Dissertations / Theses: 'Labor economic'

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Hurder, Stephanie Ruth. "Essays on Matching in Labor Economics." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11056.

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In this dissertation, I present three essays on matching and assignment in labor economics. The first chapter presents an integrated model of occupation choice, spouse choice, family labor supply, and fertility. Two key features of the model are that occupations differ both in wages and in an amenity termed flexibility, and that children require a nontrivial amount of parental time that has no market substitute. I show that occupations with more costly flexibility, modeled as a nonlinearity in wages, have a lower fraction of women, less positive assortative mating on earnings, and lower fertility among dual-career couples. Costly flexibility may induce high-earning couples to share home production, which rewards husbands who are simultaneously high-earning and productive in child care. Empirical evidence broadly supports the main theoretical predictions with respect to the tradeoffs between marriage market and career outcomes. In the second chapter, I use the University of Michigan Law School Alumni Survey to investigate the interaction between assortative mating and the career and family outcomes of high-ability women. Women with higher earnings potential at the time of law school graduation have higher-earning spouses and more children 15 years after graduation. As the earnings penalty from reduced labor supply decreased over the sample, women with higher-earning spouses and more children reported shorter work weeks and were less likely to be in the labor force. Decreasing the career cost of non-work may have the unintended result of reducing the labor supply of the highest-ability women, as their high-earning spouses give them the option to temporarily exit the labor force. The third chapter addresses specification choice in empirical peer effects models. Predicting the impact of altering composition on student outcomes has proven an unexpected challenge in the experimental literature. I use the experimental data of Duflo et al. (2011) to evaluate the out-of-sample predictive accuracy of popular reduced form peer effects specifications. I find that predictions of the impact of ability tracking on outcomes are highly sensitive to the choice of peer group summary statistics and functional form assumptions. Standard model selection criteria provide some guidance in selecting among peer effect specifications.

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Cox, Robynn Joyce Afi. "An Economic Analysis of Prison Labor." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/2.

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This dissertation will focus on prison work programs and prisoner rehabilitation. In particular, a program evaluation of the federal inmate labor program, the Prison Industry Enhancement Certificate Program (PIE), will be conducted in order to investigate how this program affects recidivism and labor market outcomes of offenders. This dissertation will contribute to the literature in two ways. First, it develops a simple theoretical model that incorporates prison labor into its framework in order to analyze how prison labor affects crime participation. The model suggests that the criminal’s problem is recursive. Therefore, the criminal will first decide how much time to allocate to legal activities, and then choose the optimal time allotment to illegal endeavors. The model shows that it is theoretically possible that participation in PIE could increase recidivism through wages if an increase in the wage rate causes the consumption of illegal activity to increase by more than the consumption of legal endeavors. The decision to commit a crime will be a function of the expected unemployment rate, the subjective probability of detection and conviction, legal labor market activity, the penalty for illegal activity, gains from illegal activity, nonwage income or wealth, the subjective probability of legal work while in prison, severity of punishment, and tastes. Second, it will empirically investigate how prison labor programs that approximate real world employment opportunities affect the decision to commit a crime upon release from prison, as well as post-release employment outcomes of the offender. In particular, using a unique dataset collected on participants in the PIE program across various states, this dissertation investigates how the PIE program affects recidivism and labor market outcomes compared to those who do not participate in the program. While, Smith, Bechtel, Patrick, Smith, and Wilson-Gentry (2006) is the only other research to use these data to analyze the effects of this program on recidivism and labor market outcomes, their analysis does not fully utilize control variables. The results of this study indicate that the PIE program significantly increases the time from release to arrest, significantly increases employment duration, and significantly increases earnings of the ex-offender.

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Navarrete, Nicolás. "Essays in labor economics." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/95045/.

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In Chapter 1, we estimate the causal effect of homeownership on employment using a regression discontinuity design that exploits an arbitrary threshold arising from a homeownership program that assigns a house to low-income families in Chile. We establish that homeownership decreases employment by between 3.95 and 5.60 percentage points. These results contrast with previous non-experimental literature, which has often found positive effects. Our findings seem to be driven by children of the heads of households not entering the labor market, rather than workers being motivated to leave their job. We also find that residential stability and neighbourhood quality are unlikely to drive the effects, contrary to what has been proposed by previous theoretical papers. Chapter 2 studies the effect of homeownership on the academic achievements of children in the household, using a regression discontinuity design that exploits an arbitrary threshold arising from a voucher-based homeownership assistance program in Chile. Despite the fact that the homeownership program substantially increases the quality of the homes in which students live, I do not find that it affects their test scores. In a subgroup analysis, I find that homeownership decreases the test scores of elementary school students by 0.16 to 0.18 standard deviations. These effects may be due to the fact that, when receiving a voucher, many families cease to live with a hosting family, who are often close relatives (e.g. grandparents), and begin living in their own house. This seems to suggest that students experience a decrease in learning support that was previously provided to them by those close relatives. My results contrast with previous studies, which have often found positive effects of homeownership on students' academic achievements. In Chapter 3, I exploit a plausibly exogenous variation in the characteristics of principals to explore their effectiveness in improving school outcomes. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I find that principals appointed under the reform tend to be younger, less experienced, and more highly educated. Drawing from a panel dataset of teacher responses, I observe that the new principals improve the general climate in their schools by decreasing violence and expanding community engagement. On the other hand, they do not improve teacher-monitoring practices, teachers' pedagogical methods, or students' test results. A plausible explanation for these results is the lack of positive or negative incentives given to principals based on the performance of employees in their schools. Evidence in this paper suggests that, in certain institutional settings, school principals do not seem to be as relevant as is often assumed.

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Lembcke, Alexander. "Essays in labor economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/577/.

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My thesis combines three distinct papers in labor economics. The first chapter is a collaborative work with Bernd Fitzenberger and Karsten Kohn. In this chapter we scrutinize the effects of union density and of collective bargaining coverage on the distribution of wages both in the covered and the uncovered sector. Collective bargaining in Germany takes place at either the industry or firm level. Collective bargaining coverage is much greater than union density. The share of employees covered by collective bargaining in a single firm can vary between 0% and 100%. This institutional setup suggests that researchers should explicitly distinguish union density, coverage rate at the firm level, and coverage at the individual level. Using linked employer-employee data, we estimate OLS and quantile regressions of wages on these dimensions of union influence. A higher share of employees in a firm covered by industry-wide or firm-specific contracts is associated with higher wages, but there is no clear-cut effect on wage dispersion. Yet, holding coverage at the firm level constant, individual bargaining coverage is associated with a lower wage level and less wage dispersion. A greater union density reinforces the effects of coverage, but the effect of union density is negative at all points of the wage distribution for employees who work in firms without collective bargaining coverage. Greater union density thus compresses the wage distribution while moving the distribution in firms without coverage uniformly. The second chapter evaluates the impact of the UK Working Time Regulations 1998, which introduced mandatory paid holiday entitlement. The regulation gave(nearly) all workers the right to a minimum of 4 weeks of paid holiday per a year. With constant weekly pay this change amounts effectively to an increase in the real hourly wage of about 8.5% for someone going from 0 to 4 weeks paid holiday per year, which should lead to adjustments in employment. For employees I use complementary log-log regression to account for right-censoring of employment spells. I find no increase in the hazard to exit employment within a year after treatment. Adjustments in wages cannot explain this result as they are increasing for the treated groups relative to the control. I also evaluate the long run trend in aggregate employment, using the predicted treatment probabilities in a difference-in-differences framework. Here I find a small and statistically significant decrease in employment. This effect is driven by a trend reversal in employment, coinciding with the treatment. The third chapter considers how the availability of a personal computer at home changed employment for married women. I develop a theoretical model that motivates the empirical specifications. Using data from the U.S. CPS from 1984 to 2003, I find that employment is 1.5 to 7 percentage points higher for women in households with a computer. The model predicts that the increase in employment is driven by higher wages. I find having a computer at home is associated with higher wages, and employment in more computer intensive occupations, which is consistent with the model. Decomposing the changes by educational attainment shows that both women with low levels of education (high school diploma or less) and women with the highest levels of education (Master's degree or more) have high returns from home computers.

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Graetz, Georg. "Essays in labor economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/948/.

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This thesis titled “Essays in Labour Economics” is comprised of three essays investigating various determinants of earnings inequality. Chapter 1 provides a novel explanation for labor market polarization—the rise in employment shares of high and low skill jobs at the expense of middle skill jobs, and the fall in middle-skill wages. We argue that recent and historical episodes of polarization resulted from increased automation. In our theoretical model, firms deciding whether to employ machines or workers in a given task weigh the cost of using machines, which is increasing in the complexity (in an engineering sense) of the task, against the cost of employing workers, which is increasing in training time required by the task. Some tasks do not require training regardless of complexity, while in other tasks training is required and increases in complexity. In equilibrium, firms are more likely to automate a task that requires training, holding complexity constant. We assume that more-skilled workers learn faster, and thus it is middle skill workers who have a comparative advantage in tasks that are most likely to be automated when machine design costs fall. In addition to explaining job polarization, our model makes sense of observed patterns of automation and accounts for a set of novel stylized facts about occupational training requirements. Chapter 2 establishes a novel source of wage differences among observationally similar high skill workers. We show that degree class — a coarse measure of performance in university degrees — causally affects graduates’ earnings. We employ a regression discontinuity design comparing graduates who differ only by a few marks in an individual exam, and whose degree class is thus assigned randomly. A First Class is worth roughly three percent in starting wages which translates into £1,000 per annum. An Upper Second is worth more on the margin—seven percent in starting wages (£2,040). In addition to identifying a novel source of luck in the determination of earnings, our findings also show the importance of simple heuristics for hiring decisions. Chapter 3 asks whether public policy affects the degree of intergenerational transmission of education. The chapter investigates this question in the context of secondary school transitions in Germany. During the last three decades, several German states changed the rules for admission to secondary school tracks. Combining a new data set on transition rules with micro data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP), I find that allowing free track choice raises the probability of attending the most advanced track by five percentage points. However, the effect is twice as large for children of less educated parents. The results suggest that the correlation between parents’ and children’s educational attainment may be reduced by more than one third when no formal restrictions to choosing a secondary school track exist.

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Salimov, Rustam. "Female Labor Force Participation Rate and Economic Growth." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-45084.

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This thesis analysed the effect of female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) on economicgrowth and included changes in male labor force participation rate (MLFPR) to help improve thepower of the model. Here, three robust regressions were used on the sample of 16 Latin Countries(Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala,Honduras, Venezuela, RB, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, El Salvador) for theperiod of 1995-2015 in order to identify the effect of each key variable when tested separately andwhen tested together. According to the results, the coefficients of FLFPR and MLFPR are differentand also the addition of MLFPR to the model that has an explanatory variable FLFPR anddependent variable economic growth clearly improves the predicting power of the model and helpsobtain better coefficients. It was also identified that FLFPR has a strong positive relationship witheconomic growth, while MLFPR has a negative effect on the latter. Finally, the existence of u-shape relationship between FLFPR and economic growth was reaffirmed in this thesis, while itwas also shown that MLFPR does not have a u-shape relationship with the economic growth.

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Bengtsson, Niklas. "Essays in development and labor economics /." Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-100927.

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POSCH, Johanna Laurentia. "Essays in labour economics." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/61308.

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Defence date: 21 February 2019
Examining Board: Prof. Andrea Ichino, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. Andrea Mattozzi, European University Institute; Prof. Andreas Steinhauer, The University of Edinburgh; Prof. Josef Zweimüller, University of Zuric
The elderly are an ever-growing group of the population of western countries. Increasing their low employment rates is one of the greatest challenges we face in labour market policy today and is the subject of the ﬁrst chapter of this thesis. I evaluate the labour market eﬀects of partial retirement - that is a scheme that subsidises part-time work for older workers. It was introduced as an attempt to extend working lives by incentivising part-time employment after a certain age. I ﬁnd that this policy had overwhelmingly negative eﬀects on old-age labour supply as most workers substituted full-time work with part-time work in partial retirement without actually extending their active lives. Chapter 2 of this thesis is a reﬂection on the labour market situation of young workers with parental backgrounds that make it diﬃcult for them to achieve their potential. When and where they are held back and whether an open labour market can compensate for this disadvantage is the subject of this chapter. I ﬁnd that after entering the labour force, workers from disadvantaged backgrounds ”catch-up” in terms of wages with respect to their privileged peers with the same educational achievement. I explain this phenomenon in a setup of education signalling with noise and subsequent employer learning. In the third chapter my co-authors and I focus on the consequences of national wage setting mechanisms in countries with large geographic diﬀerences in labour productivity. We confront Germany with relatively ﬂexible wage bargaining mechanisms and Italy with very rigid ones. We ﬁnd that given the large productivity diﬀerences in both countries, Italy’s highly centralised bargaining system generates signiﬁcant ineﬃciencies and high costs in terms of aggregate earnings and employment particularly in the South.

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Dean, Jason. "The economic integration of Canadian immigrants." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96919.

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This dissertation contributes to a strand of literature on the economic integration of immigrants in Canada's labour market. My first essay examines the economic return to human capital acquired abroad using an improved identification strategy of foreign education and work experience. My second essay examines whether education-job mismatches, on the part of immigrants, possibly explain their poor labour market outcomes. My final essay provides new evidence on the economic assimilation of U.K. immigrants in Canada over the late 19th and early-20th-century.In my first essay I exploit the enhanced details on education attainment provided in the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) to decompose aggregate human capital variables into more precise measures of foreign and Canadian locations than those employed in related Census-based studies. I find that measurement error associated with using imprecise measures exaggerates the portability (in terms of economic returns) of foreign schooling and the degree of immigrant wage assimilation. However, the virtually zero returns to foreign work experience, commonly found in the literature, cannot be attributed to measurement error. Thus, this dimension of human capital receives virtually no recognition for immigrants and it is mainly responsible for the substantial estimated wage gaps in the standard human-capital-adjusted earnings function.The contribution of my second essay is an investigation of the importance of education-job mismatches in explaining the poor labour market outcomes observed for immigrants to Canada. Immigrants have a modestly lower incidence of working in jobs related to their education than do the Canadian-born, and there is a sizable wage penalty for working in unrelated jobs. The lower incidence of matching, found among immigrant workers, can explain a sizable portion of their lower returns to foreign education credentials, and also the immigrant-native wage gap among university educated workers. By contrast, foreign education and work experience acquired abroad is not discounted in the Canadian labour market for immigrants who are successfully matched.My final essay examines the economic assimilation of pre-war U.K. immigrants using recently digitized samples of the 1901 and 1911 censuses. These nationally representative samples allow for a more comprehensive examination of immigrant assimilation than existing published evidence which is limited to cross-sectional samples of Montréal and Toronto. Estimates of within-cohort earnings growth show that these newcomers, despite their cultural similarities with the Canadian-born, experienced sizable earnings disadvantages upon arrival coupled with slow subsequent earnings growth. However, most immigrant cohorts achieved earnings parity with comparable Canadian-born workers over their working life unlike that found for Montréal and Toronto. Thus, although the government's desire was to attract the most industrious and hard working immigrants, arrivals from the British Isles may have been negatively selected in terms of unobservable labour market characteristics.
Cette thèse contribue à la littérature qui examine l'intégration des immigrants au marché de travail Canadien. Le premier essai étudie le retour au capital humain acquis à l'étranger sur le marché de travail Canadien utilisant des stratégies améliorées d'indentification de ce dernier. Mon deuxième essai examine des conséquences économiques de l'absence de la correspondance parfaite des professions que les immigrants au Canada peuvent obtenir avec leurs disciplines d'études. Mon troisième essai produit des faits stylisés nouveaux au sujet de l'intégration des immigrants de provenance du Royaume-Uni au Canada durant la fin du 19ème au début du 20ème siècle.Dans mon premier essai j'exploite des détails améliorés de l'Enquête sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu à fin de décomposer le capital humain a des portions acquises à l'étranger et des portions acquises au Canada. Je trouve que l'erreur de mesure associée à l'emploi des indicateurs imprécis avait causé la sous-estimation de l'écart entre le retour sur le capital humain acquis à l'étranger et celui acquis au Canada dans les études précédentes. Je trouve, en revanche, que le capital humain acquis à l'étranger reçoit un retour nul au Canada et cela explique la quasi-totalité de l'écart de revenu entre les immigrants et les natifs.Mon deuxième essai examine l'importance de la correspondance imparfaite entre les disciplines d'études et la profession des immigrants au Canada pour expliquer leurs performances économiques inferieures. Je trouve que cette correspondance imparfaite est un peu plus fréquente chez les immigrants et qu'elle a cependant des conséquences négatives non-négligeables sur le salaire. Cette probabilité plus faible que des immigrants puissent travailler dans un domaine proche de leurs disciplines d'étude explique une portion considérable de l'écart de salaire entre les immigrants et les natifs comparables ainsi que leurs retours du capital humain plus bas. Mon troisième essai porte un regard nouveau sur la question d'intégration des immigrants de provenance du Royaume-Uni durant la fin du 19ème siècle au début du 20ème siècle en utilisant des données récemment numérisées des recensements de l'époque. L'échantillon que j'utilise dans cette recherche représente la distribution nationale de ces immigrants contrairement aux échantillons auparavant utilisés qui portaient seulement sur les immigrants résidant au Québec et en Ontario. Mes estimations montrent que ces immigrants, malgré leur similarité culturelle avec les natifs, ont subi un écart du salaire considérable ainsi qu'un taux de croissance du salaire plus bas en comparaison avec les natifs. Cependant, je trouve que la plupart de ces immigrants ont ultimement arrivé à un salaire équivalent aux natifs comparables durant leurs vies professionnelles. Je trouve aussi que le gouvernement, malgré son intention, a échoué d'attirer les immigrants industrieux et entreprenants en raison des facteurs inobservables conduisant à une sélection peu efficiente de ces immigrants.

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Haseeb, Dina Khair El-din. "Intra-Arab labor movement 1973-1985." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9915.

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Frederiksen, Elisabeth Hermann. "Inquiries into economic growth, natural resources, and labor allocation." Kbh. : Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, 2007. http://www.econ.ku.dk/Research/Publications/red/Red120.pdf.

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Thompson, Jeffrey P. "Differential effects of economic policy across local labor markets." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Depew, Briggs Bourne. "Public Policy and Its Impact On the Labor Market." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293446.

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My dissertation consists of four chapters that are motivated by understanding the intended and unintended economic outcomes of public policy in the labor market. My particular focus is studying how individuals respond to incentives created by policy and welfare reform. The first chapter explores the effect of expanding dependent health insurance coverage to young adults. I study both the outcomes from state policies and the recent Affordable Care Act (ACA). In the second chapter I analyze the unintended consequences of a New Deal policy that paid farmers to reduce production. As a result, I find significant displacement of croppers and tenants in the Cotton South. The third chapter ties together the micro-foundations of the labor supply to the firm with the macroeconomic areas of on-the-job search theory and the business cycle. By using employee level data from two US manufacturing firms in the volatile inter-war period, I show that these two firms had significantly more wage setting power during recessions than expansions. My final chapter addresses the question of how does reduced immigration restrictions affect the composition of immigrants in the US.

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Rao, Neel. "Essays in Labor Economics and Contract Theory." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10205.

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This dissertation consists of three essays in labor economics and contract theory. The ﬁrst essay examines whether one’s wage is based on information about the performance of one’s personal contacts. I study wage determination under two assumptions about belief formation: individual learning, under which employers observe only one’s own characteristics, and social learning, under which employers also observe those of one’s personal contacts. Using data on siblings in the NLSY79, I test whether a sibling’s characteristics are priced into one’s wage. If learning is social, then an older sibling’s test score should typically have a larger adjusted impact on a younger sibling’s log wage than vice versa. The empirical ﬁndings support this prediction. Furthermore, I perform several exercises to rule out other potential factors, such as asymmetric skill formation, human capital transfers, and role model effects. The second essay analyzes the inﬂuence of macroeconomic conditions during childhood on the labor market performance of adults. Based on Census data, I document the relationship of unemployment rates in childhood to schooling, employment, and income as an adult. In addition, a sample from the PSID is used to study how the background attributes of parents raising children vary over the business cycle. Finally, information from the NLSY79-CH is examined in order to characterize the impact of economic ﬂuctuations on parental caregiving. Overall, the evidence is consistent with a negative effect of the average unemployment rate in childhood on parental investments in children and the stock of human capital in adulthood. The third essay studies the bilateral trade of divisible goods in the presence of stochastic transaction costs. The ﬁrst-best solution requires each agent to transfer all of her good to the other agent when the transaction cost reaches a certain threshold value. However, in the absence of court-enforceable contracts, such a policy is not incentive compatible. We solve for the unique maximal symmetric subgame-perfect equilibrium, in which agents can realize some gains from trade by transferring their goods sequentially. Several comparative statics are derived. In some cases, the ﬁrst-best outcome can be approximated as the agents become inﬁnitely patient.
Economics

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Shaeye, Abdihafit. "Three Essays on Human Capital and Wages of Refugees and Other Immigrants in the U.S." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10601915.

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Human capital is an important mechanism that influences both the migration decisions of immigrants and the rate at which immigrants assimilate in the host country. Returns to human capital could be correlated with difficult-to-observe factors such as self-selection, and legal status, and these unobservables can affect the economic assimilation of immigrants into the host country differently. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the returns to human capital for refugees and other immigrants during the first two decades after they come to the U.S. Refugees are a subset of immigrants who have different characteristics and face different constraints than other immigrants. For example, while refugees have greater legal access to the labor market, non-refugees benefit from greater ability to self-select into both migration and (pre-migration) human capital, and those relative advantages change during the years after individuals migrate.

The empirical results show that non-refugees receive a much larger crude wage return for human capital both at arrival and over time. Although the refugees’ return grows over time, they do not catch up with that of non-refugees. These findings confirm that non-refugees are not only selected on observable characteristics (as already documented in the literature) but on unobservables as well, and that the initial selection on unobservables will matter for their differential returns to human capital even after they remain a long time in the U.S. In other words, many refugees might not be well-suited for the U.S. labor market for some permanent but unobservable reasons, whereas this may not be the case for non-refugees because they would less likely move to a country for which they are poorly-suited.

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Girao, La Rosa Juan Carlos. "Economic labor arbitration as a conflicts resolution mechanism in Peru." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123858.

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The amount of labor law arbitrations has significantly increased through the last years. This has concurred with a legal modification that establishes specific causes for facultative arbitration.In this paper, the author analyzes this normative change while clarifying the polemics over its juridical nature and inquiring about its future effects regarding labor relationships disputes resolution.
En los últimos años se ha incrementado de manera notable el número de arbitrajes laborales. Esto ha coincidido con la promulgación del Decreto Supremo 014-2011-TR, que modifica el Reglamento de la Ley de Relaciones Colectivas de Trabajo especificando causales de procedencia específicas para el arbitraje potestativo.En el presente artículo, el autor analiza esta modificación normativa esclareciendo las polémicas en torno a su naturaleza jurídica e indagando sobre sus efectos a futuro en la resolución de disputas relativas a relaciones laborales.

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Oh, Changgyun. "Labor control and economic development in South Korea, 1961-1979 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737890.

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Cubas, Norando German. "Essays on infrastructure, female labor force participation and economic development." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/658.

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A central question in economics is why some countries are substantially richer than others. The income per capita of the five richest countries in the world is 30 times the income of the five poorest. It is a fundamental quantitative question for which growth and development economists still have no definite answer. The first chapter of this dissertation contributes to this literature. The chapter offers new evidence on the sources of cross-country income differences by investigating the role public capital in development accounting. I explicitly measure private and public capital stocks, and I find large differences in both types of capital across countries. Moreover, differences in private capital are larger than the ones I find for total capital for the richest and poorest countries. The methodology I use implies a share of public capital in output of at most 10%. My findings indicate that differences in capital stocks can not account for a substantial part of the observed dispersion in income across countries . Other macroeconomic facts of underdeveloped and developing economies may also explain their low income per capita. These facts may be related to economic policies that could distort the allocation of resources in these economies. In the second chapter of this dissertation I document differences in labor supply between a set of Latin American countries and the U.S. in the period 1990-2005. In the U.S. the female labor force participation was 69% by 1990, while in Brazil and Mexico was 39% and 37%, respectively. Females began to participate more in the labor market of these countries after more households acquired access to basic infrastructure and when distortive policies affecting the price of household appliances were partially removed. I use a model of home production with endogenous labor force participation to account for these facts. I conclude that the price of household appliances and access to infrastructure are quantitatively important in explaining cross-country labor supply differences.

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Xu, Zhongling. "Labour migration and economic development in Guangdong, China : implications for labour mobility /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19892731.

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Larsen, Tim. "Confederate deaths and the development of the American South." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3721840.

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In this dissertation I present the first county-level estimates of deaths in the Confederate Army for eight of the former Confederate States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia). As described in Chapter 2, I estimate the number of deaths by Confederate company (a unit of roughly 100 men) and map these back to the company's county of origin. Counties' death rates were driven by the battles in which their men fought, determined by generals for strategic reasons. This produces a wide distribution in county-level death rates, and it allows for causal inference in assessing the impacts of these losses on counties' later development.

In Chapter 3, I estimate the long-run effects of population loss on the economic geography of the South. Populations in counties with higher death rates caught up to neighboring areas within 15 years after the war, but then they kept growing. These increases were caused by migration, especially by African Americans: counties with ten percentage-point higher death rates had 14% larger black populations in 1900 and 27% larger in 1960. Migrants also increasingly went to counties that were less advantaged in Southern economy before the Civil War. The economic geography of the American South was thus changed significantly after the institutional shock from the Civil War.

In Chapter 4, I estimate the effects of relative labor scarcity on racial violence and political participation in the American South from 1865 to 1900. I find counties with 10 percentage-point higher death rates in the Civil War had 24-33% fewer lynchings of African Americans from 1866 to 1900. They also had 3.6-5.6% higher voter turnout despite a larger fraction of their population being black. These effects persisted for at least two decades after the counties' relative labor scarcity disappeared. However, in the very long run (100 years), counties with greater Civil War deaths saw a reversal, with much worse discrimination by the Civil Rights Era, likely due to their larger black populations and absence of economic incentives to prevent discrimination. This suggests relative levels of discrimination were not culturally determined and can change fairly quickly.

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JANDAROVA, Nurfatima. "Essays in applied microeconomics." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/72563.

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Defence date: 21 September 2021
Examining Board: Prof. Andrea Ichino, EUI, Supervisor, Prof. Giacomo Calzolari, EUI, Co-Supervisor, Prof. Stephen Machin, London School of Economics, Prof. Giulio Zanella, University of Bologna.
This thesis consists of four essays in applied microeconomics. Chapter 1 studies the effects of parental job loss on various outcomes of children and provides new evidence on the heterogeneity of these effects along the cognitive ability distribution of children. I find that higher intelligence score protects children from the negative effects, but only in the long run. In the shorter term, instead of protecting, high intelligence exacerbates the cost of parental unemployment in terms of educational outcomes. This forces high-intelligence children with unemployed parents to start their careers at lower-paying jobs. Nevertheless, they can prove themselves via work performance and switch to better-paying jobs. I also provide suggestive evidence that their lifetime earnings could be higher had they continued their education. Chapter 2, joint with Michele Boldrin and Aldo Rustichini, studies the relationship between fertility decisions and intelligence. We document that fertility may be negatively associated, at least in advanced societies, with higher intelligence. A possible explanation of the finding is provided in models describing the choice of individuals (in particular women) facing a trade-off between parenthood and career concerns. With positive complementarity between intelligence and effort in education and career advancement, higher intelligence individuals, particularly women, will sacrifice parenthood to education. Thus, current education and labor market policies may be imposing an uneven penalty on more talented women. We test and find support for the model in a large data set for the UK (Understanding Society), using several alternative measures of fertility. Our results provide a new interpretation of the well documented fact in demographic studies that education is negatively associated with fertility: it is not education as an outcome, but as an aspiration that reduces fertility. Chapter 3 investigates the joint effect of local economic conditions on educational decisions and subsequent labour market outcomes using the instrumental variable approach. I find that adverse economic conditions at age 14 reduce educational attainment, except for the children aiming at university degrees. Second, exposure to a higher unemployment rate at age 14 permanently reduces real hourly wages over the life cycle. The IV estimator suggests that a year of education lost due to initial economic conditions corresponds to about 8% lower wages at ages 26-30 and 6% lower wages at ages 41-45. Chapter 4, joint with Johanna Reuter, attempts to differentiate the degree attainment in the UK by type of higher education institutions. Historically higher education in the UK has been shaped by a dual system: elite universities on the one hand and polytechnics and other higher education institutions on the other. Despite the formal equivalence of both degrees, the two institution types faced different financing, target populations, admission procedures and subjects taught. Nevertheless, in survey data they are often indistinguishable. We overcome this problem using a multiple imputation technique in the UKHLS and BHPS datasets. We examine the validity of inference based on imputed values using Monte Carlo simulations. We also verify that the imputed values are consistent with university graduation rates computed using the universe of undergraduate students in the UK.
-- 1 Does intelligence shield children from the effects of parental unemployment? -- 2 Fertility Choice and Intelligence in Developed Countries -- 3 From bad to worse: long-term effects of recession in adolescence -- 4 Multiple Imputation of University Degree Attainment

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Kumar, Anil Engelhardt Gary V. "Three essays on the effect of taxes on economic behavior." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Legerski, Elizabeth Miklya. "Women's Response to Spousal Unemployment: Economic, Labor Force, and Family Constraints." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2004. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd502.pdf.

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Moore, Jan Peter aus dem. "Essays on the impact of economic shocks in local labor markets." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16706.

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Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier Aufsätzen, die einen Beitrag zur Literatur über die empirische Analyse von lokalen Arbeitsmärkten leisten. Der erste Aufsatz nutzt den Abzug eines Großteils der US-Stationierungsstreitkräfte in Deutschland seit 1990 als ein natürliches Experiment, das die Identifikation von kausalen Effekten von Nachfrageschocks in lokalen Arbeitsmärkten ermöglicht. Als Datengrundlage dient ein neu aufbereiteter Datensatz zu den regionalen Veränderungen der Personalstärke der U.S. Stützpunkte. Die empirischen Ergebnisse belegen, dass der Abzug zu einem signifikanten Rückgang der Beschäftigung in der lokalen Privatwirtschaft und einem nachfolgenden Anstieg in der lokalen Arbeitslosenrate führte. Im Gegensatz dazu weisen die Ergebnisse keine Evidenz für signifikante Anpassungen in den lokalen Löhnen oder Wanderungssalden auf. Der zweite Aufsatz vertieft die Frage der lokalen Lohnrigiditäten angesichts des Nachfrageschocks. Der Einfluss von zwei Institutionen wird als mögliche Quelle von heterogenen Lohnanpassungen in lokalen Arbeitsmärkten identifiziert. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Einfluss der beiden Institutionen isoliert mit keinen heterogenen Lohnanpassungen verbunden ist, aber das Zusammenwirken beider Dimensionen verbunden ist mit differenziellen Lohnreduktionen. Der dritte Aufsatz erweitert die Analyse der Folgen des amerikanischen Truppenabzugs um die Frage nach der Entwicklung der lokalen Kriminalitätsrate. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Truppenabzug mit einem Rückgang der Kriminalität insbesondere von Drogen- und Sexualstraftaten verbunden ist. Der vierte Aufsatz untersucht die langfristige Entwicklung der Zeitarbeit in den regionalen Arbeitsmärkten in Deutschland seit 1979. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die anfängliche Verteilung der Beschäftigungsanteile für manuelle Nicht-Routine- und Routine-Tätigkeiten eine starke Vorhersagekraft für das unterschiedliche regionale Beschäftigungswachstum von Zeitarbeit in Deutschland besitzt.
This thesis consists of four essays that contribute to the empirical analysis of local labor markets. The first essay exploits the massive withdrawal of U.S. Armed Forces in the aftermath of the German Reunification as a natural experiment that enables the identification of the causal impact of local labor demand shocks. It introduces a novel dataset that details the evolution of the U.S. manpower levels at the disaggregated regional level and thereby enables the measurement how U.S. base closures affected the demand for local non-tradable goods and services. The results from the empirical analyses suggest that the drop in local labor demand caused a significant loss of private sector employment and generated a subsequent rise in local unemployment rates. In contrast, wages and migration patterns do not exhibit any significant responses. The second essay further explores the rigidity of wages in local labor markets in response to the U.S. base closures. The presence of two types of institutions (i.e. works councils and the German Trade and Crafts Code) and their interplay are characterized as potential sources of wage heterogeneities. While in isolation these two institutions do not seem to alter the pattern of insignificant wage adjustments, their interaction is found to introduce a channel for small downward wage adjustments. The third essay is concerned with the change in local crime rates in response to the U.S. presence and withdrawal. The empirical findings suggest that the drawdown of the U.S. military presence can be related to large and significant drops in the local rate of drug and sex offenses. The fourth essay provides an empirical analysis of the diverging patterns of employment in temporary help services across labor markets in Germany over the last 30 years. The differential growth pattern both at the level of occupations and across regional labor markets are found to be related to the initial intensity of routine and non-routine manual tasks.

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徐宗玲 and Zhongling Xu. "Labour migration and economic development in Guangdong, China: implications for labour mobility." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31237903.

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Sperling, Louise. "The labor organization of Samburu pastoralism /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75678.

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This study considers the labor organization of a group of northern Kenyan pastoralists. Since 1960, the Samburu have experienced substantial cattle loss and land circumscription and the work focuses both on herding and non-herding labor responses to a changing regional economy. The viability of Samburu pastoralism rests on specific labor forms which permit intensified production and economic diversification.
Based on twenty-four months of fieldwork, primarily during the 1983-84 drought, the study emphasizes the interplay between the social and technical organization of labor. Social institutions of descent and age guide natural resource and delineate work roles, while encouraging the varied forms of cooperation which greatly extend the family workforce. The diversity of technical strategies, which are strongly shaped by cultural preferences, contrasts with the paucity of production materials.
Several key findings have applicability to a range of pastoral locales, particularly proof of the positive relationship between labor input and animal output and of the higher efficiency of labor in larger versus smaller-scale herding units only under stable production conditions. Further, the quantitative material on dry season versus drought labor use as well as evidence for differential livestock survival rates represent unique accounts in themselves.
Beyond insights into pastoralism, however, the analysis is structured so as to contribute to several important issues in small-scale rural production. The accounts of the interconnection of technology and social forms and of the integration of "on-farm" and "off-farm" enterprise have implications for defining the scope of any labor investigation. The discussions of the terms "labor" and "technology" pose wider questions of the content of such basic concepts. Finally, the methodological discourse on labor measurement should assist those similarly trying to distinguish between "use" and "demand" in predominantly noncapitalist societies.

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Oryoie, Ali Reza. "Essays on Child Labor and Inequality." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72965.

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This dissertation studies a number of issues related to Development Economics. The first chapter explains how we can use multiple correspondence analysis to calculate an asset index, and then offers an inequality analysis using the asset index. The second chapter provides a theoretical explanation of an odd relationship between child labor and per capita land holding in a household, and then provides empirical evidence for the explanation. Finally, the third chapter represents the results of a study of the behavior of rural households during shocks. Across the entire dissertation, we use three cross sectional surveys, conducted in 2001, 2007-8 and 2010-11 in Zimbabwe.
Ph. D.

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Haddad, Joanne. "Essays in Economic History." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41595.

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The first chapter relates the size of the present-day LGBT population to the discovery of gold during the nineteenth century gold rushes. Comparing the surroundings of gold rush counties to other mining counties, we find that there are currently 15% more same-sex couples in former gold rush counties and that residents of these counties have more favorable attitudes toward homosexuality. Gold rush counties were initially isolated, mostly uninhabited and lacked strong formal institutions, which helped shaping pro-LGBT attitudes. Examining channels of persistence, we provide empirical evidence for selective migration and the lack of strong religious institutions. The second chapter examines the impact of gender focused labor legislation on women’s labor force participation and economic empowerment. We rely on historical legislative acts passed by state legislatures and exploit whether or not states passed regulatory laws regulating overall and industry specific employment and work conditions for women, night work laws and labor laws requiring provision of seats for working women. We exploit the fact that not all states enacted these laws as well as the variation in the timing of enactment of such laws. Our results show that women in comparison to men in treated states are more likely to be in the labor force post introduction of night work laws in comparison to control states. We also document the effect of industry-specific labor policies on women’s likelihood to be employed in the affected industry and in higher-wage occupations within the industry of interest. Policy implications of our findings endorse the adoption of labor laws in favor of women to advocate their empowerment through a higher involvement in the labor market and financial independence. The third chapter tests the doctrine of first effective settlement by relating early settlers’ culture to within state variation in gender norms in the United States. In 1973, the cultural geographer Wilbur Zelinsky postulated that the distinctive traits of early settlers at initial stages of institutional development may be crucial for cultural formation. I capture settlers’ culture using past female labor force participation, women’s suffrage and financial rights at their place of origin. I document the distinctive characteristics of settlers’ populations and provide suggestive evidence in support of the spatial (across locations) and vertical (over time) transmission of gender norms. My results show that women’s labor supply is higher, in both the short and long run, in U.S. counties that historically hosted a larger settler population originating from places with favorable gender attitudes. My findings shed new light on the importance of immigrants’ characteristics and their countries/states of origin for cultural formation in hosting societies.

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Jain, Rahul. "Community colleges as labor market intermediaries: a comparative case study of departmental activities in reducing labor market gaps." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37240.

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Labor market intermediaries (LMIs) have taken on a greater role in regional labor markets as flexibility of work has increased over the past thirty years. These shifting roles necessitate a greater look at institutions that act as LMIs and the services they perform for workers and employers. Community colleges have recently been highlighted as one of the institutions serving workers that offer market molding activities, going beyond more traditional LMI market matching activities. This study compared four LMI placement and career activities - project based learning, internships and cooperative education, specialized accreditation, and industry advisement through councils - for five similar programs of study at community colleges in the City University of New York (CUNY) system to analyze the effects of these activities on employment placement. Greater utilization of these activities by community college departments was found in most cases to be beneficial for students as it regards employment placement in career fields related to the field of study. Activities that were successful in encouraging students to take part in forms of assessment of job-readiness, either through existing standardized testing of job skills or actual work experience, were found to be particularly valuable. These outcomes suggest that mature industries and occupations with established forms of assessment are more likely to provide a smooth transition from degree attainment to employment. Implications for community college administrators and funders are discussed.

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Banerjee, Dyuti Sanker. "Essays on bids and offer matching in the labor market." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37259.

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This dissertation is a collection of essays on bids and offer matching in a labor market for new entrants to white-collar jobs. The papers compare some of the different institutions for determining wages and conducting the hiring process in the market for new entrants to white collar jobs. The first essay analyzes how does a firm announce and commit to a wage prior to deriving specific information about applicants' productivity and the consequences of following this hiring process. In the model there are two firms and at least as many applicants as the number of firms. All applicants apply simultaneously to both firms in response to the job advertisement which also mentions a wage. Each firm derives the firm-specific productivity of the applicants from their applications which is private information to each firm. None of the applicants have any information about the firms' evaluation. There are four pure strategy Nash Equilibria in wage announcements. Both firms announce a high wage, both firms announce a low wage, both firms announce a high or a low wage, and one firm announces a high wage and the other firm announces a low wage. In the latter case there also exists a unique mixed strategy equilibrium reflecting a firm's uncertainty about the choice of the other firm. In equilibrium one or both firms may not hire and the equilibrium may not exhibit wage dispersion. The second essay analyzes the question; which is better, to announce and commit to a particular wage prior to deriving specific information about applicants' productivity or to offer wages privately after deriving the firm-specific productivity. The equilibrium policy, to be followed by the firms in the first place, is determined endogenously by comparing the ex ante expected profits associated with the equilibria under the different policies. Lack of prior information and the uncertainty about the possible match results in "offer wages privately" as always an equilibrium policy. However, if a low wage is the equilibrium strategy under all the policies, then "any pair of policies" is an equilibrium. This justifies one of the circumstances in which different policies might coexist. In equilibrium a firm's position is always filled and the equilibrium outcome may not exhibit wage dispersion. The third essay analyses the question, if "announcing a wage" is the strategy rule to be followed by the firms, then what should be the equilibrium timing of wage announcement, before or after receiving specific information about applicants' productivity. Two policies are compared. Under the first policy a firm announces and commits to a particular wage prior to deriving the match-specific productivity. Under the second policy a firm solicits applications, derives the firm-specific productivity, and then announces and commits to a wage. The equilibrium timing of wage, to be followed by the firms in the first place, is determined endogenously by comparing the ex ante expected profits associated with the equilibrium strategy under the different timings. It turns out that announcing and committing to a particular wage after deriving specific information is always an equilibrium timing because of the informational advantage. However, if a low wage is the equilibrium strategy under all the policies then any pair of policies is an equilibrium. In equilibrium one of the firm's position may remain unfilled. The equilibrium outcome may not exhibit wage dispersion.
Ph. D.

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Smythe, Andria C. "The Impact of Economic Conditions During the College-aged Years on Educational Outcomes." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/326796.

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Economics
Ph.D.
Every decade between 1970 and 2010 opened with a recession with all decades except the 1990s experiencing a second recession. Young adults are often hardest hit by a recession in terms of job losses. Young adulthood is a critical time to get an education and educational opportunities lost during this period may not be fully made up in subsequent years. In this dissertation, I explore the effects of adverse economic conditions during the traditional college-age years (18-24) on short, medium and long run educational outcomes. This dissertation consist of one theoretical chapter and three empirical essays. In the theoretical chapter, I show the complexity of business cycle effects on college outcomes. The main issue is that opportunity costs move countercyclically while ability-to-pay moves procyclically, thus these two factors counteract each other over the business cycle. Due to the confounding effects of opportunity cost and ability-to-pay, there is a theoretical ambiguity. In the theoretical framework, I outline the conditions under which downturns may improve educational outcomes and the conditions under which downturns may hurt educational outcomes. The ambiguity and complexity displayed in the theoretical framework underlies the importance of an empirical determination. Essay 1 examines whether economic conditions affect college participation among different demographic groups differently. The main or average effect of an economic downturn on enrollment is well studied. However, research on how a downturn affects individuals from different backgrounds is rare. Using a class of logit models that account for interaction effects, I find that individuals who are black or Hispanic and individuals from low education maternal backgrounds are more likely to enroll in college during high unemployment periods compared to individuals from other demographic backgrounds. Essay 2 picks up where essay 1 leaves off by investigating college outcomes for individuals who enrolled during a recession. While many studies consider the enrollment decisions, little evidence exists on whether enrollment is successfully transformed into completed education for recession era enrollees. Employing an innovative competing risk model, I estimate the completion and drop-out probabilities for individuals who enrolled during a downturn. I find that individuals who enrolled in college at 18 and who experience a recession at enrollment, are less likely to complete a 4-year degree by age 24, are more likely to complete a 2-year degree, are more likely to drop out of college and are more likely to experience inactivity. Essay 3 builds upon the negative effects of a recession on college-aged youths found in essay 2. In essay 3, I study educational attainment after individuals have exited their college-aged years. I investigate whether cohorts who experienced adverse economic conditions during young adulthood eventually caught up with their luckier counterparts who experienced more prosperous years. I find that individuals who experience adverse economic conditions during parts of the college-aged years (18-21) experience lower educational attainment than those who experience more prosperous college-aged years and these negative effects are still present up to ten years post college-age.
Temple University--Theses

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Sevinc, Orhun. "Essays on tasks, technology, and trends in the labor market." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3597/.

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This thesis contains three essays on the role of tasks and technology in explaining the trends in reallocation of employment across occupations and sectors, and inequalities in the labor market. The first two chapters focus on the task content of occupations with special emphasis on the effect of interpersonal interactions in the changing structure of employment in the labor market. Chapter 1 studies structural change of employment at the task level. Interactions with customers are a key friction against the implementation of potentially better production styles and technologies, since customers are hard to train and should be satisfied according to their tastes. Using a wide range of data sources on tasks, detailed occupation employment, labor productivity, and computer adoption, Chapter 1 develops a novel task measure, interpersonal-service task intensity, to study the growing importance of service activity in the US labor market in recent decades and explores its linkages with technical change. The chapter explains the empirical findings with a model of structural change at the task level which suggests two distinct roles for interpersonal-service intensity and task-routinizability. Concerned with the reallocation of employment jointly across occupations and sectors, Chapter 2 quantifies the impact of interpersonal-service task intensity and routinization on job polarization and structural change of sector employment. I estimate a task-biased technical change model which is capable to address occupation-specific and sector-specific technical change separately and show that substantial portion of occupational and sectoral employment reallocation between 1987 and 2014 in the US can be explained by the two task aspects. While both types of tasks are significant drivers of job polarization, interpersonal-service tasks stand out in explaining the growth of service sector employment. Using the framework I also suggest answers to several issues in the related literature. Chapter 3 switches the focus of study from the task content to skills while keeping the occupation-based perspective. The last chapter studies the importance of within-occupation heterogeneity of skills in understanding the rising labor market inequalities. I document that employment and wage growth of occupations tend to increase monotonically with various measures of skill intensity since 1980 in the US, in contrast to the existing interpretation of labor market polarization along occupational wages. I establish robustness of the documented fact, explore the sources of the seemingly contrasting finding and argue that labor market polarization cannot be interpreted as polarization of skills that are comparable across occupations. The chapter reconciles the documented facts in an extended version of the canonical skill-biased technical change model which incorporates many occupations and within-occupation heterogeneity of skill types.

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Westerlund, Olle. "Economic Influences on Migration in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 1995. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-17118.

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Paper [I]- Household Migration and the Local Public Sector: Evidence from Sweden, 1981-1984 (co-authored with Michael L. Wyzan), contains an empirical exploration of the nexus between variables related to the local public sector budget and migration. Micro-data is employed in binomial and multinomial-logit regressions estimating the probability to migrate. We report results separately for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, because the per capita levels of the tax base and intergovernmental grants are theoretically important migration determinants where population is sparse, while the tax rate may be more important where population is dense. Empirical results support our fiscal hypotheses and are consistent with previous findings on household characteristics. Paper [II]- Internal Gross Migration in Sweden: The effects of Variation in Mobility Grants and Regional Labour Market Conditions, focuses on the effects of labor market conditions and migratory stimuli on over county-border migration. Aggregate data on the flows of all migrants and on the flows of migrants receiving extra mobility stimuli are used in estimations of a single-equation migration model based on the hiring function. The results indicate that regional migration flows respond to changes in labor market conditions in accordance with predictions from economic theory. This result seems mainly to stem from the migratory behavior of the unemployed. In addition, nonmatching migration subsidies at the levels employed are not found to be migration enhancing. Paper [IH]- Employment Opportunities, Wages and Interregional Migration in Sweden 1970-1989, deals with the impact of aggregate labor turnover and regional labor market conditions on gross in- and outmigration. Annual panel data is used in estimation of separate in- and outmigration functions, where regional labor market conditions are assumed to be endogenous with migration under two different assumptions concerning the working of the labor market. An increase in the regional excess supply of labor is found to increase outmigration and decrease inmigration. Moreover, cyclical variation in labor turnover is positively correlated with gross migration. The hypothesized effects of real wages on migration are not confirmed. The results are not sensitive to the various assumptions concerning regional wage formation considered in this study. Paper [IV]- A Panel Study of Migration, Household Real Earnings and Self-Selec- tion (co-authored with Roger Axelsson). The effects of migration on household real earnings are examined. Data pertain to a sample of stable household constellations in Sweden, 1978-1991. A treatment-effect model is employed, whereby the potential effects of nonrandom sampling of data on earnings for migrants and nonmigrants are taken into account. We find that stable multi-adult household constellations did not gain in income from migration during the 1980s. In addition, we find no strong indications of selection bias in the income equation.
digitalisering@umu

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Garavito, Cecilia. "Housework in Peru: Working Transitions, Education and Economic Cycle." Economía, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118233.

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The aim of this work is to analyze the transitions from paid housework toward other occupations, unemployment and inactivity, and the determinants of these transitions. We use the panel data from the ENAHO for the periods 1998-2002, 2002-2006, and 2007-2011. After a detailed descriptive analysis of partial and complete panels, we find that around one third of the paid house-workers stay in this occupation while a similar percentage moves to independent work or low productivity salaried work. After estimating the transitions from paid housework to other occupations, and to inactivity, we find that a higher level of education is always related to a transition toward another occupation, although in the case of paid house-workers it is usually toward independent labor. Finally, transitions from paid housework to other occupations or inactivity depend on the economic cycle, although the marginal effects are lower for them than for women in general.
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las transiciones desde el trabajo del hogar remunerado hacia otras ocupaciones, el desempleo y la inactividad, así como los determinantes de estas transiciones.Para ello empleamos los datos panel de la ENAHO para los periodos 1998-2002, 2002-2006 y 2007-2011. Luego de un análisis detallado de las transiciones parciales y totales de cada panel, encontramos que alrededor de un tercio de las trabajadoras del hogar se quedan en la misma ocupación y que un porcentaje similar pasa a al trabajo independiente o a ocupaciones asalariadas de baja productividad. Al estimar los determinantes de las transiciones desde el trabajo del hogar remunerado hacia otras ocupaciones y hacia la inactividad, encontramos que un mayor nivel de educación está asociado a una salida hacia otra ocupación, si bien en el caso de las trabajadoras del hogar usualmente es hacia el trabajo independiente. Finalmente, las transiciones desde el trabajodel hogar remunerado hacia otros empleos o hacia la inactividad dependen del ciclo económico, si bien los efectos marginales son menores que en el caso de las mujeres en general.

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Schlosser, Janet A. "An examination of county-level labor market responses to economic growth in Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1074.

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Bassett, Carolyn M. "Negotiating South Africa's economic future COSATU and strategic unionism /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ59119.pdf.

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Barry, Sean. "Hard Labor: The Political Economy of Economics Policy Reform in Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/378091.

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In the closing decades of the twentieth century, a growing consensus emerged about the tailored economic principles that might promote economic growth. There has been less understanding, however, and no consensus, about the political processes conducive to achieving successful economic reform. The obstacles on the path to successful reform are numerous. Consequently, factors conducive to policy success are vital for understanding the process, and enhancing social learning for policy actors. This dissertation compares instances of economic reform by federal Labor governments in Australia since 1972, to determine factors that contributed to the success or failure of those reforms. To do so, it uses, and assesses the robustness of a multi-hypothesis framework. The research situates itself within a political economy theoretical framework. This framework recognises the inseparability and interdependence of political and economic factors. The study draws on economic data and political evidence to examine the actions, circumstances and background of governments and leaders in the relevant periods, using a comparative historical approach and a framework derived from the political economy of reform theory. It utilises a framework encompassing a number of hypotheses about reform, condensed into five ‘clusters’ of: economic conditions, political conditions, role of ideas, economic team, and reform program. This framework is a modified version of one developed by John Williamson and Stephan Haggard in The Political Economy of Policy Reform. This study applies the framework for analysis qualitatively to the three representative case studies of economic reforms. The first case study examines the 25 per cent across-the-board tariff cut by the Whitlam Government in 1973. Australia had lived behind a ‘tariff wall’ for most of the century, and this reform sought to promote efficiency and innovation by encouraging competition, as well as reducing consumer prices. The second case study explores the Hawke government’s float of the Australian dollar in December 1983. Australia’s approach to its fixed exchange rate had undergone various modifications over the years, but none had allowed the economic flexibility necessary for a country with such a high rate of resource and primary industry exports. The last case analyses the minority Gillard government’s decision to implement the Clean Energy Future Package. It was a significant economic and environmental policy initiative encompassing multiple purposes, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, and promoting new industries. The research challenges presumptions that economic reform is driven solely or primarily by ‘economic imperatives’ (such as economic crisis), at least in the Australian context. It finds the landscape of the political economy of policy reform is far more complex. Instead, the political conditions, role of ideas and economic team all influenced the subject reforms to varying degrees. All governments used favourable aspects of the political conditions to pursue reform, exploiting opportunities in their political honeymoons, building social consensus ex post to enhance durability and visionary leadership to support change along the path to reform. These aspects were notable in the earlier two reforms, but largely absent in the third case study and this contributed to the failure of that policy program. All three reforms reflected evolving ideas about the policy prescriptions necessary in the circumstances. The Hawke government’s float of the dollar was a paradigm shift as defined by Peter Hall, which assisted with the durability of the change. The Gillard government’s reform was technically a paradigm shift, but lacked the durability necessary to be a true shift. The governments introduced the reforms during windows of policy opportunity and the most successful program (Hawke) held valence (emotional appeal) within the community, the Gillard reform lacked that support and Whitlam’s valence weakened as economic conditions turned against the government. Of vital importance in all reforms was the role of the economic team. Coherent economic teams supported the executive and the governments, and that assisted the development and introduction of the reforms, and improved the prospects their durability. It is not possible to unequivocally isolate factors sufficient or necessary for reform to take place in all circumstances. As scholars have recognised, however, there is still considerable value in identifying and exploring a range of contributing factors, even if not all are decisive. This research provides new insights into the political conditions that have been conducive for the pursuit of successful economic reform in Australian conditions. It also demonstrates that the use of a conceptual framework encompassing multiple reform hypotheses provides a richer, more nuanced understanding of reform decisions. This is a viable and useful approach for research in this area of interest, particularly when comparing multiple cases.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Govt & Int Relations
Griffith Business School
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Hardy, Bradley L. "ESSAYS ON INCOME VOLATILITY AND INDIVIDUAL WELL-BEING." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/831.

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My dissertation consists of three essays in which I document trends in earnings and income volatility, estimate potential causal mechanisms for changing volatility, and examine the long-term consequences of parental income volatility for children. In essay 2 I document trends in earnings and income volatility of individuals and families using matched data in the March Current Population survey from 1973 to 2009. Essay 3 advances the literature on volatility, using matched data from the CPS to identify demographic and labor market correlates of earnings volatility within education-birth year cohorts. This study collapses the cross-sectional CPS into a pseudo-panel and then estimates the association between earnings volatility and race, local economic activity, and industry, accounting for endogeneity and sample selection bias. In essay 4 I use data linked across generations in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to estimate the relationship between exposure to volatile income during childhood and a set of socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. The empirical framework is an augmented intergenerational income mobility model that includes controls for income volatility. I find that family income volatility rose by 38 percent over the past four decades, likely driven both by rising volatility of earnings and non means-tested non-labor income. Rising family income volatility occurs across race, education, and family structure. From essay 3, I find that individuals with lower mean earnings have higher earnings volatility. Earnings volatility is also weakly related to race, decreases when young and then rises while workers are still within prime working years. Industry and local economic conditions are significantly related to the occurrence of earnings volatility after accounting for education, though these links differ between men and women. Finally, when examining the intergenerational consequences of volatility, a weak negative association occurs between family income instability during childhood and adult educational outcomes in essay 4.

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Nawaz, Shamaila. "Sex and the city : gender gaps in labor markets and economic geography." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1074.

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Cette thèse explore la dimension géographique des disparités entre les sexes dans le marché du travail. Les questions étudiées incluent la variation de la prime salariale urbaine entre les sexes (chapitre deux), l'exploration des différents mécanismes derrière les effets importants de la localisation géographique sur les gains du marché du travail des femmes (chapitre trois), et de l'écart entre les sexes sur les rendements d'expérience urbains (chapitre quatre). Le deuxième chapitre entreprend une analyse transversale à l'aide de données françaises pour estimer la prime salariale urbaine et sa variation entre les sexes. Les résultats confirment l'existence d'une prime salariale urbaine nettement supérieure pour les femmes. Un doublement de la densité de l'emploi dans une zone donnée entraîne une réduction de 2,4 pourcent de l'écart salarial entre les sexes, une valeur qui augmente de 4 pourcent lorsqu'on exclut la catégorie professionnelle des ouvriers. Contrairement au reste des professions, l'effet de la densité favorise les hommes dans la catégorie des ouvriers. Le troisième chapitre cherche à trouver les mécanismes à l'origine de l'effet importante de la localisation géographique sur les gains du marché du travail pour les femmes en employant l'approche par l'estimateur « within ». Les résultats suggèrent que la moitié de la prime salariale urbaine est attribuée sur la base d'un tri des travailleurs selon le type de compétences à travers des différentes zones. Cependant, en complément du tri de compétences, d'autres hétérogénéités individuelles contribuent également à l'excès de la prime salariale urbaine pour les femmes
This dissertation explores the geographical dimension of the gender gaps in the labor market. The investigated issues include the variation of urban wage premium across genders (chapter two), exploration of different mechanisms behind stronger location effects for females' labor market gains (chapter three), and the gender gap in the urban returns to experience (chapter four). The second chapter undertakes a cross-sectional analysis by using French data to estimate the urban wage premium and its variation across genders. The findings confirm the existence of an urban wage premium that is significantly higher for women. A twofold increase in employment density of an area results in a 2.4 percent reduction in the gender wage gap, which increases to 4 percent when we exclude manual workers occupational category. Contrary to the rest of the occupations, the density effect favors men in the manual workers category. The third chapter seeks to find the mechanisms behind the stronger location effects on labor market gains for women by employing the within estimate approach. Results suggest that half of the urban wage premium is contributed by the sorting of workers according to skill type across different areas. However, in addition to skill sorting other individual heterogeneities also contribute to the excess urban wage premium for females. Firm level agglomeration effects attribute a minor part to the excess urban wage premium for females. The left over premium is a result of pure urban effects (lower discrimination, better matching, urban amenities)

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Silveira, Priscilla Bacalhau Velloso da. "The economic benefits of higher education: from high school to labor market." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24161.

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Attaining tertiary education has noteworthy implications for both individuals and society. This thesis is composed of three essays related to Economics of Education. The first chapter investigates whether the informational barriers prevent young students from completing high school and starting higher education, by performing an evaluation of a corporate volunteer program that aims to inform students about the benefits of finishing this level of education. The second chapter estimates the returns to college quality and to individual abilities on early career outcomes in Brazil. A new measure of the signal for college quality is proposed for these estimates. The third and last chapter performs a cost-effectiveness analysis of the public provision of higher education compared to private provision in Brazil.
Completar um curso de ensino superior tem implicações notáveis para os indivíduos e para a sociedade. Esta tese é composta por três ensaios relacionados à Economia da Educação. O primeiro capítulo investiga se as barreiras informacionais impedem que os jovens concluam o ensino médio e iniciem o ensino superior, realizando uma avaliação de um programa de voluntariado corporativo que visa informar os jovens sobre os benefícios de terminar esse nível de ensino. O segundo capítulo estima o retorno à qualidade da faculdade e às habilidades individuais nos resultados iniciais de carreira no Brasil. Uma nova medida do sinal de qualidade do ensino superior é proposta para essas estimativas. O terceiro e último capítulo realiza uma análise de custo-efetividade da provisão pública de ensino superior comparada à provisão privada no Brasil.

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Fuertes, Vanesa. "Coordination in labour market policy : the influence of governance and institutional logics." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2017. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1033234.

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This PhD analyses the factors that affect the existence or absence of coordination in the field of labour market policy for the long-term unemployed in three cities in Great Britain (Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Newcastle). The interest in coordination in public service provision has become more relevant since the state's previously dominant role in services provision gave way to a decentralised and multi-actor landscape. The complexity of social issues also fostered the involvement of multiple organisations. Furthermore, the recent move toward activation in labour market policy has renewed the interest in localised and personalised services, which require coordination. The implications for individuals of the shift toward activation is the main driver for this thesis. Activation has changed the relationship between the state and its citizens, has redefined social exclusion, has individualised responsibility for unemployment, and has increased individuals' obligations to become employed and employable. Also, a greater number of individuals—often with multiple, complex, and overlapping problems—are now required to take part in paid employment. If activation is to effectively support unemployed individuals, its governance would have to facilitate coordination. Even though networks and partnership-working have been buzz-terms in relation to public service planning and delivery for some years, empirically, there is still a question over whether this discourse has resulted in coordination on the ground. Studies of coordination in the field of labour market policies have often focused on the link between social assistance and labour market policy. This research examines instead the coordination between labour market and other related policy areas, as well as the coordination between administrative levels and various service providers. Drawing upon document analysis and semi-structure interviews, this thesis shows that coordination is still elusive in practice and develops a framework of governance that might help to better achieve coordination in service provision.

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Bandyopadhyay, Kirsten Analise. "Firm strategies in scientific labor markets." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53386.

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This dissertation expands on the economic geography literature on how and why innovation clusters spatially by taking a closer look at two correlated phenomena: regional specialization and firm clustering. While existing studies note that innovative regions are often highly specialized and highly clustered, further research is needed on the relative contributions of specialization and clustering to regional innovation. I examine these contributions by focusing on one key element of any regional innovation project: the labor market for scientific and technical professionals. The foundation for this study is a typology of regions based on regional specialization and firm clustering. I use this typology to answer one key research question: how specialization and clustering affect wages and recruitment methods in science-based industries. I create my typology using firm location data from the Photonics Buyers’ Guide, a leading trade publication in the photonics industry; I use the standardized location quotient and the average nearest neighbor distance as metrics of regional specialization and firm clustering, respectively. I investigate small firms’ labor market strategies using job search and wage data from the 2011 and 2012 SPIE salary surveys of employees in the photonics industry. I also examine how people-based and place-based policies for strengthening scientific and technical labor markets change when viewed through the lens of specialization and clustering. I selected the photonics industry as an example of a science-based industry for three reasons: its diversity of applications, its policy importance, and its unique colocation of design and manufacturing. Regional specialization and firm clustering, while correlated, do not always go hand in hand. By disentangling the effects of specialization versus clustering, this dissertation contributes to the literature on the spatial analysis of innovation. It also offers policymakers a heuristic for deciding on the importance of being known for a particular industry (regional specialization) and creating dense innovation districts (firm clusters) through preferential zoning or other mechanisms.

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Yakusheva, Yana, and Яна Якушева. "Determinants of labor migration in Ukraine." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/51229.

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1. Pikulyk O. Causes, features and consequences of labor migration in Ukraine. Economy and society. 2020. – №21. – P. 16-20. 2. Romanyuk M. Migration determinants of national security of Ukraine: theoretical, methodological and practical aspects. Demography and social economy. 2014. – №1. – P. 50-60.
Modern migration processes are not only dynamic but also mutually conditioned. Migration is a natural manifestation of globalization. This is both a side effect and a stimulating factor. Migration affects politics, economics, society, international relations, macroeconomic relations and microeconomic relations. One form of migration is international labor migration. It is interesting to note that labor migration has accompanied humanity throughout its history. Labor migration is an integral part of the world market and economy. Labor migration is due to various factors and factors. This article is devoted to the general characteristics of the determinants of labor migration in Ukraine. In addition, the author attempted to find connections and conditioned correlations between the determinants of labor migration.
Сучасні міграційні процеси не лише динамічні, але й взаємообумовлені. Міграція є природним проявом глобалізації. Це і побічний ефект, і стимулюючий фактор. Міграція впливає на політику, економіку, суспільство, міжнародні відносини, макроекономічні відносини та мікроекономічні відносини. Однією з форм міграції є міжнародна міграція робочої сили. Цікаво відзначити, що міграція праці супроводжувала людство протягом усієї його історії. Трудова міграція є невід'ємною частиною світового ринку та економіки. Трудова міграція зумовлена різними факторами та факторами. Ця стаття присвячена загальній характеристиці детермінант трудової міграції в Україні. Крім того, автор намагався знайти зв’язки та умовні кореляційні зв’язки між детермінантами трудової міграції.

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BOSSAVIE, Laurent. "Essays in empirical labor economics." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32104.

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Defence date: 9 January 2014
Examining Board: Professor Luigi Guiso, Supervisor, Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance Professor Andrea Ichino, EUI Professor Stephen Machin, University College London Professor Tommaso Nannicini, University Bocconi.
The aim of this PhD thesis is to provide a better understanding of the determinants of observed educational outcomes internationally, by focusing on two potentially important vectors of educational attainment: classroom peers and gender. The first part of the thesis (Chapter 1 to 4), written jointly with Ohto Kanninen, proposes an explanation to the gender gap reversal in educational attainment observed internationally over the last decades. We explain this quasi-universal phenomenon by building on a quasi-universal fact: the greater dispersion of men's test score distribution relative to women's test score distribution. In Chapter 1, we establish the fact that the gender gap reversal in educational attainment occurred in both the upper tail and lower tail of educational attainment, and that this reversal has been observed internationally. Chapter 2 shows that a greater dispersion of abilities among males, combined with an increase in the returns to education across cohorts, can generate the relationship between the total enrollment rate in education and the gender ratio among the enrolled observed in the data. In Chapter 3, we estimate our model empirically, and shows that our theory can reproduce the dynamics of educational enrollment by gender in each individual country in our sample. Finally, Chapter 4 formulates alternative theories proposed by the literature in the theoretical framework developed in chapter 2, to allow comparisons with our theory and confrontation against empirical data. It shows that the data does not support some of the predictions of the previous explanations proposed by the literature, while being consistent with the implications of our model. The second part of the thesis (Chapter 5) draws on the now large literature on peer effects in education to investigate the potential effect of immigrant peers in the classroom on the acquisition of basic cognitive skills by natives at school. It exploits a rich panel dataset of primary school students in the Netherlands and uses small variations in immigrant concentration across cohorts to identify the treatment effect. It performs a battery of tests showing that the variation in immigrant concentration in the classroom used for identification resembles a random process orthogonal to other determinants of educational achievement. It find evidences for a small negative effect of immigrant presence in the grade on the achievement of natives in reading, but not in mathematics. The treatment effect is also found to be very heterogenous depending on the characteristics of native and immigrant students.
-- The gender gap reversal in education : the facts -- The gender gap reversal in education : a statistical theory -- The gender gap reversal in education : fitting and testing the theory -- The gender gap reversal in education : testing alternative theories -- Immigrant peers and natives’ achievement at school : evidence form microdata

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Guimarães, Luís Alexandre Barbosa. "Labor Markets, Economic Policy,& Business Cycles." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/78994.

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Guimarães, Luís Alexandre Barbosa. "Labor Markets, Economic Policy,& Business Cycles." Tese, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/78994.

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47

Bair, Asatar P. "An economic analysis of prison labor in the United States." 2004. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3152671.

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The practice of using the labor of inmates in state and Federal prisons to produce commodities has expanded rapidly in recent years, paralleling the growth of the number of people incarcerated. Last year, prisoners in state and Federal institutions in the U.S. produced over $2 billion worth of commodities, both goods and services. In addition, prisoners performed various acts of labor such as food preparation, maintenance, laundry, and cleaning—forms of labor which, though necessary for the operation of every prison—do not produce commodities with market prices. A conservative estimate places the value of these goods and services at $9 billion. This dissertation analyzes the organization of prison labor and the increasingly important prison industries producing saleable commodities; in particular, we focus on the division between the products of prison labor consumed by the inmates and that appropriated from them by the prison authorities for other uses. This research yields the striking conclusion that the basic organization of prison labor in the U.S. today most closely resembles a form of slavery. Inmates are compelled by economic, cultural, and political forces to enter into this prison slavery, where the products of their labor are taken by others both inside and outside the prison. The effects of prison slavery on both the inmates who are enslaved as well as on American society as a whole are also explored. We find that as the prison has been transformed over the last 150 years by social movements, legal changes, and economic forces, so too has prison slavery. We also find that these social changes have allowed slavery to continue and even to expand in American society, despite the Civil War and the abolition of slavery outside prisons. The enslavement of inmates threatens the legitimacy of the criminal justice system, since slavery is widely seen as an ethically unacceptable form of labor. This loss of legitimacy may lead to increased criminal behavior.

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Robertson, Raymond Eugene. "Labor market consequences of international economic integration." 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/40388331.html.

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Chen, Chia-Hung, and 陳佳宏. "Fiscal Policy, Labor Supply and Economic Growth." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9r4v8j.

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碩士
銘傳大學
經濟學系碩士班
92
Utilizing a linear endogenous growth model which one sector produces consumption goods and the other sector produces capital goods developed by Rebelo (1991) and Chyi (1999), this paper endogenizes labor supply further. Moreover, this paper focuses on the effect on growth rate when government adopts different tax policies. The finding from this paper, tax policies have the same effect on growth rate no matter the situation is exogenous or endogenous labor supply; that is, government taxes on consumption has no effect on growth rate but taxes on capital will decrease economic growth rate. However, the process of dynamic adjusting will accelerate under the situation of endogenous labor supply because of the effect of leisure adjusting. In addition, this paper has other numerical analysis. For example, capital good sector or consumption good sector comes up a technical progress and trade term worsens then before. The result of those numerical analysis will similar to the situation which government adopts a tax policy in an endogenous labor supply contrasts with an exogenous labor supply.

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50

Lee, Shiou-Jiuan, and 李秀娟. "Human Resources, Foreign Labor and Economic Growth." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01895323975936827591.

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博士
中原大學
管理研究所
97
The human capital-induced technical progress has been regarded as one of the most important sources of economic growth for a long time. When human capital accumulates, knowledge and ability level improves which raises labor productivity and, hence, the output level of industries. As the economy grows, the demand of labor will increase, and when there is insufficient labor to meet the requirement, the pace of growth will slow down. Under this circumstance, enhancing labor productivity so as to reduce the dependence on labor or making use of foreign labor is the necessary choice to maintain a certain level of economic growth. Nevertheless, resources other than labor may also play key roles in fostering economic growth. As such, finding other possible bottleneck resources and trying to make up the potential supply discrepancy are also important topics that need to be concerned about. This study aims to explore the current and future resource utilization situation of Taiwan. We use a static resource utilization model to identify the possible bottleneck sectors and bottleneck resources for 2009 and 2015. We also use a dynamic model to analyze labor demand, taking into account occupation switching, the substitutability between domestic and foreign labor, and increase in labor productivity. Input-output tables of 1991 to 2004 are used to estimate the R and S values between two specific periods, which are then used in conjunction with RAS method to project input coefficients tables for 2005 to 2015 years. These tables, in turn, are used to develop the resource utilization and planning models. Simulation results using the static model indicate that blue-collar labor will be insufficient in 2009 and 2015. Water resources, on the other hand, will become bottleneck resource only in 2015. The results from the dynamic model show that occupation switching when motivated with right policies will have positive impact on the economy. Furthermore, the higher the possibility of foreign labor to substitute away domestic labor, the larger the crowing-out effect for domestic labor will be when labor is not a binding resource. Finally, as on-job training and education are effective ways of accumulating human capital, investing more on training and education should be an urgent policy that Taiwanese government needs to implement for the years to come.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Labor economic'

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