationwide Matched Cohort Study." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 3627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-144587.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are characterized by a substantial symptom burden, risk of debilitating complications (e.g., thrombosis), and increased comorbidity. Recently, three comprehensive questionnaire studies (Mesa 2016, Harrison 2017, Jingbo 2018) have reported a high impact of MPNs on patients' ability to work. However, no registry-based studies have assessed labor market attachment (LMA) of MPN patients and matched nonMPN comparisons. AIM To assess the pre- and post-diagnostic LMA of MPN patients and matched nonMPN comparisons. METHODS We conducted a descriptive, registry-based nationwide cohort study, using data from the Danish National Chronic Myeloid Neoplasia Registry including all Danish MPN patients diagnosed between January 2010 and December 2016. Population-based cohorts of nonMPN comparisons were constructed by 1:10 matching on age, sex, level of education, and region of residence. Data on LMA were retrieved from the Danish Register for Evaluation of Marginalization, which holds information on all public transfer payments in Denmark. Data were linked using the unique civil registration number, which identifies all Danish citizens. The LMA endpoints were defined for each individual as working (not receiving any type of transfer payment), unemployed, receiving transfer payment for either sick leave, disability pension, age pension, or other health-related benefits (e.g., wage-subsidized employment). We assessed LMA weekly for each individual from two years before diagnosis until death, emigration, or two years after the diagnosis. For each cohort, we presented LMA as proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), as well as the proportion of individuals who died during follow-up. RESULTS The study included 3,342 MPN patients (1,140 essential thrombocythemia [ET]; 1,109 polycythemia vera [PV]; 533 myelofibrosis [MF]; and 560 unspecified MPN [MPN-U]) and 32,737 nonMPN comparisons (11,181 nonET; 10,873 nonPV; 5,217 nonPMF; and 5,466 nonMPN-U). The median age at time of diagnosis was: ET 67 years (interquartile range [IQR], 55-76); PV, 69 years (IQR, 61-77); PMF, 73 years (IQR, 66-79); and MPN-U, 72 years (IQR, 63-80). At time of MPN diagnosis, the majority of MPN patients and nonMPN comparisons received age pension (range: ET, 52.1% [95% CI, 49.2-55.0] to nonMF, 70.3% [95% CI, 69.1-71.6]). The proportions working were: ET, 35.1% (95% CI, 32.3-37.9) vs. nonET, 37.3% (95% CI, 36.5-38.2); PV, 22.6% (95% CI, 20.2-25.1) vs. nonPV, 30.8% (95% CI, 29.9-31.7); MF, 23.8% (95% CI, 20.2-27.4) vs. nonMF, 23.6% (95% CI, 22.5-24.8); and MPN-U, 22.1% (95% CI,18.7- 25.6) vs. nonMPN-U, 27.8% (95% CI, 26.6-29.0). Across MPN subtypes, a larger proportion of patients than comparisons were on sick leave: ET, 3.5% (95% CI, 2.4-4.6) vs. nonET, 1.3% (95% CI, 1.1-1.5); PV, 5.5% (95% CI, 4.2-6.8) vs. nonPV, 0.9% (95% CI, 0.7-1.1); MF (not applicable due to small numbers) vs. nonMF, 0.6% (95% CI, 0.4-0.8); and MPN-U, 3.0% (95% CI, 1.6- 4.5) vs. nonMPN-U, 1.0% (95% CI, 0.7-1.3). Regarding disability pension, the proportions ranged from 4.1% (95% CI, 2.4-5.8) to 5.0% (95% CI, 3.7-6.3) among patients and from 3.1% (95% CI, 2.6-3.6) to 4.7% (95% CI, 4.3-5.1) among comparisons. For both MPN patients and nonMPN comparisons, few were unemployed (≤3.3%) or received other health-related benefits (≤1.6%). Two years preceding diagnosis, the proportion of PV and MPN-U patients working was slightly lower than the matched comparisons: PV, 31.0% (95% CI, 28.4-33.8) vs. nonPV, 34.3% (95% CI, 33.5-35.2) and MPN-U, 28.2% (95% CI, 24.6-32.1) vs. nonMPN-U, 32.0% (95% CI, 30.7-33.2), while this difference was not observed between ET and MF patients and their respective comparisons. From two years before to two years after diagnosis, we observed slightly larger reductions in the proportion working among MPN patients than among comparisons. Among MPN patients, the proportion on sick leave including other health-related benefits, increased during the study period, while it remained unchanged among comparisons. The proportion of patients and comparisons on disability pension remained stable. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings showed that Danish patients with ET, PV, MF, and MPN-U had slightly impaired LMA already two years before diagnosis and up to two years after diagnosis. Thus, fewer patients were working and more patients transferred to sick leave compared with matched individuals without MPN. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Stenling: Novartis: Current Employment. Paulsson: Novartis: Current Employment. Frederiksen: Novartis: Research Funding; Alexion: Research Funding; Gilead: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Hasselbalch: Novartis, AOP Orphan: Consultancy, Other: Advisory Board.
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Julià, Mireia, Fabrizio Méndez-Rivero, Álex Gómez-Gómez, Óscar J. Pozo, and Mireia Bolíbar. "Association between Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress: Effect of Gender, Stress Measurement and Precariousness Dimensions—A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159099.
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Precarious employment has been highlighted as a social determinant of health, given, among others, to its alleged association with chronic stress. However, few studies have been conducted analyzing such association, using both perceived stress indicators and biological markers. Accordingly, the present study analyzed the association of multidimensional (6 dimensions) precarious employment scale with perceived stress and 23 markers of adrenal and gonadal hormone production, including cortisol. The sample consisted of 255 salaried workers from Barcelona (125 men, 130 women) aged 25–60. OLS regression models stratified by sex were conducted. Results demonstrated that precarious employment increased the probabilities of having perceived stress in both sexes. In addition, the production of adrenal hormones among men is associated with precarious wages and among women with precarious contracts (“Temporariness”, “Disempowerment”, and “Rights” dimensions). Therefore, precarious employment could be embodied by workers, altering their perceived well-being and physiological characteristics. Differences between men and women in the physiological effect of precarious employment could express not just the biochemical differences inherent to biological sex, but also the social construction of gender identities, positions and roles in society and family, as well as gender inequalities in the labour market.
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Lobanov, M. M., J. Zvezdanovic Lobanova, and M. Zvezdanovic. "Typologization of industrial systems in the countries of Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe." Journal of the New Economic Association 56, no. 4 (2022): 92–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-56-4-5.
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The differences between the countries of Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe in terms of socio-economic and, in particular, industrial development suggests the use of complex approach to their study. At the same time, the formation of industrial potential takes place in similar, but not identical institutional conditions, which allows the development of typologies and classifi cations as a result of qualitative and quantitative data generalization. We analyzed intraregional differences in indicators of industrial production dynamics, its role in the economic development, the supply and cost of labor resources, foreign trade diversifi cation and the level of foreign capital penetration, structural rationalization and the effi ciency of enterprises. In addition, on the example of the countries of the region, the relationship between labor productivity and the share of foreign companies in the production structure was studied. The proposed typology of industrial systems in CEE and SEE countries is based on a comparison of two groups of indicators characterizing 1) the main trend in the industrial development and its contribution to economic growth (reindustrialization, recurrent / repeated deindustrialization, persistent deindustrialization, secondary / market industrialization); 2) the effi ciency of factors of production, the extent of involvement in global economic relations, the focus on the products with high added-value (intensive, extensive and transitional industrial development).
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Grabowska, Izabela. "Developments of employment by broad age-groups in Poland in the years 1998–2008. Do their determinants differ?" Studia Demograficzne, no. 1(165) (June 11, 2014): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/sd.2014.1.3.
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The latest Eurostat projections show that both population and labour force ageing change employment profiles by age in the European Union countries even in case of an increase in labour force participation and employment (The 2012 Ageing Report). My research question is how basic individual (such as age, education, household position, place of residence) and contextual characteristics (such as the business cycle and the regional labour market situation) influence on employment opportunities in Poland. I test whether the impact of different factors varies with age, which has been categorized to reflect different stages of the life course: youth and young adults (15–29 years old), prime aged (30–54 years old), and older workers (for women: 55–59, for men: 55–64). To answer the research question three types of multilevel logistic models were applied: (a) general models with age as one of the basic determinants, (b) models for each age group for non-agriculture and agriculture. The data used come from the Polish Labour Force Survey (BAEL) of the years 1998–2008 and regional labour market data.
The analysis reveals that there are differences in influence of individual and context variables on employment odd ratios between age groups, sex and employment sectors.
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Benndorf, Volker, Dorothea Kübler, and Hans-Theo Normann. "Depth of Reasoning and Information Revelation: An Experiment on the Distribution of k-Levels." International Game Theory Review 19, no. 04 (December 2017): 1750021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198917500219.
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The level-[Formula: see text] model is a workhorse in behavioral game theory. For comparisons across experiments and predictions in future studies, it is crucial to assess the empirical distribution of [Formula: see text]-levels. We present a revelation game suitable for this purpose. In a labor market context, workers can choose to reveal their productivity at a cost, and players’ strategies reveal their level of reasoning in terms of a [Formula: see text]-level. We find that the most frequently observed reasoning levels are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. In our game roughly 30% of the players are [Formula: see text] and 25% are [Formula: see text]. We compare our results to other experiments that identify level-[Formula: see text] distribution, foremost to the money request (or 11–20) game. Despite various differences to the 11–20 game, our revelation game suggests a very similar distribution of level-[Formula: see text] types.
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BARDASI, ELENA, STEPHEN P. JENKINS, and JOHN A. RIGG. "Retirement and the income of older people: a British perspective." Ageing and Society 22, no. 2 (March 2002): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008632.
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Little is known about the income dynamics of retirement in Britain, in part because of a lack of data. The information is of some topical interest given the growing number of older people, the trend towards earlier retirement, the decline in the value of the basic state pension, the growing reliance on occupational and private pensions, and continuing relatively high poverty rates among people in old age. This paper considers the important question of income and retirement and, in particular, the association between transitions into retirement and the probability of becoming poor. It is based on longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey waves 1–9, covering 1991–1999. We also relate differences in poverty entry probabilities among the retired to differences in factors such as a retiree's health, housing tenure, age and sex, education, labour market status and history, household composition and spouse's characteristics.
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Balogh, Renátó, and Éva Bácsné Bába. "The role of sports and well-being programmes in choosing workplaces in the future." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 11, no. 3 (November 12, 2020): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2020.00148.
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AbstractDue to recent changes in the labour market, recruitment and retaining employees have become more important than ever. Research dealing with the appearance of new generations in the labour market has found that they are less loyal to their employers, have high demands, and the key factors that they consider when choosing a job are salary, career opportunities, working environment, and work-life balance. As numerous studies in recent years have proved the importance of a healthy lifestyle in the context of labour, the question has arisen whether opportunities for sport participation and services supporting the well-being of employees have an influence on young people when they are seeking employment. We carried out an online survey to find out what students of the University of Debrecen think about the issue. The results were in line with the findings of previous studies, that is, young people look for high salaries, good working conditions, work-life balance and career opportunities when choosing a job. However, respondents did not identify sports opportunities and well-being benefits as major factors Yet, we found significant differences between different groups in terms of preference of particular factors, depending on sex, marital status, and whether someone does physical exercises regularly, and whether someone works while attending a university course or not.
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Rosas, Liliana Fuentes, Martha Patricia Quintero Fuentes, Julieta Hernández Ramírez, María Teresa Torres López, and Manuel González Pérez. "Relación entre las Habilidades Blandas y la Inserción Laboral de Egresados de Ingeniería Industrial del Tecnológico de Tierra Blanca." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 22 (July 31, 2022): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n22p297.
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El desarrollo de habilidades blandas es un desafío actual para las instituciones educativas quienes preparan a los futuros profesionistas que se insertarán al campo laboral. La inserción laboral se reconoce como el proceso de incorporación a la actividad económica, en el caso de los jóvenes, constituye un tema de especial preocupación en los gobiernos de todos los niveles debido a que las tasas de desempleo juvenil reflejan una incapacidad del mercado para absorber la nueva mano de obra que aportan los jóvenes dejándolos en posición vulnerable. El objetivo de la investigación es analizar la relación que guardan las habilidades blandas con la inserción laboral de los egresados de Ingeniería Industrial del Tecnológico Nacional de México campus Tierra Blanca. Los autores realizan un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo no experimental (observacional), descriptivo, correlacional, comparativo y de corte transversal. Aplican, a una muestra de 105 egresados, un instrumento elaborado con base en la literatura, integrado de 27 ítems, 7 de información sociodemográfica y 20 con escala de Likert, validado por juicio de 5 expertos en recursos humanos; con una fiabilidad de 0.901 dada por el alfa de Cronbach. Utilizan la prueba de correlación de Spearman para validar la relación entre habilidades blandas e inserción laboral y pruebas de comparación (U-Mann Whitney) entre inserción laboral y variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados presentan una relación entre habilidades blandas e inserción laboral de rs= 0.442 y p<0.01. Las pruebas de comparación muestran que no existe diferencia entre inserción laboral y sexo U=1104 y p>0.05; inserción laboral y titulación U=1349 y p>0.05; y no existe relación entre inserción laboral y edad rs= -0.008 y p>0.05. Se concluye que las habilidades blandas (habilidades cognitivas, interpersonales y el control emocional) influyen moderadamente en la inserción laboral sumando al hecho de ser referentes para los empleadores actualmente. El sexo, la titulación y la edad no influyen en la inserción laboral, permitiendo igualdad de oportunidades.
The development of soft skills is a current challengue for educational institutions who prepare future professionals who will enter the labor field. Labor insertion is recognized as the process of incorporation into economic activity, in the case of young people, it is an issue of special concern in governments at all levels because youth unemployment rates reflect an inability of the market to absorb the new workforce provided by young people, leaving them in a vulnerable position. The objective of the research is to analyze the relationship between soft skills and the labor insertion of Industrial Engineering graduates from National Technological of Mexico, campus Tierra Blanca. The authors carry out a study with a non-experimental (observational) quantitative approach, descriptive, correlational, comparative, and cross-sectional. They apply to a sample of 105 graduates, an instrument elaborated based on the literature, integrated with 27 items, 7 of sociodemographic information and 20 with Likert scale, validated by the judgment of 5 experts in human resources; with a reliability of 0.901 given by the Cronbach’s alpha. They use Spearman’s correlation test to validate the relationship between soft skills and labor insertion and comparison test (U-Mann Whitney) between labor insertion and sociodemographic variables. The results present a relationship between soft skills and labor insertion of rs=0.442 and p<0.01. The comparison tests show that there is no difference between labor insertion and sex U=1104 and p>0.05; labor insertion and degree U=1349 and p>0.05; and there is no relationship between labor insertion and age rs=-0.008 and p>0.05. It is concluded that soft skills (cognitive skills, interpersonal skills, and emotional control) moderately influence labor insertion, adding to the fact that they are currently references for employers. Sex, degree, and age do not influence labor insertion, allowing equal opportunities.
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Bieszk-Stolorz, Beata. "Assessment of the gender impact on the form of exit from unemployment." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 63, no. 6 (June 28, 2018): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0672.
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Numerous researches indicate that the situation of men and women on the labour market varies. In order to equalise opportunities, labour offices offer various forms of activisation to the unemployed. However, it was observed that besides deregistering people taking up employment, removal of persons, who did not accept offered position, from the register was a common reason. The aim of the research is to assess the influence of gender of the unemployed persons on the intensity of deregistration due to taking up employment, cancelling or other causes. These reasons constitute various types of competing events. In order to assess the probability of deregistration, the Kaplan-Meier estimator was used and to determine the intensity of deregistration for a specific reason — the Lunn-McNeil model. In the research individual data of persons registered in the Powiat Labour Office in Szczecin in the years 2013 and 2014 were used. The results of the research show that intensity of finding a job was higher for women than for men. Women were also more rarely cancelled from the registry. In the case of other reasons, differences in the intensity of deregistration in terms of sex were not statistically significant.
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Kadar, Beata, and Regina Zsuzsanna Reicher. "Innovations in Health Care Management: the Effect of the Pandemic on the Labour Market Change." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 4 (2020): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.4-09.
Full textAbstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic was identified in 17 days, and the related enormous economic and social impacts have mobilized the global scientific world in almost all areas of science. The leaders of individual countries have to face a challenge that has been unprecedented for many decades. The global pandemic could lead to profound changes in the balance of power, economic operations, and the labor market. In turn, the accompanying measures have brought a lot of changes to everyday life. Although the government of Romania had taken some measures to avoid the collapse of the economy. However, the experts did not regard these as efficient enough. At this time two-thirds of the Hungarian population do not feel that the media exaggerates the severity of the COVID-19 outbreak and the economic consequences of the pandemic are undisputable for the Hungarian people, just like for the Italian and French people who were severely affected by the virus. People have been deprived of the joy of social gatherings, free movement, travel and many of them have even lost their jobs. The primary question at the moment is whether countries could finance the sectors in hardship and whether their inter-dependence regarding the exchange of goods imposes any kind of danger to their citizens. In terms of macro-economy, however, the long-term consequences are much more interesting, and it raises questions like how the countries will be able to handle the situation resulted by the increased unemployment and the different trade relations. This study presents a primary research with the age group of 18-30. The target group is leaders of student unions and academics of four universities. This questionnaire survey aims to examine how the Hungarian and Transylvanian respondents see the prospective economic effects of the current situation on the different sectors of the economy. In addition to the descriptive statistical analysis, the perception of economic impacts was examined with variance analysis concerning different demographic characteristics, and the currently studied subject area. Is the negative attitude prevailing or do the different groups react differently to the state of affairs? The greatest differences in the opinion of respondents could be observed in the area of lifestyle and healthcare. The experts think that the pandemic will result in great changes in the offices, homes, schools, and places of work. Negative aftereffects are not predicted in higher education, sales, and trade. It can be concluded that negative labor market trends are expected, therefore probably the young generation currently studying in higher education will be one of the biggest losers of the virus in the long run. Keywords: COVID 19, pandemic, economic impact, changes in subject areas.
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Ahmad, Sonia, and Ahmed Gulzar. "Inter-city Variation in Prices." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 877–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.877-892.
Full textAbstract:
This research has been motivated by the fact that inter-city variation in prices and hence cost of living has implications for many aspects of development and public policy. This is true for all countries and especially for developing countries like Pakistan where one would expect differences in cost of living to be more pronounced (ceterus paribus) due to a relatively underdeveloped transport network and a lack of development of a national common market. A better understanding of the inter-city variation in prices indicates the extent to which markets within countries are integrated. A monitoring of the inter-city price index over time indicates whether the economy as a whole has become more or less integrated over time i.e. has there has been convergence or divergence within the local economy (which has also been one of the objectives of this research). Secondly, a quantification of inter-city variation in cost of living is essential to understand differentials in real incomes across the country. Such an understanding will yield fairer minimum wage legislation by the government and also wage remuneration packages by employers in both the public and private sectors operating in multiple cities thus leading to better equalisation of real wages across locations. As noted by Haworth and Rasmussen (1973) the pursuit of a uniform wage policy by the U.S. Post Office in the 1970s led to greater wage dissatisfaction among workers and labor strikes in areas where cost of living was relatively higher. Thirdly, allowing for cost of living differentials among cities will lead to better estimates of urban inequality and incidence of poverty. In this context it is particularly important to see if differences in cost of living mitigate or accentuate the difference in the magnitude of poverty between richer and poor jurisdictions. The estimation of cost of living differentials will also lead to much greater understanding of migration patterns within countries and the functioning of regional and interregional markets across the country which are directly related to cost of living, and real wages/incomes. For example, if the same minimum wage legislation is applicable to the whole country, it will lead to migration to those cities where cost of living is relative low and hence the real value of the minimum wages is high (ceterus paribus). This illustrates the important implications that uniform minimum wage legislation and welfare packages across the country have for migration patterns when cost of living differentials are significant.