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Journal articles on the topic 'Labor market initiatives'
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1
Berthou, Sara Kristine Gløjmar, and Anders Buch. "Perfect Match? The Practice Ecology of a Labor Market Initiative for Refugees." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 8 (November 27, 2018): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18291/njwls.v8is4.111158.
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The article investigates the case of a Danish labor market initiative for refugees with a professional engineering background. The ambition is to identify the causes and contextual elements that are active in shaping labor market initiatives directed at groups of refugees. Contemporary theories of practice are used to investigate the structures that enable, constrain, and channel the activities related to the initiative. The discussion focuses on the practice of the initiative in order to analyze ways in which activities are organized in the site. Furthermore, it sets out to investigate how the practices exist and are interconnected in ecological arrangements where practice architectures hold one another in place. The theoretical conceptualization in terms of practice, practices, practice architectures, and practice ecologies helps to explain how a seemingly ideal initiative turned out to have a little impact in bringing the refugee engineers closer to employment on the Danish labor market.
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Kvist, Elin, and Johanna Overud. "From Emancipation through Employment to Emancipation through Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of the Special Labor Market Initiatives (BRYT) and Tax Deduction for Domestic Services (RUT) in Sweden." Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4806.
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Debates on gender equality policy in Sweden assume that women’s labor market participation is central to gender equality and should be promoted via special initiatives and programs. This paper examines how gender equality discourses have changed over time, analyzing Swedish state labor market policy in the 1980s and 1990s, special labor market initiatives to eliminate gender segregation and encourage nontraditional gendered work choices, and contemporary state subsidies for paid domestic work (i.e., tax deduction for domestic services). Critically interpreting these reforms reveals consistencies and continuities in how labor market participation is viewed as the key promoter of gender equality, revealing transformations in how gender equality is understood and constructed. A transition is discernible from state-funded programs and reforms to governmental agencies/authorities and state subsidies to promote enterprise and the growth of specific labor market sectors.
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Jolović, Nevena. "Labor market in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic: EU vs. USA." Ekonomija: teorija i praksa 13, no. 3 (2020): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/etp2003013j.
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Since March 2020, the global labor market has been exposed to exceptional shocks due to the outbreak of a global pandemic - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 crisis has threatened subjects and shaken relations in labor markets around the world, and employment levels in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) have begun to oscillate significantly. The aim of the research is to review the trends observed in the labor markets of the EU and the USA during the first and second quarters of 2020, and to review the projections of eminent authors related to future trends in the mentioned markets. The analysis of the unemployment rate, as well as the policies and measures taken by the EU and USA governments in order to mitigate the consequences of the pandemic, were used in making the final assessment which of these systems suffered more damage, and which of them responded more adequately to crisis. The descriptive and comparative method, analysis and synthesis technique, as well as content analysis of available domestic and foreign literature, were used for research purposes. The result of the research is reflected in the observation that both the EU and the USA responded to the economic and social emergency, and through a number of initiatives supported employees and companies in their labor markets in a timely manner. Finally, the so-far analysis results show that after the first six months of 2020 the American labor market has been much more affected by the pandemic than the European labor market.
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Halimatussadiah, Alin, Chaikal Nuryakin, Pyan A. Muchtar, Adriana Bella, and Husnul Rizal. "Mapping Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) in Indonesia Labor Market." Economics and Finance in Indonesia 63, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/efi.v63i2.572.
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The empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (PWD) has recently attracted the attention of the Indonesian government. Several initiatives have been made to empower their life, especially the establishment of Act No. 8/2016 which enhances their right to inclusive economic activities. This study aims to map PWD in Indonesian labor market. Specifically, it analyzes the characteristics of employed and unemployed PWD. It explored Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), which began to concern on disability issue in 2016. The results show that PWD prevalence varies highly among provinces led by West Sumatera, East Nusa Tenggara, and South Sulawesi and that PWD has lower labor participation rate than that of PWOD. It may indicate the significant presence of discouraged workers among PWD.
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Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. "“Picking Winners”: The Recent Transformation of Australia's Skilled Migration Policy." International Migration Review 39, no. 3 (September 2005): 663–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00284.x.
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From 1980 to 1996, Australian researchers identified consistently inferior labor market outcomes for professionals from non-English-speaking background source countries. In 1997, the incoming conservative government initiated a major review of Australia's skilled migration program, based on a determination to ‘select for success' among applicants. Subsequent initiatives included mandatory English language testing, rigorous qualifications screening, incentives for international students to migrate, and abolition of income support in the first two years post-arrival. This article provides a detailed analysis of factors leading to this policy transformation. Labor market outcomes for 2001 are defined, including a halving of unemployment among recently arrived migrants.
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Cook, Maria Lorena, Shannon Gleeson, Kati L. Griffith, and Lawrence M. Kahn. "Introduction to a Special Issue on the Impact of Immigrant Legalization Initiatives: International Perspectives on Immigration and the World of Work." ILR Review 71, no. 4 (July 17, 2018): 807–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793918775362.
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This article is the third in a series to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the ILR Review. The series features articles that analyze the state of research and future directions for important themes the journal has featured over its many years of publication. In this issue, we also feature a special cluster of articles and book reviews on one of the most critical labor market issues across the globe—the legalization and integration of immigrants into national labor markets. Despite the urgent need for immigration reform in the United States, there is a paucity of US research that looks at the impact of a shift from unauthorized to legal immigrant status in the workplace. The US immigration literature has also paid little attention to immigrant legalization policies outside of the United States, despite the fact that other countries have implemented such policies with far more regularity. The articles in this special issue draw on studies of legalization initiatives in major immigrant destinations: Canada, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Together they underscore the importance of cross-national perspectives for understanding the range of legalization programs and their impact on immigrant workers, the workplace, and the labor market. These findings contribute to key questions in migration scholarship and inform the global policy debate surrounding the integration and well-being of immigrants.
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Mura, Ladislav, Jana Žuľová, and Adam MadleHák. "Strategic management and management of personnel costs: employing young people in the Slovak Republic." Problems and Perspectives in Management 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.14(1).2016.09.
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This paper focuses on evaluating strategic management of the labor market through legislated active labor market measures introduced in the Slovak Republic to support youth employment. Based on the presented statistical data and managerial and legal analysis of the labor market in the Slovak Republic, with particular emphasis on the economic status of young people, two key parts of the adopted strategic document should provide better economic security for young adults. From the point of view of employers the initiatives are an attractive means for incorporating young adults into the economy, especially because this allows for increased active management of personnel costs that are directly related to compensatory incentives from the side of state agencies for employment of young people. This strategic management creates possibilities for employers to gain access to lower labor costs and to realize significant cost savings. Supporting data are presented graphically and at the same time the cost savings for employers are calculated. Overall, these two analyses demonstrate the practical effect of the new strategic measures on corporate management of personnel costs
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Böhm, Hynek, and Wojciech Opioła. "Czech–Polish Cross-Border (Non) Cooperation in the Field of the Labor Market: Why Does It Seem to Be Un-De-Bordered?" Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102855.
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The Czech–Polish border is almost 800 kilometres long. Since 1991, 6 Euroregions and two European Groupings of Territorial Co-operation (EGTC) were created and have been conducting cross-border cooperation (CBC) along the entire length of the border. This was probably also the institutionalisation of cross-border co-operation, what has helped to reach and maintain a high level of mutual Czech–Polish relations. What can therefore be considered striking or surprising is a rather low level of cross-border labor mobility between the labor forces of both countries. Authors therefore attempted to identify projects and initiatives in the field of the cross-border labor market along the entire border. Research showed that the CBC stakeholders don’t prioritise co-operation in the field of the labor market, as they don’t see any real cross-border demand. There are some exceptions, driven mainly by the automotive and mining industries in Czechia attracting a Polish workforce. The main reason for the relatively low level of Czech–Polish cross-border co-operation in the field of the labor market is an absence of a major economic engine on either side of the border, rather than any kind of hostile or re-bordering sentiments in mutual relations between subjects from both countries.
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Dudyrev, Fedor, Vera Maltseva, Olga Romanova, and Evgenii Petrov. "ASSESSMENT OF VOCATIONAL SKILLS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES IN VET: A REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES." Journal of Supranational Policies of Education (JoSPoE), no. 13 (July 16, 2021): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/jospoe2021.13.007.
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There is a growing need for valid tools for assessing skills and certifying qualifications in the context of increasing labour migration and mobility. Due to the growing internationalization of business activities, companies are interested in standardized skills assessments that ensure valid and comparable ratings of job applicants and employees. At the same time, assessment of professional or vocational skills, which are highly domain-specific and numerous, remains challenging, especially in terms of comparability. Therefore, objective skills assessment tops the list of challenges faced by national VET systems. This paper presents an overview of practices and tools for assessing vocational skills and VET learning outcomes, and covers the following issues: a) current practices and challenges in measuring vocational skills and learning outcomes in VET; b) initiatives for internationally comparable assessment of vocational skills, including PISA-VET and WorldSkills competitions; c) national initiatives for assessment of VET learning outcomes in the cases of Germany and Russia; d) labor market- and industry-driven initiatives in skills assessment for job seekers and qualification assurance. This paper contributes to the literature on skills assessment by providing a more comprehensive picture of approaches to skills assessments, including well-established ones and emerging initiatives outside the field of measuring learning outcomes in education.
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Podobas, Izabela. "Przebranżowienie i nowe wyzwania kompetencyjne na rynku pracy dla osób w średnim wieku (dla osób 45+)." Cywilizacja i Polityka 16, no. 16 (November 30, 2018): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7609.
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Demographic changes, and in particular the aging of the population, affect the changing needs of the labor market. Many reports and analysis indicate that it is a very important challenge for both governments and employers to activate people aged 45+, prepare them for retirement and longer activities, acquire new qualifications and competencies and compete with young people. It is all about adapting older employees to function within the changing ways of innovative production techniques and methods, so that they can remain productive in the work environment for as long as possible. It should be assumed that people over 45 years of age by investing in their own professional development will become more competitive in the labor market and thus will not allow marginalization and stigmatization of this age group. Initiatives limiting the negative effects of aging populations and contraction of labor resources as well as the elimination of unemployment among people over 45, including training, improving their competences or retraining, are very important here.
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Lopes, Ana Maria D'Ávila, Marynna Laís Quirino Pereira, and Lucas Vieira Barjud Marques. "The incorporation of women’s empowerment principles (WEPs) as criteria for granting the national social responsibility seal for prison work (RESCUE)." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 12 (September 14, 2021): e100101220249. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20249.
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Gender discrimination against women in the labor market remains a global scourge. This situation is even more aggravated in the case of women prisoners or ex-prisoners, who suffer not only from gender bias, but from their involvement with the criminal world. In this context, the present work aimed to propose the incorporation of the Women's Empowerment Principles (WEPs) proposed by the United Nations (UN), as a new criterion for the granting of the National Seal of Social Responsibility for Prison Work (RESCUE). The RESCUE, created in 2017 by the National Penitentiary Department (DEPEN), of the Brazilian State, has the purpose of recognizing the initiatives of public and private institutions that hire people deprived of their liberty or those released from the national prison system. For this purpose, bibliographic and documentary research was carried out on Brazilian doctrine and legislation, as well as on UN documents. It was concluded that there is a need and urgency for the Brazilian State to improve the mechanisms for the inclusion of women in the labor market, especially in the case of those prisoners or those who are discharged from the penitentiary system, being RESCUE an important initiative that can be significantly improved by including WEPs, as one of the criteria for its award.
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Shilkina, A. T., and A. N. Yaskin. "Initiatives for sustainable consumption and lean production in the context of development strategies of the russian federation and national projects in various areas." Quality. Innovation. Education, no. 6 (2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31145/1999-513x-2020-6-49-57.
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The article examines the problems of sustainable consumption and lean production in the context of national projects and development strategies of the Russian Federation in various areas. The Sustainable Development Goals under Agenda 21 have been classified according to social, economic and environmental dimensions. Scientific and technological excellence, economic and national security, and spatial development are important goals of the development strategies of the Russian Federation. The key elements of the Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Russian Federation have been identified: goal, principles of strategy implementation, resources, strategic partners and participants, strategy indicators formulated in the framework of national projects; substantiated the importance of the national project «Labor productivity and employment support», based on the implementation of two strategic UN Sustainable Development Goals «Goal 9: Industrialization, innovation, infrastructure» and «Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production». The key aspects were identified and a map of the national project to increase labor productivity was built: systemic measures to increase labor productivity, targeted support for increasing labor productivity at enterprises, support for employment and improving the efficiency of the labor market to ensure growth in labor productivity, allowing achieving sustainable growth in labor productivity in the country.
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Murnane, Richard, and Frank Levy. "Why Today's High-School-Educated Males Earn Less than Their Fathers Did: The Problem and an Assessment of Responses." Harvard Educational Review 63, no. 1 (April 1, 1993): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.63.1.7585v420548725x0.
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Since 1972, high-school-educated males have experienced a dramatic decrease in labor market earnings, making them the first generation since World War II to experience a lower standard of living than their fathers. In this article, Richard Murnane and Frank Levy examine this downward trend in earnings, citing the shift in job opportunities from manufacturing to the service sector and technological changes within the workplace as contributing factors to the income decline. In the final section of the article, the authors provide an analysis of recent educational policy initiatives aimed at improving U.S. education and increasing the skill level of new workers. They offer a framework of questions that challenges the design and implementation of these initiatives and points to critical issues that must be considered if these initiatives are to improve the education and earnings prospects of high-school-educated males.
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Noël, Alain. "Is social investment inimical to the poor?" Socio-Economic Review 18, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 857–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwy038.
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Abstract In the last two decades, the social investment strategy has been the main approach to welfare state reform. Concretely, two spending programs have dominated the agenda: the expansion of active labor market programs and the development of childcare services. Many authors have suspected, however, that these social investments were realized at the expense of income protection for the poor. This article assesses this potential trade-off with time-series cross-sectional models of the determinants of active labor market policies expenditures, childcare spending and the adequacy of minimum income protection (MIP), for 18 OECD countries between 1990 and 2009. It turns out that social investments are rather akin to traditional welfare state programs, and are explained by similar institutional, political and economic factors. More importantly, they do not develop at the expense of income protection. Social investment initiatives are consistent with the usual politics of the welfare state and, overall, they are not inimical to the poor.
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Trudeau, Daniel, and Meghan Cope. "Labor and Housing Markets as Public Spaces: ‘Personal Responsibility’ and the Contradictions of Welfare-Reform Policies." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 35, no. 5 (May 2003): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a35133.
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Recent US welfare-form initiatives affecting employment and housing assistance have promoted more flexible applications of assistance as well as devolving the responsibility of care for the poor from federal levels to the individual. Implicit in these policy changes is the assumption that individuals enter labor and housing markets where open access is the norm and a ‘level playing field’ exists. In this paper, we use the analogy of seeing labor and housing markets as public spaces to analyze how the ideals of democratic capitalism in labor and housing markets exist normatively, but are always violated in practice. We argue that the influence of neoliberalism, and the devolution of welfare responsibility to the individual in particular, have led to policy changes that neglect issues of unequal access connected to hierarchies of race and gender and their spatial manifestations. Welfare reform in the specific areas of employment and housing assistance has promoted the primacy of private markets as essential components to ensuring social welfare. These reforms have super-ficially opened more options to recipients of public assistance while simultaneously allowing to continue the instruments, institutions, and structural forces that constrain practical access to the full range of jobs and housing. We argue that efforts to maintain these markets have not been distributed to measures ensuring fair play of participants. As a consequence, some problematic contradictions between policy and practice call into question the suitability of the private market as a strategy of providing welfare for the poor.
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Torres Menezes, Ana Raquel. "Syrian refugees in Brazil." Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia 48, no. 1 (June 16, 2020): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/rfadir-v48n1a2020-50515.
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Brazil is the main receiver of Syrian nationals seeking for asylum in Latin America. In spite of the distance from Syria comparatively to European countries, Brazil is often chosen as a destiny country due to two main reasons: the humanitarian visa granted to people affected by the instability in Syria, that demands less requirements than a regular visa, and the possibility of acquiring a working permit even before the refuge status is granted. However, Syrian refugees/refuge seekers face challenges in accessing labor market due to language barriers, difficulties in proving previous professional qualifications and the discrimination against refugees of arab origin. The public sphere is by law responsible for promoting integration policies for refugees, and has covered issues such as juridical assistance for this population, but doesn’t have clear actions in integrating refugees in the labor market. The organized civil society realizes a valorous work in this sense, with many initiatives to assist refugees inserting in the labor market, such as language courses, resume creating and raising of awareness to companies about the hiring of refugees. Since these institutions don’t count on enough financial support from the public sphere, they vastly rely on volunteer workforce, which despite being very helpful, many times is not specialized in dealing with refuge issues. By performing a qualitative review of literature in the subject, extracted from books, articles, journal articles, doctorate thesis, bachelor thesis and newspaper databases both in Portuguese and in English, this research intends to figure out how the civil society organizations are assisting Syrian refugees to integrate in the labor market in Brazil, filling the gap left by the public power, and often suffering from overburdening.
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Jones, Craig. "A Value Chain Approach to Support Southeast Asian Economic Regionalism." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 7, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v7i1.5009.
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This article includes an exploration of the economic data sets of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Statistics, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund, as well as primary regional economic initiatives and agreements to assess the strategic indicators of economic regionalism using thematic analysis. The aim of this research is to determine how Southeast Asian regionalism can circumvent vulnerabilities to another economic crisis in North America and the European Union. To correct such financial vulnerabilities, ASEAN has significantly remolded the region into a single market consisting of a 10-nation integrated production base. The ASEAN Economic Community’s main pillars are the establishment of a regional economic foundation based on comprehensive investment initiatives; the liberalization of capital markets, tariffs, and professional labor; infrastructure connectivity; regional policy integration; and free trade agreements to create a regional value chain as part of a single market and production base. The more attainable this comprehensive value-capture-and-integration process becomes, the more attractive it will appear to the global economic investment community and for business opportunities to establish a robust regional foundation. Although the process appears straightforward, capturing value is not a single phenomenon or method, but rather a multifaceted phenomenon, as explored in this study. The regional integration model seeks profitability within effective cross-border production networks and regional liberalization.
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Serafin, Teresa. "Punkt Informacyjno-Koordynacyjny dla Osób Niepełnosprawnością (PIKON) jako wsparcie informacyjne na rzecz poprawy jakości życia osób z niepełnosprawnościami i ich rodzin." Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, no. 21 (January 7, 2019): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2018.21.06.
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This article presents, undertaken by social organizations and the office of the Capital City of Warsaw, initiatives aimed at developing a model of cooperation between institutions performing tasks in the field of various areas of social policy. These initiatives concern, inter alia, continuing the activities of the education system in the field of equalizing the chances of students with disabilities by institutions performing tasks in the field of various areas of social policy, including those supporting professional and personal functioning of adults. One of the directions of this objective is the creation of an information and coordination point to support adults with disabilities in solving their problems, eg by providing information on possible participation in social rehabilitation and / or employment in an open, supported or protected labor market.
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Malik, Dr Mohd Azhar Ud Din, and Dr Hasina Jabeen. "Higher Education in India: Women Employment, Why So Few Among So Many?" International Journal of Business and Management Research 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijbmr.060301.
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Progress of a country weather social or economical is largely resolute by the active contribution and participation of its labor force. Both men and women create the labor force; but it has been noted that since past decade, India has been seen a steady decline in Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) from 37% in 2005 to an all-time low of 23 percent in 2016. On the other hand, percentage of women participation in the higher education increase. The enrolment ratio of women in higher education increased from 22% in 2012 to 26% in 2016 as per study of AISHE. The objective of this paper is to know reason behind decline in labour participation of women, as their ratio in higher education increase. The study was totally based on secondary data. This work examines the reason of women labor force participation, as against the backdrop of India having one of the lower most participation rates for female among peer countries. The research work has revealed that in modern world women are much more creative and innovative than men. Women by nature are economical and not cause undue wastage of resources and needless expenses. If they are on condition that with the right entree backed by the right governmental strategies, they can also influence the well–being of the environment and public health at national level. The main finding is that a number of program initiatives can help in boosting female in social and economic participation in India, including labor market flexibility, speculation in infrastructure, and improved social outlay.
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Benito, Agueda, and Shailey Singhal. "Enhancing students´ engagement, learning and knowledge generation." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss2.1340.
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The present case study illustrates an example of how universities can develop initiatives that enhance the learning effectiveness of their students and, at the same time, help them become more innovative and generate knowledge that improves research outcomes and contributes to scientific advancement.
Research & Innovation in Science and Engineering (RISE) constitutes an initiative implemented by an Indian comprehensive university, through which multidisciplinary teams of students present their project ideas and, if selected, they get the institutional support to develop them: some funds, the university facilities and equipment and, more than anything, the guidance of a dedicated faculty mentor, and the involvement of the industry. The students´ learning experience is totally collaborative, interdisciplinary, applied and experiential, in good alignment with the needs of the present and future labor market. Additionally, the outcomes of the program include research papers, patents and industry partnerships that clearly benefit the institution and all its stakeholders.
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Alias, Abdul Hadi, Abdul Hadi Alias, Zamira Hasanah Zamzuri, Nur Riza Mohd Suradi, and Nur Riza Mohd Suradi. "The Profile of Female Labor Force Participation in Malaysia Based on Recursive Partitioning Analyses." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n3.2041.
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In determining the level of the Malaysian economy, one of the factors contributing to the economic development of the country is the availability of labour. Studies on the availability of female labour force by identifying female profiles in labor force participation were made using data from Labour Force Survey (LFS), Malaysia for reference year 1990, 2000, 2010 and the latest 2018. Referring to the latest year 2018, the recursive partitioning (RP) technique showed that four subgroup profiles of working women have been created equal to 12%, 43%, 57% and 78%, respectively (percentage of working women at the four subgroups). Majority of the working women are identified in the group of aged 20-59 and the highest certificate obtain was tertiary education (Certificate, Diploma and Bachelor’s Degree) with 78%. Comparison between year 2018 with others reference year, there was a difference in the profile of working women whose working age had increased from 54 to 59 years. There is also a difference in the highest qualification obtained from obtaining only UPSR or SRP qualification in year 1990 to Diploma and Bachelor’s degree certificate in year 2018. Therefore, efforts need to be enhanced by providing initiatives for this group so that those who are in this group or will join this group later will be motivated to join labour market.
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Weidman, John C., and Brian Yoder. "Policy and Practice in Education Reform in Mongolia and Uzbekistan during the First Two Decades of the Post-Soviet Era." Excellence in Higher Education 1, no. 1&2 (December 31, 2010): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ehe.2010.16.
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This article describes the social, economic, and political processes that have influenced educational reform in two countries of Central Asia since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. It compares and contrasts the various educational reform initiatives that have occurred in each country, including legal and policy frameworks, curriculum change, decentralization, privatization, finance, structure, and emphasis of educational systems, and the fit between what is taught in educational institutions and demands of the labor market. A sector-wide framework for education reform is presented to facilitate understanding of the very complex set of processes involved.
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Mileva-Bozanova, Sonia. "Challenges for regional development and employment in tourism industry: The case of Bulgaria." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 148 (2014): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1448761m.
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Tourism plays an important role in Europe, and specifically in Bulgaria, and it makes a considerable contribution to employment and regional development. Usually, tourism is among the sectors which are used for introduction and application of different government measures and initiatives which aim at increase of employment. In spite of the commitment of public institutions in Bulgaria to stimulate tourism, as a form of sustainable development, employment and other economic activities, we still find strong disproportions in infra- and super-structure with tourism development being highly concentrated on the Black sea coast. The aim of this paper was to define the main challenges for regional employment with respect to the specifics of the labor market requirements for new skills and competences, and bridging of the gap between the educational curricula and market demand.
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Fodor, Szabina, Ildikó Szabó, and Katalin Ternai. "Competence-Oriented, Data-Driven Approach for Sustainable Development in University-Level Education." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 9977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179977.
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Higher education has a number of key roles to play in accelerating progress toward sustainability goals. It has a responsibility to provide and teach curricula that are tailored to labor market needs, to help change people’s attitudes and motivation toward sustainability, and to reduce inequalities between different students. Course leaders and developers of curricula should monitor and assess these needs in order to improve their curricula from time to time. In the present work, we describe a data-driven approach based on text-mining techniques to identify the competences required for a given position based on job advertisements. To demonstrate the usefulness of our suggested method, the supply chain management occupation was selected as the supply chain is a constantly changing domain that is highly affected by green activities and initiatives, and the COVID-19 pandemic strongly influenced this sector, as well. This data-driven process allowed the identification of required soft and hard skills contained in job descriptions. However, it was found that some important concepts of green supply chain management, such as repair and refurbishment, were only marginally mentioned in the job advertisements. Therefore, in addition to labor market expectations, a business process model from relevant green supply chain management literature was developed to complement the required competences. The given new techniques can support the paradigm shift toward sustainable development and help curriculum developers and decision makers assess labor market needs in the area of sustainability skills and competences. The given result can serve as an input of outcome-based training development to design learning objective-based teaching materials.
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Larouche, Richard, Louis Laurencelle, Roy J. Shephard, and Francois Trudeau. "Life Transitions in the Waning of Physical Activity From Childhood to Adult Life in the Trois-Rivières Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 9, no. 4 (May 2012): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.4.516.
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Background:Several studies have reported an age-related decline of physical activity (PA). We examined the impact of 4 important transitional periods—adolescence, the beginning of postsecondary education, entry into the labor market, and parenthood—on the PA of participants in the Trois-Rivières quasi-experimental study.Methods:In 2008, 44 women and 42 men aged 44.0 ± 1.2 years were given a semistructured interview; the frequency and duration of physical activities were examined during each of these transition periods. Subjects had been assigned to either an experimental program [5 h of weekly physical education (PE) from Grades 1 to 6] or the standard curriculum (40 min of weekly PE) throughout primary school.Results:The percentage of individuals undertaking ≥ 5 h of PA per week decreased from 70.4% to 17.0% between adolescence and midlife. The largest decline occurred on entering the labor market (from 55.9% to 23.4%). At midlife, there were no significant differences of PA level between experimental and control groups. Men were more active than women at each transition except for parenthood.Conclusions:Our results highlight a progressive nonlinear decline of PA involvement in both groups. Promotion initiatives should target these periods to prevent the decline of PA.
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Kerachsky, Stuart, and Craig Thornton. "Findings from the Stets Transitional Employment Demonstration." Exceptional Children 53, no. 6 (April 1987): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440298705300605.
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This article describes the model for and the implementation of the Structured Training and Employment Transitional Services (STETS) demonstration—a major transitional-employment intervention funded by the U.S. Department of Labor. In terms of the evolution of transitional-employment-type initiatives, STETS was important for two reasons: It was the largest of such efforts yet undertaken in this social area, and its design and evaluation were based on an experimental methodology, thus generating the most robust and accurate findings yet available on the transitional-employment concept. The evaluation of STETS focused on five basic issues: participants' subsequent labor-market behavior, use of school and training programs, public-transfer dependence, life styles, and the benefits versus the costs of the intervention. The results indicate that mentally retarded young adults can perform competently in competitive employment, and that STETS-type transitional services can be instrumental in helping such individuals achieve their employment potential.
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Everingham, Mark. "Agricultural Property Rights and Political Change in Nicaragua." Latin American Politics and Society 43, no. 3 (2001): 61–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2001.tb00179.x.
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AbstractThis study focuses on Nicaragua's transition from a revolutionary state to one oriented toward democracy and the market, through the political lens of agricultural property rights. The national agenda on property rights after 1990 was dominated by elaborate arrangements to accommodate kinship-based factions of the agroindustrial elite, core Sandinista constituents, rural labor groups, and demobilized peasant combatants. Bargains, legislative initiatives, and constitutional reforms failed to clarify legal ambiguity over coveted assets. Persistent conflict thereby became embedded in official efforts to design a robust property regime. The case of Nicaragua suggests comparisons with other countries where protracted confrontation and social violence over property rights pose serious threats to unconsolidated democratic institutions.
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Rosskam, Ellen. "Work Security in a Global Economy." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lx6b-tb7y-517a-49e5.
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Work security is a fundamental right of all working people. After World War II, the welfare state became an intrinsic part of the “Golden Age” of capitalism, in which universal prosperity seemed attainable. Workers' organizations frequently played a crucial role in policy decisions that promoted full employment, income stability, and equitable treatment of workers. Today's world order is quite different. Globalization in its present form is a major obstacle to work security. Globalization is not simply a market-driven phenomenon. It is a political and ideological movement that grants authority to capital over governments and labor. This transfer of authority hinders national efforts to promote work security and may impact the well-being of communities worldwide. In the absence of domestic autonomy, international labor standards are needed to protect social welfare. They should be geared toward curbing unemployment, poverty, and social exclusion in the global economy. The article looks at three initiatives to promote global work security.
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LIM, KING YOONG. "ASSESSING THE DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD OF USING IMITATION AS A STEPPING STONE TO INNOVATION: A CASE OF MALAYSIA’S K-ECONOMY PUZZLE." Singapore Economic Review 65, no. 01 (November 8, 2017): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590817460018.
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Policy prescription for middle-income economies struggling to achieve innovation-driven growth has often been rapid promotion of skills-driven industrial transformation. However, Malaysia, an upper middle-income economy aspiring to achieve innovation-led growth, presents a near decade of K-Economy Growth Puzzle in the 2000s, when its aggressive skills-driven transformation initiatives had somehow resulted in decline to a lower output growth path despite successful expansion in skilled labor and innovation production. We present a continuous time growth model with industrial transformation based on an existing model advocating rapid skills transformation. By solving the model as a two-point boundary value problem, coupled with country-specific calibration strategies, vastly different results are obtained for this middle-income economy with fixed, imitation-heavy production structure. There may be a double-edged sword to using imitation as stepping stone to innovation, which then requires a much different industrial transformation approach. By examining transformation with different labor market configurations in a stylized manner using numerical experiments, we find that a delicate reordering of labor incentives would have been enough to help Malaysia navigating through the output growth–skills transformation trade-off.
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Pitukhina, Maria, Oleg Tolstoguzov, Lyubov Kulakova, Eugene Pitukhin, and Ivan Radikov. "Foreign labor migration control in Russian regions using multicultural barometer (by the example of the Republic of Karelia)." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128411008.
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The article deals with foreign labor migration flows control as well as migration monitoring which are important for the Russian Federation regions’economy development. A new migration monitoring toolkit is proposed by the authors - Multicultural Barometer. It allows to quantify migration indicators in a region from 4 various angles: labor market; national identity; migrants’ adaptation; migrants’integration. The research data is coming from open sources (Kareliastat, Federal Migration Service of the Republic of Karelia, Ministry of Labor and Employment of the Republic of Karelia, data obtained from Centers for Interethnic Cooperation in Karelian municipalities); both migrants’ pilot survey and host community survey organized in 18 municipalities of the Republic of Karelia. The study conducted in Karelia seems to be important in a context of its geographical location (on a border with Finland) highlighting both successful practices and developing new tools for migration monitoring aimed at scientifically based solutions for migration control. Multicultural barometer as a tool was recommended by the Federal Agency on Ethnic Issues of Russia (FADN) and Strategic Initiatives Agency in 2017 as best regional practice for further implementation all over the Russian Federation.
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McBeath, Margaret, Maureen T. B. Drysdale, and Nicholas Bohn. "Work-integrated learning and the importance of peer support and sense of belonging." Education + Training 60, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-05-2017-0070.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between peer support and sense of belonging on the mental health and overall well-being, with a specific focus on comparing the perceptions of students in a work-integrated learning (WIL) program to those in a traditional non-WIL program. Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured group interviews were conducted with 25 participants, selected from a university with a WIL program. Interview data captured perceptions of peer support, sense of belonging, and how these influenced mental health, overall well-being, and confidence in making school-to-work transitions. Analysis followed the grounded theory approach of Glaser. Findings The analysis revealed that peer support and sense of belonging were essential protective factors for university student’s mental health and well-being, particularly during off-campus work terms or when transitioning to the labor market after graduation. Data suggested that participating in a WIL program can exacerbate students’ perceived barriers to accessing peer support resources and, in turn, lead to poor mental health. Originality/value The findings provide evidence for the importance of peer support and sense of belonging on mental health and help-seeking behaviors. Findings are important for the development of health programs, initiatives, and policies, particularly in light of the increase in mental illness amongst university students during their studies and as they prepare for the competitive labor market after graduation.
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Leonov, V., YEkatyerina Kashtanova, and A. Lobacheva. "Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Problems and Initiatives in the Social Environment." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 10, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2305-7807-2021-10-2-5-12.
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Technologies based on artificial intelligence (AI) have achieved significant results, including facial recognition, medical diagnostics, self-driving cars, insurance management and exchange assets, property, human resources, search and recruitment. Artificial intelligence promises huge benefits for economic growth, social development, and improving the well-being and people security. Of course, artificial intelligence and robotics are among the most discussed issues and technological trends around the world today. In the light of their widespread use and implementation in all spheres of human life, often the expected opportunities, achievements and scientific breakthroughs overshadow the reasonableness and expediency of using artificial intelligence technologies in a particular field from a legal and ethical point of view. Companies, in the pursuit of profit and leading positions in the market, are often irresponsible about the legal and ethical issues of interaction with artificial intelligence technologies. Nevertheless, the ethical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence technologies are gaining high importance these days. The emergence of high-tech systems and software that can function more and more independently of humans and can replace the performance of tasks by humans requires special attention. These systems raise a number of important and tough moral questions. The article discusses the main directions of the artificial intelligence technologies spread and the ethical consequences and moral issues that arise in this regard, both at the state and organizational levels. The main trends characteristic of the labor market that arise in the process of workplaces robotization and the intelligent robots introduction into the production process are studied. The authors convincingly prove the priority of ethics and human safety issues in the design and implementation of AI systems. During the discussion of the ethical problems of the artificial intelligence introduction in organizations, the emphasis is placed on the use of these technologies not from the point of view of automation and improving the efficiency of performing direct management functions, but from the point of view of the organization of personnel work. Based on this, the article concludes with recommendations for the development of ethical principles adapted to the design and use of AI systems.
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Thibault Landry, Anaïs, Allan Schweyer, and Ashley Whillans. "Winning the War for Talent: Modern Motivational Methods for Attracting and Retaining Employees." Compensation & Benefits Review 49, no. 4 (September 2017): 230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368718808152.
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Given the struggle that many organizations face hiring and retaining talent in today’s tight labor market, it is critical to understand how to effectively reward employees. To address this question, we review relevant evidence that explains the importance of workplace rewards and recognition. Based on a review and synthesis of the current literature, we make the case that organizations should move beyond salary and traditional cash rewards to place greater emphasis on nonpecuniary, tangible and intangible rewards and recognition initiatives. We further highlight the importance of aligning rewards with universal psychological needs. Finally, we discuss the need to conduct more research to understand when and for whom cash and noncash rewards increase intrinsic motivation, organizational commitment and optimal functioning in order to improve the design and implementation of existing reward programs.
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Vasilieva, E. Yu, E. V. Frolova, and O. V. Rogach. "International Experience of Providing Housing for Orphans and Children Left Without Parental Care." Social’naya politika i sociologiya 19, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2020-19-4-95-102.
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the article presents an analysis of international experience in solving the housing problems of orphans and children left without parental care. These practices create certain opportunities for their adaptation in the conditions of the Russian Federation, taking into account the existing restrictions and socioeconomic risks. Among the promising opportunities for adapting international experience, the following can be distinguished: support of educational trajectories of orphans, ensuring their effective entry into the labor market, development of the institution of mentoring in the form of both state support and public charitable initiatives, development of the practice of social renting of housing from the municipal fund without the right to transfer it into the ownership of another person, expanding the representation of non-profit organizations in the field of social support for orphans and children left without parental care.
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A.Farzaliyev, S., ., and . "Improving the Efficiency of Construction of High-Rise Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Buildings with the Introduction of Innovative Technologies and Technologies." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14384.
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Innovations' application of techniques and technologies to modern construction production, along with the reduction of manual labor, also boosts its technical and economic performance. Construction production is one of the fields in the country that plays the most important role and reflects the dynamics of the development of the economy in itself. In our country, the issue of organizing a cheap housing market has an importance among a number of socio-economic issues. The programmes adopted in this direction and the initiatives dealing with the improvement of housing conditions for people from a number of categories are evident proof of this. And this, in its turn, requires the solution of a number of organizational and technological problems of construction work carried out by monolithic reinforced concrete structures before both the designers and builders. The article explores the ways of timely commissioning of high-rise monolithic reinforced concrete buildings, improving the organization of work, and increasing the technological efficiency to reduce the cost of construction products. It was determined that during the reinforcement of monolithic reinforced concrete structures, automation of works will reduce labor costs, material consumption, product cost and construction time, while technological efficiency is increasing.
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Silver, Hilary. "Social Integration in the "New" Berlin." German Politics and Society 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2006.240401.
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Despite its highly visible physical reunification, Berlin has social fault lines that seriously challenge the city?s integration. This article reviews the multiple cleavages that crisscross Berlin?s social fabric and assesses whether and how these divides are being bridged. East-West, neighborhood, religious, national/ethnic, and socioeconomic fractures remain wide. Even the social construction of the city?s history and the embedding of collective memory in the built environment are occasions for division. Hopeful signs of increasing social integration, however, are found in the new memorials, creative multicultural forms, vibrant and diverse immigrant neighborhoods, ethnic intermarriage, and other indicators. Under conditions of severe fiscal crisis, policies such as housing renovation, the Social City Program, local nonprofit labor market initiatives, and expanded language instruction are among the deliberate attempts to promote social integration in the "New" Berlin.
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Komar, Nataliya. "DESTINATION CITIES OF MIGRANTS IN EUROPE: CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES." Economic Analysis, no. 30(1, Part 2) (2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.01.02.066.
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Introduction. Migration is a global phenomenon that has no borders and affects all countries without exception. Subjective and objective reasons determine migration flows in the world. More than half of the world's population lives in urban areas. Popular and attractive, with their infrastructure, dynamic labor force market, development of integration and consolidation, inclusion, countries / destination cities of migrants who are looking for a better life and more possibilities for employment and social protection. Cities meet the urgent needs of migrants and respond to amount of integration challenges. The majority of cities, which are under considerable pressure from migrants, especially refugees, are awareness that well-managed migration can bring not only challenges but also opportunities and initiatives which can benefit from the economy and society, especially in the long time period. The goal of the article is to research the European continent as a location for migrants and refugees and also to analyze challenges and opportunities for cities destination under influence of migrant’s flows. Method (methodology). The methodological basis of the article are the following general scientific and empirical methods, such as: historical, systemic, generalization method, grouping, comparative method. Results. According to the ratings, Germany (Berlin), Great Britain (London), France (Paris), Poland (Gdansk) are the most popular countries / cities for migrants in the European continent. Migrants may be a burden to the city, because in its turn mentioned one spends public money on their upkeep. At the same time, migrants may be more talented and skilled workers, less demanding than local population. That is why a government and business of destination city of migrants can cooperate effectively in order to maximize potential of immigrants in cities. The main factors which attract migrants in destination cities are economic opportunities of ones. In particular, the attractiveness of Berlin for migrants is due to the fact that the city is innovative, creative and open to thought. Apart from the city has also dynamic labor market and low labor costs. It is worth noting that the majority of developed countries have demographic issues and aging nation, while young people in developing countries look for work due to imbalances in the domestic labor market. Migration, in the following destination cities (Berlin, Athens, Paris), has made its adjustments in the field of infrastructure, education, health care, urban planning, etc. In particular, the private and public sectors combine own attempts in order to solve migration issues in the long term period.
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Zimmerer, Karl S., Yolanda Jiménez-Olivencia, Alejandro Ruiz-Ruiz, and Laura Porcel-Rodríguez. "Agri-Food Land Transformations and Immigrant Farm Workers in Peri-Urban Areas of Spain and the Mediterranean." Land 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120472.
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Spain is a global hotspot of transformations of agri-food land systems due to changing production intensity, diets, urbanization, market integration, and climate change. Characteristic of the Mediterranean, these expanding intersections with the migration, livelihoods, and food security strategies of immigrant farm workers urge new research into the “who,” “how,” and “why” questions of the transformation of agri-food land systems. Addressing this gap, we communicate preliminary results from field research in the Granada and Madrid areas. We use a novel conceptual framework of linkages among distinct agri-food land systems and the roles and agency of immigrant farm workers. Preliminary results integrating a combined land- and labor-centric approach address: (1) how the recent and ongoing transformations of specific agri-food land systems are indicative of close links to inexpensive, flexible labor of immigrant farm workers; (2) how the connectivity among transformations of multiple distinct agri-food land systems can be related to the geographic mobility of immigrant farm workers and livelihoods (non-farm work, gendered employment, peri-urban residential location, labor recruitment); and (3) how the struggles for food and nutrition security among immigrant farm workers are indicative of links to local sites and networked agrobiodiversity. This study can help advance the nexus of migration-land research with expanding ethical, justice, and policy concerns of land system sciences in relation to the new suite of agri-food interest and initiatives.
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MAHADEA, DARMA. "PROSPECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO THE CHALLENGE OF JOB CREATION IN SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 17, no. 04 (December 2012): 1250020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946712500203.
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Entrepreneurship is critical to job creation and economic growth. Unemployment in South Africa is presently at about 25 percent. The formal sector is unable to provide adequate employment opportunities for labor although the country registered positive economic growth rates over the past 17 years since the demise of apartheid. Some people manage to obtain employment in the informal sector. However, this sector also has been shedding labor recently. Although the government has responded with many initiatives to deal with employment creation, unemployment rates, especially among the youth, remain a formidable challenge. Entrepreneurship, through the creation of new ventures and expansion of business firms, can make a difference to absorb more people in the labor market. However, this depends on the level of entrepreneurial capacity and environment of the South African economy. This paper examines the problem of low employment economic growth performance over the post-apartheid period. By drawing on the Harrod-Domar model as a heuristic guide, and using regression analysis, the paper highlights the probable links between changes in economic growth and in employment. The results indicate the marginal employment growth effect is positive, the growth elasticity of employment is low over the 1994–2010 period and investment in relation to the country's desired growth in GDP is also found to be low. The paper identifies some constraints to employment creation against the entrepreneurial environmental conditions in South Africa and then examines how entrepreneurship can make a difference to employment creation.
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Nesheim, Sveinung, Kjell Arne Malo, and Nathalie Labonnote. "Competitiveness of Timber Floor Elements: An Assessment of Structural Properties, Production, Costs, and Carbon Emissions." Forest Products Journal 71, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00067.
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Abstract As long-spanning timber floor elements attempt to achieve a meaningful market share, proof of serviceability continues to be a demanding task as international consensus remains unsettled. Initiatives to improve vibration levels are achievable, but a lack of confidence in the market is resulting in increases in margins for both manufacturers and contractors. State-of-the-art concrete alternatives are offered at less than half the price, and even though timber floors offer reduced completion costs and low carbon emissions, the market is continuously reserved. Cost reductions for timber floor elements to competitive levels must be pursued throughout the product details and in the stages of manufacturing. As new wood products are introduced to the market, solution space is increased to levels that demand computerized optimization models, which require accurate expenditure predictions. To meet this challenge, a method called item-driven activity-based consumption (IDABC) has been developed and presented in this study. The method establishes an accurate relationship between product specifications and overall resource consumption linked to finished manufactured products. In addition to production time, method outcomes include cost distributions, including labor costs, and carbon emissions for both accrued materials and production-line activities. A novel approach to resource estimation linked to assembly friendliness is also presented. IDABC has been applied to a timber component and assembly line operated by a major manufacturer in Norway and demonstrates good agreement with empirical data.
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WILLIAMS, COLIN C., and IOANA ALEXANDRA HORODNIC. "TACKLING BOGUS SELF-EMPLOYMENT: SOME LESSONS FROM ROMANIA." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 22, no. 02 (June 2017): 1750011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494671750011x.
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In recent years, recognition that bogus self-employment is rapidly growing, not least because of the advent of what has been called the ‘gig,’ ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy, has led governments to search for ways to tackle this form of dependent self-employment that is widely viewed as diminishing the quality of working conditions. Until now, however, there have been few ex-post evaluations of policy initiatives that seek to tackle this phenomenon. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide one of the first ex-post evaluations by examining the outcomes of a 2016 legislative initiative in Romania to tackle bogus self-employment. Reporting both descriptive statistics and OLS regression analysis on monthly official data from August 2014 to August 2016, the finding is that while other business types and waged employment rates followed a similar trend to the years before the introduction of the new legislation, the number of self-employed started a negative trend after the new legislation was announced. After controlling for other indicators related to the economy (i.e. GDP) and labor market (i.e. employees, other companies, vacancy rates), the impact of the new legislation on the self-employed remains negative, offering reasonable grounds for assuming bogus self-employed was lowered by the new legislation. The paper concludes by discussing the wider implications of these findings.
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Marzano, Gilberto, and Luis Ochoa-Siguencia. "LEARNING FROM THE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERTISE OF OTHERS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (May 25, 2018): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2018vol1.3083.
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There is a broad consensus that the digital revolution is moving towards the reshaping of traditional professions and jobs. The key idea emerging from expert opinion is that continuing education and learning are essential to help people stay employable in the labor force, and this idea is behind most of the programs and projects co-funded by the European Union over the last decade. Experts are also persuaded that education systems should be adapted to prepare individuals for the changing labor market, and that technological advances will offer new widely available ways to access education. From this perspective, new forms of learning that harness digital technology should be explored.Recently, we have been seeing an increasing interest from researchers in the engagement of connected people in initiatives and processes with social relevance, such as crowdfunding, crowdsourcing, and crowd sensing. Crowd learning is a new topic whose borders are not still well-defined.This paper focuses on internet social learning and crowd learning, which appear to be closely related to two new topical fields of investigation: ubiquitous learning and smart and connected cities. It will present some preliminary results from an ongoing research on how interconnected citizen can use, share, remix, and co-construct learning and cultural resources.
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Stefanou, Constantinos J., and Anastasios Skouras. "E-government: applications in the labor and social security regulatory area." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 9, no. 4 (October 19, 2015): 448–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-11-2014-0051.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to primarily address the need for expanding e-government in Greece in the labour market. The authors attempt to analyse e-government initiatives in labour and social security legislation areas and identify whether private sector companies are willing to utilize them. The re-organization of government functions and procedures is discussed as a means of achieving the desired objectives of all interested parties. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a survey of companies in the area of Heraklion, Crete. A questionnaire instrument was used to collect the data. The authors attempted to identify whether companies would prefer to use either the Integrated Information System (IIS) that the Ministry of Labour has initiated or Payroll Information System (PIS) that is proposed by the authors and provided via a cloud computing platform by the public sector. In addition, the authors use the Delphi technique and a panel of experts consisting of Inspectors of the Ministry of Labour in an attempt to identify which of the aforementioned systems would help make controls more efficient and effective. Findings – The companies acknowledge the need for e-government and about 50 per cent of them would feel positive about using the proposed application (PIS). Small companies are more willing to accept PIS and large companies feel more positive about using the IIS. Furthermore, the panel of experts agree that the adoption of PIS would help the most in the fight against undeclared work. Research limitations/implications – The questionnaires were completed by 75 companies in the area of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. The sample, although representative of the structure of Greek industrial sector, is nevertheless small and expresses only the local culture. This limitation provides at the same time opportunities for further research. Although the need for e-government is recognized, there are concerns about the possible failure of new applications’ implementation. Practical implications – Labour and social security legislation areas are important for modern countries. The paper provides a model of e-government on these areas that if implemented could reduce administrative costs and facilitate public control. Social implications – The proposed model could enhance employees’ protection and effectively reduce undeclared work. Originality/value – This study is a first attempt to analyse e-government initiatives in labour and social security legislation areas in Greece. The main idea is not simply to make procedures electronic but to re-organize and re-define these procedures. Thus, the model that is proposed by the authors as a possible way of e-governance appears to help the most in reducing companies’ administration costs, increasing the protection received by the employees and assisting public services in conducting more effective and simpler controls.
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Jablonski, Becca B. R., and Todd M. Schmit. "Differential expenditure patterns of local food system participants." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 2 (May 20, 2015): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000083.
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AbstractSince 2009 the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has funded over 2600 local food initiatives. However, the economic impacts of these policies remain unclear largely due to data deficiencies that preclude the understanding of differential expenditure patterns of farms participating in these local market channels (both in terms of what inputs they require, and where the inputs are purchased—local or not). This paper utilizes two unique data sets from samples of producers in New York State (NYS) to build expenditure profiles for local food system participants. We employ USDA Agricultural Resource Management Survey data as a robustness check on our results. The primary contribution of this paper is to provide preliminary evidence that local food system participants in NYS have different expenditure patterns than farmers who do not sell through local food markets. We show that farmers with local food sales have higher reliance on local labor and other variable expenses as primary inputs than farms without local food sales, and that local food producers spend a higher percentage of total expenditure in the local economy. Based on our results, we recommend that future economic impact assessments utilize revised expenditure profiles that more accurately reflect inter-industry linkages of the local food sector.
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Potapova, N. D., and A. V. Potapov. "On the issue of digitalization of labor relations: Theoretical and practical aspects." Digital Law Journal 2, no. 2 (July 18, 2021): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.38044/2686-9136-2021-2-2-45-64.
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The article analyzes the problem of using digital technologies and the online space within the framework of labor law, based not only existing regulatory legal acts but also legislative drafts in the field of the digitalization of labor relations. Therewithal, the purpose of the study is to generalize current and future Russian legislation, to manifest the contradictions and gaps in the legislation, to evaluate laws and regulations from a practical point of view, and to elaborate proposals for their improvement. For this purpose, the authors take into account the existing experience gained in the course of experiments on the introduction of electronic document management by individual employers. The achievement of the research goals is ensured by the use of the formal legal method. First of all, the article draws attention to the tendency of expanding the differentiation of the labor regulation, caused by many factors, including the informatization of all social relations. It is concluded that the transition to an innovative, socially-oriented economy is impossible without a flexible labor market with new areas of employment, including employment through the use of information technology resources. Analyzing the practical aspects of electronic workflow, the article covers the theoretical aspect of the existence of the so-called “information legal relationship” in the subject of labor law. The analysis of the legislative drafts and the current legislation focuses on controversial wording and emphasizes that their incorrectness creates high risks of labor disputes. The authors insist that when introducing an electronic workflow, the parties should be provided with an alternative to the actions. The authors defend the view that it is necessary to clarify the scope of information transmitted by the employer to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation when maintaining electronic employment record books with regard to the inclusion of information about employee awards in them. They also propose determining the procedures of the formation of human resources services in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. As a final point, it is concluded that all the proposed initiatives are aimed at ensuring the tasks of the state for the introduction of digital technologies in all areas of social life, including in labor relations, and, ultimately, at achieving the optimal balance between the interests of the parties of the labor relations and the interests of the state, which is the main goal of labor legislation.
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Dziekański, Paweł, and Sebastian Bobkiewicz. "SPATIAL DIVERSITY OF THE FINANCIAL SITUATION OF COMMUNES OF THE ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE VOIVODSHIP IN 2007-2017." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-3-1-9.
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Actions taken at the local level should aim, among others, at: supporting development initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life of local communities, supporting the local labor market, building or improving the quality of infrastructure or the state of the natural environment. The financial situation of the commune is closely correlated with the level of local development, understood as a complex of quantitative and qualitative transformations in a given commune. The aim of the article is to analyze the spatial disproportions of the financial situation using a synthetic measure. The analysis was made in the system of rural communes of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. As source material, data from the Regional Accounting Chamber (Kielce branch) for 2007 and 2017 were used. The division of communes into classes of units with a similar level of the financial situation allows to state that in the high (I) classes, communes with a developed industrial function dominated, with a developing labor market, with a large number of enterprises in the SME sector, with a disappearing agricultural function. Whereas in the lowlevel class (IV), there were units with a traditional agricultural function. The values of the synthetic measure indicate a similar reaction of municipalities to changes in the economy and the spatial stability of the studied phenomenon. In 2007, the measure of the financial standing (OE) of rural communes in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship ranged from 0.64 to 0.80, while in 2017 from 0.56 to 0.80; TOPSIS measure in 2007 from 0.31 to 0.47 and in 2017 from 0.30 to 0.51 (TOPSIS). The financial situation was strongly correlated with own revenues, revenues from local taxes and transfers from the state budget, investment and current expenses, the balance of migration or the number of economic entities and natural persons conducting economic activity.
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Alghamdi, Ghadi O., and Azala M. Alghamdi. "Towards Building Academic Entrepreneurial Programs at Saudi Universities: Predicting Future Jobs in Light of the NEOM Project." World Journal of Education 10, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v10n4p60.
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The purpose of the current study was to examine the type and form of future jobs, in light of the modern technological trends of the NEOM project. To achieve its objectives, the study utilized descriptive statistics with the Delphi method. The researchers convened a sample of ten experts in the fields of Science and Technology, Human Resources Planning, and Educational Administration and Planning, who participated in three scientific rounds. The findings from these rounds provide a suggested model for future jobs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in light of the modern technological trends of the NEOM project. This proposed model consists of twenty types of future jobs expected to achieve high degrees of importance over the next decade. Examining the study hypothesis yielded no statistically significant differences at the level (α ≥0.05) between the second and third scientific-round averages, confirming the stability of the experts' responses and their approval of this list of future jobs. The study recommends directing Saudi universities to develop academic programs to meet the needs of the NEOM project in the disciplines of Mechatronics Engineering, Using Technology in Surgery, and Software Engineering. Building academic programs with specific learning outcomes will ensure that graduates can acquire the necessary entrepreneurial skills, especially in disciplines such as Computerized Quantity Encrypted Engineering, Virtual Reality Technologies Design, and Three-Dimensional Printing Specialization. These programs will reduce acceptance of traditional academic programs that do not match the future requirements of the labor market, the Saudi 2030 Vision initiatives, and projects such as the NEOM project. The benefit from seats in more closely related programs will include the development of all programs in various universities and colleges to be entrepreneurial, supporting the new and expected technical trends in the labor market and all promising sectors of investment, such as the NEOM project.
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Sharma, Sanjay, and Rekha Sharma. "Culinary skills: the spine of the Indian hospitality industry." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 11, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-10-2018-0061.
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Purpose India is edging China to become the most populous country by 2028. More than 60 per cent of the current population of India is between 15 and 59 years of age, whereas domestically, its relatively youthful profile is seen as the biggest challenge for the government, as India is the largest employable manpower base globally. In the past two decades, the rate of population growth in India has reduced, but the skilled labor force is expected to grow almost 2 per cent annually for the next couple of years. Historically, the Indian economy has been mainly agriculturally based, but, with urbanization, the labor is drifting toward service sectors, and people are increasingly looking to develop their skills in sectors such as hotels, restaurants, airlines, retail and health care. To sustain economic growth, there is an urgent need to develop vocational training programs that address current needs. In spite of all the favorable numbers, the question that must be answered by employers and policymakers remains: Is the available labor being skilled appropriately to be employable? The mushrooming of educational and training institutes in India has imparted professional skills to youth, but industry leaders tend to talk about the unavailability of skilled labor, especially in the culinary skills arena. In a country like India, the labor market tends to alternate between the availability and shortage of skilled labor, and so it seems ironic that on the one hand, there is a shortage of staff and at the same time graduates from various colleges and professional institutes remain unemployed; the reason could be lack of employability skills, especially culinary skills. Given this, the hospitality and tourism industry has emerged as the main driver of the service sector in India; it contributes 6.23 per cent to National GDP and 8.78 per cent of the total employment in India, contributing to significant economic growth. In this context, it is imperative for the government to take appropriate steps in devising strategies to address the problem and also secure successful implementation. This paper aims to analyze the Skill India initiative for the hospitality sector and compare it with the realities on the ground, with particular reference to culinary skills. Design/methodology/approach The research reported here was conducted using primary and secondary sources. Industry data were collected through focused groups and roundtable discussions. Online sources, magazines, newspapers and books are referred to as secondary sources, and the data collected are critically analyzed to reach a conclusion. Findings There is a significant increase in foreign and domestic tourists, and the subsectors discussed are very closely linked to food, health, traditional cooking, regional and seasonal cuisines. The demand for Indian food and slow cooking is increasing; however, despite various government initiatives, there is no significant improvement in the skill set of the available labor. As food is an important component of all tourism packages, there is a particular need for public–private partnerships to take the Skill India initiative to the next level. That said, academic standards and curriculum must align with international quality frameworks and be in sync with current and future industry demands and benchmarks. Research limitations/implications The dependence on the sources available online and their credibility remains the biggest challenge; however, increasing the sample size and more participation from nodal bodies and government officials would have broadened the base of the study. Originality/value The research adds value for industry leaders and policymakers at large. Educational institutions, students and hoteliers will find it useful as they attempt to bridge the gap and plan a roadmap according to industry requirements.
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Bullock, Renee, Amos Gyau, Dagmar Mithoefer, and Marilyn Swisher. "Contracting and gender equity in Tanzania: using a value chain approach to understand the role of gender in organic spice certification." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000151.
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AbstractValue chain development (VCD) initiatives within the horticultural and organic sectors in Africa are promising strategies to improve smallholder welfare. Contracting institutional arrangements are a common feature of VCD initiatives and are increasing in number in sub-Saharan Africa as a way to source organic products from smallholder producers. The objective of this study is to better understand men and women's participation in spice producing households that sell under contract and in conventional market chains in the East Usambaras, Tanzania. We draw on New Institutional Economics, political economy and the value chain analysis framework to assess the potential role of contracting to promote gender equity among smallholder organic horticultural producers. We describe intra-household decision making over resources and marketing, access to benefits of contracting, and labor distribution between men and women in contracting and non-contracting households. We then extend the gender analysis to evaluate the role of gender in contracting and conventional value chains operating within the community and district. Using a cross-sectional research design and data collected through 13 focus group discussions, 54 personal interviews and 156 household questionnaires, we show that contracting reduces transaction costs in the chain compared with the conventional trade. However, norms in the wider political economic context give rise to gendered patterns of participation in both household and chain activities in contracting and non-contracting households. Our findings suggest that contracting does not provide significant opportunities for women in married households to participate and benefit based on limited participation in decision-making and access to trainings. Divorced women and widows gain access to contract employment opportunities to earn income. This study highlights the importance of understanding gender relations in the household and community to guide the development of gender equitable VCD initiatives and contracting approaches.
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Nikula, J., and I. Kopoteva. "Local development initiatives in the Lake Ladoga Region: Reasons for success and approaches to funding." RUDN Journal of Sociology 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2020-20-1-102-114.
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The peripheral (rural) regions in most countries face four vicious circles that contribute to their low level of development and inability to achieve the sustainable level of development. The first vicious circle is related to demography and is caused by the vulnerable population; very few young people and imbalance of women and men lead to poor economy, i.e. dominance of subsistence economy over production or trade; unfavorable age structure combined with poor services lead to very low birth rate and high levels of migration. The second vicious circle of remoteness is related to the fact that poor infrastructure does not attract businesses or new residents in the area, which contributes to high levels of migration as young and working-age population, especially families with young children, move out. The third vicious circle is related to education: the low level of education and skills mean that there is no labor force available in the region, which prevents business from entering the local market. Lack of employment means high poverty risk, which again accelerates migration from the rural areas. All these processes undermine the possibilities for local development simply because there is not enough human or economic capital to sustain rural development. These negative trends are not only typical for rural areas of Russia but have a strong impact on peripheral areas of many other post-socialist and European countries. The governments in Russia and European Union introduced various programs and measures to promote local development so that to overcome the negative consequences of all the mentioned vicious circles. In the first part of the article, the authors evaluate some local development efforts funded by the Ladoga Initiative project, successful and failed projects aimed at overcoming the vicious circles. In the second part of the article, the authors describe grant and priority programs introduced in Russia to support local development.