Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Labor economics – Europe'
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1
Stankard, Nathaniel. "Time-Variant Institutions: Implications for European Unemployment." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1374074613.
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Savolainen, Laura. "Do non-compete covenants affect entrepreneurship and incentives to innovate? : Findings from Europe." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Marknadsföring och Entreprenörskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252753.
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Non-compete covenants are clauses in employment contracts that forbid employees from competing with their former employers during a given time period. Recent literature has identified non-compete covenants as a new type of entry barrier to entrepreneurship within high-tech industries, impeding regional innovation, growth and employment. In Europe, the legal regime is highly heterogeneous, suggesting that certain regions might gain a competitive advantage in innovation. This study uses Fixed Effects regression and Poisson Fixed Effects regression models to investigate the ways in which non-compete covenants effect how venture capital investments stimulate regional innovation and entrepreneurship. The data set was constructed using data from The European Patent Office, the Eurostat, the World Bank and the OECD Economic Outlook. Ius Laboris overview was used to assess the enforceability of non-compete covenants in sample countries. The results show that increased supply of venture capital increases innovative activity in all regions. Relative to countries that enforce non-compete covenants, countries that restrict the use of these contracts experience higher rates of patenting activity. The level of enforceability was not found to have significant effects on new firm formation. The results suggest that financial intermediates and the legal regime have an important role in promoting regional innovation.
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Fusaro, Stefano. "Essays on the Effect of International Migration on Local Labor Markets: Evidence from Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672733.
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Besides introduction and conclusions, the thesis is composed by three empirical chapters that investigate the impact of immigration on three different outcomes of the native population, namely employment, wages and human capital accumulation.
Specifically, the second chapter of the thesis, Immigration and Native Employment. Evidence from Italian Provinces in the Aftermath of the Great Recession, exploits the variability in the incidence of recent immigration inflows and the change in native employment in the Italian provinces to shed light on the impact of immigration on employment in rigid local labor markets. The study focuses on the period that followed the financial and sovereign debt crises, which strongly hit the labor markets of the Italian provinces. The results reveal a negligible overall impact of immigration on provincial employment which, however, hides differentiated impacts for different groups of natives. Employment responses to immigration shocks vary greatly depending on the skills and gender of the natives. After three rounds of revision with three referees, this chapter has been published as article in the peer-reviewed journal Papers in Regional Science.
If the second chapter analyzes the impact of immigration on quantities (i.e. employment), the third one focuses instead on the effects on prices (i.e. wages), which is the other important element that immigrant inflows can influence. In this regard, this chapter, titled On the Heterogeneous Impact of Immigrants on the Distribution of Native Wages. Evidence from Recent Immigrants in Italian Provinces, provides new evidence on the extent to which immigrants affect the wage structure of the local labor markets of the host countries by proposing a methodology that combines the assessment of the impact of immigration along the native wage distribution, with a two-steps procedure that controls for changes in the composition of the native workforce, and for the endogenous allocation of immigrants across local labor markets. The analysis is carried out for Italy, which is a peculiar country as is characterized by relatively rigid product and labor markets and by well-known regional disparities, during a period of time dominated by the coexistence of the economic downturn and by the substantial increase of the migratory inflows of low-skilled individuals. The results contradict the simplistic belief that immigrants are indistinctly responsible for the decrease in native wages, and highlight instead two interesting facts. First, in line with the existing literature, foreign-born workers do not affect significantly the native average wages. Second, in terms of the impact along the native wage distribution, the effect that immigrants exert is non-negative, not even for those natives located in the lower part of the wage Distribution (which, in principle, are more similar in terms of job characteristics to immigrants, and therefore are expected experience the larger wage losses). If anything, the estimates identify instead a positive impact in the upper part of the wage distribution, which is particularly valid in the case of native women residing in the Northern provinces. However, in the more demanding specifications (that is, those with province-specific trends) this positive effect is only marginally significant.
The fourth chapter of the thesis conducts instead a complementary analysis. In other words, this chapter, titled Immigration, Local Specialization in Low-skilled Sectors and Native Education. Evidence from some EU Countries, investigates the long-run native education responses to immigration in a set of European countries - namely, Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain - over the period 1980-2010. The analysis in this chapter sheds lights on a dimension of the impact of immigration that has been surprisingly scarcely explored in the previous literature, although it may have interesting consequences. Indeed, to measure the native education responses to immigration may provide evidence on the extent of substitutability or rather complementarity between immigrants and natives. The empirical analysis of this chapter is divided into two parts. The first, assesses the direct and indirect effects of immigration on native schooling, as well as the overall effect that encompasses the other two. Overall, the results indicate that in the period and countries considered, the presence of immigrants is associated with a reduction in the probability of natives to acquire at least upper-secondary education. The second part also considers the local employment structure and analyzes how the links between immigration and sectoral composition affect the decision of natives to invest in human capital. More in detail, I consider the specialization in low-skilled type of sectors (that is, those that require a low amount of human capital). All in all, the results indicate that the negative native education responses previously identified are stronger in regions specialized in low-skilled sectors.
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Wu, Amy. "The Cultural Legacy of Communism in Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Activity in Central and Eastern Europe." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1752.
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Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, this paper examines differences in entrepreneurial perceptions (fear of failure, opportunity perception, self-efficacy, public opinion) between CEE and non-CEE countries, before and after the 2008 recession, as well as the effects of these perceptions on entrepreneurial motivation and overall levels of activity. The results suggest that CEE countries have systematically more pessimistic outlooks in terms of fear of failure and opportunity perception, but no difference from non-CEE countries in self-efficacy and public opinion. Additionally, most of the difference in fear of failure and opportunity perception, along with an increase in necessity-motivated entrepreneurship, comes after the recession, suggesting less durability and resilience of optimistic entrepreneurial perceptions in CEE countries. Finally, there is evidence of a higher threshold for a perceived opportunity to become a business reality in these post-socialist CEE countries.
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Kernen, Joakim. "Trends, cycles and institutions : -Job polarization and the business cycle in Europe." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-367063.
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This thesis studies the cyclical aspect of job polarization in Europe. Contributions include offering a comparison to the findings of previous research on the United States, and extending the analysis by introducing labor market institutions. The analysis is done in two parts, first showing that the observed link between job polarization and jobless recoveries in the US is observed in Europe, but not across all countries and business cycles. In Scandinavia, the process of job polarization appears smoother than the spurts observed in the US. The second part involves regression analyses of the relationship between labor market institutions, the business cycle and occupational employment. The results indicate that stricter labor market institutions are less robustly associated with Routine employment than other occupational groups and that Routine employment is more sensitive to the business cycle than other types of employment. Further, rigid labor market institutions may prevent some of the Routine decline associated with economic downturns, while not necessarily affecting the long run employment. Limitations of the analysis regards rough estimates of the key variables, number of observations and the lack of identification associated with cross-country analyses.
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Alriksson, Anton, and Erik Åström. "Attitudes toward immigration : A mapping of the development and analysis in attitudes towards immigration in Europe." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75454.
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The research on natives’ attitudes regarding immigration has increased during the past decades. The overall findings question the common theory of labor market competition and that native attitudes are affected by personal economic considerations. In the same time an increased concern in the political debate has become immigration. In many countries, there is a growth and progress of political parties with a far-right orientation that disapproves and attempts to prevent immigration. We examine data on attitudes towards immigration from eight rounds of the European social survey (ESS) which covers the years between 2002-2016. We study if the attitudes in Europe towards immigration from poor non-member countries of the European Union have changed during the 21th century and examine if the massive acceleration of refugee applications during the refugee crisis in 2015 has had an impact on the attitudes towards immigration. We estimate different models to examine how different factors are associated with individuals' attitudes towards immigration. Furthermore, we test if the labor market competition model holds for the seventh round of ESS due to limitation in data. We find that natives’ attitudes have not become worse in Europe, and that the refugee crisis in 2015 has not made the attitudes worse. We find that the factors that are associated with individual attitudes towards immigration are to a large degree connected with cultural values and beliefs, and that individuals with more years of schooling are more likely to favor immigration regardless of where the immigrants come from. These findings are consistent with the growing body of empirical findings that considers that cultural values and believes are the main drivers of attitudes towards immigration, and that actual effects of immigration on income and employment are quite small. These findings put the labor market competition premise in forming immigration attitudes into question.
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Plasman, Robert. "Les politiques du marché du travail: analyse et comparaisons européennes :procédures d'évaluation (micro et macro-économiques) :évaluation des politiques de résorption du chômage et des politiques du temps de travail en Belgique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212651.
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Sa, Filipa. "Essays on European labor markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42393.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2008.Page 151 blank.
Includes bibliographical references.
Chapter 1 examines whether immigrants gain a comparative advantage relative to natives in highly protected labor markets. This may be the case if immigrants, being new to the country, are less aware of employment protection regulations and less likely to claim their rights. I test this hypothesis drawing on evidence for the EU and on two natural experiments for Spain and Italy. The results suggest that stricter Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) does indeed benefit immigrants relative to natives. Stricter EPL is found to reduce employment and reduce hiring and firing rates for natives. By contrast, it has no effect on most immigrants and may even increase employment rates for those who have been in the country for a longer period. Chapter 2 is the product of joint work with Marcello Esteviio (IMF) and looks at the effect of the 35-hour workweek in France on wages, employment, dual job holdings and happiness. It explores the different timing of implementation of the shorter workweek in large and small firms to measure its causal effect. The results suggest that the reduction in hours did not succeed in increasing employment and generated a series of behavioural responses that are likely to have reduced welfare, as workers and firms tried to avoid the rigidities created by the reform. This suggests that the French government should increase the flexibility of workers and firms in setting hours of work. Chapter 3 is the product of joint work with Olivier Blanchard (MIT) and Francesco Giavazzi (UniversitA Commerciale Luigi Bocconi). Two main forces lie behind the large U.S. current account deficits: an increase in U.S. demand for foreign goods and an increase in foreign demand for U.S. assets.
(cont.) Both have contributed to steadily increasing current account deficits since the mid-1990s, accompanied by a real dollar appreciation until late 2001 and a real depreciation since. We develop a simple model of exchange rate and current account determination based on imperfect substitutability in goods and asset markets and use it to interpret the past and explore alternative future scenarios. We conclude that substantially more depreciation is to come against the yen, the renminbi, and the euro.
by Filipa Sá.
Ph.D.
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Sandoz-Dit-Bragard, Charlotte. "Essays in international economics : firm heterogeneity, aggregate productivity and misallocation." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E039/document.
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La présente thèse contribue à la littérature en économie internationale en s'intéressant à l'impact des lieux commerciaux et des réformes structurelles sur la croissance de la productivité agrégée dans le secteur manufacturier en Europe et en Inde. Dans le premier chapitre co-écrit avec Antoine Berthou, Jong-Chung Chung et Kalina Manova, nous montrons que l'expansion des exportations et des importations stimule la productivité du travail, mais seule la demande à l’exportation réalloue l'activité vers les entreprises plus productives en présence de distorsions de prix. De plus, les frictions liées aux imperfections de marché et la mauvaise qualité des institutions freinent la capacité des économies à réagir aux chocs de commerce subis par les entreprises nationales. Dans le second chapitre, je trouve que l'augmentation des importations d'intrants intermédiaires depuis la Chine contribue de manière significative à la croissance agrégée de la PTF en France grâce à une plus grande efficacité de répartition des parts de marché entre les entreprises. En effet, permettre à un plus grand nombre d'entreprises d'avoir accès à des biens intermédiaires au meilleur rapport qualité-prix stimule la croissance de la productivité agrégée. Dans le troisième chapitre co-écrit avec Adil Mohommad et Piyaporn Sodsriwiboon, nous montrons que des réformes favorisant davantage de flexibilité sur le marché du travail et une meilleure allocation des crédits entre entreprises réduisent les distorsions de marché payées par les entreprises et génèrent des gains de productivité et une croissance économique plus forte à long terme en IndeIn this dissertation, I contribute to the literature on international economics by drawing attention to the impact of trade flows and structural reforms on productivity growth in the manufacturing sector in Europe and India. ln the first chapter co-authored, with Antoine Berthou, Jong-Chung Chung and Kalina Manova, we demonstrate that growth in exports and imports boosts labor productivity, but only export demand reallocates activity toward more productive firms in presence of price distortions. Moreover, market and institutional frictions dampen the ability of economies to react and gain from trade shocks. ln the second chapter, I show that the increase in Chinese imports of intermediate inputs is a significant driver of aggregate TFP growth in France as it increases efficiency in sharing market shares between firms. Allowing more firms to access intermediate goods at the best price-quality ratio stimulates aggregate productivity growth. ln the third chapter, co-written with Adil Mohommad and Piyapom Sodsriwiboon, our finding suggests that removing structural rigidities in the labor market and improving credit allocation would reduce distortions and contribute to productivity gains and long term growth in India
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Curto, Millet Fabien. "Inflation expectations, labour markets and EMU." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9187d2eb-2f93-4a5a-a7d6-0fb6556079bb.
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This thesis examines the measurement, applications and properties of consumer inflation expectations in the context of eight European Union countries: France, Germany, the UK, Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden. The data proceed mainly from the European Commission's Consumer Survey and are qualitative in nature, therefore requiring quantification prior to use. This study first seeks to determine the optimal quantification methodology among a set of approaches spanning three traditions, associated with Carlson-Parkin (1975), Pesaran (1984) and Seitz (1988). The success of a quantification methodology is assessed on the basis of its ability to match quantitative expectations data and on its behaviour in an important economic application, namely the modelling of wages for our sample countries. The wage equation developed here draws on the theoretical background of the staggered contracts and the wage bargaining literature, and controls carefully for inflation expectations and institutional variables. The Carlson-Parkin variation proposed in Curto Millet (2004) was found to be the most satisfactory. This being established, the wage equations are used to test the hypothesis that the advent of EMU generated an increase in labour market flexibility, which would be reflected in structural breaks. The hypothesis is essentially rejected. Finally, the properties of inflation expectations and perceptions themselves are examined, especially in the context of EMU. Both the rational expectations and rational perceptions hypotheses are rejected. Popular expectations mechanisms, such as the "rule-of-thumb" model or Akerlof et al.'s (2000) "near-rationality hypothesis" are similarly unsupported. On the other hand, evidence is found for the transmission of expert forecasts to consumer expectations in the case of the UK, as in Carroll's (2003) model. The distribution of consumer expectations and perceptions is also considered, showing a tendency for gradual (as in Mankiw and Reis, 2002) but non-rational adjustment. Expectations formation is further shown to have important qualitative features.
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Fischer, Manfred M., Monika Bartkowska, Aleksandra Riedl, Sascha Sardadvar, and Andrea Kunnert. "The impact of human capital on regional labor productivity in Europe." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3963/1/SSRN%2Did1304654.pdf.
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This paper employs a spatial Durbin model for analyzing the impact of human
capital on regional productivity using for 198 NUTS-2 European regions for the
sample period from 1995 to 2004. The study provides evidence for the existence
of spatial externalities and interactions of the sort as emphasized by new growth
theory. To interpret results meaningfully, we calculate summary measures that
account for the simultaneous feedback nature of the underlying model. By
sampling from the parameter distribution we present measures of dispersion,
revealing that it is relative regional advantages in human capital that matter most
for productivity growth. (authors' abstract)
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VIGANI, DARIA. "HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN THE LABOR MARKET: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/17925.
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La presente tesi, attraverso l’utilizzo di diverse fonti di dati, sia longitudinali che trasversali, contribuisce alla letteratura esistente in materia di lavoro precario, invecchiamento e discriminazione di genere, fornendo evidenza empirica riguardo le conseguenze in termini di salute e benessere della precarietà, del pensionamento e della leadership femminile nel mercato del lavoro.
Il primo capitolo esamina la relazione esistente fra insicurezza sul lavoro, prospettive di reimpiego e disagio psicologico, utilizzando dati cross-country provenienti dalle European Working Conditions Surveys del 2010.
Il secondo capitolo è dedicato alla stima dell’effetto causale del pensionamento sull’utilizzo dei servizi sanitari in 10 paesi Europei nel periodo 2004-2013. In particolare, il capitolo approfondisce il tema della riduzione del costo opportunità del tempo libero dopo il pensionamento, che può dare luogo ad aumenti improvvisi nell’utilizzo dei servizi sanitari.
Il terzo capitolo, infine, studia la relazione esistente tra leadership femminile, pratiche organizzative a livello aziendale e discriminazione di genere per 30 paesi Europei, considerati nel periodo 1995-2010.The present dissertation, using both longitudinal and cross-sectional data from different sources, contributes to existing literature on precarious employment, aging and gender discrimination providing empirical evidence on the health and wellbeing outcomes of work-related insecurity, retirement and female leadership across European countries. Chapter 1 examines the relationship among perceived job insecurity, employability and psychological distress in Europe, using cross-country data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Surveys. Chapter 2, using SHARE data (from 2004 to 2013) for 10 European countries, is devoted to the analysis of the (causal) effect of retirement on health care utilization. In particular, it explores the existence of a discontinuous change in health investment at the time of retirement, as suggested by the theory, asking whether this ``puzzling'' jump is associated with the drop in the opportunity cost of time induced by retirement. Chapter 3 investigates the association between female leadership, work organization practices and perceived gender discrimination within firms, using EWCS data for 30 European countries for the period 1995-2010.
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VIGANI, DARIA. "HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN THE LABOR MARKET: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/17925.
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La presente tesi, attraverso l’utilizzo di diverse fonti di dati, sia longitudinali che trasversali, contribuisce alla letteratura esistente in materia di lavoro precario, invecchiamento e discriminazione di genere, fornendo evidenza empirica riguardo le conseguenze in termini di salute e benessere della precarietà, del pensionamento e della leadership femminile nel mercato del lavoro.
Il primo capitolo esamina la relazione esistente fra insicurezza sul lavoro, prospettive di reimpiego e disagio psicologico, utilizzando dati cross-country provenienti dalle European Working Conditions Surveys del 2010.
Il secondo capitolo è dedicato alla stima dell’effetto causale del pensionamento sull’utilizzo dei servizi sanitari in 10 paesi Europei nel periodo 2004-2013. In particolare, il capitolo approfondisce il tema della riduzione del costo opportunità del tempo libero dopo il pensionamento, che può dare luogo ad aumenti improvvisi nell’utilizzo dei servizi sanitari.
Il terzo capitolo, infine, studia la relazione esistente tra leadership femminile, pratiche organizzative a livello aziendale e discriminazione di genere per 30 paesi Europei, considerati nel periodo 1995-2010.The present dissertation, using both longitudinal and cross-sectional data from different sources, contributes to existing literature on precarious employment, aging and gender discrimination providing empirical evidence on the health and wellbeing outcomes of work-related insecurity, retirement and female leadership across European countries. Chapter 1 examines the relationship among perceived job insecurity, employability and psychological distress in Europe, using cross-country data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Surveys. Chapter 2, using SHARE data (from 2004 to 2013) for 10 European countries, is devoted to the analysis of the (causal) effect of retirement on health care utilization. In particular, it explores the existence of a discontinuous change in health investment at the time of retirement, as suggested by the theory, asking whether this ``puzzling'' jump is associated with the drop in the opportunity cost of time induced by retirement. Chapter 3 investigates the association between female leadership, work organization practices and perceived gender discrimination within firms, using EWCS data for 30 European countries for the period 1995-2010.
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Dioli, Irene <1980>. "Labour, LGBT* rights, and Europe. Discourses in Italy and Serbia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5995/1/Dioli_Irene_tesi.pdf.
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At the time of writing, all three elements that are evoked in the title – emancipation and social inclusion of sexual minorities, labour and labour activism, and the idea and substance of “Europe” – are being invested by deep, long-term, and – to varied degrees – radical processes of social transformation. The meaning of words like “equality”, “rights”, “inclusion”, and even “democracy” is as precarious and uncertain as are the lives of those European citizens who are marginalised by intersecting conditions of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and class – in a constellation of precarities that is both unifying and fragmented (fragmenting). Conflicts are played, in hidden or explicit ways, over material processes of redistribution as well as discursive practices that revolve around these words. Against this backdrop, and roughly ten years after the European Union provided an input for institutional commitment to the protection of LGBT* workers' rights with the Council Directive 2000/78/EC, the dissertation contrasts discourses on workplace equality for LGBT* persons produced by a plurality of actors, seeking to identify values, semantics, and agendas framing and informing organisations’ views and showing how each actor has incorporated LGBT* rights into its own discourse, each time in a way that is functional to the construction and/or confirmation of its organisational identity: transnational union networks, by presenting LGBT* rights as a natural, neutral commitment within the framework of universal human rights protection; left-wing organisations, by collocating activism for LGBT* rights within a wider project of social emancipation that is for all the marginalised, yet is not neutral, but attached to specific values and opposed to specific political adversaries (the right-wing, the nationalists); business networks, by acknowledging diversity as a path to better performance and profits, thus encouraging inclusion and non-discrimination of “deserving” LGBT* workers.
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Dioli, Irene <1980>. "Labour, LGBT* rights, and Europe. Discourses in Italy and Serbia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5995/.
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At the time of writing, all three elements that are evoked in the title – emancipation and social inclusion of sexual minorities, labour and labour activism, and the idea and substance of “Europe” – are being invested by deep, long-term, and – to varied degrees – radical processes of social transformation. The meaning of words like “equality”, “rights”, “inclusion”, and even “democracy” is as precarious and uncertain as are the lives of those European citizens who are marginalised by intersecting conditions of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and class – in a constellation of precarities that is both unifying and fragmented (fragmenting). Conflicts are played, in hidden or explicit ways, over material processes of redistribution as well as discursive practices that revolve around these words. Against this backdrop, and roughly ten years after the European Union provided an input for institutional commitment to the protection of LGBT* workers' rights with the Council Directive 2000/78/EC, the dissertation contrasts discourses on workplace equality for LGBT* persons produced by a plurality of actors, seeking to identify values, semantics, and agendas framing and informing organisations’ views and showing how each actor has incorporated LGBT* rights into its own discourse, each time in a way that is functional to the construction and/or confirmation of its organisational identity: transnational union networks, by presenting LGBT* rights as a natural, neutral commitment within the framework of universal human rights protection; left-wing organisations, by collocating activism for LGBT* rights within a wider project of social emancipation that is for all the marginalised, yet is not neutral, but attached to specific values and opposed to specific political adversaries (the right-wing, the nationalists); business networks, by acknowledging diversity as a path to better performance and profits, thus encouraging inclusion and non-discrimination of “deserving” LGBT* workers.
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Ebisch, Andreas Richard 1976. "Tackling youth unemployment in the European Union = in quest of Keynesian imprints since 2000 = Políticas de combate ao desemprego dos jovens da União Europeia: em busca de traços Keynesianos." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286427.
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Orientador: Adriana Nunes FerreiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T10:57:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ebisch_AndreasRichard_M.pdf: 1954034 bytes, checksum: 5bafce099f87647d5b73433802b0d5b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: A dissertação rastreou traços keynesianos nas políticas europeias de emprego 2000-2014. Foi dada atenção à inclusão dos jovens pouco qualificados. De especial interesse é a distinção entre as influências econômicas Pós-keynesiana e Novo keynesianas. O primeiro capítulo destacou a relevância do problema do desemprego dos jovens. O segundo capítulo traçou a teoria keynesiana e seu desenvolvimento. O terceiro capítulo distinguiu três períodos de 2000 a 2014. As políticas relevantes para o emprego dos jovens mudaram durante os períodos do pré-crise e da crise financeira e, posteriormente, com a crise da zona do euro. O capítulo predominantemente utilizou publicações da Comissão Europeia para espelhar a mudança na formulação de políticas da União Europeia. No quarto capítulo foi discutida a influência Pós-keynesiana e da Nova Economia keynesiana. A conclusão aponta que, apesar de 27 milhões de candidatos a emprego, os jovens são cada vez mais treinados para atender as demandas do mercado de trabalho, isso não muda o número limitado de 2 milhões de vagas de emprego. Conclui-se que as recentes políticas de desemprego na União Europeia carregam mais traços do Novo keynesianismo do que do Pós- keynesianismo, e que para novos empregos, provavelmente, não precisam de medidas de austeridade, mas de investimento do Estado para incentivar a criação de novos postos de trabalho. Palavras-chave: políticas de desemprego de jovens, pós-keynesianismo, crise da zona do euro, União Europeia
Abstract: The dissertation traced Keynesian imprints in the European employment policies from 2000 to 2014. Attention was given to the inclusion of the low-skilled youth. Of special interest was the distinction between Post Keynesian and New Keynesian Economic influences. The first chapter underlined the relevance of the youth unemployment problem. The second chapter traced the Keynesian theory and its development. The third chapter differentiated three periods from 2000 until 2014. The policies relevant for youth employment changed during the periods from Pre crisis to financial crisis, and later to the euro area crisis. The chapter predominantly used publications of the European Commission to mirror the change in the policy making of the Union. The fourth chapter discussed the influence of the Post Keynesian and New Keynesian Economics. The Conclusion points out that even though 27 million jobseekers are more and more trained to meet the labour market demands, this does not change the limited number of 2 million job vacancies. It concludes that the recent unemployment policies in the European Union carry more new Keynesian imprints than Post Keynesian ones, and that new jobs probably need no austerity measures in a slump, but could make use of state investment to encourage the creation of new workplaces
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Metz, Ejoel. "The impact of modern capital on skill allocation in the European Labour Market." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76041.
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This paper deals with the impact of "modern" capital on skill allocation in the European Union (EU) Labour Market for a period from 1996 to 2016. Applying a First-difference methodology on a panel data at the country level from Eurostat, the study finds out that as "modern" capital increases by 1%, low-skill employment decreases by -0.1%. However, the introduction of new technologies does not affect middle-skill and high-skill employment. Furthermore, "modern" capital/technology does not exhibit any statistically significant impact on working hours, suggesting that the former may affect employment at the extensive margin. The results are in line with Autor et al. (2003) and we may reject the hypothesis of Job Polarisation.
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SUZUKI, Hitoshi. "Digging for European Unity : the role played by the trade unions in the Schuman plan and the European coal and steel community from a German perspective, 1950-1955." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10420.
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Defence date: 13 December 2007Examining Board: Prof. Wilfried Loth (Universität Duisburg-Essen) ; Prof. Bo Stråth (EUI) ; Prof. Pascaline Winand (EUI and Monash University) ; Prof. Gérard Bossuat (Université de Cergy-Pontoise)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available
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LePla, Hunter. "The Effects of Transfer Spending on Success in European Soccer." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2120.
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This thesis aims to examine the impact of transfer market habits on top European soccer clubs through three measures of sporting success. Using 2013-2018 data from Transfermarkt.com, Deloitte, and Forbes, including data on teams from 9 different European countries, this paper will be used to enable regressions on UEFA competition performance, club valuation, and social media followers. Using these three linear regressions, this thesis will attempt to determine the effectiveness of transfer market spending in improving key metrics of club performance. This thesis ultimately suggests a positive relationship between transfer spending and success in UEFA competitions as well as increases in club valuation. The results in this paper also suggests that this increased success in Europe leads to greater brand value through a significant social media impact.
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Altzinger, Wilfried, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, Bernhard Rumplmaier, Petra Sauer, and Alyssa Schneebaum. "Education and Social Mobility in Europe: Levelling the Playing Field for Europe's Children and Fuelling its Economy." European Commission, bmwfw, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4720/1/WWWforEurope_WPS_no080_MS19.pdf.
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The persistence of socioeconomic outcomes across generations acts as a barrier to a society's ability to exploit its resources efficiently. In order to derive policy measures which aim at accelerating intergenerational mobility, we review the existent body of research on the causes, effects and the measurement of intergenerational mobility. We also present recent empirical works which study intergenerational mobility in Europe, around the Globe, and its relevance for economic growth. We recommend four policy measures to reduce the negative impacts of
intergenerational persistence in economic outcomes: universal and high-quality child care and pre-school programs; later school tracking and increased access to vocational training to reduce skill mismatch and facilitate technological development; integration programs for migrants; and simultaneous investment in schooling and later social security programs.Series: WWWforEurope
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Chen, Natalie. "Essays in empirical international economics: the case of european product and labour market integration." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211601.
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Sánchez, Serra Daniel. "Determinants of the concentration of creative industries in Europe: a comparison between Spain, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Portugal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/377431.
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La tesis analiza los determinantes de la localización de las industrias creativas utilizando microdatos de empresas. Se utiliza un modelo adaptado para distinguir el efecto de las fuerzas económicas generales y de las fuerzas específicas creativas sobre la localización de las industrias creativas. El modelo se aplica a los sistemas locales de trabajo de cinco países europeos: Francia, Italia, Portugal, España y Reino Unido. Los resultados revelan que las economías externas tradicionales (economías de localización y de urbanización) afectan a la localización de las industrias creativas y se complementan con fuerzas específicas creativas. Además, se observan diferencias a nivel nacional y supra-nacional con relación a los principales determinantes de la localización de las industrias creativas. El estudio constituye así pues una base empírica para el diseño de políticas destinadas a estimular la capacidad de los territorios para atraer la creatividad y la innovación, según los objetivos definidos por la Comisión Europea.This thesis examines the determinants of localisation of creative industries by using plant-level microdata. The thesis proposes a model tailored to differentiate the effect of general-economic and specific-creative forces on the localisation of creative industries. The model is applied to the local labour systems of five European countries, namely, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. On the one hand, the results show that traditional external economies (localisation and urbanisation externalities) affect the location of creative industries, complemented by the effect of specific creative forces. On the other hand, differences are observed at the national level and at the supra-national level with regard to the main drivers fostering the localisation of creative industries. The results offer a novel insight into the determinants of location of creative industries. The work provides thus some empirical basis for the design of policies that may boost the capacity of territories for creativity and innovation, in line with the objectives set out by the European Commission.
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Zanasi, Francesca. "Carers and Careers. Grandparental care investment and its labour market consequences in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/258594.
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As life expectancy increases, grandparents spend a longer part of their life with grandchildren, which opens opportunities for sharing time, resources, and affection. The present dissertation aims at investigating the content of the grandparent-grandchild relationship and, at the same time, the consequences that becoming a grandmother could have on mid-life women’s labour market participation. It revolves around three main contributions. First, it approaches grandparenting from a stratification perspective, putting forward that grandparents could perform different activities with grandchildren according to their educational levels. Second, it investigates grandmothers’ transition to retirement as driven by the institutional context, which shapes both the extent to which grandparental childcare is needed as support for the younger generations (measured through the availability of childcare services) and the extent to which it is easy and attractive to withdraw early from the labour force for old-age individuals (measured through the generosity of the pension system). Finally, it considers grandmothers’ labour market withdrawal as enabled, or constrained, by women’s previous work history, with two case-studies: England and Italy. In fact, decisions taken earlier in life on work-family reconciliation, on the one hand, could be reproduced in late-life upon the grandchild’s birth; on the other hand, years worked, and kind of job held open different routes for retirement. Taken together, the present dissertation unveils that grandparenthood is a multifaceted phenomenon, which must be studied in a multi-generational framework and by considering demographic, social, and institutional trends of current European societies.
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Cattani, Luca <1984>. "Educational mismathc in Italian an European labour markets (starting from the UK)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6456/1/Cattani_Luca_Tesi.pdf.
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The present doctoral thesis is structured as a collection of three essays.
The first essay, “SOC(HE)-Italy: a classification for graduate occupations” presents the conceptual basis, the construction, the validation and the application to the Italian labour force of the occupational classification termed SOC(HE)-Italy. I have developed this classification under the supervision of Kate Purcell during my period as a visiting research student at the Warwick Institute for Emplyment Research. This classification links the constituent tasks and duties of a particular job to the relevant knowledge and skills imparted via Higher Education (HE). It is based onto the SOC(HE)2010, an occupational classification first proposed by Kate Purcell in 2013, but differently constructed. In the second essay “Assessing the incidence and wage effects of overeducation among Italian graduates using a new measure for educational requirements” I utilize this classification to build a valid and reliable measure for job requirements. The lack of an unbiased measure for this dimension constitutes one of the major constraints to achieve a generally accepted measurement of overeducation. Estimations of overeducation incidence and wage effects are run onto AlmaLaurea data from the survey on graduates career paths. I have written this essay and obtained these estimates benefiting of the help and guidance of Giovanni Guidetti and Giulio Pedrini. The third and last essay titled “Overeducation in the Italian labour market: clarifying the concepts and addressing the measurement error problem” addresses a number of theoretical issues concerning the concepts of educational mismatch and overeducation. Using Istat data from RCFL survey I run estimates of the ORU model for the whole Italian labour force. In my knowledge, this is the first time ever such model is estimated on such population. In addition, I adopt the new measure of overeducation based onto the SOC(HE)-Italy classification.
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Cattani, Luca <1984>. "Educational mismathc in Italian an European labour markets (starting from the UK)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6456/.
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The present doctoral thesis is structured as a collection of three essays.
The first essay, “SOC(HE)-Italy: a classification for graduate occupations” presents the conceptual basis, the construction, the validation and the application to the Italian labour force of the occupational classification termed SOC(HE)-Italy. I have developed this classification under the supervision of Kate Purcell during my period as a visiting research student at the Warwick Institute for Emplyment Research. This classification links the constituent tasks and duties of a particular job to the relevant knowledge and skills imparted via Higher Education (HE). It is based onto the SOC(HE)2010, an occupational classification first proposed by Kate Purcell in 2013, but differently constructed. In the second essay “Assessing the incidence and wage effects of overeducation among Italian graduates using a new measure for educational requirements” I utilize this classification to build a valid and reliable measure for job requirements. The lack of an unbiased measure for this dimension constitutes one of the major constraints to achieve a generally accepted measurement of overeducation. Estimations of overeducation incidence and wage effects are run onto AlmaLaurea data from the survey on graduates career paths. I have written this essay and obtained these estimates benefiting of the help and guidance of Giovanni Guidetti and Giulio Pedrini. The third and last essay titled “Overeducation in the Italian labour market: clarifying the concepts and addressing the measurement error problem” addresses a number of theoretical issues concerning the concepts of educational mismatch and overeducation. Using Istat data from RCFL survey I run estimates of the ORU model for the whole Italian labour force. In my knowledge, this is the first time ever such model is estimated on such population. In addition, I adopt the new measure of overeducation based onto the SOC(HE)-Italy classification.
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Beckfield, Jason. "The consequences of regional political and economic integration for inequality and the welfare state in Western Europe." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3183488.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2005.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 3111. Adviser: Arthur S. Alderson. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).
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Van, Raepenbusch Sean. "La sécurité sociale des travailleurs migrants en droit européen." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213117.
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O'Hagan, Emer. "Industrial relations within the integrating European Union : a comparative study of two peripheral economies, Ireland and Hungary." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301032.
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Vaz, Elsa Cristina Neves Januário. "A Competitividade Externa da Economia Portuguesa na União Europeia Alargada." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4701.
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Doutoramento em EconomiaA «competitividade externa» de uma economia é uma questão fundamental na definição das políticas económicas que promovam o desenvolvimento sustentado e a melhoria do nível de bem-estar das populações. Contudo, a falta de um enquadra¬mento teórico, na definição clara do conceito e na delimitação do seu âmbito de aplicação, levanta alguma ambiguidade em torno desta matéria. O objectivo desta dissertação é definir uma metodologia que permita seleccionar o âmbito de actuação de um conjunto de políticas económicas, capazes de promover a competitividade de Portugal e a sua afirmação na União Europeia alargada e no Mundo. Neste sentido, pretendemos identificar o tipo de factor trabalho e os sectores de actividade em que o aumento da produtividade do trabalho tem maiores efeitos na competitividade internacional de Portugal. Para tal, utilizaremos um modelo de equilíbrio geral, multisectorial e estático, nas versões uni-regional e multi-regional, que nos permite identificar os sectores e os factores produtivos líderes na promoção da competitividade. A estratégia mais adequada não será necessariamente igual para todas as economias, sendo que numas se deverá apostar nos seus sectores mais tradicionais e noutras na criação de novas indústrias, com novas tecnologias. Os resultados mostram que as escolhas, do sector e do tipo de trabalho a melhorar, são fundamentais para a promoção da competitividade internacional. No caso português, é o factor trabalho não qualificado que apresenta melhores resultados quando a sua eficiência melhora. Em termos sectoriais, são os sectores tradicionais de exportação e os sectores produtores de bens de consumo intermédio os que maiores efeitos geram na competitividade internacional da economia portuguesa.
The "external competitiveness" of any economy is a fundamental issue to the definition of economic policies which aim to improve the sustainable development and the population's well-being. However, the lack of a theoretical framework defining clearly this concept and bounding its application allows for some ambiguity around this concept. The purpose of this thesis is the definition of a methodology suitable to select the best scope for a set of economic policies, which may improve the international competitiveness of Portugal and its positioning in the enlarged EU and in the world. To this end, we identify the type of labour and the sectors where labour productivity should be improved in order to raise international competitiveness of Portugal. It is used a static multi-sectoral general equilibrium model, with multi-national and single-country versions. This model allows the identification of the sectors and the factors that are leaders in the competitiveness improvement. It is expectable that for some countries this role should be played by the traditional exporting-sectors, while for other countries the effort should be concentrated on the most innovative sectors. The results show that the choice of the sector, and the type of labour, are crucial for the improvement of the international competi¬tiveness. In the case of the Portuguese economy, the unskilled labour is the factor that reveals better results when become more efficient. On sectoral terms, the traditional exporting-sectors, and the sector of products that are consumed as intermediate goods, are the ones that produce more improvements in the interna¬tional competitiveness of the Portuguese economy.
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GUETTO, RAFFAELE. "Structural and Cultural Determinants of Fertility and Female Labour Market Participation in Italy and Europe." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trento, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/116458.
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The thesis contributes to the explanation of two well-documented phenomena: the strong decline in fertility rates and the parallel increase in female labour market participation which occurred in the last decades in most OECD countries. The argument is studied by means of a European comparison and an in-depth analysis of the Italian case. An innovative aspect of the work is the combination of cultural and structural explanations. In fact, the main argument of the thesis is that cross-national differences and the puzzling Italian and Southern European pattern of low fertility and low female labour market participation should be understood as stemming from the interplay between different factors, related to a structural – Welfare Regimes and the Economic Theory of the Family – and a cultural theoretical framework – the Second Demographic Transition and the distinction between “strong” and “weak” family systems.
In detail, the thesis shows empirically how both women’s opportunity-costs and households’ economic resources as well as family values and preferences are useful to understand fertility and female labour market participation behaviours. ILFI (Indagine Longitudinale sulle Famiglie Italiane, 1997-2005) data have been used to demonstrate how individual- and household-level mechanisms, connected with social stratification, underlying the transition to parenthood and female labour market participation around childbirths are coherent with the Italian familialistic institutional setting. Italy is an interesting case not least because of its strong regional heterogeneity, which concerns also the family formation process. Adopting an epidemiological approach, ILFI and IARD data on the condition of youth (2004) are exploited to show how the regional heterogeneity in family behaviours within Italy, such as the lower age at parenthood and the higher fertility rates in Southern regions in the selected cohorts, may be largely explained by differences in family values. This first hint suggesting the role of culture on demographic behaviours is developed further in a comparative setting using EVS (European Values Study, 1990-2008) data. The latter allowed to assess directly the importance of values and attitudes for women’s labour market participation and fertility decisions in 15 European countries. Finally, the comparison between the different paths followed by Italy and the Netherlands in the last thirty years is discussed as an example of how changes in the institutional settings in order to foster work-family reconciliation are deeply embedded within wider processes of social change.
Based on the developed theoretical framework and the results of the mentioned empirical analyses, the author attempts to integrate different streams of the literature and presents an argumentation about the complex interplay between interests, ideas and institutions underlying fertility and female labour market participation trends and patterns.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Elke Loichinger, and Gallina Vincelette. "Aging and Income Convergence in Europe: A Survey of the Literature and Insights from a Demographic Projection Exercise." Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2015.07.003.
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The current and projected low fertility levels for Europe and the continuous increases in life expectancy imply that the region will go through an unprecedented process of population aging, leading to sizeable changes in the age structure of European societies. After reviewing the existing literature on the role played by demographic change as a determinant of economic growth and income convergence, with a focus on the European experience, we analyze the quantitative impact of the projected changes in the age and education composition of the labor force. Using newly available demographic projections, we show that the current demographic trends are expected to cause a slowdown in the speed of income convergence across European countries. Our projection exercise suggests that policies aimed exclusively at improving labor force participation do not appear to be sufficient to counteract the negative effects of aging on income convergence. Instead, we show that reducing the educational attainment gap between Central and Eastern European member states and the rest of the European Union in addition to increasing labor force participation leads to an accelerated pace of income convergence.
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Aredal, Mikael, and Claudio Cianciotta. "Robotization as a driver of increased labour productivity and economic convergence or divergence in the European Union." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264226.
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During the years 2004-2014, the manufacturing sector within the EU countries witnessed an increase in the utilization of industrial robots, where robot density per worker approximately doubled. Considering that this is a rather recent event, studies investigating how much industrial robots impact labour productivity are still rare. At the same time, one of EU’s outspoken goals is that of working to foster productivity and economic convergence between the member states. Given the above premises, we have investigated the relation between the adoption rate of industrial robotics within the EU and its effect on labour productivity. Secondly, we have made a predictive convergence model, in terms of labour productivity. We have collected data from several sources, including the Industrial Federation of Robotics and EU KLMS, in order to build a dataset for our quantitative analysis. We have then used statistical methods such as multiple regressions and 3 stage least square analysis (3sls) to estimate our system of interdependent equations model. The results show that implementation of industrial robotics in the manufacturing sector is a driver of labour productivity. The model finally predicts upward labour productivity divergence between the member states in the years 2015-2025, assuming that the determining factors of labour productivity grow at the same pace in our forecast period as in our data sample.Under åren 2004-2014 fördubblades i genomsnitt antalet industrirobotar per arbetare i tillverkningsindustrin inom EU. Eftersom detta fenomen är relativt nytt, är studier som undersöker industrirobotars påverkan på arbetarproduktivitet fortfarande sällsynta. Samtidigt är ett av EU:s uttalade mål att arbeta för att främja konvergens mellan medlemsländerna inom produktivitet och andra ekonomiska mått. Med ovanstående förutsättningar har vi undersökt förhållandet mellan ökad användning av industriell robotik inom EU och dess effekt på arbetskraftsproduktiviteten. För att bygga en model för vår kvantitativa analys har vi samlat in data från flera källor, inklusive Industrial Federation of Robotics och EU KLMS. Vi har sedan använt statistiska metoder såsom multipel regression och 3-stegs minsta kvadratanalys (3sls) för att estimera vårt system av ekvationer. Resultaten visar att ökad användning av industriell robotik i tillverkningssektorn driver ökad arbetskraftsproduktivitet. Därefter analyserar vi även den aktuella konvergensriktningen för arbetarproduktivitet, och vår modell förutspår uppåtgående arbetsproduktivitetsdivergens, under förutsättning att de ingående faktorerna för arbetskraftsproduktivitet växer i samma takt under vår prognosperiod som under dataunderlagsperioden.
Durante gli anni che vanno dal 2004 al 2014 il settore manifatturiero degli stati appartenenti all’Unione europea è stato testimone di un aumento dell’utilizzo dei robot industriali: la densità di robot utilizzati per ciascun lavoratore è raddoppiata. Considerato che questo è un fenomeno abbastanza recente, gli studi che investigano quanto i robot industriali influiscono sulla produttività lavorativa sono ancora rari. Allo stesso tempo, uno degli obiettivi dichiarati dall’Unione europea è quello di stimolare la convergenza economica tra gli stati membri. Date queste premesse, abbiamo studiato la relazione tra il tasso di adozione dei robot industrali nell’Unione europea e il suo effetto sulla produttività del lavoro. Inoltre, abbiamo sviluppato un modello di previsione della convergenza in termini di produttività lavorativa. Abbiamo raccolto i dati da diverse fonti, tra cui la federazione industriale della robotica ed EU KLEMS, in modo da costruire un dataset per la nostra analisi quantitativa. In seguito abbiamo usato dei metodi statistici come la regressione multipla e la l’analisi dei minimi quadrati a tre stadi (3sls) per testare il nostro sistema di equazioni indipendenti. I risultati mostrano che l’implementazione dei robot industriali nel settore manifatturiero è un elemento motore della produttività lavorativa. Infine, il modello prevede una divergenza della produttività tra i Paesi membri negli anni 2015-2025, assumendo che i fattori determinanti della produttività crescano allo stesso modo nel periodo della previsione rispetto al periodo del nostro campione.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Peter Huber, Doris Anita Oberdabernig, and Anna Raggl. "Migration in an ageing Europe: What are the challenges?" European Commission, bmwfw, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4719/1/WWWforEurope_WPS_no079_MS17.pdf.
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We use new migration modelling and projection techniques in order to quantify the effect of migration in the context of ageing societies in Europe over the forthcoming decades. Using new empirical results, data and projections of migration flows developed in the framework of the
WWWforEUROPE project, we inform the policy discussion concerning the role of demographic change, inequality dynamics, labour market integration of migrants and the sustainability of public finances in the continent.Series: WWWforEurope
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Ikebe, Shannon. "In Place of Liberation : Failure of Labour Politics in Britain, 1964-79." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1308072968.
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Mourre, Gilles B. P. "Five essays on performance and structural rigidities in European labour markets." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210306.
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The thesis investigates the role of structural rigidities in recent labour market performances in Europe through various and complementary angles in five essays. By structural rigidities, we mean a lasting feature caused by a set of institutions, which prevents a market from operating efficiently. The approach is essentially empirical and macro-economic, while the scope of the analysis is definitely European, which is technically reflected in the use of either euro area aggregates or panels and cross-sections of European countries.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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MATAJ, IRA. "GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY AND OCCUPATIONAL OUTCOMES IN WESTERN EUROPE. A COMPARISON BETWEEN ITALY, UK AND GERMANY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/889925.
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The aim of my research is to study internal geographical mobility and its association with social mobility in a comparative perspective for selected countries in Europe, namely Italy, UK and Germany using longitudinal data. The first part of my thesis focuses on the selection process that takes place in the movements of the population. What are the characteristics of individuals who move? How are they different from the non-movers in terms of education, social origin, civil status? The second part will analyze how geographic mobility affects labour market outcomes. Are individuals who move more likely to have an upward occupational mobility? Since geographic mobility affects men and women differently, a dedicated section will focus on gender differences in these trajectories. To test the research hypothesis I use random-effect and fixed-effect probability models with panel data. The results show differences between the countries in term of selection processes and social mobility. The empirical results also confirm that women gain less from migration in terms of occupational outcomes compared to men.
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Abrahamsson, Amanda, and Thea Andersson. "Ethnic and Gender Differences in the Swedish Labour Market: Do Attitudes Towards Immigrants Matter?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105308.
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International migration has had a steady growth over the last decades and the integration of immigrants into the labour market is a challenge for many countries. Previous literature has found that immigrants, especially non-European immigrants, are disadvantaged in the labour market, and that the size of this disadvantage differs between male and female immigrants. One potential explanation for non-European immigrants’ labour market disadvantage is discrimination, which can be expressed through negative attitudes towards immigrants. Using individual data from the European Social Survey, this paper investigates whether there is a relation between negative attitudes towards immigrants and the employment gap between non-European immigrants and natives in Sweden, and whether this relation differs by gender. The results, however not statistically significant, indicate that there is a negative relation between negative attitudes towards immigrants and the immigrant-native employment gap. Moreover, the female immigrant-native employment gap is found to be more negatively affected by negative attitudes towards immigrants.
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Feyertag, Joseph. "Varieties and politics of skill protection : a micro level analysis of unemployment protection systems in Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c69681da-2da3-4467-985f-b644c1be6c48.
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Varieties of Capitalism theory predicts that the skill specificity of workers determines their demand for social protection. In this thesis, I test this assumption using a measure of occupational mobility between pre- and post-unemployment, which I apply to European workers in different skill groups as defined by Fleckenstein et al., (2011). Using this measure as an indicator of the portability of workers' skills, I then evaluate whether the lower marketability of human capital investments is associated with greater demand for unemployment protection. The findings demonstrate that whilst this relationship is apparent in certain countries, notably Coordinated Market Economies such as Germany, the assumptions do not apply across institutional settings. Consequently, skill specificity cannot explain variation in attitudes towards unemployment protection policies between countries.
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Lillrank, Erik, and Fredrik Nilsson. "Job Market Signalling in the European labour market : Exploring the relationship between tertiary education access and participation in secondary level schooling." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-435893.
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This study re-examines a theoretical scenario introduced by Kelly Bedard in which increased university access leads to an increase in high school dropouts due to the decreased wage premium of a high school diploma caused by talent departing to higher education. The goal for this empirical study is to expand upon the theoretical framework introduced by Bedard in order to determine whether job market signalling is present in the European labour market. In line with Bedard, we theorise that if signalling holds true, secondary education graduates will decrease when access to tertiary education increases. To test this we construct 3 linear regression models to analyse a panel data set constructed of data gathered by Eurostat. Our research question is: Does increased enrolment in tertiary education have a negative effect on participation in secondary education? Our results differ from earlier studies as they indicate that increased enrolment in European tertiary education correlates with increased participation in secondary education. Ergo, we do not prove the presence of signalling in the European labour market. Our results support continued policy efforts with the aim of increasing participation at all levels of education as we find no evidence of a trade-off between university access and secondary schooling graduate rates.
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Dima, Dafni. "European labour market trajectories before and during the 2008 financial crisis : national, regional and individual variation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31084.
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Since 2008 Europe has been in crisis, a financial and debt crisis that spread from the U.S. to all European countries. This thesis aims to provide evidence on the consequences of the crisis for individuals’ labour market outcomes across different countries and regions of Europe and to analyse how the recession has differentially affected sub-groups of the European population. Through the analysis of the longitudinal component of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) dataset, the project sheds light on the labour market trajectories of more than 20,000 Europeans across 11 European countries and 41 regions, before and during the 2008 financial crisis (2005-2012). Sequence and cluster analysis are used to investigate the heterogeneity of individual labour market trajectories across countries and time, while multilevel models are used to study regional labour markets during the years in crisis. The concept of transitional labour markets, as well as theories of labour market segmentation, job competition and job mobility, provide the theoretical framework for this research. The empirical findings show that during the financial crisis, labour market trajectories appear more turbulent and fragmented for the already disadvantaged sub-groups, namely women, younger workers and low educated workers. Furthermore, during the Great recession, an increase in unemployment among men confirms the sectoral profile of the crisis, which hit harder the male-dominated sectors of construction and industry. At the same time, a decrease in inactivity among women is consistent with the added worker effect, according to which women in periods of economic hardship are pushed towards labour market activity in order to contribute to the household income. Countries with weak economies and underperforming labour markets prior to the crisis, such as Greece and Italy, unsurprisingly experienced a deep and persistent crisis, while countries with stronger economies and more inclusive labour markets, such as Denmark and Sweden, managed to survive the crisis with less social harm. The institutional context of the countries offering high chances of employment even during the financial crisis, such as the Nordic countries, lies on the flexicurity of their labour markets. Indeed, flexible labour markets with the use of reduced working-time schemes, i.e. part-time forms of employment, contained unemployment during the financial shock. However, we need to be cautious about flexibility without security or partial deregulation of the markets, implemented in southern European countries, because during the crisis such policies led to further labour market segmentation and thus an increase in employment inequalities. Finally, the region of residence matters in employment outcomes, almost as much as the country of residence. In fact, from the regional analysis of individual employment outcomes during the years of the crisis, an uneven distribution of labour is detected even within the national borders. Summing up, the European crisis should be considered as the sum of national and regional crises.
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Chen, Maria X. "Wine in their veins : France and the European Community's common wine policy, 1967-1980." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/933/.
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This thesis analyses the impact that the European Community had on table wine growers in the Midi region of France in the 1970s. This work is divided into the following parts: the negotiations leading to the creation of the Common Wine Policy (CWP) in 1970, its operation in the early 1970s until its first major crisis in 1975-1976, its drastic transformation from liberal policy to one of restrictive control in the late 1970s, the reaction of table wine producers in Languedoc-Roussillon to these changes over the decade, and the change in political relationships and governance at three levels - Brussels, Paris, and Languedoc-Roussillon - as a result of this process. It argues that the first decade of the CWP changed relationships between different groups at the European, national, and local level in two major ways: first, national French government institutions voluntarily decreased their power over a key national industry – this was the most marked feature in the French wine industry of this time period. Second, the CWP helped facilitate the rise of sub-national and non-state actors in policy circles from which they were previously excluded. Empowered by the new responsibilities given to them by the French government, particularly via a newly-created national office of wine, French vignerons began attempting to bypass the national French bottleneck to the Community and directly lobby European-level institutions, either via their own organisations or as part of transnational endeavours. Given the French government’s particularly adamant control of who represented the country at the Brussels levels in the 1960s, this change in only a decade was a significant shift. In analysing this process, this thesis also makes broader comments on the integration process as a whole, adding particularly to the literature on the Community’s agricultural integration, and is the first comprehensive review of the history of the Common Wine Policy, and the first to make an extensive assessment of the impact on local farmers in the Midi during this time in relation to the European Community’s policies.
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Halamek, Julia R. "Mechanical Transformations: The Active Roles of Machines in British Industrial-Era Writings." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1623615240511243.
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BOTTALICO, ANDREA. "ACROSS THE CHAIN. DOCK LABOUR SYSTEMS IN THE EUROPEAN PORTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON TWO CONTAINER TERMINALS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/573783.
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The main purpose of this study is to provide a comparative analysis on dock labour systems in two European ports, focusing in particular on the container global industry. The research aims at analysing the impact of the market players’ strategies along the maritime-logistics chain on dock labour dynamics in the last years, stressing the role of the institutional, material and structural constraints.
By comparing two distinct case studies, the study aims to answer the following research questions:
1. How is the search for economies of scale achieved by market players along the maritime-logistics chain shaping port labour systems, schemes and work organizations in the European ports?
2. To what extent do terminal operating companies respond to the constraints driven by market players, European policies and national regulations, in order to maximize the performance of dock labour in two distinct ports/container terminals?
The observation of the entire logistics chain characterizes the peculiar approach of this study. This approach fosters an analysis not only of the dynamic and complex structure of the maritime supply chain, but also of the background tendencies occurring in the overall dimension in which ports are situated, and hence the variety of dock labour systems. The focus on the container handling and the labour that incorporates it underlines the triple nature of the maritime-logistics chain, given the function of the intermodal transport unit. Consequently, this study argues that an “intermodal gaze” is required to grasp the main trends concerning labour in the pivotal link of the maritime-logistics chain.
The empirical findings gathered during the fieldworks in the ports of Genoa and Antwerp are presented and discussed. The empirical evidence shows how in the Belgian case shipping companies vertically integrated with global terminal operators, particularly in the container business, demand direct employment for a significant number of their own workers, whereas casual workers are increasingly deployed during periods of peak demand. This setting in principle does not differ from the Italian case. Besides the different business models, dock labour schemes and arrangements, port employers in both cases hire a large part of the dockworkers daily, via “informal agreements”, on an almost continual basis. In addition, the changing dynamics caused by exogenous factors are provoking a higher deployment of casual workers in Genoa, whereas in Antwerp this trend could further increase in the future, with the new possibility given by the ongoing port reform (after the infringement procedure sent by the European Union to the Belgian government, concerning the port labour system).
The strategic action of the main players along the maritime-logistics chain is modifying the working mechanisms of both port labour systems, altering the matching of labour supply and demand, opening up new decision-making prospects for transnational terminal operating companies. In this frame, dock labour policies to date have not been carried out, except for de-regulation processes, mainly driven at supranational level and then acquired at national level. In other words, the organizational models of labour in the ports selected seem to be undermined by the processes of globalization, cutthroat competition along the entire logistics chain, and Europeization of the port labour policies.
The comparative analysis displays to what extent the de-structuring processes of the organizational patterns are crossing the ports / container terminals analysed, besides the constraints partially common among the cases and partially specific to each of them. Significant dynamics, notwithstanding the institutional path dependencies and the specific global production networks, occur similarly in both the ports observed. The homogeneous pressures, however, engage with the history at national and local level, the institutional structures and practices that dictate the differences among the cases. This in turn reveals a process in which, as this study hypothesizes, such differences are more and more converging towards a commonly variegated trajectory. Beyond the different dock labour scheme and work organization, a similar division – or fragmentation – between permanent and casual workforce has been observed. Moreover, the dock labour systems and schemes compared in this study are differently managed but commonly affected by exogenous and endogenous pressures along the maritime-logistics chain.
Furthermore, by looking at the port performance indicators, it has been possible to compare the terminal productivity (linked to the costs) of one cargo handling company operating in both ports, besides the significant differences among the container terminals analyzed (e.g dimension, equipment, etc). Despite the limited data availability, this comparative analysis explores how terminal operating companies behave for maximizing labour productivity in light of the dock labour schemes and regulations in two distinct environments. In short, it turns out that terminal operating companies involved in container handling apply the tariff to their customers starting from the Cash Cost per Box as parameter. The Cash Cost per Box (CCPB) is the indicator that represents how much a container handling company spends only in terms of out-of-pocket costs for each volume unit handled. In this cost structure, labour composes the main value in both cases. Being labour cost the main value, the lower amount of CCPB in the Belgian case with respect to the Italian case is mainly – but not exclusively – due to a lower number of workforce employed to handle one container with respect to the Italian case. The amount of workforce per container handled, determined also by different social relations of production in the ports selected, is the key aspect to set a proper comparison between the ports/terminals, linking the productivity indicators to the cost structure. Furthermore, it has been assessed the difference of the wages in both ports (and the distribution in terms of occupational contexts), which are lower in the Italian case and higher in the Belgian case.
These findings show that, in a certain sense, the occupational port labour system in the Italian case remunerates more people by distributing lower wages, whereas in the Belgian case it remunerates less people by distributing higher wages. However, the incidence of labour cost does not changes so much in both contexts, but tends to be similar, being the difference mainly a matter of labour quotas differently distributed (and socially produced). Paradoxically, the organization of port labour in Antwerp replicated in Genoa would require, in theory, as a preliminary condition, the exclusion of a certain amount of workforce currently employed in the port operations. The main difference therefore concerns the greater or lower socialization of costs.
In turn, these settings have an impact on terminal productivity, the Gross Crane Rate, due to several factors (i.e. labour force composition, work organization at quayside, terminal layout, endogenous and exogenous factors, terminal facilities, capacity, economies of scale, gang system, motivation and structural constraints, etc.). Following the previous reasoning, the empirical findings show that in Genoa the social equilibrium is given by a lower productivity compared to the Belgian case, acknowledged by the port actors involved in order to keep higher workforce in the port operations. The port labour system in Genoa absorbs more work than in the port of Antwerp, but at the same time, the model is less efficient in terms of performances.
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Murhem, Sofia. "Turning to Europe : A New Swedish Industrial Relations Regime in the 1990s." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3737.
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Al-Ajlani, Riad. "The legal aspects of international labour migration : a study of national and international legal instruments pertinent to migrant workers in selected Western European countries." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1993. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/954/.
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The focal point of this study is the legal rules which govern international labour migration. It attempts to explore and critically analyse the relationships between international labour migration as an economic phenomenon and the legal norms which affect and influence this process. Firstly, it underlines the importance of the legal thinking in providing adequate protection to migrant workers and members of their families. Secondly, it argues for establishing an international legal framework to regulate and harmonize the national immigration policies of States. Chapter Two examines the economics of international labour migration, the economic function and the social status of migrant labour in the receiving States. The focus is on the post Second World War migratory flow to France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland. Chapter Three analyses the national laws of the receiving States. It concentrates on the issues of residence, work permit systems, family reunification and the social security systems of the receiving States. Chapter Four is concerned with the international recruitment agreements which have been concluded after the Second World War period and registered with the UN Secretariat. The provisions of these treaties are compared with the provisions of investment treaties which have also been concluded between the same parties, and with the ILO model agreement on temporary migration for employment. Chapter Five explores the relations between the existing international human rights instruments and the immigration laws of the selected States and the adequacy and the capacity of these instruments in protecting migrant workers.
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Kitagawa, Fumi. "Universities and Regional Advantage in the Knowledge Economy : Markets, Governance and Networks as Developing in English Regions." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/46/.
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This thesis examines the links developing between the universities and their regions in the globalising knowledge economy as observed in the UK. It examines institutional responses to two realms of policies, namely, higher education policy and regional development policy. The diversifying missions of universities, especially, the ‘third stream activities’ promoted by the UK government since the late 1990s, are set against the dynamics of the multi-level territorial governance structure emerging within Europe. The key question examined is: can the new institutional strategies of universities in order to compete in a globalising market be reconciled with the increased emphasis upon their regional engagement in various policy agendas? The tensions created here are explored through an examination of policy discourses, and by means of empirical evidence concerning different institutional networks in different spatial contexts, in particular, in the West Midlands Region and at the University of Birmingham. Applying Jessop’s strategic-relational approach to institutions, networks are conceptualised as strategic alliances creating the dynamics of regional innovation systems emerging within the nine English regions. The thesis argues that harnessing universities to the creation of regional advantage involves building networks of knowledge flows across different spatial scales at which the knowledge economy is organised.
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Davies, Aled Rhys. "The city of London and British social democracy, c. 1959-1979." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d45f1e5b-ca50-403d-a3d9-e802c78de9ba.
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This thesis considers the position of the British financial sector in the economic strategy of social democracy during the 1960s and 1970s. In doing so it attempts to shed light on a broader question – what caused the collapse of the postwar social democratic project in Britain during the final quarter of the twentieth century? It contends that the social democratic project faced a variety of challenges to its principles, assumptions, and practices in the two decades prior to the election of Margaret Thatcher as a result of changes to the financial system. These challenges offered opportunities for the advance of social democracy beyond the norms established following the Second World War, but the capacity to pursue these was constrained in a number of ways. The emergence of institutional investment, and the breakdown of the postwar banking settlement, undermined the social democratic methods for managing and controlling credit and investment, yet also offered the opportunity to advance the State’s capacity to intervene in the economy. However the ability of the left to renew and rebuild the social democratic economic project along more advanced, interventionist lines was limited by new material constraints which made extensive reform of the financial system and the domestic economy extremely difficult. Structural changes to the international financial system following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods settlement, combined with the severe economic crisis of the 1970s, imposed new limits on the freedom of governments to engage in domestic-focused macroeconomic management. As the methods and techniques of social democratic economic strategy became less effective, the ideal of developing an advanced industrial economy through State coordination faded. In its place a new conception of the British economy was promoted which sought to revive its historic liberal and internationalist role in which the City of London was at its heart.
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Piton, Sophie. "Macroeconomic imbalances : a European perspective." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E016.
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Cette thèse regroupe trois articles sur les déséquilibres macroéconomiques en Europe, que ces déséquilibres se manifestent par une divergence entre pays membres de la zone euro, ou par une déformation du partage de la richesse entre travail et capital. Depuis l’introduction de l’Euro jusqu'à la crise financière globale de 2008, les déséquilibres macroéconomiques se sont creusés parmi les États membres : les prix et les salaires entre pays ont augmenté beaucoup plus rapidement dans les pays les plus pauvres initialement que dans le reste de la zone. Ces déséquilibres étaient tout d’abord perçus comme reflétant un processus de rattrapage. Cette interprétation a été remise en cause à partir de la crise financière globale de 2008. Ils ont été pointés du doigt comme reflétant de «mauvais» déséquilibres, signes d’une perte de compétitivité dans la « périphérie » de la zone euro. Les deux premiers chapitres identifient les facteurs à l’origine de ces déséquilibres. Ils montrent qu’ils sont en grande partie la conséquence de l’intégration économique elle-même. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse au partage de la richesse entre travail et capital. Depuis le début des années 1980, la part de la richesse distribuée au travail a diminué dans les pays européens. En parallèle, la part des profits distribués aux actionnaires sous forme de dividendes et de rachats d’actions a augmenté. Ce chapitre suggère que sont en cause des changements dans la gouvernance des entreprises. Ces changements se manifestent par un rôle accru des investisseurs institutionnels dans le capital des sociétés non-financières, qui sont alors amenées à faire prédominer la rémunération des actionnaires au détriment du travailThis doctoral thesis gathers three articles on macroeconomic imbalances in Europe. It deals with two types of imbalances: imbalances among European countries, and within these countries, in the distribution of income between labour and capital. From the Euro inception up to the 2008 global financial crisis, macroeconomic imbalances widened among Member States. This divergence took the form of strong differences in the dynamics of prices and wages: they increased much faster in "peripheral" economies than in "core" countries. These imbalances were first interpreted as reflecting a catch-up and convergence process of the poorest countries of the area. Both economists and policymakers challenged this view in the aftermath of the 2008 recession. Imbalances were then pointed out as reflecting a broader competitiveness problem in the "sinful periphery" compared to the "virtuous core". The first two chapters ask what are the main contributors to these imbalances. They argue that, in peripheral economies, they mostly reflect the process of economic integration. The third chapter focuses on the distribution of income between labour and capital. Since the early 1980s, there has been a decline in the share of income accruing to labour in European countries. This decline was parallel to an increase in the profit share, that reflects mostly the dynamics of payouts (dividends and buybacks) to shareholders. This chapter argues that these trends could be linked to recent trends in firm ownership. Non-financial corporations are increasingly owned by institutional investors, whom exert pressures for tighter governance in favor of shareholders and to the expense of labour
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Net, Anca Simona. "A Roménia e a integração na União Europeia." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15446.
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A Roménia tornou-se Estado-Membro no dia 1 de Janeiro de 2007. Nesse sentido
considera-se importante apresentar os momentos mais significativos do processo da
aproximação da Roménia à União Europeia. Teve-se como objectivo geral tentar
apresentar o caminho percorrido pela Roménia no processo de adesão, verificando se
estava preparada para a adesão e se estruturalmente se criou as condições para fazer parte
da União Europeia.
Analisando o processo de adesão, numa perspectiva multidisciplinar, verificou-se
que foram cumpridas as etapas definidas no processo de adesão, permitindo avaliar as
principais dimensões económicas do processo de adesão: a transição de uma economia
planificada para uma economia de mercado e o papel de cada um dos sectores da
actividade económica (primário, secundário e terciário).
A mesma abordagem multidisciplinar foi necessária para analisar o impacto que a
adesão europeia teve na Roménia. Avaliando assim o quadro de referência da sua adesão
verifica-se que os instrumentos estruturais de apoio ao desenvolvimento económico
permitiram uma integração plena, embora mantendo um desfasamento significativo
relativamente a média europeia, bem como permitiram a melhoria da competitividade e
da produtividade da economia romena, apesar de ainda existirem níveis demasiado
elevados na corrupção e o nível da vida das populações continuar abaixo da média
europeia; ABSTRACT:Romania became a member state on 1 of January 2007. In this sense it is considered
important to present the most significant moments of the process of approximation of
Romania to the European Union. The general objective of the work is to present the road
of Romania in the accession process, making sure that it was prepared to be a
membership and if it has the conditions to join the European Union.
Analyzing the accession process from a multidisciplinary perspective, we found that
the steps were fulfilled in the accession process, allowing the access to the main
economic dimensions of the accession process: the transition from a planned economy to
a market economy and the role of each sector of economic activity (primary, secondary
and tertiary).
The same multidisciplinary approach was necessary to analyze the impact that the
European accession had in Romania. Evaluating the framework of its accession it appears
that the structural instruments in support of economic development led to a full
integration, thus maintaining a significant lag to average of the European Union, also
allowing the improvement of competitiveness and productivity of Romanian economy,
even if there are still existing levels of high corruption and the living life level remaining
below the European average.
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Valero, Rafael. "Essays on Sparse-Grids and Statistical-Learning Methods in Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/71368.
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Compuesta por tres capítulos: El primero es un estudio sobre la implementación the Sparse Grid métodos para es el estudio de modelos económicos con muchas dimensiones. Llevado a cabo mediante aplicaciones noveles del método de Smolyak con el objetivo de favorecer la tratabilidad y obtener resultados preciso. Los resultados muestran mejoras en la eficiencia de la implementación de modelos con múltiples agentes. El segundo capítulo introduce una nueva metodología para la evaluación de políticas económicas, llamada Synthetic Control with Statistical Learning, todo ello aplicado a políticas particulares: a) reducción del número de horas laborales en Portugal en 1996 y b) reducción del coste del despido en España en 2010. La metodología funciona y se erige como alternativa a previos métodos. En términos empíricos se muestra que tras la implementación de la política se produjo una reducción efectiva del desempleo y en el caso de España un incremento del mismo. El tercer capítulo utiliza la metodología utiliza en el segundo capítulo y la aplica para evaluar la implementación del Tercer Programa Europeo para la Seguridad Vial (Third European Road Safety Action Program) entre otras metodologías. Los resultados muestran que la coordinación a nivel europeo de la seguridad vial a supuesto una ayuda complementaria. En el año 2010 se estima una reducción de víctimas mortales de entre 13900 y 19400 personal en toda Europa.