Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Labor economics – United States'
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Johnson, Susan. "Five essays on unionization and labour markets in Canada and the United States /." *McMaster only, 2001.
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Chen, Jenille P. "The Ongoing War On Poverty in the United States: Program Evaluation of Job Corps." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/744.
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In January of 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced programs to provide education, health, jobs and economic opportunities to those who economically disadvantaged. Job Corps is one of the many programs established under his “War on Poverty.” In this paper, I will be looking at the relevant areas of research studying the impacts of Job Corps on participants and society. I will also evaluate the effects of the existing economic situations within the county on the earnings and job placement of the participants.
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Williamson, James M. Kniesner Thomas J. "Cradle to grave: three essays on the impact of tax and public policies in the United States." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Tong, Patricia K. "Three essays in labor economics." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3403247.
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Kuo, Yu-Chen. "Marriage, fertility, and labor market prospects in the United States, 1960-2000." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2561.
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Over the past forty years a tremendous number of women have entered the labor
market, removing stay-home motherhood as the most dominant female occupation. The
linkage between the change in the labor market and change in family structure has drawn
a lot of attention from social scientists, and it is on this linkage that this analysis is
focused.
An essential dimension of this changing behavior is the sharp rise in out-ofwedlock
childbearing. The central issue of non-married motherhood is more related to
the diminishing willingness to marry than a changing attitude toward fertility. In a
setting where individuals choose marriage because of the gains from joint production of
child quality as well as the division of labor, the declining gains from specialization for
men influence potential spouse selection. Men and women with fewer labor market
prospects become less desirable, and consequently a marriage market with more positive
assortative mating will be observed.
The increase in female labor market participation is larger for highly-educated
women but the decrease in marriage rates is more characteristic of less-educated women
over this period. What drives these changes can be explained by using a simple economic theory, the fundamental concept of which is that couples with lower labor
market prospects also face lower gains from marriage because of the increases in femalemale
relative wages in the less-educated and black groups. A narrowing of the gap
between male and female wages would reduce the gains from division of labor and
lower the incentive to marry. In addition, when the marriage market becomes more
positively assorted, low educated men and women are less likely to marry each other.
Our empirical results indicate an increase in the homogeneity of wages between
spouses over this period regardless of whether we control for education. In particular,
black couples are more positively assorted than white couples although the trend
converges by the end of the century. We also show that the marriage market is tilted
towards better-educated men and women over the period. These findings are consistent
with the theory which explains why single motherhood is more concentrated among lesseducated
women.
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Johnson, Kyle. "Regional Determinants of the Gender Pay Gap in the United States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1381.
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The persisting gap between male and female wages in the United States offers a seemingly unusual disconnect between what is observed in the data and what is suggested by labor economics theory. Many authors have used aggregate or case methods to attempt to explain this gap. One characteristic of the earnings gap which has rarely been discussed is the large variation in female earnings as a percentage of male earnings by state. Why would median female earnings be 65% of male earnings in Louisiana while being 87% of median male earnings in New York? In this paper, using yearly Census data, I first find that the wage gap varies widely by state even when controlled for traditional determinants of wages and the gender pay gap. Then, deriving new variables to represent this controlled variation, I further find evidence that several state-specific characteristics represented by cross-section data explain a large portion of the controlled variation in gender pay gap by state. I conclude that the variables representing the structure of state economies as well as key measures of ideology and gender-related attitudes by state are significant determinant factors in why we see so much geographic variation in the gender pay gap.
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Sherman, Geoffre Neil. "The NCAA as a cartel ensuring its existence : a revisionist history /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3331336.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Kinesiology, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 24, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4473. Adviser: Lawrence W. Fielding.
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Balkan, Sule 1966. "Social insurance programs and compensating wage differentials in the United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282704.
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This dissertation brings together empirical analyses of the impact of social insurance programs on compensating wage differentials under different institutional frameworks. I study three periods: the late nineteenth century prior to the introduction of Unemployment Insurance, the Great Depression when Unemployment Insurance is introduced, and then the recent period, in which UI has been long established. Initially, late nineteenth century labor markets with no social programs for workers were investigated. Three different data sets were analyzed from two different states, Maine and Kansas, to examine the precautionary saving behavior of workers and the wage premium they received for the expected unemployment prevalent in their industry. Results showed that workers were receiving statistically and economically significant wage premiums in two of the three samples. Also, in two of the three samples, households were able to save against expected unemployment using family resources. In the second chapter, after reviewing the historical backgrounds of social insurance programs, namely Workers' Compensation, Compensation for Occupational Diseases, and Unemployment Insurance (UI), the empirical literature about the impacts of these programs on wages is reviewed. Later in the chapter, hours and earnings data for various manufacturing industries across forty-eight states for the years 1933-1939 are brought together with the state UI, Workers' Compensation, and Compensation for Occupational Diseases provisions to test the impact of these laws on wage rates. The economic history and origins of UI have not been elaborated before and no previous study has analyzed the simultaneous impacts of different social insurance programs. Results showed that higher accident rates, limited working hours and the higher regional cost of living had a positive impact on wages. Workers' Compensation continued to have a negative impact on wages. During its infancy, UI benefits did not have a statistically significant effect on wages. The last chapter analyzes the impact of UI and the unemployment rate for the labor market of the worker on wage rates using micro level modern data. Results from the analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth suggest that expected UI benefits have a negative and statistically significant impact on wages, holding worker and labor market characteristics constant. However, the unemployment rate of the labor market did not have a statistically significant impact on wages.
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Hoang, Bach. "Machines Are Taking Your Jobs, Not Vietnam: Regional Automation Vulnerability in the United States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2136.
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This thesis investigates factors that explain for the variation in automation vulnerability of American metropolitan statistical areas. The rapid pace of technological innovation, exemplified by the pursuit of automated vehicles in recent years, is creating growing unease in their power to replace human employment. In certain respects, machines are much more productive and overall better workers than human beings. Decreasing cost in computer capital is also making automation investment more affordable than ever before. However, this is only part of the story. The study attempts to quantify and visualize the variation in regional technological exposure and determine whether industrial and socioeconomic characteristics can reveal an area’s vulnerability.
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Hean, Oudom. "The Effects of Technology and Business Cycles on Regional Labor Markets in the United States." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586479444951041.
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D'Sylva, Ashley Paul 1969. "Examining resource allocation within United States public Research I universities: An income production function approach." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288841.
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In the past 10 years, state financial support for public universities has declined, when measured as a proportion of current-fund revenues. Whether in response to this decline or to satisfy other ends such as personal utility and prestige enhancement, universities and their faculty have sought alternative sources of revenue, mostly through increased research grants and contracts and student tuition and fees. The effects of these revenue changes are observed in the primary operating units of universities, academic departments, which serve as the primary focus of this study. These changes have promoted concern in recent years that public research universities devote too much of their scarce resources to research at the expense of teaching. Specifically, concerns over teaching productivity and quality abound, especially at the undergraduate level. These concerns have been explained theoretically in terms of faculty preferences to perform research and research-related tasks, over undergraduate instruction--The Economic Theory of the Firm; and in terms of the increasing influence of providers of external revenues upon the behavior of the institutions--Resource Dependency Theory. These two frameworks are used to examine whether changes in departmental revenue support patterns affect undergraduate education at major public research universities. To test the theories, departmental instructional and research productivity data from the 1994 and 1996 American Association of Universities Data Exchange (AAUDE) are examined. This sample data contains information on 8 public Research I universities, 200 departments, and 1000 data points for 1994, and 6 public Research I universities, 134 departments, and 680 data points for 1996. Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Piecewise Linear Regressions, following a semi-log specification, are used to estimate the rate of return to instructional productivity, research productivity, and departmental quality, within the income production function of the departments. The primary finding was that although some shifts in resource allocation were observed to move in a direction that potentially favored research-related endeavors, i.e., graduate instruction and departmental quality, instruction, overall, was most greatly rewarded in the allocation process, and undergraduate instruction more so than graduate instruction.
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Hayden, Sat Ananda. "Wage Equality among Internationally Educated Nurses Working in the United States." Thesis, Walden University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3596619.
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Discrimination against immigrants based on country of origin, gender, or race is known to contribute to wage inequality, lower morale, and decrease worker satisfaction. Healthcare leaders are just beginning to study the impact of gender and race on the wages of internationally educated nurses (IENs). Grounded in Becker's theory of discrimination, this cross-sectional study examined nursing wages for evidence of wage inequality among IENs working in the United States using secondary data collected in the 2008 quadrennial National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses. Ordinary least square regression coupled with the Blinder-Oaxaca wage decomposition was used to analyze the wages of 757 IENs working in the U.S. healthcare system. T tests with effect size were calculated to find the impact of gender, race, and country of education on wage. The study found that white male IENs earned higher wages than all other immigrant groups, followed by nonwhite males and nonwhite females (R2 = .143; F(8,748) = 15.60; p =.000;). White female IENs earned the least, at 80%, 88%, and 91% of wages earned by white male, nonwhite male, and nonwhite female IENs, respectively (p < .005). The relationship between hourly wage and being a white female was negative and statistically significant (p = .006) and white females earned 19.6% less per hour than white male IENs. Working in tertiary care contributed 21.60% of wages for white IENs and 10.30% of wages for nonwhite IENs. Inequality in nursing wages was related to an interaction between race and gender for wages of white female IENs but not in wages for nonwhite female IENs. Results of this study promote positive social change by motivating nursing departments to equalize wages and policymakers to strengthen equal pay statutes.
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Lee, Hee Yoon. "Employment-to-Population Ratio Goes Low: An Analysis of the Recent Aggregate Labor Market Behavior in the United States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1235.
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Recently there has been a substantial decline in the employment-to-population ratio, coinciding with a significant reduction in the unemployment rate. The ratio experienced a trend increase during the post-World War II period until 1999, primarily driven by the large influx of female workers into the labor force. Although pro-cyclical, the ratio always recovered to its previous peak and subsequently went beyond that level. Following the Dot-com recession, there was a decline followed by a mild recovery from 2003 to 2007, before a significant decrease. This thesis investigates the causes of the decline, which impacts on economic policy recommendations.
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Haraguchi, Kelii H. 1980. "Three essays on Mexican migration to the United States." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8521.
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xiii, 97 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.This dissertation consists of three essays that empirically address aspects of three common questions posed in the Mexican immigration literature: What characteristics define migrants from Mexico? How does US border-enforcement policy affect migrant behavior? What role does foreign direct investment (FDI) into Mexico play in altering incentives for migration to the United States? The first essay (Chapter II) examines selection patterns of Mexican migrants based on migration frequency. Studies of Mexican migrant selection have largely ignored its temporary and repeated nature. In particular, the literature has not appropriately distinguished between migrants that travel to the United States only once and those who migrate multiple times. I model the selection process of repeat migrants in two stages: selection into initial migration and selection into repeat migration. Allowing for unobservable differences between non-migrants, single-episode migrants and repeat migrants, I find negative selection of repeat migrants relative to non-migrants and no significant differences between the unobservable attributes of repeat and single-episode migrants. The second essay (Chapter III) addresses how border enforcement influences migrant behavior. Increases in border enforcement during the 1990s were distributed non-uniformly along the border, targeting regions believed to experience episodes of high volumes of illegal border crossings. I examine how geographic and time-series variation in annual border enforcement influences US destination choices for undocumented Mexican migrants. While increased enforcement diverts migrants to alternative crossing locations, I show that their final destinations tend to be robust to border enforcement. Thus, in terms of policy, there may be benefits to coordination in enforcement efforts across sectors. The third essay (Chapter IV) addresses the claim that Mexico-bound FDI reduces immigration to the United States by increasing employment opportunities and raising Mexican wages. I use annual, state-level FDI from 1994 to 2004 to examine how FDI flows influence US-migration propensity. FDI flows reduce the probability of migration to the United States and increase the probability of an employment change in Mexico for non-migrants. Further, FDI is found to increase the likelihood of employment changes for household heads in Mexican states bordering the United States, but not the likelihood of employment in interior states.
Adviser: Glen R. Waddell
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Owen, Candace G. "Human trafficking for labor purposes an analysis of immigration policy and economic forces within the United States." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5000.
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Human trafficking is an international crisis which has emerged as a human rights issue of the highest priority for many nations. This is not a new occurrence, although the onset of globalization has provoked increased intensity in this international crime. Recent studies, including the U.S. State Department's 2009 Trafficking in Persons Report have predicted that the recent global economic crisis will inflate these numbers to an even larger number of victims. This thesis will investigate these phenomena ultimately asking: Do immigration policies and economic conditions contribute to the recent proliferation in cases of human trafficking for labor purposes? Moreover with the recent global economic crisis, has consumer demand affected an increase in cheap migrant labor furthering vulnerabilities that create prime situations for human trafficking and forced labor? This thesis will investigate these questions by focusing on the geographic parameters of the United States and Mexico due to their physical proximity and the history of immigration between these neighboring countries.ID: 030423329; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-112).
M.A.
Masters
Political Science
Sciences
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Santos, Jose Luis Solano. "Resource allocation within United States public research I universities: Income production function and socially constructed decision-making approaches." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290081.
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In the past 15 years, state financial support for public universities has declined, when measured as a proportion of current-fund revenues while expenditures, in the same time period have risen dramatically. In this mixed methods study, several theories were used to explain patterns of university resource allocation: The economic theory of the firm , resource dependency theory, rational/political and critical/political. The research combines d'Sylva's (1998) and Volk's (1995) work and considers, by measuring directly the role of administrators who have budget authority, the impact of the socially constructed production function. The study uses d'Sylva's work extensively in order to create the baseline econometric analysis by including the relevant variables. In addition, the study adds to the existing body of knowledge by providing a broader understanding of production functions that encompasses the role of the socially constructed production function by key administrators who have budget authority. To test and explore the theories, departmental instructional and research productivity data from the AY 1999 American Association of Universities Data Exchange are examined. The quantitative data sample consisted of 10 major public Research I universities and 152 departments. OLS and GLM regressions, following a semi-log specification were employed to estimate the rate of return to instructional productivity, research productivity, and departmental quality. The qualitative sample consisted of six administrators with budget authority from one Research I university. A thematic analysis technique was employed in order to identify salient themes related to internal resource allocation. Significant findings are that undergraduate instruction and departmental quality yield high returns to departmental earnings. Cross-subsidization exists and some departments within fields enjoy "halo effects" above and beyond their productivity and merit. In describing the socially constructed nature of such difference, one dean is cognizant that his college is very productive and efficient delivering "cheap" instruction, yet it is penalized in the allocation formula. Similarly, another dean is very aware that his college has large numbers of women and minorities that help in the "coloring" of the university, and that disadvantages his college in the allocation formula.
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Wallace, Candice Y. "FIRM CHARACTERISTICS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN THE UNITED STATES MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/35.
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This dissertation seeks to provide insight to how e-commerce adoption and utilization change the condition of U.S. Manufacturing establishments, by answering two interrelated questions: (1) What are the characteristics of manufacturing establishments that were early adopters of e-commerce activities?; (2) Once e-commerce is adopted, how has adoption affected employment within manufacturing establishments? The U.S. manufacturing industry was selected for analysis as manufacturing has been and continues to be an important sector for employment and the overall U.S. economy and has been the primary sector responsible for the majority of Business-to-Business e-commerce activity.
Using two econometric models, seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) and three stage-least squares (3SLS), this dissertation confirms previous research pertaining to the characteristics of firms that were early adopters of e-commerce. However, this dissertation also provides insights for how manufacturing firms change after the implementation of e-commerce. Specifically, findings suggest that e-commerce adoption has a negative effect on manufacturing jobs between 1999 and 2005. Simultaneously, the loss in jobs does not translate into an increase in wages for those still employed. The findings of this dissertation also do not provide a positive outlook for a “spatially equitable landscape” to develop via the dissemination of e-commerce in the U.S. manufacturing industry. Rather, the results suggest that the application of e-commerce will continue to reinforce the geographical advantages of firms in urban areas verses those located in more rural areas.
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Meyer-Boehm, Gudrun, and n/a. "Economic and Labour Productivity Growth: A Regional Analysis of the States of Australia and the USA." Griffith University. School of Economics, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040817.145856.
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One of the main underlying sources of economic growth is productivity. An economy can grow by either accumulation of its inputs, namely labour and capital, or improvements in productivity. The latter implies that more can be produced with the same amount of inputs, generating a greater amount of income that can be distributed among the economy's population. With rising per capita incomes, an economy can provide higher living standards and well-being. This thesis analyses variations in economic and productivity trends among the states of Australia and the USA. It investigates whether disparities in GSP per capita, labour and multifactor productivity among the states have declined (converged) or widened (diverged), during this period. The analysis is undertaken at a national level as well as for specific industries to identify the sectoral sources of the various trends. Further, in an interstate analysis the performance of individual states is examined to identify those that may have had a major role in accounting for the observed trends. The analysis employs both cross - section and time - series techniques. Contrary to earlier studies, this thesis finds that lately the interstate dispersion of per capita incomes and productivity has stopped decreasing. In Australia, once the Mining sector (which is a special case) is excluded from the analysis, the levels of GSP per capita and labour productivity in the various states are found to have neither converged nor diverged. Convergence trends among the US states observed prior to the 1990s have not only slowed down but even reversed into divergence. Divergence in labour productivity started during the 1980s in the service industries and was followed by the Manufacturing sector (and here in particular by the Electronic and Electrical Equipment industry) during the 1990s. There appears to be a belt of states in the West (and a few states in the North-East) which started off relatively poorly but managed to catch-up with the richer states due to an above average growth performance in labour productivity and multi factor productivity. Some of these states did not only manage to catch-up with richer ones but continued to surge ahead, causing the observed increase in the interstate dispersion in recent years. Policy makers, especially those in the states that are falling behind need to develop policies that will lead to an increase in the rate of productivity growth. In order to achieve this they must foster industries, which are conducive to higher growth rates and adopt policies that would increase the productivity of the labour force. These policies will need to create an environment in which productivity enhancing innovation can be sustained. States need to engage in research and development activities to ensure the invention and the adoption of new technologies.
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Meyer-Boehm, Gudrun. "Economic and Labour Productivity Growth: A Regional Analysis of the States of Australia and the USA." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365766.
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One of the main underlying sources of economic growth is productivity. An economy can grow by either accumulation of its inputs, namely labour and capital, or improvements in productivity. The latter implies that more can be produced with the same amount of inputs, generating a greater amount of income that can be distributed among the economy's population. With rising per capita incomes, an economy can provide higher living standards and well-being. This thesis analyses variations in economic and productivity trends among the states of Australia and the USA. It investigates whether disparities in GSP per capita, labour and multifactor productivity among the states have declined (converged) or widened (diverged), during this period. The analysis is undertaken at a national level as well as for specific industries to identify the sectoral sources of the various trends. Further, in an interstate analysis the performance of individual states is examined to identify those that may have had a major role in accounting for the observed trends. The analysis employs both cross - section and time - series techniques. Contrary to earlier studies, this thesis finds that lately the interstate dispersion of per capita incomes and productivity has stopped decreasing. In Australia, once the Mining sector (which is a special case) is excluded from the analysis, the levels of GSP per capita and labour productivity in the various states are found to have neither converged nor diverged. Convergence trends among the US states observed prior to the 1990s have not only slowed down but even reversed into divergence. Divergence in labour productivity started during the 1980s in the service industries and was followed by the Manufacturing sector (and here in particular by the Electronic and Electrical Equipment industry) during the 1990s. There appears to be a belt of states in the West (and a few states in the North-East) which started off relatively poorly but managed to catch-up with the richer states due to an above average growth performance in labour productivity and multi factor productivity. Some of these states did not only manage to catch-up with richer ones but continued to surge ahead, causing the observed increase in the interstate dispersion in recent years. Policy makers, especially those in the states that are falling behind need to develop policies that will lead to an increase in the rate of productivity growth. In order to achieve this they must foster industries, which are conducive to higher growth rates and adopt policies that would increase the productivity of the labour force. These policies will need to create an environment in which productivity enhancing innovation can be sustained. States need to engage in research and development activities to ensure the invention and the adoption of new technologies.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Economics
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Litt, Wade Howarth. "Student Loan Impacts on Labor Market Decisions in the United States: Employment Transitions, Education-Occupation Mismatch, and Entrepreneurship." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1556554649614829.
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Yeo, JeongHee. "The roles of economic and social resources in immigrants' well-being in the United States." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1243959514.
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English, Beth Anne. "A common thread: Labor, politics, and capital mobility in the Massachusetts textile industry, 1880-1934." W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623415.
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"A Common Thread" is an analysis of the relocation of the New England textile industry to the states of the Piedmont South between 1880 and 1934. Competition from textile mills operating in the South became a serious challenge for New England textile manufacturers as early as the 1890s. as they watched their profits turn into losses while output and sales of southern goods continued apace during the 1893 depression, owners of northern textile corporations felt unfairly constrained by state legislation that established age and hours standards for mill employees, and by actual and potential labor militancy in their mills. Several New England textile manufacturers, therefore, opened southern subsidiary factories as a way to effectively meet southern competition. In 1896, the Dwight Manufacturing Company of Chicopee, Massachusetts was one of the first New England cotton textile companies to open a southern branch mill. Within a thirty-year period, many of the largest textile corporations in Massachusetts would move part or all of their operations to North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama where textile production took place in mills that cost less to fuel, was done by workers whose wages were lower than those paid in New England, and occurred in a region where textile unions and state regulations were virtually non-existent.;Through the lens of the Dwight Manufacturing Company, "A Common Thread" examines this process of regional transfer within the U.S. textile industry. The specific goals of the study are to explain (1) why and how Massachusetts cotton manufacturing companies pursued relocation to the South as a key strategy for economic survival, (2) why and how southern states attracted northern textile capital, and (3) how textile mill owners, the state, manufacturers' associations, labor unions, and reform groups shaped the North-to-South movement of cotton mill money, machinery, and jobs. "A Common Thread" provides a historic reference point for and helps inform on-going discussions and debates about capital mobility and corporate responsibility as the industrial relocation from region to region that occurred during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries continues from nation to nation within the context of economic globalization.
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Genlott, Emma. "The effects of school closures due to Covid-19 on parental labor supply : evidence from the United States." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447163.
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The spread of Covid-19 led to social restrictions of various kinds, of which closing schools was one. This paper studies the effect of school closures on parental labor supply. To this end, I use repeated cross-sectional data on households at the monthly level from the US Current Population Survey (CPS), and employ a difference-in-differences methodology where I compare the labor market outcomes for parents to school-aged children that require supervision with parents to slightly older children, before and after March 2020. The results show that there is a significant reduction in the labor supply of parents to younger children as a result of school closures, and that the effects are larger for mothers than for fathers.
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Rajbhandari, Isha. "The Impacts of Oil and Gas Developments on Local Economies in the United States." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500413045323116.
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Matti, Matthew, and Joakim Kesertzi. "Labor discrimination in the US : A study about ethnic discrimination against Hispanics in the United States’ labor market and how Donald Trump’s involvement has affected it." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105083.
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In this paper, we investigate if there is any ethnic discrimination towards Hispanics in the labor market for the US and how Donald Trump’s involvement has affected it. By comparing the income of Hispanics with White-Americans with data collected from IPUMS between the years 2010-2019. We investigated the period before and after 2016 when he got elected as the new president for the United States. We looked further into his different statements against the Hispanic population and how that might have affected the Hispanics overall. This paper result was obtained through the difference in difference model with the help of our linear probability model. From this model, a different coefficient and a dummy variable were created to get a result with accuracy for this study. The results showed that the logarithmic income for both ethnicities has decreased over time, but just slightly. Furthermore, our results indicated no increased ethnic discrimination in terms of income during our given time interval. However, we could see a difference in educational attainment. Those with higher education earned more after 2016 than previous years, which goes for Hispanics and White-Americans. We interpret the results by seeing no significant change in the Hispanic’s income level, meaning that Trump did not affect their income. However, we can conclude that there was an income gap before Trump's presidency started and that his time as president did neither increase nor decrease the gap between the two ethnicities in our research.
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Lingwall, Jeff. "An Economic History of Compulsory Attendance and Child Labor Laws in the United States, 1810-1926." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/409.
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Gangl, Markus. "Unemployment dynamics in the United States and West Germany : economic restructuring, institutions and labor market processes /." Heidelberg : Physica-Verlag, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0817/2004425129-t.html.
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Baker, Todd M. R. "All work : an evaluation of worker's attitudes, worker's behavior and productivity in the U.S. automobile industry." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1354551846.
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Kamoie, Laura Croghan. "Three generations of planter -businessmen: The Tayloes, slave labor, and entrepreneurialism in Virginia, 1710-1830." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623966.
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This study analyzes the entrepreneurial estate-building activities of three generations of the Tayloe family of Virginia from the 1710s to the 1820s. The three John Tayloes were model planter-businessmen---that is, they combined mixed commercial agriculture with a variety of business enterprises in an effort to secure long-term financial security and social status for themselves and their heirs. This diversified approach to plantation management characterized early Virginia's "culture of progress"---an early American business culture interpreted in many different ways throughout the colonies (and later the states) that had the pursuit of a better life as its organizing premise.;The Tayloes were not alone in their ironmaking, shipbuilding, land speculation, investing, and craft-service activities. Instead, the three generations of Tayloe planter-businessmen represent the activities, approaches, and values of the elite planter class of early Virginia.;For each of the Tayloes, slave labor served as the fundamental resource for successful enterprise. The presence of large populations of enslaved African Americans enabled the Tayloes and other planters to branch out from staple agriculture and ultimately necessitated that they continue to do so. Slaves demonstrated their abilities, became central to the daily operations of the South's business culture, and made the enterprises planters founded profitable.;Planter-businessmen as individuals founded businesses that were usually complementary in some way to their holdings in land and slaves. Recognizing the potentially dangerous fluctuations of the tobacco market, planters were apt to attempt new endeavors in good times and bad and rarely abandoned new businesses simply because the tobacco market rebounded. They kept their finger on the pulse of the market, braved risk, and attempted to keep up with the latest technology. Planters' non-tobacco activities provided an important buffer between the uncontrollable weather, shipping, and prices associated with tobacco agriculture and their family's future security. The institution of slavery certainly placed some structural limits on planters' entrepreneurial imaginations. However, whether compared against northern farmer-businessmen prior to the antebellum period or set against the definitions of Virginia's own slave society, early southern planter-businessmen exhibited rational and progressive economic behavior.
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McCartney, Aaron Watson. "Age of Immigration and Adult Labor Market Outcomes: Childhood Environment in the Country of Origin Matters." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1464358161.
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Ehrhardt, Elizabeth Jane. "Incarceration Rates of Females in the United States: A Conflict Analysis of Economic and Labor Market Conditions." Connect to resource, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211216790.
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Liu, Liqun. "Pre-market characteristics, gender wage disparities, and the performance of minorities in the United States labor market Application and comparison of non-parametric methodologies on a highly-educated sample /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.
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Woodard, Buck. "The Nottoway of Virginia: A Study of Peoplehood and Political Economy, c.1775-1875." W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623631.
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This research examines the social construction of a Virginia Indian reservation community during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Between 1824 and 1877 the Iroquoian-speaking Nottoway divided their reservation lands into individual partible allotments and developed family farm ventures that mirrored their landholding White neighbors. In Southampton's slave-based society, labor relationships with White landowners and "Free People of Color" impacted Nottoway exogamy and shaped community notions of peoplehood. Through property ownership and a variety of labor practices, Nottoway's kin-based farms produced agricultural crops, orchard goods and hogs for export and sale in an emerging agro-industrial economy. However, shifts in Nottoway subsistence, land tenure and marriage practices undermined their matrilineal social organization, descent reckoning and community solidarity. With the asymmetrical processes of kin-group incorporation into a capitalist economy, questions emerge about the ways in which the Nottoway resituated themselves as a social group during the allotment process and after the devastation of the Civil War. Using an historical approach emphasizing world-systems theory, this dissertation investigates the transformation of the Nottoway community through an exploration and analysis of their nineteenth-century political economy and notions of peoplehood.
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Mulrooney, Margaret M. "Labor at home: The domestic world of workers at the Du Pont powder mills, 1802-1902." W&M ScholarWorks, 1996. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623881.
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While the history of the du Pont family and Du Pont Company have been well-documented, little is known about the everyday lives of the Irish Catholic immigrants who lived and worked at the home plant near Wilmington, Delaware. to correct this oversight, "Labor at Home" explores every aspect of the powder workers' domestic world--from religious beliefs, family structure, gender relations, and ethnic ties, to houses, furnishings, and yards--and uses this data to support new conclusions about cultural identity and class affiliation. as early as the 1820s, for example, powder mill families began to convey their increasing affiliation with bourgeois American society by amassing their savings, by selectively purchasing status-laden goods like tea sets and parlor furnishings, by acquiring property, by financing churches and schools, and by pursuing occupational and social mobility. Paradoxically, they also maintained certain beliefs and customs that proclaimed their identity as wage-earning Irish Catholics. Growing potatoes, drinking large quantities of whiskey, displaying crucifixes, and encouraging assertive female behavior perpetuated their unique ethno-religious heritage, yet these practices fueled the prejudices that confined the Irish to the lower ranks of society. Hence, this dissertation further demonstrates that status, identity, and consciousness are determined in complex and often contradictory ways.
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Napier, Steven. "Political Development of Subaltern Education in Great Britain, the United States, and India." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337718264.
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Kposowa, Augustine Joseph. "The effects of immigration on the United States labor market, 1940 to 1980 : earnings depression, native displacement, and economic dependence /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487683049376547.
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Deaton, Richard Lee. "The political economy of pensions : power, politics and social change : a comparative study of Canada, Britain and the United States." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1986. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4038/.
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This thesis suggests that the pension systems in the advanced capitalist countries of Canada, Britain and the United States are on the verge of a crisis and that the problems associated with the marginalization and immiseration of the elderly, the universal and specific limitations of employer-based occupational pension plans and the underdevelopment of the state pension system are inherently and organically linked to the structure of private pension fund power. The impending pension crisis in these countries is explained by four converging structural considerations: first, the inadequate level of retirement income of the elderly; second, the increasing proportion of elderly in the population and the costs associated with an aging population; third, the general and particular limitations of the private pension system; fourth, under conditions of advanced capitalism, the corporate sector and state appropriating the occupational and state pension systems as a source of investment and social capital respectively to meet their finance requirements. The pension system now occupies a strategic position in advanced capitalist economies. The increasing economic power of pension funds is based on their role as financial intermediaries and institutional investors, with significant control over the economic surplus and reserve capital. The structure of pension fund power exhibits itself through formal and informal linkages to financial capital. The private pension system's investment and capital accumulation function has been transformed from a latent to a manifest function to supply the investment requirements of the economy and private sector. The private pension industry, characterized by a high degree of concentration and centralization of capital, increasingly facilitates the systemic fusion of the finance and industrial sectors of advanced capitalist economies. The symbiotic relationship between the corporate sector and private pension industry is identified as the primary economic and political obstacle to reforming and expanding the state pension system in the countries studied. It is concluded that the dynamic of the conflicting structural interests underlying the pension crisis may generate a heightened awareness of power and politics in capitalist countries by transcending the traditional limitations of economism and welfarism. The pension issue, both in the short and long-term, may generate increased social tension manifesting itself through intergenerational, sectoral, political and industrial relations conflict. This may result in increased politicization and progressive alternative economic strategies based on the pension system's investment and capital accumulation function. Public policy towards aging and pensions identifies personal problems and structural issues which may have significance in terms of power, politics, and social change in the future.
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Heyne, Chad M. "An analysis of the relationship between economic development and demographic characteristics in the United States." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/438.
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Over the past several decades there has been extensive research done in an attempt to determine what demographic characteristics affect economic growth, measured in GDP per capita. Understanding what influences the growth of a country will vastly help policy makers enact policies to lead the country in a positive direction. This research focuses on isolating a new variable, women in the work force. As well as isolating a new variable, this research will modify a preexisting variable that was shown to be significant in order to make the variable more robust and sensitive to recessions. The intent of this thesis is to explore the relationship between several demographic characteristics and their effect on the growth rate of GDP per capita. The first step is to reproduce the work done by Barlow (1994) to ensure that the United States follows similar rules as the countries in his research. Afterwards, we will introduce new variables into the model, comparing the goodness of fit through the methods of R-squared, AIC and BIC. There have been several models developed to answer each of the research questions independently.B.S.
Bachelors
Sciences
Statistics
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Thompson, Jay Arthur. "Greater flexibility, greater growth : a comparative study of labor and capitalist models in Japan, Germany, and the United States." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002217.
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Christiansen, Lone Engbo. "Essays on productivity, technology, and economic fluctuations." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3259065.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 21, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Menninger, Sarah Wheeler. "The impact of rising women's salaries on marital and relationship satisfaction." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4852/.
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Using data from a national survey, this study examines income and other key variables (division of labor and work-family conflict) and their relationship to marital satisfaction. This study builds upon the body of research regarding working couples and women's increased participation in the paid labor force as well as evaluates the findings in the context of data gathered from the recent United States census. Results from this study also are compared to the findings of other key studies. Emergent data may be used to prepare counselors to work more effectively with couple clients and to assist employers in the development of work life policies for dual career and dual earner employees. Results from the multiple regression revealed no direct effects of income on marital satisfaction. For this sample, increases in work family conflict contributed to less marital satisfaction as did the presence of children. Increased participation in household chores by respondents' partners contributed to increased marital satisfaction. No differences were observed by gender. Limitations of the study, recommendations for further research, and implications for practitioners also are addressed.
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Noel, Karen A. "Community college/higher education doctorates in the two-year college administrative labor market : a national study with regional analysis /." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-134031/.
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Fitzloff, Chad L. "The limits of American labor‘s influence on the cold war free labor movement: a case study of Irving Brown and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions in Tunisia and Algeria." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4187.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of History
David A. Graff
Michael Ramsay
In 1988, Irving Brown received the Medal of Freedom from President Ronald Reagan for playing a crucial role in breaking the hold of international communism over postwar Western Europe. By doing so, he can truly be called one of the architects of Western democracy. Brown also made extraordinary efforts to fight international Communism in French North Africa during the 1950s. This paper seeks to answer the question of why these efforts in North Africa failed, and it will show the limits of American labor‘s international influence during the Cold War, in particular in French North Africa. Irving Brown successfully strengthened anti-Communist unions in Europe, and had the financial backing of the Truman Administration for those projects. However, Brown‘s efforts to build anti-Communist trade unions in Tunisia and Algeria did not have the backing of the U.S. government under the Eisenhower Administration. Instead, the AFL-CIO, with Brown as its representative, attempted to use the non-Communist International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) to influence the nationalist movements of Tunisia and Algeria through their respective national unions, the Union générale tunisienne du travail (UGTT) and the Union générale des travailleurs algériens (UGTA). Disagreements within the ICFTU severely inhibited Brown‘s effectiveness and prevented him from fully realizing the AFL-CIO‘s policy goals in North Africa. Brown was overly dependent on Tunisia for his operations with the Algeria labor movement, and the ICFTU was incapable of providing adequate support to the Algerians to compete with its Communist rival, the World Federation of Trade Unions. To the extent that independent Tunisia was Western-oriented, Brown was successful in his efforts. However, in the long run, Brown failed as an architect of Western democracy, as Tunisia became a dictatorship with a socialist economy. In Algeria, the state of war forced the UGTA to turn to the Eastern bloc despite Brown‘s personal dedication to North African independence and development. Furthermore, in independence, Algeria‘s government embraced socialism and single party rule.
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Loy, Beth A. "The economic impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act an analysis of Title I /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1807.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 193 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-172).
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Moody, Kimberly S. "Tramps, trade union travellers, and wandering workers : how geographic mobility undermined organized labour in Gilded Age America." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31007/.
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This thesis will argue that high levels of internal migration in Gilded Age America undermined the stability and growth of trade unions and labour-based parties. Most of the traditional ‘American Exceptionalist’ arguments which asserted a lack of class consciousness will be challenged. Significant weight will be given to the racial, ethnic, and gender divisions within the American working class as a source of relative organizational weakness. As archival sources reveal, however, despite their divisions, workers of all ethnic and racial groups drawn into wage-labour in the Gilded Age often displayed high levels of class consciousness and political radicalism through their actions, organizations, and hundreds of weekly labour papers. They also showed an awareness of the problems of frequent migration or ‘tramping’ in building stable organizations. Driven by the tumultuous conditions of uneven industrialization, millions of people migrated from state-to-state, country-to-city, and city-to-city at rates far higher than in Europe. A detailed analysis of the statistics on migration, work-related travelling, and union membership trends shows that this created a high level of membership turnover in the major organizations of the day—the American Federation of Labour and the Knights of Labour. Confronted in the 1880s with the highest level of migration in the period, the Knights of Labour saw rapid growth turn into continuous decline. The more stable craft unions also saw significant membership loss to migration through an ineffective travelling card system. The organizational weakness that resulted undermined efforts by American workers to build independent labour-based parties in the 1880s and 1890s. ‘Pure-and-simple’ unionism would triumph by the end of the century despite the existence of a significant socialist minority in organized labour.
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Butler, Tracy A. "Gender, labor, and capitalism in U.S.-Mexican relations, 1942-2000." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1243907962.
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Antunes, Daví José Nardy 1974. "Capitalismo e desigualdade." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286378.
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Orientador: Waldir José de QuadrosTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T14:19:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antunes_DaviJoseNardy_D.pdf: 2998104 bytes, checksum: 37e4668fbd6a8df1f41e4158dad1b730 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Esta tese procura discutir as relações entre o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e a desigualdade social ao longo do tempo, tendo como base a Inglaterra durante o século XIX e os EUA desde o início do século XX. É então analisado o desenvolvimento do capitalismo e o impacto sobre as estruturas de emprego, decisivas para o entendimento da desigualdade social. Apresentam-se os avanços proporcionados pela Revolução Industrial, que possibilitou a mecanização da produção rural e industrial e a urbanização. Como esta vida citadina também reclamou muitos serviços, o número de habitantes precisou crescer ainda mais para dar cabo de todas as necessidades da vida urbana. Se antes a baixa produtividade e a lentidão do trabalho mantinham qualquer tipo de bem escasso, a produção industrial permitiu a superação da escassez e substituição do trabalhador por máquinas. Dessa forma, vê-se a força das transformações da economia e seu impacto sobre a vida e o emprego das pessoas, mas também é preciso considerar o peso do Estado para a conformação desta nova sociedade, ao reduzir as desigualdades de renda via impostos e serviços públicos - fonte importantíssima de empregos, decisiva para a melhora do mercado de trabalho no pós-guerra. Com a crise dos anos 1970, a ascensão do neoliberalismo e a III Revolução Industrial, houve alteração importante nos rumos da estruturação social. Com a crise, o liberalismo volta a ser dominante, o que restringe a atuação do Estado e leva a grande regressão social. Concomitantemente, a III Revolução Industrial reduziu radicalmente a necessidade de trabalhadores, graças à introdução do computador. Ou seja, num mundo em que os trabalhos da agricultura, da indústria e dos serviços produtivos eram reduzidos, também o Estado diminuía as oportunidades de emprego. Portanto, os trabalhadores foram deslocados para a provisão de serviços pessoais, o que foi facilitado pela expansão da renda urbana e pela desigualdade social em grande expansão. Após isto, a ênfase passa para as interpretações conservadoras. A discussão da tese então se centra na idéia de Sociedade Industrial e de Sociedade da Informação. A partir da crise dos setenta, o foco da crítica foi alterado para o ataque ao Estado interventor e às benesses estatais, vistas como nefastas. Para finalizar, é feita a crítica de tais teses: primeiro, mostra-se a dificuldade destas interpretações em lidar com o que efetivamente ocorreu. Depois, o problema da concorrência individual: a defesa neoliberal da concorrência livre supõe a justeza da mesma, o que é contradito pelos fatos e por uma interpretação mais adequada da competição individual, que possui dinâmica movida pela permanente criação e destruição de monopólios econômicos e sociais. Isto dentro dos marcos de um desenvolvimento capitalista em que a mecanização da produção restringe as necessidades de trabalho e o Estado condiciona estes movimentos - o que, no caso dos EUA de hoje, leva a uma ampliação da desigualdade e dos serviços pessoais. Deste modo, após a discussão desta tese, as relações entre o desenvolvimento capitalista e a desigualdade social podem se tornam mais claras
Abstract: This dissertation aims to discuss the relationship between the development of capitalism and inequality throughout history, observing England during the 19th century and the USA from the early 20th century on. With this purpose, the development of capitalism is analyzed together with its impact over the employment structure, a key element to the understanding of inequality. Subsequently, the progress originated from the Industrial Revolution, for instance: mechanization of industrial and agricultural production and urbanization are further discussed. Since the urban life required the provision of many services, the number of city dwellers had to increase as well so all urban necessities could be met. In the past, low productivity made all goods scarce; but industrialization speeded up the production process, ending scarcity by replacing workers with machines. Through this processes we can see the economic transformation's weight and its impact over people's lives and jobs. However, it is necessary that we recognize the importance of the State in the formation of this new society, reducing income inequalities through progressive taxes and through the supply of public services - which allowed the creation of millions of jobs after World War II and were therefore fundamental to the labor market. Shortly after, with the seventies crisis, the ascendance of neoliberalism and the Third Industrial Revolution allowed an important change in the social structure to take place. The liberal ideology prevailed and the State intervention was again frowned upon. Simultaneously, the Third Industrial Revolution brought about a very important decrease of the labor requirements due to the spreading of computerized technology. In other words, two of the major sources of job creation - the State and office positions in general, replaced many workers with computers, which has deeply impacted a world where agriculture and industrial jobs were already being greatly reduced. As a consequence, great part of the workers was pushed into the provision of personal services - a phenomenon created by growing urban income and rising social inequality. Following this discussion, the focus of this work is placed on conservative visions about these processes. The emphasis then becomes the idea of Industrial and Information Society. After the seventies, the crisis opened elbow room for critiques of the Welfare State. The State intervention in these views was seen as pernicious to society through the dissemination of laziness and hedonistic values. At the end of this dissertation, two criticisms are made: first, we show how the conservative views are contradictory to actual facts. Secondly, we attempt to demonstrate how the idea of fair individual competition is misplaced. A correct interpretation of reality must acknowledge how economic monopolies and social closures play a crucial role in the competition process, and the impossibility of equalizing individual's starting point in a society marked by division of labor. All these processes happened amidst a capitalist development that progressively reduced the need for labor. In the case of the United States today, all this translates into increasing inequality and more personal services for the rich. By the end of this discussion, it is hoped that the relations between capitalist development and social inequality become more understandable and clearer
Doutorado
Teoria Economica
Doutor em Ciências Econômicas
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Jenzen, Douglas P. "Growing Conflict: Agriculture, Innovation, and Immigration in San Luis Obispo County, 1837-1937." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/460.
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The history of San Luis Obispo and its surrounding areas is complex. Agriculture, innovation, and immigration have all contributed to the formation of the region. The Spanish, Mexican, and early American periods established the framework successive waves of immigrants had to live within. Native Americans and immigrants from China, Portugal, Switzerland, Japan, the Philippines, and other regions of the United States have all toiled in the fields and contributed to America’s tables at various points throughout county history. Many contingencies determined the treatment of successive waves of immigrants. Growth and development are taking place at exponential rates on the very land that witnessed the first local agriculture and the conflicts surrounding the burgeoning industry.
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Lakner, Christoph. "The determinants of incomes and inequality : evidence from poor and rich countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dbfaef0e-a195-46f3-ba12-db5d3a8bf035.
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This thesis consists of four separate chapters which address different aspects of inequality and income determination. The first three chapters are country-level studies which examine (1) how incomes are shaped by spatial price differences, (2) the factor income composition, and (3) enterprise size. The final chapter analyses how income inequality changed at the global level. The first chapter investigates the implications of regional price differences for earnings differentials and inequality in Germany. I combine a district-level price index with administrative earnings data from social security records. Prices have a strong equalising effect on district average wages in West Germany, but a weaker effect in East Germany and at the national level. The change in overall inequality as a result of regional price differences is small (although significant in many cases), because inequality is mostly explained by differences within rather than between districts. The second chapter is motivated by the rapid increase in top income shares in the United States since the 1980s. Using data derived from tax filings, I show that this pattern is very similar after controlling for changes in tax unit size. Over the same period as top income shares increased, the composition of these incomes changed dramatically, with the labour share rising. Using a non-parametric copula framework, I show that incomes from labour and capital have become more closely associated at the top. This association is asymmetric such that top wage earners are more likely to also receive high capital incomes, compared with top capital income recipients receiving high wages. In the third chapter, I investigate the positive cross-sectional relationship between enterprise size and earnings using panel data from Ghana. I find evidence for a significant firm size effect in matched firm-worker data and a labour force panel, even after controlling for individual fixed effects. The size effect in self-employment is stronger in the cross-section, but it is driven by individual time-invariant characteristics. The final chapter studies the global interpersonal income distribution using a newly constructed and improved database of national household surveys between 1988 and 2008. The chapter finds that the global Gini remains high and approximately unchanged at around 0.7. However, this hides a substantial change in the global distribution from a twin-peaked distribution in 1988 into a single-peaked one now. Furthermore, the regional composition of the global distribution changed, as China graduated from the bottom ranks. As a result of the growth in Asia, the poorest quantiles of the global distribution are now largely from Sub-Saharan Africa. By exploiting the panel dimension of the dataset, the analysis shows which decile-groups within countries have benefitted most over this 20-year period. In addition, the chapter presents a preliminary assessment of how estimates of global inequality are affected by the likely underreporting of top incomes in surveys.
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Schabel, David Lighton. "Chinese-American Business Customs: a Comparison of Cultural Similarities and Differences." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1209155405.
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