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Journal articles on the topic 'Labor economics – Europe'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Dorn, David, and Josef Zweimüller. "Migration and Labor Market Integration in Europe." Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.35.2.49.

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The European labor market allows for the border-free mobility of workers across 31 countries that cover most of the continent’s population. However, rates of migration across European countries remain considerably lower than interstate migration in the United States, and spatial variation in terms of unemployment or income levels is larger. We document patterns of migration in Europe, which include a sizable migration from east to west in the last twenty years. An analysis of worker-level microdata provides some evidence for an international convergence in wage rates and for modest static gains from migration. We conclude by discussing obstacles to migration that reduce the potential for further labor market integration in Europe.

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2

Blanchard, Olivier. "The Economic Future of Europe." Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0895330042632735.

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After three years of near stagnation, the mood in Europe is definitely gloomy. Many doubt that the European model has a future. In this paper, I argue that things are not so bad, and there is room for optimism. Over the last thirty years, productivity growth has been much faster in Europe than in the United States. Productivity levels are roughly similar today in the European Union and in the United States. The main difference is that Europe has used some of the increase in productivity to increase leisure rather than income, while the United States has done the opposite. Still not everything is well. Unemployment is still high, and Europe suffers from inefficient regulation. Here also however, there is more action than often perceived, and a wide ranging reform process is taking place. This process is driven by reforms in financial and product markets. Reforms in those markets are in turn putting pressure for reform in the labor market. Reform in the labor market is slowly taking place, but not without political tensions. These tensions dominate the news; but they are a symptom of change, not a reflection of immobility.

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3

Prestwich, Michael, and Stephen A. Epstein. "Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe." Economic History Review 45, no. 3 (August 1992): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598056.

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4

Jonsson, Magnus. "Product and labor markets distortions in Europe." Economics Letters 92, no. 1 (July 2006): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.01.024.

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5

Muendler, Marc-Andreas, and Sascha O. Becker. "Margins of Multinational Labor Substitution." American Economic Review 100, no. 5 (December 1, 2010): 1999–2030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.5.1999.

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Employment at a multinational enterprise (MNE) responds to wages at the extensive margin, when an MNE enters a foreign location, and at the intensive margin, when an MNE operates existing affiliates. We present an MNE model and conditions for parametric and nonparametric identification. Prior studies rarely found wages to affect MNE employment. Our integrated approach documents salient labor substitution for German manufacturing MNEs and removes bias. In Central and Eastern Europe, most employment responds at the extensive margin, while in Western Europe the extensive margin accounts for around two-thirds of employment shifts. At distant locations, MNEs respond to wages only at the extensive margin. (JEL F23, J23, J31, R32)

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6

Ochsen, Carsten. "Crime and labor market policy in Europe." International Review of Law and Economics 30, no. 1 (March 2010): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2009.08.004.

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7

De La Cámara, Carmen. "The Labor Market in Central and Eastern Europe." Eastern European Economics 35, no. 1 (January 1997): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128775.1997.11648613.

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8

van Ark, Bart, Mary O'Mahony, and Marcel P. Timmer. "The Productivity Gap between Europe and the United States: Trends and Causes." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.1.25.

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Since the mid-1990s, labor productivity growth in Europe has significantly slowed compared to earlier decades. In contrast, labor productivity growth in the United States accelerated, so that a new productivity gap has opened up. This paper shows that this development is attributable to the slower emergence of the knowledge economy in Europe. We consider various explanations which are not mutually exclusive. These include lower growth contributions from investment in information and communication technology; the small share of information and communications technology–producing industries in Europe; and slower multifactor productivity growth, which proxies for advances in technology and innovation. Underlying these are issues related to the functioning of European labor markets and the high level of product market regulation in Europe. The paper emphasizes the key role of market service sectors in accounting for the productivity growth divergence between the two regions. We argue that improved productivity growth in Europe's market services will be needed to avoid a further widening of the productivity gap.

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9

Kletzer, Lori G. "Book Review: Labor Economics: Low Pay and Earnings Mobility in Europe." ILR Review 53, no. 1 (October 1999): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399905300115.

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10

Nickell, Stephen. "Unemployment and Labor Market Rigidities: Europe versus North America." Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.3.55.

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The received wisdom tells us that the rigidity and inflexibility of European job markets relative to that in the United States is the reason why Europe has high unemployment. This paper argues that this broad brush analysis is simply too vague to be useful. Indeed it is probably positively misleading. Many labor market institutions that conventionally come under the heading of rigidities have no observable impact on unemployment and may otherwise serve a useful purpose.

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11

Brixiova, Zuzana, Wenli Li, and Tarik Yousef. "Skill shortages and labor market outcomes in Central Europe." Economic Systems 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2008.07.002.

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12

Fabiani, Silvia, Claudia Kwapil, Tairi Rõõm, Kamil Galuscak, and Ana Lamo. "WAGE RIGIDITIES AND LABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENT IN EUROPE." Journal of the European Economic Association 8, no. 2-3 (April 5, 2010): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00520.x.

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13

Swanson, Eric T. "Implications of Labor Market Frictions for Risk Aversion and Risk Premia." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 194–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20170446.

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A flexible labor margin allows households to absorb asset value shocks with changes in hours worked, altering the households’ attitudes toward risk (Swanson 2012). This paper analyzes how frictional labor markets affect that analysis. Risk aversion is higher (i) in countries with more frictional labor markets, (ii ) in recessions, and (iii ) for households that have more difficulty finding a job. Labor market frictions in Europe are large enough to raise risk aversion in those countries. Nevertheless, risk aversion in the United States and Europe is much closer to the frictionless benchmark in Swanson (2012) than to traditional, fixed-labor measures. (JEL D11, D81, E24, E32, J22)

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14

Colistete, Renato P. "Productivity, Wages, and Labor Politics in Brazil, 1945–1962." Journal of Economic History 67, no. 1 (March 2007): 93–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000046.

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After World War II Brazil experienced exceptionally high economic growth, ranking tenth among the largest economies by 1960. Yet evidence shows that real wages lagged far behind productivity, especially from 1956, the heyday of “developmentalism”—an economic ideology aimed at state-led, accelerated industrialization, with foreign and domestic private capital as active partners. The outcome diverged from that of the “social compact for growth,” the cornerstone of the “golden age” in Europe and Japan. A key reason was that in Brazil left-wingers controlled the main trade unions and pushed an agenda of social reform that was widely rejected by industrialists.

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15

Siebert, Horst. "Labor Market Rigidities: At the Root of Unemployment in Europe." Journal of Economic Perspectives 11, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.11.3.37.

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This paper studies the major institutional changes at the root of the increase in the west European unemployment trade in the last quarter century from below 3 percent to 11 percent. The institutional characteristics of wage bargaining and the legal rules hamper the self-equilibrating function of the labor market. The reservation wage, raised by the welfare state's rise, has affected the bargaining process, the wage level and the wage structure. Econometric evidence is presented. Since the mid-1980s, differences emerge, and the Scandinavian, the French-Mediterranean, the German, and the British-Dutch approach to the labor market can be distinguished.

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16

Holm, J. R., E. Lorenz, B. A. Lundvall, and A. Valeyre. "Organizational learning and systems of labor market regulation in Europe." Industrial and Corporate Change 19, no. 4 (March 7, 2010): 1141–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtq004.

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17

Silva, André C. "Taxes and labor supply: Portugal, Europe, and the United States." Portuguese Economic Journal 7, no. 2 (June 25, 2008): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10258-008-0029-1.

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18

Marin, Dalia. "A New International Division of Labor in Europe: Outsourcing and Offshoring to Eastern Europe." Journal of the European Economic Association 4, no. 2-3 (May 1, 2006): 612–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2006.4.2-3.612.

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19

Náplava, Radek. "Changing structure of Employment in Europe: Polarization Issue." Review of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2019-0016.

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Abstract In recent years, labor markets have experienced a polarization phenomenon, with the rise of low-skill and high-skill workers, and a decline in the number of middle-skill workers. The polarization of the labor market has been most often investigated in the US, UK, and some European countries. This paper shows the changes in the employment structure in all EU countries between 2008 and 2017. Attention is also paid to the Czech Republic and change during 1993 and 2017. The added value of the article lies in two factors. The first is the division of skills by industry in which the worker is located and not by occupational classification, the second is an explicit view of the Czech Republic. The results provide some evidence about the polarization of the labor market in twenty-one EU countries. Results imply polarization also in the Czech Republic during a longer period, because the number of high-skilled and low-skilled workers increased by 6.63 p. p. and by 1.16 p. p. respectively, at the expense of middle-skilled workers.

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20

Ferreiro, Jesus, and Carmen Gomez. "Employment protection and labor market results in Europe." Journal of Evolutionary Economics 30, no. 2 (December 21, 2019): 401–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00191-019-00656-5.

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21

ATHUKORALA, PREMA-CHANDRA. "SINGAPORE AND ASEAN IN THE NEW REGIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR." Singapore Economic Review 53, no. 03 (December 2008): 479–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590808003105.

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This paper examines the implications of international fragmentation of production for trade patterns of Singapore and the other ASEAN economies, with emphasis on their regional and global economic integration. The analysis reveals that the degree of dependence of these countries on this new global division of labor is much larger compared to the other countries of East Asia, Europe and North America. China has emerged as an important trading partner for ASEAN within regional production networks. Network-related trade in parts and components has certainly strengthened economic interdependence among ASEAN countries and between ASEAN, China and the other major economies in East Asia, but this has not lessened the dependence of growth dynamism of these countries on the global economy. The operation of the regional cross-border production networks depends inexorably on trade in final goods with North America and the European Union.

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22

Shelburne, Robert C. "Is Europe Sick?" Global Economy Journal 5, no. 3 (September 2005): 1850048. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1099.

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Europe's economic performance has deteriorated continuously over the last two decades both in terms of its unemployment and its labor force participation rate; more recently its productivity has declined relative to the United States. This is due to a complex interaction between the how these welfare states are designed, the institutions created by the European Union, idiosyncratic factors resulting from linguistic differences, population dynamics and other cultural factors, and an increasing emphasis on non-economic objectives. Although structural reforms can provide a solution, it will be a long, difficult and costly process. A more successful approach involves a redesign of the macroeconomic framework in Europe. Aggregate demand stimulation should be given priority since it will not only increase employment directly, but, by slightly raising inflation, will allow negative real interest rates and separate real wages movements from nominal wages. More generally, EU institutions appear to have been designed assuming a perfect world; instead these need to be designed around existing national institutions and cultural practices.

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23

Meyer, Klaus E. "Direct Foreign Investment in Eastern Europe the Role of Labor Costs." Comparative Economic Studies 37, no. 4 (December 1995): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.1995.42.

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24

Mocan, Naci. "Taxes and culture of leisure: Impact on labor supply in Europe." Journal of Comparative Economics 47, no. 3 (September 2019): 618–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2019.04.004.

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25

Toghrul Allahmanli. "THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH POLAND IN THE INTEGRATION OF AZERBAIJAN INTO THE WEST." International Academy Journal Web of Scholar 2, no. 11(41) (November 30, 2019): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/30112019/6807.

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Analysis of perspective directions of economic relations between Azerbaijan and Poland as a problem is characterized by rich facts. Because it clarifies the importance and prospects of joint use of both Azerbaijan and Poland's economic opportunities, joint use of natural resources, labor, modern technology. Historical perspectives and developmental characteristics of the field structure economics allow for rich analysis and characterize a substantial fact in the context of the processes in the economy of Europe and Asia in general. Poland, which has a large potential in terms of territory and population in Europe, plays a key role as an important economic partner for Azerbaijan.

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26

Boeri, Tito, and Katherine Terrell. "Institutional Determinants of Labor Reallocation in Transition." Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0895330027111.

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The transition process differed in the countries of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and those of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in terms of reallocation of labor real wage, employment and output adjustment. We sift through the theoretical and empirical literature to find an explanation for these diverging adjustment trajectories and conclude that they can be explained by the fact that the CEE countries adopted social policies that upheld wages at the bottom of the distribution forcing the old sector to restructure or collapse while the FSU countries allowed wages to free-fall not forcing the hand of the old sector.

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27

Barrios, Salvador, Serena Fatica, Diego Martinez-Lopez, and Gilles Mourre. "The Fiscal Effects of Work-related Tax Expenditures in Europe." Public Finance Review 46, no. 5 (December 15, 2016): 793–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142116679729.

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This article examines the fiscal impact, and the associated welfare cost, of marginal reforms to work-related tax relief in five European countries. We combine a model of labor supply with microsimulation results to capture the interaction between the specific tax incentive and other provisions of the tax-benefit system along the entire earnings distribution. We find that changes in labor supply decisions—both at the extensive and at the intensive margin—significantly affect the revenue gain from the simulated reforms. Our results suggest that at least one-fourth of the extra tax revenues collected through a reduction in work-related tax incentives is washed away following labor supply adjustment, notably due to lower participation by individuals most at risk of exclusion. In some instances, the erosion of the initial revenue gain becomes substantial. The welfare effect of contractions to these tax schemes could be far from negligible.

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28

Börsch-Supan, Axel, Klaus Härtl, and Alexander Ludwig. "Aging in Europe: Reforms, International Diversification, and Behavioral Reactions." American Economic Review 104, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.224.

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The extent of demographic changes in Europe is much more drastic than in the United States. This paper studies the effects of population aging on the interactions between economic growth and living standards in Europe with labor market and pension reform, behavioral adaptations, and international capital flows. Our analysis is based on an overlapping generations model with behavioral reactions to reform which is extended to the multi-country situation typical for Europe. While the negative effects of population aging on growth in Europe can in principle be compensated by reforms and economic adaptation mechanisms, they may be partially offset by behavioral reactions.

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29

Backhaus, Andreas, and Mikkel Barslund. "The effect of grandchildren on grandparental labor supply: Evidence from Europe." European Economic Review 137 (August 2021): 103817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103817.

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30

Gregory, Terry, Anna Salomons, and Ulrich Zierahn. "Racing With or Against the Machine? Evidence on the Role of Trade in Europe." Journal of the European Economic Association 20, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 869–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab040.

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Abstract Digital technologies displace labor from routine tasks, raising concerns that labor is racing against the machine. We develop an empirically tractable task-based framework to estimate the aggregate employment effects of routine-replacing technological change (RRTC), along with the labor and product demand channels through which this aggregate effect comes about, focusing on the role of inter-regional trade. While RRTC has indeed had strong displacement effects in Europe between 1999 and 2010, it has simultaneously created new jobs through increased product demand, resulting in net employment growth. However, the distribution of gains from technological progress matters for its job-creating potential.

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31

Maniquet, François, and Dirk Neumann. "Well-Being, Poverty, and Labor Income Taxation: Theory and Application to Europe and the United States." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 276–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20180269.

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In a model where agents differ in wages and preferences over labor time–consumption bundles, we study labor income tax schemes that alleviate poverty. To avoid conflict with individual well-being, we require redistribution to take place between agents on both sides of the poverty line provided they have the same labor time. This requirement is combined with efficiency and robustness properties. Maximizing the resulting social preferences under incentive compatibility constraints yields the following evaluation criterion: tax schemes should minimize the labor time required to reach the poverty line. We apply this criterion to European countries and the United States. (JEL H23, H24, I31, I32, J22)

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32

Hanson, Gordon, and Craig McIntosh. "Is the Mediterranean the New Rio Grande? US and EU Immigration Pressures in the Long Run." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.57.

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How will worldwide changes in population affect pressures for international migration in the future? We examine the past three decades, during which population pressures contributed to substantial labor flows from neighboring countries into the United States and Europe, and contrast them with the coming three decades, which will see sharp reductions in labor-supply growth in Latin America but not in Africa or much of the Middle East. Using a gravity-style empirical model, we examine the contribution of changes in relative labor-supply to bilateral migration in the 2000s and then apply this model to project future bilateral flows based on long-run UN forecasts of working-age populations in sending and receiving countries. Because the Americas are entering an era of uniformly low population growth, labor flows across the Rio Grande are projected to slow markedly. Europe, in contrast, will face substantial demographically driven migration pressures from across the Mediterranean for decades to come. Although these projected inflows would triple the first-generation immigrant stocks of larger European countries between 2010 and 2040, they would still absorb only a small fraction of the 800-million-person increase in the working-age population of Sub-Saharan Africa that is projected to occur over this period.

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33

Wasmer, Etienne. "General versus Specific Skills in Labor Markets with Search Frictions and Firing Costs." American Economic Review 96, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 811–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.811.

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Human capital investments are not independent of the aggregate state of labor markets: frictions and slackness of the labor market raise the returns to specific human capital investments relative to general investments. We build a macroeconomic model with two pure strategy regimes. In the pure G-regime, workers invest in general skills. This occurs when they face high turnover labor markets and in the absence of employment protection. The pure 5-regime in which workers invest in skills specific to their job appears when employment protection is high enough. Implications for a characterization of Europe-United States differences are provided in conclusion.

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34

Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern. "Will the Stork Return to Europe and Japan? Understanding Fertility within Developed Nations." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.3.3.

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We seek to explain the differences in fertility rates across high-income countries by focusing on the interaction between the increasing status of women in the workforce and their status in the household, particularly with regards to child care and home production. We observe three distinct phases in women's status generated by the gradual increase in women's workforce opportunities. In the earliest phase, characteristic of the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, women earn low wages relative to men and are expected to shoulder all of the child care at home. As a result, most women specialize in home production and raising children. In an intermediate stage, women have improved (but not equal) labor market opportunities, but their household status lags. Women in this stage are still expected to do the majority of child care and household production. Increasing access to market work increases the opportunity cost of having children, and fertility falls. Female labor force participation increases. Working women in this phase of development have the strongest disincentives to having additional children since the entire burden of child care falls on them. In the final phase of development, women's labor market opportunities begin to equal those of men. In addition, the increased household bargaining power that comes from more equal wages results in much higher (if not gender-equal) male participation in household production. Female labor force participation is higher than in the intermediate phase. The increased participation of men in the household also reduces the disincentives for women to have additional children, and fertility rates rise compared to the intermediate phase. The intermediate, low-fertility phase might describe Japan, Italy, and Spain in the present day, while the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, and the modern-day United States may be entering the final phase. After presenting the empirical evidence, we predict that high-income countries with the lowest fertility rates are likely to see an increase in fertility in the coming decades.

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35

Boeri, Tito. "Learning from Transition Economies: Assessing Labor Market Policies across Central and Eastern Europe." Journal of Comparative Economics 25, no. 3 (December 1997): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcec.1997.1478.

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36

Dustmann, Christian, Bernd Fitzenberger, Uta Schönberg, and Alexandra Spitz-Oener. "From Sick Man of Europe to Economic Superstar: Germany's Resurgent Economy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.1.167.

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In the late 1990s and into the early 2000s, Germany was often called “the sick man of Europe.” Indeed, Germany's economic growth averaged only about 1.2 percent per year from 1998 to 2005, including a recession in 2003, and unemployment rates rose from 9.2 percent in 1998 to 11.1 percent in 2005. Today, after the Great Recession, Germany is described as an “economic superstar.” In contrast to most of its European neighbors and the United States, Germany experienced almost no increase in unemployment during the Great Recession, despite a sharp decline in GDP in 2008 and 2009. Germany's exports reached an all-time record of $1.738 trillion in 2011, which is roughly equal to half of Germany's GDP, or 7.7 percent of world exports. Even the euro crisis seems not to have been able to stop Germany's strengthening economy and employment. How did Germany, with the fourth-largest GDP in the world transform itself from “the sick man of Europe” to an “economic superstar” in less than a decade? We present evidence that the specific governance structure of the German labor market institutions allowed them to react flexibly in a time of extraordinary economic circumstances, and that this distinctive characteristic of its labor market institutions has been the main reason for Germany's economic success over the last decade.

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37

Shimer, Robert. "Convergence in Macroeconomics: The Labor Wedge." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.1.1.280.

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I review research on the behavior of the labor wedge, the ratio between the marginal rate of substitution of consumption for leisure and the marginal product of labor. According to competitive, market-clearing macroeconomic models, the ratio is easy to measure and should be equal to the sum of consumption and labor taxes. The observation that the wedge is higher in continental Europe than in the United States has proved useful for understanding the extent to which taxes can explain differences in labor market outcomes. The observation that the ratio rises during recessions suggests some failure of competitive, market-clearing macroeconomic models at business cycle frequencies. The latter observation has guided recent research, including work on sticky wage models and job search models. (JEL E24, E32, J64)

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38

Hintzmann, Carolina, Josep Lladós-Masllorens, and Raul Ramos. "Intangible Assets and Labor Productivity Growth." Economies 9, no. 2 (May 24, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9020082.

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We examine the contribution to labor productivity growth in the manufacturing sector of investment in different intangible asset categories—computerized information, innovative property, and economic competencies—for a set of 18 European countries between 1995 and 2017, as well as whether this contribution varies between different groups of countries. The motivation is to go a step further and identify which single or combination of intangible assets are relevant. The main findings can be summarized as follows. Firstly, all the three different categories of intangible assets contribute to labor productivity growth. In particular, intangible assets related to economic competences together with innovative property assets have been identified as the main drivers; specifically, advertising and marketing, organizational capital, research and development (R&D) investment, and design. Secondly, splitting the sample of European Union (EU) member states into three groups—northern, central and southern Europe—allows for the identification of a significant differentiated behavior between and within groups, in terms of the effects of investment in intangible assets on labor productivity growth. We conclude that measures promoting investment in intangibles at EU level should be accompanied by specific measures focusing on each country’s needs, for the purpose of promoting labor productivity growth. The obtained evidence suggests that the solution for the innovation deficit of some European economies consist not only of raising R&D expenditure, but also exploiting complementarities between different types of assets.

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39

Batyra, Anna, Olivier Pierrard, David de la Croix, and Henri R. Sneessens. "Structural Changes in the Labor Market and the Rise of Early Retirement in France and Germany." German Economic Review 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): e38-e69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12150.

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Abstract The rise of early retirement in Europe is typically attributed to the European system of taxes and transfers. A model with an imperfectly competitive labor market allows us to consider also the effects of bargaining power and of matching efficiency on pre-retirement. We find that lower bargaining power of workers and declining matching efficiency have been important determinants of early retirement in France and Germany. These structural changes, combined with early retirement transfers and population aging, are also consistent with the employment and unemployment rates, labor share and seniority premia.

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40

Zimmermann, Klaus F. "Tackling the European Migration Problem." Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.2.45.

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A fortress Europe immigration policy is currently observed throughout the European Union. The European migration problem seems to be that, in the face of high and persistent unemployment rates, additional immigration implies further unemployment. This might not be true if immigration helps to erode institutional constraints and enhances labor market flexibility, a point that is seen of particular virtue in the European setting. The paper also argues that past European migration, although limited, has been positive for the labor markets, and there are only few alternative policy options in the future.

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Grenčiková, Adriana, Ilona Skačkauskienė, and Jana Španková. "THE FEATURES OF LABOR EMIGRATION FROM THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC." Business: Theory and Practice 19 (November 20, 2018): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2018.27.

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Migration is historically a social phenomenon that not only has a significant effect on politics, economics, and social aspects but also presents challenges to the security of states and alters population composition in countries. Labor migration and its investigation are becoming a society-wide phenomenon because of the labor force shortage as well as the aging population. The Slovak Republic is a country that faces the outflow of qualified workers abroad, and the country’s index of aging is one of the most dynamic in Europe. The current study aims at examining the relations and the reasons for emigration to work from the Slovak Republic. To identify the causes of labor emigration in the Slovak Republic, a survey was conducted to explore the decisions of people to emigrate for work, the duration of the stay abroad and the possibility of returning to Slovakia. This study also analyses the relationship between GDP growth and improvement of the economic situation in Slovakia, the number of labor emigrants, as well as the relationship between the minimum wage and the number of labor migrants.

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Hopper, Matthew S. "Globalization and the Economics of African Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire." Journal of African Development 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.12.1.0155.

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Abstract This paper examines the economic conditions that generated demand for slave labor in Arabia in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The existing historiography has tended to emphasize a cultural or religious basis for slavery in the region, ignoring the expanding global markets for Arabian commodities that fueled demand for slave labor. This paper argues that growing markets for Arabian pearls and dates in Europe and North America helped drive the slave trade from east Africa to eastern Arabia and the Gulf. Globalization helped spread Arabian commodities to markets around the world but ultimately helped destroy the Gulf's most important export markets when industrialized states replaced Gulf pearls and dates with products of their own.

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Freeman, Richard B. "Are Your Wages Set in Beijing?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.3.15.

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The economic troubles of less-skilled workers in the United States. and OECD-Europe during a period of rising manufacturing imports from third world countries has created a debate about whether, in a global economy, wages or employment are determined by the global rather than domestic labor-market conditions. One side argues that trade is all that matters; another side, that trade does not matter at all. The author rejects these polar views; empirical analysis has found modest but real trade effects in displacement of less-skilled labor and declines in the price of goods produced by low-skilled workers.

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Maoz, Yishay David. "LABOR HOURS IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE: THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT LEISURE PREFERENCES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2010): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509090191.

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Since 1900, annual working hours per worker have been generally declining in the United States and in the main European economies. During this simultaneous decline the Europeans initially worked fewer hours than their American counterparts, worked more than the Americans starting in the early 1930s, and once again worked less than the American from the early 1970s on. Using a two-country model, this article argues that this dynamic pattern can be brought about by differences in the valuation of leisure by individuals in the compared economies.

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45

Borgy, Vladimir, and Xavier Chojnicki. "Labor migration: Macroeconomic and demographic outlook for Europe and neighborhood regions." Économie internationale 119, no. 3 (April 6, 2010): 115–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecoi.119.0115.

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Pariboni, Riccardo, and Pasquale Tridico. "Structural change, institutions and the dynamics of labor productivity in Europe." Journal of Evolutionary Economics 30, no. 5 (October 10, 2019): 1275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00191-019-00641-y.

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Giupponi, Giulia, Camille Landais, and Alice Lapeyre. "Should We Insure Workers or Jobs During Recessions?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 36, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.2.29.

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What is the most efficient way to respond to recessions in the labor market? To this question, policymakers on the two sides of the pond gave diametrically opposed answers during the COVID-19 crisis. In the United States, the focus was on insuring workers by increasing the generosity of unemployment insurance. In Europe, instead, policies were concentrated on saving jobs, with the expansion of short-time work programs to subsidize labor hoarding. Who got it right? In this article, we show that far from being substitutes, unemployment insurance and short-time work exhibit strong complementarities. They provide insurance to different types of workers and against different types of shocks. Short-time work can be effective at reducing socially costly layoffs against large temporary shocks, but it is less effective against more persistent shocks that require reallocation across firms and sectors. We conclude that short-time work is an important addition to the labor market policy-toolkit during recessions, to be used alongside unemployment insurance.

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Cudeville, Elisabeth, and Leman Yonca Gurbuzer. "Gender Wage Discrimination in the Turkish Labor Market: Can Turkey Be Part of Europe?" Comparative Economic Studies 52, no. 3 (August 17, 2010): 429–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ces.2010.2.

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Sarabiev, Alexey. "ADAPTATION OF LABOR MIGRANTS FROM THE ARAB EAST IN EUROPEAN CITIES." Contemporary Europe, no. 100 (December 31, 2020): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope72020117127.

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The socio-cultural adaptation and economic integration of labor immigrants from the Arab East in Europe remains, until now, an insufficiently studied phenomenon. Meanwhile, this topic is related to solving the issues of increasing the economic and social efficiency of labor immigration to main European cities, and the conclusions of the study may be in demand, including in our country. We have used the method of rapid (three-question) survey of these immigrants. Special attention is paid to labor immigrants in Germany and Bulgaria. A certain disunity between Arab communities from different Mashriq countries, a significant business and cultural distance with people from the Maghreb is revealed. There is a difference in world view between Eastern Arab immigrants and European residents, as well as a relative diasporal isolation (cultural and business) of labor immigrants. The difference in the situation of the communities under consideration in several European countries is small. It is based on the comparable rootedness of communities, primarily in the respective diasporal networks more than in the local business environment. A long-term forecast for the development of migration to Europe is given, which implies that the dynamics of immigration of Eastern Arabs will not grow, but will even decrease over time.

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Sarabiev, Alexey. "Adaptation of Labor Migrants from the Arab East in EU." Contemporary Europe 100, no. 7 (December 31, 2020): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope72020113123.

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The socio-cultural adaptation and economic integration of labor immigrants from the Arab East in Europe remains, until now, an insufficiently studied phenomenon. Meanwhile, this topic is related to solving the issues of increasing the economic and social efficiency of labor immigration to main European cities, and the conclusions of the study may be in demand, including in our country. We have used the method of rapid (three-question) survey of these immigrants. Special attention is paid to labor immigrants in Germany and Bulgaria. A certain disunity between Arab communities from different Mashriq countries, a significant business and cultural distance with people from the Maghreb is revealed. There is a difference in world view between Eastern Arab immigrants and European residents, as well as a relative diasporal isolation (cultural and business) of labor immigrants. The difference in the situation of the communities under consideration in several European countries is small. It is based on the comparable rootedness of communities, primarily in the respective diasporal networks more than in the local business environment. A long-term forecast for the development of migration to Europe is given, which implies that the dynamics of immigration of Eastern Arabs will not grow, but will even decrease over time.

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