Academic literature on the topic 'Labor-legal status'

The article is de-voted to the category of legal status and labor legal personality in the science of labor law, represents the ratio of the terms “person” and “personality”. Legal personality is a fundamental legal category because it determines the ability of a person to own the law. Legal personality is a developing legal property that reflects the specifics of social relations, the peculiarities of socio-economic formation, determine the place of the individual in society as a whole, and the field of a particular branch of law in particular. The realities of a market economy objectively necessitate a clear definition of legal personality as a fundamental legal category in the field of labor law to ensure the priority of contractual regulation of legal relations on the use of hired labor and, at the same time, effective implementation of the protective function of labor law. The author singles out three types of legal status: general (single) legal status for all citizens of our state; general status for all employees (employees); special or special status for certain categories of workers.Legal status is one of the central concepts of modern legal science, it was developed by many scholars of both the Soviet and modern periods. The author substantiates that the key elements of the legal status of the employee in labor relations are his legal personality. Particular attention is paid to the structure of the legal personality of the employee. It is proved that the legal capacity and capacity of the employee are the only indivisible phenomenon - legal personality. Substantiations are presented that the second necessary element of the legal personality of the employee is the ability to work. The current legal and legal status of the individual in almost the entire post-Soviet space is characterized by such features as extreme instability, weak legal protection, lack of reliable guarantee mechanisms, the inability of state authorities to effectively ensure the interests of citizens, their right to life, freedom, honor, dignity, property, security, equality, social justice and more.

The article is devoted to the category of legal status and labor legal personality in the science of labor law, represents the ratio of the terms “person” and “personality”. Legal personality is a fundamental legal category because it determines the ability of a person to own the law. Legal personality is a developing legal property that reflects the specifics of social relations, the peculiarities of socio-economic formation, determine the place of the individual in society as a whole, and the field of a particular branch of law in particular. The realities of a market economy objectively necessitate a clear definition of legal personality as a fundamental legal category in the field of labor law to ensure the priority of contractual regulation of legal relations on the use of hired labor and, at the same time, effective implementation of the protective function of labor law. The author singles out three types of legal status: general (single) legal status for all citizens of our state; general status for all employees (employees); special or special status for certain categories of workers.Legal status is one of the central concepts of modern legal science, it was developed by many scholars of both the Soviet and modern periods. The author substantiates that the key elements of the legal status of the employee in labor relations are his legal personality. Particular attention is paid to the structure of the legal personality of the employee. It is proved that the legal capacity and capacity of the employee are the only indivisible phenomenon - legal personality. Substantiations are presented that the second necessary element of the legal personality of the employee is the ability to work. The current legal and legal status of the individual in almost the entire post-Soviet space is characterized by such features as extreme instability, weak legal protection, lack of reliable guarantee mechanisms, the inability of state authorities to effectively ensure the interests of citizens, their right to life, freedom, honor, dignity, property, security, equality, social justice and more.

The article is devoted with the provisions on the transformation of the legal status of the employee by virtue of the introduction of legislative norms into labor legislation to develop an adaptive (remote) form of employment within the framework of the national project "Human Resources for the Digital Economy" in the context of the technological transition to digital tools. On the basis of legal analysis, new signs of employee legal status have been identified by the emergence of digital profiles, smart contracts, digital rights, digital revenues in remote labor and legislative recognition of electronic database systems as platform solutions for the development of digital legal relations. Risks and perspectives are indicated on the basis of foreign experience about the formation of a self-regulated remote labor market. The results of the article will allow objective legal interpretation of the legal status of the employee for legal assessment and qualifications of labor relations, based on legal analysis, static and dialectical approaches, scientific continuity

This article is dedicated to examination of the system of legal norms determining the legal status of minors in the process of regulation of labor relations in the Russian Federation. The goal consists in the analysis of content of the legal status of minor citizens within the system of regulation of labor relations. The work solves the following tasks: determination and analysis of the elements of legal status of minors within the system of regulation of labor relations; systematization of the norms of labor law, the effect of which is defined by ensuring guarantees of minors’ rights; identification of the problems of ensuring legal status of minors within the system of regulation of labor relations; formulation of recommendations on improving legislation in this regard; as well as designation of promising directions for research in this area. The novelty consists in expansion of the circle of labor law subjects, whose status depends on honoring guarantees of the citizens under 18 years of age. Comprehensive analysis is conducted on the norms of labor law that protect the rights of minors. The article highlights the relevant problems of legal regulation, namely: legal status of employees under 14 years old, their parents and underage employers; protection of rights of underage workers; legislative allocation of separate categories of underage workers; legal regulation of permit to work with minors. The author suggests introducing additional requirements for the workers under 14 years old, as well as persons authorized to work with minors.

AbstractLegal status is a growing dimension of inequality among immigrants in the U.S. Scholars have suggested that the legal status with which immigrants enter the country stratifies their short- and long-term opportunities for labor market integration. However, much quantitative immigration scholarship modeling the relationship between legal status and labor market integration treats legal status as static. In reality, immigrants change statuses dynamically throughout their lives. This article uses a dynamic conceptualization of legal status, as well as nationally representative data and regression and propensity score weighting techniques, to examine whether five initial legal statuses are associated with divergent labor market trajectories even after those statuses change. I find that initial legal statuses—which I refer to as starting points—are associated with ordered differences in immigrants’ occupational positions immediately after immigrants change status to lawful permanent residence. These differences persist over time. Five years after all immigrants share lawful permanent residence, employment visa holders maintain more prestigious jobs; immigrants with family reunification and diversity status are in the middle; and immigrants with refugee status and undocumented experience have less prestigious jobs. This article demonstrates aggregate, longitudinal patterns of stratification among a nationally representative sample of permanent residents. The findings suggest the importance of modeling legal status as a dynamic rather than static category to reflect the continued influence of legal status starting points on immigrants’ labor market integration.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal status of the mediator in mediation proceedings, focusing primarily on mediators who have been appointed to handle cases in the field of labor law. In the presented publication, I will refer to the legal requirements with respect to the mediator, which are indicate d both in the provisions of law and in the provisions of statutory rank, and the requirements that are not of a normative nature.

The basic research question this thesis addresses is how the secondary status of Bangladeshi women is reinforced through household labour. It is argued that gender relations and housework shape each other. To develop this, it examines the degree of participation of women in different areas of housework and family decisions. The thesis further explores whether the autonomy of women coming from the traditional Bangladeshi family set-up has increased as a result of their immigration to Canada and their exposure to Canadian family values. This is done by a comparison of the family experiences of Canadian and Bangladeshi women. Finally, it is suggested that age, position in the family and length of immigration are the indices of the autonomy of Bangladeshi women in Canada.

In this thesis, we present the outcomes of a research conducted on children's domestic labor in Haiti. In addition to being engaged in housekeeping work -- which has a negative impact on access to basic education -- children in domesticity are generally victims of harmful disciplinary measures as well. Consequently, our main objective is to expose the actual norms and practices regarding the education and the physical treatment of young domestic workers.
Based on legal pluralism, the approach undertaken during this research combines both theoretical and empirical research, and focuses on law and norms existing at multiple levels.
First, we present the information gathered from our theoretical approach. After exploring the notion of "Haitian child domestic servant", sketching social profiles of actors engaged in the practice of domesticity, and identifying the most significant contingent factors, we underline the principal national and international norms guaranteeing children the right to education as well as to physical integrity.
Second, we explore the local norms related to the education and to physical treatment of young domestic servants through the results of empirical research carried out in Haiti in the form of observation and interviews with relevant actors.
We conclude by identifying the framework of norms that govern the behaviour of families that host domestic children. Understanding that framework allows jurists and other actors to identify and implement the actions more likely to improve the quality of life of child domestic workers.

Thesis for a degree of Candidate of Science in Law, specialty 12.00.05 «Labor law; social security law». – Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. – Kharkiv, 2018.
The dissertation is devoted to the systematic and detailed analysis of the legal essence, content and features of the status of the head of a higher education institution as a subject of labor law, as well as actual problems of practical nature and the search for solutions to them. In the scientific work the legal characterization of the activity of the head of a higher education institution as a form of realization of labor rights for the fulfillment of official duties, as well as a specific kind of labor activity was carried out. Defined the notion and essential features of the labor-legal status of the head of a higher education institution, in particular, the nature of the legal relationships that the composition is established between the head of a higher education institution (as an employee) and the founder of a higher education institution (as an employer). Features of the emergence and termination of labor relations with the head of the higher education institution are highlighted, and the gaps and conflicts in the normative and legal regulation of labor relations with the head of higher education institution are identified. Specific suggestions and recommendations for improving the legal regulation of the status of the head of a higher education institution as a subject of labor law have been formed.

South Africa has over the years and particularly since the enactment of our new Constitution, attracted an increasing number of foreigners. One of the main problems associated with the large number of illegal immigrants in this country is that they are placing strain on South Africa‟s already scare resources such as housing and healthcare. A further problem is that these illegal immigrants are competing with South Africans for jobs which are already scarce, and thus aggravating the unemployment situation. Nevertheless, these illegal immigrants are being employed and by virtue of their circumstances are easily exploited and often the victims of cheap labour, corruption, eviction and assault. Given that these workers are illegal immigrants not in possession of the required work permits, their employment is prohibited by the Immigration Act 13 of 2002. They are thus illegal workers. Another category of illegal workers are those, predominantly women, who are employed in an industry which offers easy income with no contractual obligations – the prostitution industry. Despite the prohibition of prostitution by the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957, the prostitution industry throughout South Africa continues to exist. These workers are also particularly vulnerable and easily exploited and abused by their employers. Illegal immigrants and sex workers in South Africa have until recently been denied access to the protection of our labour legislation, by virtue of the illegality of their employment contracts. However two recent controversial decisions, that of the Labour Court in the Discovery Health case, and that of the Labour Appeal Court in the Kylie case, have changed this position.

Пантелієнко, Г. М. Працівники поліції як спеціальні суб’єкти трудового права : магістерська робота : 081 Право / Г. М. Пантелієнко; керівник роботи Литвиненко В. М. ; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра трудового права, адміністративного права та процесу. – Чернігів, 2019. – 86 с.
Трудова діяльність працівників поліції є однією з форм праці, право на яку закріплено у ст. 43 Конституції України. Вибір такої почесної професії завжди означав готовність до напруженої роботи на благо Вітчизни та відданість національним інтересам. Місія, що покладається на працівників поліції, є дуже відповідальною - служити суспільству шляхом забезпечення охорони прав і свобод людини, протидії злочинності, підтримання публічної безпеки і порядку. У межах реалізації нашою державою напрямку на європейську інтеграцію, надзвичайно актуальними сьогодні постали питання щодо реформування діяльності поліції в цілому, а також удосконалення правого регулювання статусу її працівників. Це стосується, зокрема, і трудоправового статусу працівників поліції. У розділі 1 роботи визначено сутність правового статусу працівника поліції як спеціального суб’єкта трудового права, поняття, зміст та основні риси його трудової діяльності, правові основи регулювання такої діяльності. Розділ 2 присвячений характеристиці основних принципів, завдань та функцій трудової діяльності працівників поліції. У розділі 3 досліджуються актуальні проблеми та напрями вдосконалення правової регламентації трудової діяльності працівників поліції. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в тому, що: 1) запропоновано внести зміни до ч. 5 ст. 91 Закону України «Про Національну поліцію», у якій йдеться про компенсацію роботи поліцейського у вихідні, святкові та неробочі дні шляхом надання йому іншого дня для відпочинку. Зокрема, необхідно передбачити як альтернативу можливість отримання грошової компенсації у подвійному розмірі при залученні його до роботи у такі дні, що у свою чергу узгоджувалося б зі статтями 72 та 107 Кодексу законів про працю України (с. 62-63); 2) дістало подальшого розвитку авторське тлумачення терміну «трудоправовий статус працівника поліції». Вбачається, що це закріплена Конституцією України, законами України «Про Національну поліцію», «Про державну службу», «Про запобігання корупції», Кодексом законів про працю України система прав, обов’язків, заборон, обмежень, заохочень та гарантій професійної діяльності працівника поліції, а також міра відповідальності за невиконання або неналежне виконання ним службово-трудових обов’язків (с. 21-22). Основні положення і висновки роботи обговорювалися на міжкафедральному науково-практичному семінарі «Правові реформи в Україні: стан і перспективи розвитку» (м. Чернігів, 2019 р.). Основні результати проведеного дослідження викладені у 1 науковій праці.
The employment of police officers is a form of labor, the right of which is enshrined in Art. 43 of the Constitution of Ukraine. Choosing such an honorable profession has always meant a willingness to work hard for the good of the Fatherland and a commitment to national interests. The mission of the police is very responsible - to serve the community by ensuring the protection of human rights and freedoms, combating crime, maintaining public safety and order. As part of our country's pursuit of European integration, the issues of reforming police activity as a whole, as well as improving the right regulation of its employees' status, are extremely relevant today. This applies in particular to the employment status of police officers. Section 1 of the paper defines the essence of the legal status of a police officer as a special subject of labor law, the concept, content and main features of his employment, the legal basis for regulating such activity. Section 2 deals with the description of the basic principles, tasks and functions of the work of police officers. Section 3 explores the current issues and areas for improving the legal regulation of the employment of police officers. The scientific novelty of the work is that: 1) it is proposed to make changes to Part 5 of Art. 91 of the Law of Ukraine "On the National Police", which refers to the compensation of police work on weekends, holidays and non-working days by giving him another rest day. In particular, consideration should be given to the possibility of receiving double compensation when hired to work on such days, which in turn would be consistent with Articles 72 and 107 of the Labor Code of Ukraine (pp. 62-63); 2) the author's interpretation of the term "police officer's employment status" was further developed. It is believed that this is enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, the laws of Ukraine "On the National Police", "On the Civil Service", "On Corruption Prevention", the Labor Code of Ukraine system of rights, duties, prohibitions, restrictions, incentives and guarantees of professional activity of an employee police, as well as the degree of responsibility for their non-performance or improper performance of their official duties (pp. 21-22). The main provisions and conclusions of the work were discussed at the inter-departmental scientific-practical seminar "Legal Reforms in Ukraine: State and Prospects for Development" (Chernihiv, 2019). The main results of the study are outlined in 1 scientific paper.

Сучасний стан наукових досліджень в галузі правового регулювання праці медичних працівників також характеризується фактичною відсутністю наукових робіт комплексного, інтегративного характеру. Розроблена в сучасній правовій науці система понять, які характеризують зміст трудо-правового статусу найманого працівника взагалі і медичного працівника зокрема, залишається досить дискусійною. Особливості правового регулювання праці медичних працівників спрямовані, перш за все, на сприяння поліпшенню якості наданої медичної допомоги та послуг, на підвищення ефективності системи охорони здоров'я, на захист життя і здоров'я пацієнтів, на здійснення медичної допомоги на благо суспільства.
Современное состояние научных исследований в области правового регулирования труда медицинских работников также характеризуется фактическим отсутствием научных работ комплексного, интегративного характера. Разработана в современной правовой науке система понятий, характеризующих содержание трудо-правового статуса наемного работника вообще и медицинского работника в частности, остается достаточно дискуссионной. Особенности правового регулирования труда медицинских работников направлены, прежде всего, на содействие улучшению качества оказываемой медицинской помощи и услуг, повышение эффективности системы здравоохранения, на защиту жизни и здоровья пациентов, на осуществление медицинской помощи на благо общества.
The current state of scientific research in the field of legal regulation of labor of medical workers is also characterized by the actual lack of scientific works of a complex, integrative nature. Developed in modern legal science, the system of concepts that characterize the content of the labor-legal status of a hired employee in general and a medical worker in particular, remains rather controversial. The peculiarities of the legal regulation of labor of medical workers are aimed, first of all, at promoting the quality of the provided medical aid and services, in improving the efficiency of the health care system, in protecting the life and health of patients, in the delivery of medical care for the benefit of society.

Africa reportedly has the highest incidence of child labour in the world. To respond to this problem, some scholars recommend an outright ban on child labour through legislation. In this regard, most African countries, including South Africa (SA), have enacted legislation directed at banning child labour. However, legislation directed at banning child labour may impact negatively on certain fundamental rights of children. This is because child labour is sometimes a source of income for many children who may themselves have ‘dependants’. For instance, for children in desperate need, adherence to laws which have the effect of depriving them of basic necessities including food, housing and water is unrealistic, inadequate and totally ineffective. A notable example is with regard to orphaned children. Taking such children out of employment is counter-productive as they are left with no means of survival. On the other hand, though child labour contributes to the survival of many children and their families in Africa, it impacts negatively on fundamental rights of children. Some of these rights include the right to education, health, leisure, among others. Therefore, regardless of the circumstances that compel children to engage in child labour, it remains a problem that needs to be addressed through appropriate approaches. This study stresses that the approaches adopted need to be cognizant of the diverse circumstances under which children engage in child labour.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

This thesis focuses on trade union responses to casualisation of labour in the Eastern Cape. In the context of increased globalization, some employers have attempted to achieve high production outputs while saving on operational costs. The ‘flexible firm’ model is used as but one theory to explain increased flexibility in the workplace. In an effort to achieve increasingly flexible firms that may swiftly respond to subsequent challenges such as increased international competition, employers have been seen incorporating more non-standard workers in the form of casual, temporary, part-time, and seasonal workers. This has been a matter of concern for the unions for numerous reasons: some nonstandard workers are subjected to sub-standard working conditions, irregular working hours and little or no benefits; casual work is arranged in such a way that it is virtually impossible for these workers to join a union – a predicament which bears a high possibility of a decline in the typically standard worker–based membership of trade unions; and non-standard workers are often faced with the representation gap predicament which entails that they are not adequately protected by labour legislation. The thesis explores the responses of trade unions to these challenges, and the proposals that they have made in this regard, by focusing on the sectoral dynamics of non-standard labour in the province. It further discusses the regulation of non-standard labour, as poor representation of some non-standard workers bears consequences for the regulation of the practice of non-standard work. The research adopted qualitative research techniques in the form of semi-structured interviews, and used purposive and snowball sampling in accessing relevant data for analysis purposes.

This study surveyed 107 working college students with varying disabilities. Individual, job, and organizational characteristics were evaluated for their ability to predict job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover cognitions. One area this characteristic that was explored was that of an individual's perception of organizational resources related to legally mandated reasonable accommodations. Using hierarchal regression this study found that self-efficacy, job characteristics, and means-efficacy were key predictors of job satisfaction. Means-efficacy was the only one of these that was a predictor of turnover intentions.

AbstractThis chapter explores the European legal platform for alleviating the main barriers in the labor market integration of dependent family migrants in the EU. Namely, the chapter looks at the work of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in relation to cases that involve recognition of professional qualifications and establishment of residence status. The study looks at how family reunification provisions, EU citizen status and in particular provisions for EU citizens and their family members when they move to another Member State, affect indirectly the status situation of third country nationals and their labour market integration by facilitating or hampering the recognition of their skills. This chapter is based on desk research, notably literature review (including published reports from the SIRIUS research) and analysis of legislative documents (EU Directives and ECJ case-law). We specifically look at the ECJ case-law on status and recognition and at related Directives involving family migrants. We study conditions under which the ECJ makes a decision in favour of the migrant-plaintiff. The discussion of our findings shows a complex interplay between family migration, gender bias and European law.

“Tell me under which paragraph you arrive, and I’ll tell you who you are!” These words explain how a community worker who helps immigrants settle in one of Berlin’s eastern suburbs assesses the issues confronting her newly arriving clients. Legal status categories are a defining factor in the eligibility for services and access to employment. This interviewee’s clients, all Spätaussiedler, are admitted to Germany under different paragraphs of German law. Paragraph 4 (of the Bundesvertriebenengesetz) indicates to the community worker that immigrants are eligible for the formal recognition of their foreign work experience; paragraph 7 (of the Staatangehörigkeitsgesetz) signifies that the immigrant is an immediate relative of a paragraph 4 Spätaussiedler and is entitled to government- sponsored language training but ineligible for recognition of work experience; and paragraph 8 (of the Bundesvertriebenengesetz) defines other family members who are not eligible for either the recognition of their work experience nor language training and are essentially treated as foreigners. This example illustrates how immigrants are being legally classified, permitting their differential treatment. Legal criteria slot immigrants into a hierarchy of status categories that not only provide different levels of access to services but also determine the level of access to the labor market. Although one could debate the underlying philosophical legitimacy of classifying immigrants in this manner, a political economy perspective sheds a revealing light on the function of this particular immigration scheme. Workers in each status category fulfill distinct roles in the German labor market. The web of legal definitions and policies for immigrants is thus an important component in the regulation of the German labor market. Germany has long maintained stringent regulations that limit labor market access to immigrants. Citizenship has been a particularly useful mechanism for dividing the immigrant population, generating a hierarchy of administrative categories and creating different labor market circumstances for each category. Germany not only distinguishes between Germans and non-Germans, but it also differentiates between Aussiedler and Spätaussiedler, European Union nationals, and immigrants of other nationalities. It imposes different sets of regulations on each of these groups.

This chapter focuses on the legal and social status of the “basest” chattel slaves—that is, those performing the basest forms of labor, like working in the mines or mills. Chattel slaves had no legal claims to property, either moveable or unmoveable. They also, in theory, had no power over their labor or movement: they performed the tasks that were assigned to them and engaged in no movement that was not mandated by their master or mistress. In practice, this ideal behavior was not necessarily realized: although specific tasks were assigned to slaves, the ways in which they conducted these tasks were within their control, and many slaves (particularly in households with few slaves) were “multitaskers” who presumably had some degree of control over which tasks they did when, and how. That said, to the extent that they did not choose their occupations, and did not own the means or fruits of their production, slaves, at least ideologically, had no control over their labor.

Chapter 3 describes the principle of primacy of reality in Latin America, namely, in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. The principle is also contained in the International Labor Organization’s Recommendation 198. The principle posits that facts must be given preference over what parties, particularly employers, state in legal texts, documents, and agreements. It is particularly important when determining threshold questions in labor law, such as employee and employer status. While employers might deny an employment relationship given a formal agreement to hire workers as independent contractors, the facts might show otherwise. However, the chapter also argues that primacy of reality depends on the principle of protection and in dubio pro operario to resolve questions when the facts are not dispositive given vague or missing rules. The chapter then searches primacy of reality in the United States and finds it in various employment tests, such as the common law control test. It is also finds it in employer tests of joint employer status. However, many of those tests remain vague, requiring supplementation with the U.S. versions of in dubio pro operario, i.e., liberal construction of the statutes that derogate the common law, and with legislative purpose. Primacy of reality makes it even more important for legal operators to be cognizant of labor law principles and, principally, the protective principle.

This chapter focuses on the legal and social status of atimoi. The very word atimos, meaning both “deprived of civic offices” and “deprived of honor,” encapsulates both the degraded political status and the degraded social status of such individuals. How a given atimos was viewed socially likely depended at least in part on the type of offense he had committed (the more egregious the offense, the lower his honor), as well as the type and degree of atimia he suffered: partial versus total, temporary versus permanent, and perhaps especially whether he was atimos automatically or by sentence. State debtors lost their claims to property, whereas other atimoi did not. Atimoi of all stripes had control over their own labor, but their movement was greatly restricted.

This chapter focuses on male citizens. In theory, all male citizens were equal. However, variations existed within the male citizen population, with some groups restricted (officially or unofficially) from holding office or compelled to pay extra taxes. Age was one determining factor, since one could be too young or too old to perform the full set of citizen rights. Wealth was another important factor, affecting in several ways the degree to which one could participate in the polis and also the level of timē one could attain. Poor citizens, constrained by their limited resources and their obligation to perform labor, could not exercise full-fledged citizenship and were socially degraded as compared to their richer fellow-citizens. Mostly likely, they felt threatened by the existence of wealthy slaves and rich metics, who despite their inferior legal status occupied a higher socioeconomic status than they did.

Globally, nearly 300 million people live either as international migrants¹ or internally displaced people.² Over the past several decades, the number of people compelled to leave their homes has continued to grow, and along with such growth, migrant detentions and deportations have skyrocketed in the United States (from where we live and write) and globally. Except for those who can show that they fit into a narrow spectrum of state-designated family ties, skill sets, large bank accounts, or protection needs, possibilities for acquiring legal status have been greatly reduced or entirely cut. Legally present migrants, too, increasingly lose status and become routed into detention and deportation. Legal channels disappear even as countries like the United States remain “reliant on the … dispossession and disavowal of Indigenous peoples, global circuits of expropriated labor, economies of racialization, and its expansive network of military bases,” which generate continual international migration....

The paper points out the establishment of the Communal Police (militia) in the Republic of Serbia, especially the legislative solutions and the service role that this institution has in the community. The introductory part gives a brief overview of the origin and development of the police in Serbia and the social environment in which the idea of the Communal Police was initiated, as well as the reasons that led the legislator to pass a special law on this service. The systematics of the recently adopted new Law on Communal Militia and the most important chapters, which include affairs, internal organization, authorizations, control of work, labor-legal status and protection of members of communal militia, are further stated. In the final part, proposals are presented de lege ferenda for the improvement of certain solutions in this area, primarily the service role of this institution, which should work for the benefit of citizens and the entire community.

The paper points out the establishment of the Communal Police (militia) in the Republic of Serbia, especially the legislative solutions and the service role that this institution has in the community. The introductory part gives a brief overview of the origin and development of the police in Serbia and the social environment in which the idea of the Communal Police was initiated, as well as the reasons that led the legislator to pass a special law on this service. The systematics of the recently adopted new Law on Communal Militia and the most important chapters, which include affairs, internal organization, authorizations, control of work, labor-legal status and protection of members of communal militia, are further stated. In the final part, proposals are presented de lege ferenda for the improvement of certain solutions in this area, primarily the service role of this institution, which should work for the benefit of citizens and the entire community.

The paper points out the establishment of the Communal Police (militia) in the Republic of Serbia, especially the legislative solutions and the service role that this institution has in the community. The introductory part gives a brief overview of the origin and development of the police in Serbia and the social environment in which the idea of the Communal Police was initiated, as well as the reasons that led the legislator to pass a special law on this service. The systematics of the recently adopted new Law on Communal Militia and the most important chapters, which include affairs, internal organization, authorizations, control of work, labor-legal status and protection of members of communal militia, are further stated. In the final part, proposals are presented de lege ferenda for the improvement of certain solutions in this area, primarily the service role of this institution, which should work for the benefit of citizens and the entire community.

Anita R. Fedor- Renáta J. Erdei Abstract The focus of our research is labor market integration and the related issues like learning motivation, value choices, health status, family formation and work attitudes. The research took place in the North Great Plain Region – Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza region, Debrecen, Cigánd district (exception), we used the Debrecen and the national database of the Graduate Tracking System. Target groups: 18-70 year-old age group, women and women raising young children, 15-29 year-old young age group, high school students (graduate ones) fresh university graduates. The theorethical frameworks of the precariate research is characterized by a multi-disciplinar approach, as this topic has sociological, economic, psychological, pedagogical, legal and health aspects. Our aim is to show whether There is relevance between the phenomenon of precariate and labor market disadvantage and how individual insecurity factors affect a person’s presence in the labor market. How the uncertainties in the workplace appear in different regions and social groups by expanding the theoretical framework.According to Standing precariate is typical to low gualified people. But I would like to see if it also typical to highly qualifiled young graduates with favourable conditions.It is possible or worth looking for a way out of the precarious lifestyle (often caused by objective reasons) by combining and using management and education.Are there definite features in the subjective state of health of groups with classic precariate characteristics? Results The research results demonstrate that the precarious characteristics can be extended, they are multi-dimensional.The personal and regional risk factors of labor market exclusion can develop both in different regions and social groups. Precarized groups cannot be connected exclusively to disadvantaged social groups, my research has shown that precarious characteristics may also appear, and the process of precarization may also start among highly qualified people. Precariate is a kind of subjective and collective crisis. Its depth largely depends on the economic environment, the economic and social policy, and the strategy and cultural conditions of the region. The results show, that the subjective health of classical precar groups is worse than the others.

The article discusses the efficiency of agricultural production on the example of large agricultural organizations of the Rostov region with various types of specialization and legal forms for the following indicators: unit cost, direct labor costs, labor costs per unit of output using the method of statistical groupings of organizations according to the criterion grain yields.

Each year, a significant number of adults and children become victims of human trafficking—forced transportation within or across country borders for exploitation in the form of forced sex, labor, or other services unwillingly given. In September 2001, the Population Council collaborated with the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health and the United Nations Development Fund for Women to conduct a consultative meeting on antitrafficking programs in South Asia. About 50 participants from national and international human rights and antitrafficking organizations attended the three-day meeting, held in Kathmandu, Nepal. The meeting had three objectives: clarifying the definition of trafficking; describing the strengths and weaknesses of legal and programmatic approaches to combat trafficking in the region; and identifying methods and indicators for evaluating and improving antitrafficking interventions. As this brief states, laws to eliminate human trafficking in South Asia should uphold international covenants and human rights standards to ensure that both citizens and noncitizens receive humane treatment. Programs to oppose trafficking should develop clear objectives and indicators to demonstrate success and point out directions for future operations.

Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.