Journal articles on the topic 'Labor costs Australia'
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1
Callander, Emily J., Faith Allele, Hayley Roberts, William Guinea, and Daniel B. Lindsay. "The Effect of Childhood ADD/ADHD on Parental Workforce Participation." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 5 (November 19, 2016): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716680076.
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Objective: This research aimed to examine the impact of attention deficit disorder (ADD)/ADHD in children on parental labor force participation across different child age groups. Method: This study utilized a longitudinal, quantitative analyses approach. All data were collected from Wave 6 of the Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) survey. Results: After adjusting for various confounders, mothers whose children were 10/11 years old and had been diagnosed with ADD/ADHD were significantly more likely to be out of the labor force compared with those mothers whose child had not been diagnosed with ADD/ADHD. The impact was more pronounced for single mothers. No significant influence on paternal labor force participation was found. Conclusion: In assessing the cost-effectiveness of interventions for ADD/ADHD, policy makers and researchers must consider the long-term social and economic effects of ADD/ADHD on maternal workforce participation when considering costs and outcomes.
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Richards, Eric. "How Did Poor People Emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the Nineteenth Century?" Journal of British Studies 32, no. 3 (July 1993): 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386032.
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One of the great themes of modern history is the movement of poor people across the face of the earth. For individuals and families the economic and psychological costs of these transoceanic migrations were severe. But they did not prevent millions of agriculturalists and proletarians from Europe reaching the new worlds in both the Atlantic and the Pacific basins in the nineteenth century. These people, in their myriad voyages, shifted the demographic balance of the continents and created new economies and societies wherever they went. The means by which these emigrations were achieved are little explored.Most emigrants directed themselves to the cheapest destinations. The Irish, for instance, migrated primarily to England, Scotland, and North America. The general account of British and European emigration in the nineteenth century demonstrates that the poor were not well placed to raise the costs of emigration or to insert themselves into the elaborate arrangements required for intercontinental migration. Usually the poor came last in the sequence of emigration.The passage to Australasia was the longest and the most expensive of these migrations. From its foundation as a penal colony in 1788, New South Wales depended almost entirely on convict labor during its first four decades. Unambiguous government sanction for free immigration emerged only at the end of the 1820s, when new plans were devised to encourage certain categories of emigrants from the British population. As each of the new Australian colonies was developed so the dependence on convict labor diminished.
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Marshall, Dale E. "386 MECHANICAL ASPARAGUS HARVESTING STATUS--WORLDWIDE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 486d—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.486d.
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For over 86 years producers, processors, engineers, and equipment manufacturers have attempted to mechanize the harvest of asparagus. Over 60 U.S. patents have been issued. Probably the most sophisticated harvester tested was started in 1987 by Edgells Birdseye, Cowra, Australia. After successful field tests of the 3-row, selective (fiber optic), harvester for flat-bed green asparagus used in canning, 3 more were built at a cost of $US 4.5 million, and harvested 500 acres until 1991 when the company ceased canning. Recovery was 30 to 80% with 50% being typical. Wollogong University in Australia is now researching a selective (fiber optic), harvester for flat-bed green asparagus. It utilizes multiple side-by-side 3 in. wide by 24 in. dia. rubber gripper discs which rotate at ground speed. No harvester prototype has been commercially acceptable to the asparagus industry due to poor selectivity, low overall recovery (low yield relative to hand harvest), mechanical damage to spears, low field capacity per harvester, or overall harvesting costs that exceed those for hand harvesting. The reality may be that asparagus production will cease in the traditional geographical areas where growing costs and labor costs are high, although niche fresh markets may help some growers survive.
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THAMPAPILLAI, DODO J. "EZRA MISHAN’S COST OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM THE ENTROPY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CAPITAL." Singapore Economic Review 61, no. 03 (June 2016): 1640018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021759081640018x.
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Ezra Mishan’s (1967) famous articulation of the costs of economic growth included amongst others the rearrangement and loss of nature. This paper builds on this theme by recourse to two important concepts in science, namely the assimilative capacity of nature and the entropy of law of thermodynamics. These concepts enable the formulation of an alternative conceptual framework for the explanation of national income (Y) in terms of factor-utilization. In this framework, environmental capital (KN) is an explicit factor besides manufactured capital (KM) and labor (L). A simple methodology that permits the estimation of the volume of KN utilized is used towards demonstrating that economic growth is an entropic process. Empirical illustration of KN utilization as point-estimates is made for Australia and South Korea.
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Vaa, Leulu Felise. "The Future of Western Samoan Migration to New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100206.
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The history of Samoan migration to New Zealand, a demographic profile of the migrants, and the future of such migration are discussed. Migration became a serious phenomenon after independence in 1962, with primarily young, unskilled workers moving to take up jobs in the agricultural and service sectors. Remaining essentially unchanged since 1962, New Zealand's immigration policy gives preferential treatment to Western Samoans and recognizes their valuable labor contribution. The future of migration to New Zealand is discussed in the context of the costs and benefits to Western Samoa. Contrary to some observers, the author argues that emigration has been beneficial rather than deleterious to Western Samoa's development and predicts the continuation of Samoan migration to New Zealand, Australia, United States and other countries, with increased emphasis on family reunion.
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Schwartz, Herman. "Small States in Big Trouble: State Reorganization in Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden in the 1980s." World Politics 46, no. 4 (July 1994): 527–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950717.
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In Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden in the 1980s, coalitions of politicians, fiscal bureaucrats, and capital and labor in sectors exposed to international competition allied to transform the largest single nontradables sector in their society: the state, particularly the welfare state. They exposed state personnel and agencies to market pressures and competition to reduce the cost of welfare and other state services. The impetus for change came from rising foreign public and private debt. Rising public debt levels and expensive welfare states interacted to create a tax wedge between employers' wage costs and workers' received wages. This undercut international competitiveness, worsening current account deficits and leading to more foreign debt accumulation. Two factors explain variation in the degree of reorganization in each country: differences in their electoral and constitutional regimes; and the willingness of left parties to risk splitting their core constituencies. Introduction of market pressures is an effort to go beyond the liberalization of the economy common in industrial countries during the 1980s, and both to institutionalize limits to welfare spending and to change the nature of statesociety relations, away from corporatist forms of interest intermediation. In short, not just less state, but a different state.
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Kularatna, Sanjeewa, Jessie Wong, Sameera Senanayake, David Brain, Jaimi Greenslade, William Parsonage, Deokhoon Jun, and Steven McPhail. "Financial Costs of Emergency Department Presentations for Australian Patients With Heart Disease in the Last 3 Years of Life." Health Services Insights 15 (January 2022): 117863292210910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786329221091038.
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Aims: This study described emergency department (ED) resource use patterns and associated costs among patients with heart disease in their last 3 years of life in a high-income country. Methods: This study used linked data from ED and death registry databases in Australia. A random sample of 1000 patients who died due to any cause in 2017, and who had been living with heart disease for at least the prior 10-years were included. The outcomes of interest were number of ED presentations over each of the last 3 years prior to death and relative cost contributions of ED-related items. Results: The number of patients needing ED care and number of ED presentations per patient increased as patients were closer to death, with 85% experiencing at least one ED presentation in their last year of life. Mean per patient ED presentation cost increased with each year closer to death. Costs related to labor, pathology, patient travel, and goods and services contributed more than 85% of the total cost in each of the 3 years. Conclusion: The increase in cost burden as patients neared death was attributable to more frequent ED presentations per person rather than more expensive ED presentations. The scope of this study was limited to ED presentations, and may not be representative of heart-disease-related end-of-life care more broadly.
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Al-Fatlawi, Hayder Ali, and Hassan Jassim Motlak. "Smart ports: towards a high performance, increased productivity, and a better environment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1472-1482.
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<span lang="EN-US">Ports are currently competing fiercely for capital and global investments in order to improve revenues, mostly by improving performance and lowering labor costs. Smart ports are a fantastic approach to realize these elements since they integrate information and communication technologies within smart applications, ultimately contributing to port management improvement. This leads to greater performance and lower operational expenses. As a result, several ports in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America have gone smart. However, there are a lot of critical factors to consider when automating port operations, such as greenhouse gas emissions, which have reached alarming proportions. The purpose of this study is to define the most essential tasks conducted by smart ports, such as the smart ship industry, smart gantry and quayside container cranes, transport automation, smart containers, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, it gives a model of the smart port concept and highlights the critical current technologies on which the ports are based. Each technology’s most significant contributions to its development are noted. This technology is compared to more traditional technologies. It is hoped that this effort would pique the curiosity of fresh researchers in this sector.</span>
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Qin, Xin, Peter W. Hom, and Minya Xu. "Am I a peasant or a worker? An identity strain perspective on turnover among developing-world migrants." Human Relations 72, no. 4 (July 18, 2018): 801–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726718778097.
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Developing-world rural migrants provide crucial labor for global supply chains and economic growth in their native countries. Yet their high turnover engenders considerable organizational costs and disruptions threatening those contributions. Organizational scholars thus strive to understand why these workers quit, often applying turnover models and findings predominantly derived from the United States, Canada, England or Australia (UCEA). Predominant applications of dominant turnover theories however provide limited insight into why developing-world migrants quit given that they significantly differ from UCEA workforces in culture, precarious employment and rural-to-urban migration. Based on multi-phase, multi-source and multi-level survey data of 173 Chinese migrants working in a construction group, this study adopts an identity strain perspective to clarify why they quit. This investigation established that migrants retaining their rural identity experience more identity strain when working and living in distant urban centers. Moreover, identity strain prompts them to quit when their work groups lack supervisory supportive climates. Furthermore, migrants’ adjustment to urban workplaces and communities mediates the interactive effect of identity strain and supervisory supportive climate on turnover. Overall, this study highlighted how identity strain arising from role transitions and urban adjustment can explain why rural migrants in developing societies quit jobs.
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Wilkes, Martin. "Australian LNG: the cost myths and truths." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15093.
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In recent years the media has published articles relating to the high cost of doing business in Australia. The impacts of low productivity, high-labour costs, and poor performance have all been highlighted as ailments with Australia and within the LNG (construction) industry in particular. This has led to views that Australia is a high-cost environment and Australian LNG is expensive. The numbers that are often quoted appear to support these views, however they overlook—and sometimes mask—aspects of individual projects that are important to understand before making any generic pronouncements about the competitiveness of the Australian industry in general. This extended abstract: Exposes the inadequacies of the general comparisons that have been made in the recent past. Demonstrates the actual impact of several identified issues. Demonstrates the importance of decisions made early in the project development cycle by respective owners on the projects and project costs. Identifies the differences and similarities in development and costs of LNG projects in Australia compared to other areas of the world, in particular the US. Examines the impact of lack of collaboration.
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Sandell, Robin. "Network Design Strategies to Increase Efficiency and Usefulness of Urban Transit Ferry Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2649, no. 1 (January 2017): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2649-08.
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As urban transit ferry systems expand, it is important for operators and transport agencies to take a more sophisticated approach to network design and scheduling to make services more useful for riders and to reduce costs. A new schedule was developed for a passenger ferry network in Sydney, Australia, on the basis of principles of integrated regular-interval scheduling. The existing network followed a conventional radial pattern, with 36 landings and terminals on nine lines, which converged on Circular Quay in Sydney’s central business district. The reconfigured network established timed transfers between all lines at Circular Quay and at other network nodes. The reconfiguration increased the number of origin–destination pairs with all-day convenient connections from 96 to 419. Service hours increased by 11%, but without a change in requirements for peak operating vessels. The modified network simplified operations and was likely to reduce the operating cost per service hour because of labor efficiency gains. Safer ferry operations were also predicted. Critical to successful implementation was an improvement in the passenger exchange process to reduce systemic causes of service delays. The results show that the usefulness of a complex urban transit ferry network can be enhanced by improved connectivity without necessarily increasing the number of terminals or government subsidy levels. The results also suggest the need for detailed network planning to precede plans for fleet acquisition and terminal infrastructure design. This planning is likely to target infrastructure investment better.
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Burrow, Sharan. "Australia's Social and Commercial Engagement with China: What Direction for the Relationship?" Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 5 (November 2007): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082211.
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This article suggests four criteria that any Australian Government should satisfy in promoting new forms of social and commercial engagement in the Australia—China economic and trading relationship. Any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) should require a high level of commitment to meet four standards. First, the inclusion of a labour clause within the agreement. Second, the government must now ensure that there is no disadvantage to Australian industry particularly for the purpose of applying anti-dumping provisions. Third, an Australia—China FTA would need to demonstrate how the economic and trading relationship would become more balanced and why a bilateral FTA will not further compromise the multilateral system. Fourth, the government must demonstrate its commitment to make Australia free trade ready so the nation can maximize the benefits and minimize the costs of commercial engagement with China and other counties. Ultimately corporate globalization will only work for the world's workers and their families when it is underpinned by a fair set of global rules including labour rights.
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Helsinger, Abigail, Nytasia Hicks, Meghan Young, Oksana Dikhtyar, Phyllis Cummins, and Taka Yamashita. "Barriers to Engage Low-Skilled Adults in Educational Opportunities: A Global Perspective." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.208.
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Abstract The demand for adult education and training (AET) opportunities is substantial as older adults are remaining in the labor force at older ages, and are facing substantial technological changes in the workplace. Strategies to engage middle-aged and older adult workers in AET often exclude low-skilled and sub-populations. The engagement of these sub-populations in AET is challenging as access, awareness, and program costs associated with AET opportunities often target highly skilled populations. The inequality in AET participation warrants specific programs and strategies to address challenges low-skilled adult workers face in pursuing AET. The purpose of this study is to identify AET opportunities for low-skilled middle-aged and older adults, as well as highlight major barriers to engage and retain these sub-population in AET. Data were collected from 36 key informants through semi-structured interviews and through document reviews. Key informants represented Australia, Canada, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, the U.K., and the U.S. Descriptive methods were used to identify barriers in recruiting and retaining low-skilled middle-aged and older adults. We particularly focused on the barriers related to cost, language, access, and awareness. Results highlighted opportunities tailored to support adult workers in the pursuit of adult learning opportunities both domestically and internationally. Barriers including learning histories, lack of long-term person-centered support, as well as the role of multiple forms of learning, such as formal and informal learning, were identified. Last, we provide recommendations for recruiting and retaining middle-aged and older adult workers in AET programs.
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GALIEV, Zhaken Kakitaevich, and Nadezhda Valentinovna GALIEVA. "Coal industry development strategy in domestic and foreign markets." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-4-212-217.
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Relevance. In the current context, the cost of coal products is growing. Labor productivity in coal mines and open-pit mines is significantly lower than the corresponding indicator in North America and Australia, a significant proportion of unprofitable enterprises, despite the fact that a third of the world’s coal resources and a fifth of the proven reserves are concentrated in the Russian Federation. In these circumstances, the substantiation of the strategic development of the coal industry on the basis of a SWOT analysis is of great importance. Purpose of the study is to substantiate the strategic vision for the development of the coal industry, priorities for the functioning of coal mining enterprises. Research methods are scientific generalization, method of system analysis and analogies. Results. In the course of the study, the possibilities of functioning of coal mining enterprises, threats to the coal industry, strengths and weaknesses of their activities were identified. The ability to function is determined by the presence of huge coal reserves in Russia, the leadership in its production and export, and a significant share of coking coal grades. The identified threats include: a significant decrease in prices on the world market and coal consumption in the domestic market, an increase in the average transportation distance and the risks of introducing environmental restrictions. The weaknesses in the activities of coal mining enterprises, requiring appropriate measures to be taken to liquidate them, come down to the following: increased operating costs, low labor productivity, a significant number of small mines and open-pit mines that hinder the effective development of the industry as a whole. At the same time, the strategy for further development should focus on the strengths of the coal mining enterprises. These include lower capital investments based on conventional fuel, significantly lower than in the oil and gas industry, therefore, during the period of ensuring sustainable development of the economy as a whole, the development of the coal industry will require lower costs, which creates conditions for the development of other related industries, the possibility of introducing an economic mechanism of inter-fuel competition, as well as the effective functioning of the market structure within the “free” oligopoly. Increasing the competitiveness of coal mining enterprises requires the use of accelerated depreciation methods at export-oriented enterprises, the introduction of problem-solving technology at large coal mining enterprises, the establishment of a rational ratio of the used imported and Russian equipment, and the containment of the growth in the cost of railway transport services. The focus on the implementation of the concept of creating a digital industrial enterprise in the industry plays a special role. A number of measures should be taken to improve financial stability. Conclusions. The identified opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the activities of coal mining enterprises, serve as the basis for substantiating the “Strategy for the development of the coal industry”, determine promising directions for the future of coal mining enterprises.
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Witjaksono, Julian. "FACTORS INFLUENCING NET RETURN OF TRANSGENIC COTTON WORLDWIDE OVER TIME;." Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 8, no. 1 (December 6, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bultas.v8n1.2016.21-29.
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<p>Meta data tentang manfaat ekonomi dari kapas transgenik yang bersumber dari hasil-hasil penelitian lebih dari satu dekade di empat negara, yaitu Amerika, Australia, China, dan India dapat dianalisa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kapas transgenik dari sudut pandang nilai ekonomi atau keuntungan usaha tani petani kapas dengan menggunakan data global dari lebih dari satu dekade hasil percobaan dan survei la-pangan. Indikator ekonomi yang dilihat meliputi hasil panen, biaya benih, biaya pestisida, biaya manajemen dan tenaga kerja, serta keuntungan usaha tani sebagai parameter yang dianalisis. Data dari indikator yang dikumpulkan merupakan meta data dari penelusuran literatur yang terkait dengan tujuan penelitian ini dan dilakukan analisis regresi untuk mengetahui dan memperkirakan hubungan antara variabel respon dan varia-bel penjelas pada parameter ini. Hasil penelitian menggunakan pendekatan analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa variabel produksi adalah faktor utama yang mempengaruhi keuntungan usaha tani kapas transgenik. Dengan demikian, kapas transgenik merupakan teknologi yang dapat meningkatkan hasil dan sebagai faktor utama yang mempengaruhi tingkat keuntungan usaha tani. Teknologi kapas transgenik Bt dapat dimanfaat-kan oleh petani miskin sumber daya di negara-negara berkembang dalam upaya meningkatkan pendapatan mereka. Pemanfaatan kapas transgenik di Indonesia harus mempertimbangkan kondisi agroekosistem dan sosial ekonomi, serta dukungan kebijakan agar teknologi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi petani. Oleh karena itu, masih perlu dilakukan penelitian dan kajian lebih lanjut dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor tersebut.</p><p>The evidence of metadata based on the economic benefits using genetically modified (GM) cotton with different patterns across space and time could be analysed. To this end, investigation on the effects of GM cotton using global data from more than one decade of field trials and surveys were done. More specifically, the effects of GM cotton on crop yields, seed costs, pesticide costs, management and labor costs, and net return were analyzed. Based on the literature searched, regression analysis was conducted to investigate and estimate the relationship between response variables and explanatory variables on these parameters. The results using a regression analysis approach indicated that yield gain was the high expectation of cotton growers to optimize net returns. Put in another way, yield gain is the main factor influencing net return. As such, this study concludes that GM cotton is the technology which can lead to yield increases and capture higher net return. More so, lessons from this study may contribute to the assessment of this technology especially for the poor-resource farmers in the developing countries. The application of this technology in Indonesia has to consider the agroecosystem and socioeconomic condition, as well as support from the government policy. Indeed, research and assessment in deep analysis should be done with the consideration of the factors above before implementing this technology.</p>
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Argy, Fred. "The Road Back to Full Employment." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 176–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400202.
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Over the last two years the Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA) carried out a major project: a vision for the Australian economy and practical policies to attain that vision by the year 2000. One of the key goals was to halve the official unemployment rate. The results are outlined in this article. Emphasis is placed on a policy and incentive structure that is skewed in favour of exports, productive investment and savings, a more structurally efficient and flexible labour market, responsible aggregate wage outcomes and acceptance that growth is only sustainable if the short—term costs of structural reform are borne equitably.
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Brumfield, Robin G., and Peter F. McSweeney. "A Business Profile of Australian Nurseries." HortTechnology 8, no. 2 (April 1998): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.8.2.225.
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A 1995 study of 22 Australian nurseries 1) developed a profile of production, management, and profitability; 2) compared their performance to relevant U.S. benchmarks; and 3) identified trends and potential areas of improvement in the management of Australian nursery enterprises. The study confirmed that Australian nurseries incur high labor costs (38.8% of sales) comparable to United States nurseries, while costs of materials and supplies were lower than in the United States. Australian managers were concerned with marketing and recruiting and keeping labor rather than increasing capital investment to enhance production efficiency. Capital expenditures were funded from internal cash flow rather than external financing. Many of the nursery managers used relatively simple performance indicators, and most business objectives were stated in general terms. Concerns about the viability of the industry included oversupply, the growth in chain stores' business, factors eroding the demand for nursery products, and greater regulation.
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Cramer, Lorinda. "Making ‘everything they want but boots’: Clothing Children in Victoria, Australia, 1840–1870." Costume 51, no. 2 (September 2017): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cost.2017.0024.
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Dress was charged with meaning in the British colonies. Its visual cues made dress an obvious vehicle for formulating identity in material ways, and as a communicative device it was a means to measure migrants of unknown social origin — though not always with success. This article explores children's clothing in south-eastern Australia during the decades spanning the mid-nineteenth century, when the Port Phillip District transformed from a pastoral settlement into the thriving gold-rush colony of Victoria, attracting migrants from around the globe. In particular, it focuses on the material practices of mothers in clothing their children. In considering the links between a mother's domestic needlework and expressions of identity, it develops the concept of clothing as a visible indicator to observers of a mother's care of and devotion to her children, while acknowledging the circumstances that may have influenced her sewing — shortages of labour and materials, isolation and the financial uncertainty of life in a new colony.
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Brumfield, Robin G., and Peter F. McSweeney. "Business Profile of Australian Nurseries." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 456E—456. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.456e.
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We surveyed 22 Australian nurseries in 1995 to: 1) develop a profile of Australian nurseries from a production, management, and profitability perspective; 2) compare the data to relevant U.S. benchmarks; and 3) identify trends and potential areas of improvement in the management of Australian nursery enterprises. The study confirmed that Australian nurseries incur high labor costs (38.8% of sales) that are comparable to United States nurseries, while costs of materials and supplies were lower than their U.S. counterparts. Overall, the costs of the surveyed nurseries appeared lower than their U.S. counterparts. Concerns of managers were directed towards recruiting and keeping labor and marketing rather than increasing capital investment to increase production efficiency. Capital expenditures tended to be funded from internal cash flows rather than external borrowings. Many of the nursery managers used relatively simple performance indicators and most business objectives were stated in general terms. Australian nurseries carried more diverse product ranges than the U.S. nurseries. Many of the nurseries adopted quite vigorous marketing strategies with a stronger emphasis on marketing than in those in the U.S. Concerns about the viability of the industry included oversupply, the growth in chain stores business, factors eroding the demand for nursery products and greater regulation.
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McBean, Brad, and Matt Guthridge. "The important role of productivity in Australia's long-run competitive position in LNG." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12062.
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With significant number of LNG projects on stream (or in various stages along the pre-feasibility to project completion continuum), world LNG markets will experience pricing pressure. This will push more customers into the spot market, doing only longer-term offtake deals where pricing is favourable to the buyer. While Australia is positioned favourably to import markets in Asia, it will be at a competitive disadvantage given lower labour productivity (impacting both construction and maintenance activities), industrial conditions (impacting the option value of being able to ramp production up and down), higher asset costs, and a higher dollar. Long-run returns on existing and planned LNG projects will need to focus on continuously improving productivity, particularly upstream in exploration/delineation and development, faster than overseas competitors. This will require Australian companies to take a lead role in incubating and developing drilling, completion, and workover technologies. Australia lags behind other countries, but it can catch up and overtake them if it acts now. This extended abstract discusses Australia’s likely/potential long-run position in LNG to global sink markets; the operating constraints on LNG operations relative to overseas competitors; and, the implications for productivity improvement in LNG given potential medium-term improvements in extraction, processing, and shipping costs for LNG operations more broadly (considering relationships between commodity pricing and exchange rate). The options for Australian LNG operations in closing any productivity gap are also discussed.
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Dixon, Peter B., David A. Prentice, and Lynne S. Williams. "Wages and On-Costs in Australian Industries: 1968-69 to 1985-86." Journal of Industrial Relations 30, no. 2 (June 1988): 294–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568803000207.
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In the study summarized here, estimates were made of the costs of employing labour in Australian industries for the years 1968-69 to 1985-86. The estimates include wages and five types of on-costs. They imply that the on-cost share in labour costs increased sharply in each industry over the period 1968-69 to 1974-75. Since 1974-75, on-cost shares have continued to grow but at moderate rates. The estimates rely on a wide variety of data sources and involve numerous interpolations and extrapolations. They are suitable for the analysis of medium-term trends rather than annual movements. It is to be hoped that the ABS continues its surveys of labour costs started in 1987. These surveys would then provide satisfactory time-series data for investigating the relationship between labour costs and other variables such as employment and inflation. They would also obviate the need for further studies of the type reported in this paper.
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Hasan, Maruf, and Asare Boateng. "A Review of Manufacturing in Australia." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 7, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v7i3.11522.
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Manufacturing as a share of Australia’s gross domestic product has constantly declined since 1960. In 2016 manufacturing activity accounted for less than 10% of gross domestic product and employed less Australians than ever before. The paper intends to review the history of manufacturing in Australia and evaluate the condition of the sector in 2016. After this evaluation; recommendations are made on how both governments and businesses can reform to rejuvenate growth. An extensive analysis of the literature in conjunction with interviews with different Australian manufacturing businesses was used to execute the analysis. The literature emphasised tariff removal, a high Australian dollar and an increasingly globalised world as the primary causes of manufacturing’s decline. Businesses highlighted the geographical isolation of the nation, the low population, high labour costs and the high Australian dollar as some of the barriers to growth of the sector. Focusing on new advanced manufacturing technologies, reducing corporate tax and improving public infrastructure are some of the recommendations made to help the sector reverse the negative trend. The evaluation of the sector with these recommendations is significant to both governments and businesses as it provides avenues for growth and investment relevant to the post mining boom economy.
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Dello, Lou. "2011 PESA industry review: production and development." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11007.
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2011 was a lacklustre year for Australian hydrocarbon production, however a stellar year for LNG development. Domestic gas production was flat despite two new gas developments, Reindeer/Devil Creek and Halyard/Spar, which came into production during the year. Oil production fell, primarily due to the redevelopment of North West Shelf oil facilities, with Kitan in the Timor Sea being the only new offshore oil field that commenced production. LNG production was also flat however, Final Investment Decisions (FID) were announced for five new LNG projects, including Ichthys early in 2012, bringing the combined value of all eight sanctioned LNG projects to more than $180 billion. This is a huge volume of development, not only for the industry but for the whole Australian economy. Importantly, it has also moved Australia closer to becoming the world’s largest LNG producer. Increasing development costs and competition for skilled labour still remain the biggest challenges for the industry. Introduction of the carbon tax was also an important development in 2011, marking a significant step towards a low-carbon economy and increasing the opportunity for natural gas, but also burdening trade-exposed industries like LNG. The success of unconventional gas in the United States and CSG in Australia has sparked a step-change in exploration and development of unconventional gas in onshore Australia. Consolidation in coal seam gas sector continued on the east coast with the two acquisitions of Eastern Star Gas by Santos and Bow Energy by Arrow Energy. Continuing to effectively engage with the community will be central to the industry’s success.
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Worland, David, and Kenneth Wilson. "Employment and labour costs in the hospitality industry: evidence from Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Hospitality Management 7, no. 4 (January 1988): 363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4319(88)90047-3.
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Knight, Lizzie, and Louise Bell. "Reimagining Australia's shale gas revolution: lessons at home and abroad." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13084.
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In Australia the shale gas debate has been polarised between those extolling its virtues with unchecked enthusiasm on one side and deep wariness on the other. How can we re-imagine Australia’s energy future and what is the proper place for shale gas? With 396 trillion cubic feet of potential shale gas reserves (CSIRO, 2012), Australia stands on a precipice of a golden age of gas, but only if those reserves can be developed profitably and with a higher level of community support and understanding. The development of a shale gas industry is likely to transform the nation’s domestic gas and export LNG markets, increase energy security, and bolster the Australian economy. Community concern and infrastructure constraints, however, stand as barriers to the realisation of the industry. The US is one of the few countries to have developed shale gas to a commercial scale. Facilitative government policies, extensive infrastructure networks, open-access policies, a favourable regulatory framework, a highly competitive industry, and a strong R&D focus have allowed the shale gas industry to flourish. Meanwhile, the nascent Australian unconventional gas industry grapples with community support, regulatory duplication and delays, conflicts about competing resources, productivity decline, and rising capital and labour costs. The development of major CSG to LNG export projects in Queensland will promote competition for gas between domestic and international customers. The eastern Australia domestic gas market will no longer be insulated from the world gas market and the domestic gas price is likely to rise to meet international prices. A shale gas industry in Australia could provide part of the solution to future domestic gas shortages and price hikes. To develop an Australian shale gas industry, however, proponents will require a social licence to operate and access to infrastructure. Government and industry need to act now to implement a coordinated strategy that will enable proponents to secure and maintain their social licence and obtain adequate access to infrastructure. While the existing Australian unconventional gas industry and overseas shale gas experiences are defined by a specific set of circumstances and differ from the Australian shale gas experience in a number of important respects, lessons from shale gas projects abroad is paramount to shaping a mature debate and ensuring this potential opportunity is realised.
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Buchler, Sandra, Michele Haynes, and Janeen Baxter. "Casual employment in Australia." Journal of Sociology 45, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783309335648.
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This article uses data from Wave 1 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) 2001 survey to examine whether there is a difference in financial well-being between casual and permanent employees. The study examines two measures of financial difficulty and one measure of financial satisfaction and finds that casual employees fare worse than permanent employees on all three measures. The results indicate that casual employees are less likely to afford basic costs of living, such as bills and mortgage/rent, and have higher levels of financial difficulty as well as lower levels of financial satisfaction. The article concludes that casual employment imposes significant financial strains on employees.
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Lee, Yu-Chen, Mary Lou Chatterton, Anne Magnus, Mohammadreza Mohebbi, Long Khanh-Dao Le, and Cathrine Mihalopoulos. "Cost of high prevalence mental disorders: Findings from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2017): 1198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417710730.
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Objective: The aim of this project was to detail the costs associated with the high prevalence mental disorders (depression, anxiety-related and substance use) in Australia, using community-based, nationally representative survey data. Methods: Respondents diagnosed, within the preceding 12 months, with high prevalence mental disorders using the Confidentialised Unit Record Files of the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing were analysed. The use of healthcare resources (hospitalisations, consultations and medications), productivity loss, income tax loss and welfare benefits were estimated. Unit costs of healthcare services were obtained from the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority, Medicare and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Labour participation rates and unemployment rates were determined from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Daily wage rates adjusted by age and sex were obtained from Australian Bureau of Statistics and used to estimate productivity losses. Income tax loss was estimated based on the Australian Taxation Office rates. The average cost of commonly received Government welfare benefits adjusted by age was used to estimate welfare payments. All estimates were expressed in 2013–2014 AUD and presented from multiple perspectives including public sector, individuals, private insurers, health sector and societal. Results: The average annual treatment cost for people seeking treatment was AUD660 (public), AUD195 (individual), AUD1058 (private) and AUD845 from the health sector’s perspective. The total annual healthcare cost was estimated at AUD974m, consisting of AUD700m to the public sector, AUD168m to individuals, and AUD107m to the private sector. The total annual productivity loss attributed to the population with high prevalence mental disorders was estimated at AUD11.8b, coupled with the yearly income tax loss at AUD1.23b and welfare payments at AUD12.9b. Conclusion: The population with high prevalence mental disorders not only incurs substantial cost to the Australian healthcare system but also large economic losses to society.
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Shorten, Allison, Donald E. Lewis, and Brett Shorten. "Trial of labour versus elective repeat caesarean section:A cost-effectiveness analysis." Australian Health Review 21, no. 1 (1998): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah980008.
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For subsequent births, women who have experienced previous caesarean section facea choice between elective caesarean section and trial of labour. The study reported inthis paper utilises Australian hospital data to compare birth outcomes and healthsystem costs of these two options. Although trial of labour is more expensive if the resultis an emergency caesarean section, high rates of successful vaginal delivery mean that,overall, trial of labour is found to be 30- per cent less expensive than elective caesareansection. It is estimated that trial of labour remains the most cost-effective option aslong as less than 68- per cent of women require emergency caesarean section. This studyhighlights the potential importance of more accurate information about a broaderrange of costs and outcomes in order for stronger conclusions to be drawn.
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Austen, Siobhan, and Astghik Mavisakalyan. "Gender gaps in long-term earnings and retirement wealth: The effects of education and parenthood." Journal of Industrial Relations 60, no. 4 (May 1, 2018): 492–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618767474.
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We measure gender gaps in long-term earnings and retirement wealth over the 15-year period from 2001 to 2015. Our analysis of data from the Housing, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey generates new estimates of the effects of education on men’s and women’s long-term earnings. These show that whilst university qualifications improve women’s long-term earnings, university education does not, on average, lift women’s earnings above those attained by men with a high school qualification. The increment in long-term earnings associated with parenthood also shows a large gender gap favouring men. Parenthood is associated with higher long-term earnings for men but on average this factor has a strong negative association with women’s earnings. The article also maps the consequences of the gender gap in long-term earnings for retirement wealth in the form of superannuation. The results show how the large gender gaps in retirement wealth reflect in large part the economic costs arising from the gendered division of roles associated with parenthood in many Australian households.
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Peck, J. A. "‘Invisible Threads’: Homeworking, Labour-Market Relations, and Industrial Restructuring in the Australian Clothing Trade." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10, no. 6 (December 1992): 671–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d100671.
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By way of an examination of the contemporary reemergence of homeworking in the Australian clothing industry, some of the links between industrial and labour-market restructuring are explored. The growth of homeworking reflects not only the pressures placed on clothing firms to reduce costs and enhance production flexibility (increasingly, the ‘conventional wisdom’ explanations), but also represents an attempt on the part of these firms to reconstruct their urban labour-market relations. It is argued that labour-market considerations warrant attention alongside those considerations pertaining to the labour process which are usually prioritised in the literature on industrial restructuring. The case of homeworking reveals some of the ways in which labour-market processes (such as the gendered nature of labour supplies, the ethnic segmentation of the labour force, and the contours of interindustry competition for labour) exert a powerful influence upon the nature of industrial change. Moreover, questions about the development, by firms and by industries, of characteristic urban labour-market relations are also raised.
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Chapman, Bruce. "Long Term Unemployment: The Case for Policy Reform." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 218–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400204.
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Long term unemployment is now Australia's most difficult and costly labour market problem. This paper argues the case for a different policy reorientation to what has been followed in the past. The first conclusion is that in the absence of a substantial reorientation of policy long term unemployment will remain very high, with the absolute number staying above the level inherited from the 1982/83 recession — which was until the current recession the highest in Australian history. Second, the equity and macroefficiency costs of not doing anything radically different are argued to be very high. A final part of the analysis considers the fundamental challenge of the Job Compact policy suggestion made in the Government's Green Paper on unemployment. However, the way in which the policy is to be instituted needs attention. It is likely that the use of the current JOBSTART wage subsidy scheme will not be enough to achieve the desired outcomes.
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Thorns, D. C. "New Solutions to Old Problems: Housing Affordability and Access within Australia and New Zealand." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 1 (January 1988): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a200071.
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During the 1970s and 1980s the Australian and New Zealand economies have been passing through a period of restructuring. This has had important impacts upon the housing sector, leading to rises in house and land prices, in interest rates, and therefore in the costs of house purchase. Under these conditions a new agenda of housing issues has appeared concerning the affordability of housing and the continued access of modest and lower income households to the dominant form of tenure, owner-occupation. The 1980s saw the election of Labour governments committed to action in the area of housing. However, somewhat paradoxically, both in Australia and in New Zealand the policies pursued have been those of deregulation to produce a more competitive financial market. To preserve access to housing, new mortgage schemes have been designed. Two such schemes, the Capital Loan Scheme of Victoria and New Zealand's Equity Share Scheme are evaluated in the paper to show the nature of the adopted policy-response. The article is concluded with the demonstration of the limitations of such policy-based solutions to what are macroeconomic problems which are produced by moving towards an economic and social policy shaped by market monetarism.
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Haydon, Helen M., Centaine L. Snoswell, Emma E. Thomas, Andrew Broadbent, Liam J. Caffery, Julie-Ann Brydon, and Anthony C. Smith. "Enhancing a community palliative care service with telehealth leads to efficiency gains and improves job satisfaction." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 27, no. 10 (November 2, 2021): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357633x211048952.
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Telepalliative care services enable clinicians to provide essential palliation services to people with a life-limiting illness in or closer to home. This study aims to explore the costs, service activity and staff experiences resulting from the introduction of telehealth in a community palliative care service in Queensland, Australia. Pre- and post-activity and cost data from the 2016–2017 and 2019–2020 financial years were examined and staff members interviewed. Accounting for inflation and standard wage increases, the labour costs before and after the addition of telehealth were approximately equal. There were small variations in non-labour costs, but these were not directly attributable to the expansion of the telehealth services. Overall, the service activity increased by 189% for standard doctor and nurse consultations, due to the increased efficiency of telehealth compared to the previous outreach (travel) model. Thematic analysis of the staff interview data generated an overarching theme of Increased Job Satisfaction which staff attributed to the patient-centred nature of the telepalliative care service, the increased peer support and increased professional development. Compared with the traditional in-person service, the new telehealth-supported model resulted in equivalent costs, greater efficiency by allowing palliative care to reach more patients and improved staff job satisfaction.
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Jung, Brian, Niel Kritzinger, Steven van Wagensveld, and John Mak. "A case study for cost-effective design of relocatable deep dewpoint control gas plant." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16030.
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Australia has significant smaller-capacity gas fields, in relatively remote areas. An economically viable design for the Australian market is a small to mid-size gas plant to produce pipeline-quality gas and recover attractive amounts of liquid products (NGLs) for export by truck. Such a plant has minimal equipment, is highly modularised to be cost-effective for remote locations with high labour costs, can be relocated, and can be implemented in a substantially shorter time frame than conventional projects. For the North and South American markets, we have developed a deep dewpointing process that combines high NGL recovery with simplicity of design, yet is flexible enough to accommodate a range of compositions and flow rates. This design is well suited for standardisation of small to medium-size gas plants where feed gas compositions may vary and capacity increases are not well known. A short implementation schedule provides first-to-market economic benefits. We have developed 3rd Generation ModularisationSM that is proven to significantly reduce a plant’s footprint compared with more traditional modularisation practices. This new approach makes it possible to design a gas processing facility as transportable modules that can be built in the most cost-effective location, are low cost to install and may be relocated in the future. This has been demonstrated in a recent project completed in 2015 for Shell in Canada. This paper presents the solution for the Australian market that combines the benefits of high gas liquids recovery with low investment, delivered in compact relocatable modules that enable very flexible field development strategies.
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Roth, Guy, Graham Harris, Malcolm Gillies, Janelle Montgomery, and David Wigginton. "Water-use efficiency and productivity trends in Australian irrigated cotton: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 12 (2013): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13315.
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The aim of this review is to report changes in irrigated cotton water use from research projects and on-farm practice-change programs in Australia, in relation to both plant-based and irrigation engineering disciplines. At least 80% of the Australian cotton-growing area is irrigated using gravity surface-irrigation systems. This review found that, over 23 years, cotton crops utilise 6–7 ML/ha of irrigation water, depending on the amount of seasonal rain received. The seasonal evapotranspiration of surface-irrigated crops averaged 729 mm over this period. Over the past decade, water-use productivity by Australian cotton growers has improved by 40%. This has been achieved by both yield increases and more efficient water-management systems. The whole-farm irrigation efficiency index improved from 57% to 70%, and the crop water use index is >3 kg/mm.ha, high by international standards. Yield increases over the last decade can be attributed to plant-breeding advances, the adoption of genetically modified varieties, and improved crop management. Also, there has been increased use of irrigation scheduling tools and furrow-irrigation system optimisation evaluations. This has reduced in-field deep-drainage losses. The largest loss component of the farm water balance on cotton farms is evaporation from on-farm water storages. Some farmers are changing to alternative systems such as centre pivots and lateral-move machines, and increasing numbers of these alternatives are expected. These systems can achieve considerable labour and water savings, but have significantly higher energy costs associated with water pumping and machine operation. The optimisation of interactions between water, soils, labour, carbon emissions and energy efficiency requires more research and on-farm evaluations. Standardisation of water-use efficiency measures and improved water measurement techniques for surface irrigation are important research outcomes to enable valid irrigation benchmarks to be established and compared. Water-use performance is highly variable between cotton farmers and farming fields and across regions. Therefore, site-specific measurement is important. The range in the presented datasets indicates potential for further improvement in water-use efficiency and productivity on Australian cotton farms.
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PICKARD, JOHN. "The Transition from Shepherding to Fencing in Colonial Australia." Rural History 18, no. 2 (October 2007): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793307002129.
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AbstractThe transition from shepherding to fencing in colonial Australia was a technological revolution replacing labour with capital. Fencing could not be widespread in Australia until an historical conjunction of technological, social and economic changes: open camping of sheep (from about 1810), effective poisoning of dingoes with strychnine (from the mid-1840s), introduction of iron wire (1840s), better land tenure (from 1847), progressive reduction of Aboriginal populations, huge demand for meat (from 1851) and high wages (from 1851). Labour shortages in the gold-rushes of the early 1850s were the final trigger, but all the other changes were essential precursors. Available data are used to test the alleged benefits of fencing: a higher wool cut per head; an increased carrying capacity; savings in wages and the running costs of stations; less disease in flocks; larger sheep; higher lambing percentages, and use of land unsuitable for shepherding. Many of the benefits were real, but some cannot be verified. By the mid-1880s, over ninety-five per cent of sheep in New South Wales were in paddocks, wire fences were spreading rapidly, and the cost of fences was falling. However, shepherding persisted in remote northern areas of Australia until well into the twentieth century.
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McConnell, Chai H., and Christian Dorgelo. "Some economic estimates of gas-fired power generation in a carbon constrained Australia." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18093.
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The future of Australia’s electricity industry has resulted in significant debate about the mix of electricity generating technologies. The Finkel Review and ensuing National Electricity Guarantee policy discussion have revealed divisions between key stakeholders over the future generating mix between renewable and fossil fuel power generation options. A portfolio of technologies will be required, including the need for gas-fired power generation with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS), to provide dispatchable synchronous electricity. Gas Vision 2050 has stated that CCS, along with biogas and hydrogen, will be one of the three transformational technologies affecting the gas industry going forward. Through the use of a techno-economic model, the costs for a hypothetical new-build gas-fired power plant in the Hunter Valley with and without CCS were estimated. The model is cross referenced with other authoritative publications including the CO2CRC Australian Power Generation Technology Report. The model considers the base-case scenario and sensitivity analysis of key cost drivers such as the domestic gas price and labour. The results of the model will enable key energy and gas industry stakeholders to make informed decisions about the vital role of gas as a power generation technology in Australia to deliver dispatchable synchronous electricity in a carbon constrained environment.
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Price, Anna M. H., Anna Zhu, Huu N. J. Nguyen, Diana Contreras-Suárez, Natalie Schreurs, Jade Burley, Kenny D. Lawson, et al. "Study protocol for the Healthier Wealthier Families (HWF) pilot randomised controlled trial: testing the feasibility of delivering financial counselling to families with young children who are identified as experiencing financial hardship by community-based nurses." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e044488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044488.
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IntroductionPoverty and deprivation can harm children’s future health, learning, economic productivity and societal participation. The Australian Healthier Wealthier Families project seeks to reduce the childhood inequities caused by poverty and deprivation by creating a systematic referral pathway between two free, community-based services: universal, well-child nursing services, which provide health and development support to families with children from birth to school entry, and financial counselling. By adapting the successful Scottish ‘Healthier Wealthier Children’ model, the objectives of this Australian pilot are to test the (1) feasibility of systematising the referral pathway, and (2) short-term impacts on household finances, caregiver health, parenting efficacy and financial service use.Methods and analysisThis pilot randomised controlled trial will run in three sites across two Australian states (Victoria and New South Wales), recruiting a total of 180 participants. Nurses identify eligible caregivers with a 6-item, study-designed screening survey for financial hardship. Caregivers who report one or more risk factors and consent are randomised. The intervention is financial counselling. The comparator is usual care plus information from a government money advice website. Feasibility will be evaluated using the number/proportion of caregivers who complete screening, consent and research measures, and access financial counselling. Though powered to assess feasibility, impacts will be measured 6 months post-enrolment with qualitative interviews and questionnaires about caregiver-reported income, loans and costs (adapted from national surveys, for example, the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey); health (General Health Questionnaire 1, EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale short-form); efficacy (from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children); and financial service use (study-designed) compared between arms.Ethics and disseminationEthics committees of the Royal Children’s Hospital (HREC/57372/RCHM-2019) and South West Sydney Local Health District (2019/ETH13455) have approved the study. Participants and stakeholders will receive results through regular communication channels comprising meetings, presentations and publications.Trial registration numberACTRN12620000154909; prospectively registered. Pre-results.
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Rahmawati, Sitti, Mark A. Graber, Mohammad Hakimi, Ali Ghufron Multi, Indra Bastian, and Nurulhuda Rahman. "Cost Comparison of Emergency Cesarean Section in Indonesia: The impact of Australian Model of Diagnosis-related Groups as a Payment System for Patient Care in Hospitals." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (March 8, 2021): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5831.
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BACKGROUND: The cesarean section in Indonesia was higher, still worrying for women and babies’ health with pregnancy complications. It will have psychological effects such as trauma and stress during labor and its consequences on labor cost. AIM: This study’s purpose was to determine the cost of cesarean delivery as a diagnosis of transition-related groups and the Australian-diagnosis-related groups (AR-DRGs) model’s impact. METHODS: The research method is descriptive qualitative study. The 42 samples are pregnant women and that selected by purposive sampling. The data are collected from a secondary data source of medical record installations, observations, interview interviews, and focus group discussion with health professionals, nurses, doctors, and midwives. Data analysis is based on the activity-based costing system method. It includes cost treatment per disease diagnosis, cesarean section AR-DRG 370 method as a payment method for hospital treatment. RESULTS: Determinants of cost differences in cesarean section surgery are based on AR-DRG 370 related to diabetes and eclampsia (complications and comorbidities) with relatively high-cost rates of O01A DRGs of US$ 2639 due to high-risk pregnancy complications. Complications of mild pregnancy (DRGO01D) with different categories of uterine rupture and sepsis have a low-cost average at the total cost of US$ 1251. Payment ability of an average of 42 respondents shows the costs category of DRGs O01A-DRGs O01D US$ 7088 or US$ 169, per patient and length of stay 4–6 days. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of Australia’s AR-DRGs model of transition DRG prospective payment shows that the health system can improve the quality of professional services in hospitals and control costs, and labor costs are cheaply profitable for hospitals. The results are accurate and experienced to be applied in Indonesian hospitals.
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Leideman, Gertjan. "Designing Australia's energy future: applying global learnings to secure Australia's position as a leading global energy supplier." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14094.
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Low labour productivity, high costs, regulatory instability and remoteness of operations are some issues frequently raised by oil and gas operators and those considering investment in Australia. This extended abstract looks at the next wave of capital investment and presents recommendations on how to sustain Australia’s energy future. Australia has a significant opportunity to build future resilience and sustained growth through energy reform. This extended abstract draws heavily on the World Economic Forum's global energy architecture performance index (EAPI), developed in collaboration with Accenture, which ranks 125 countries globally on how well their energy system delivers economic growth and development, environmental sustainability and energy security and access. It is recommended that Australia should apply lessons from the global community and actively implement solutions to sustain the country's energy future. Using case studies from oil and gas regions around the world, recommendations are made to improve competitiveness and secure Australia’s position as a leading global energy supplier.
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BREUNIG, ROBERT, XIAODONG GONG, and ANTHONY KING. "Partnered Women's Labour Supply and Child-Care Costs in Australia: Measurement Error and the Child-Care Price*." Economic Record 88 (June 2012): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2012.00797.x.
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Adelson, Pamela L., Garry R. Wedlock, Chris S. Wilkinson, Kirsten Howard, Robert L. Bryce, and Deborah A. Turnbull. "A cost analysis of inpatient compared with outpatient prostaglandin E2 cervical priming for induction of labour: results from the OPRA trial." Australian Health Review 37, no. 4 (2013): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13081.
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Objective To compare the costs of inpatient (usual care) with outpatient (intervention) care for cervical priming for induction of labour in women with healthy, low-risk pregnancies who are being induced for prolonged pregnancies or for social reasons. Methods Data from a randomised controlled trial at two hospitals in South Australia were matched with hospital financial data. A cost analysis comparing women randomised to inpatient care with those randomised to outpatient care was performed, with an additional analysis focusing on those who received the intervention. Results Overall, 48% of women randomised into the trial did not receive the intervention. Women randomised to outpatient care had an overall cost saving of $319 per woman (95% CI −$104 to $742) as compared with women randomised to usual care. When restricted to women who actually received the intervention, in-hospital cost savings of $433 (95% CI −$282 to $1148) were demonstrated in the outpatient group. However, these savings were partially offset by the cost of an outpatient priming clinic, reducing the overall cost savings to $156 per woman. Conclusions Overall cost savings were not statistically significant in women who were randomised to or received the intervention. However, the trend in cost savings favoured outpatient priming. What is known about the topic? Induction of labour is a common obstetric intervention. For women with low-risk, prolonged pregnancies who require cervical priming there has been increased interest in whether this period of waiting for the cervix to ‘ripen’ can be achieved at home. Outpatient priming has been reported to reduce hospital costs and improve maternal satisfaction. However, few studies have actually examined the cost of outpatient priming for induction of labour. What does this paper add? This is the first paper in Australia to both assess the full cost of outpatient cervical priming and to compare it with usual (inpatient) care. This is the first costing paper from a randomised controlled trial directly comparing inpatient and outpatient priming with prostaglandin E2. What are the implications for practitioners? For women with prolonged, low-risk pregnancies, a program of outpatient cervical priming can potentially reduce in-hospital costs and free up labour ward beds by avoiding an additional overnight hospitalisation.
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Soldatic, Karen, Helen Meekosha, and Kelly Somers. "Finding Ernesto: Temporary Labour Migration and Disabled Children’s Health." International Journal of Population Research 2012 (May 9, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/696753.
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We seek to expose the implications of Australia’s exclusionary and discriminatory disability migration provisions on the health and wellbeing of disabled children who have arrived in Australia through alternative migratory routes. By undertaking an in-depth analysis of a single case study, Ernesto, we bring to the fore the key issues facing disabled immigrant children. These children, like our case study Ernesto, are only granted visas on the proviso that their parents/primary caregivers agree to cover the full costs associated with their disability, including medical care and additional expenses such as educational inclusion. The story of Ernesto reveals the extreme impact of these discriminatory policies on this population’s health and wellbeing. Further, we discuss how the state’s “right to exclude” people with disabilities from the migratory process negatively affects the health and wellbeing of their siblings and parents.
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Bowden, Bradley. "The Ties of Place." Articles 59, no. 3 (June 20, 2005): 490–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010922ar.
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This study explores the ways in which spatial configurations have shaped the use of contractors in the export coalfields of Queensland (Australia) and western Canada since the late 1960s. It is argued that the divergent employer strategies pursued after 1996—whereby Queensland producers dramatically increased their use of contractors while their Canadian counterparts did not—reflects their different spatial placement within the global coal trade. In Canada, the main problem was locational disadvantage due to distance from deep-water. In consequence, employers responded to falling prices by concentrating production in the area of greatest locational advantage. For Queensland producers, the issue was high mine-site labour costs. In this context, using contractors was part of a strategy to transform labour relations through the Workplace Relations Act.
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Hosking, Diane E., and Kaarin J. Anstey. "The Economics of Cognitive Impairment: Volunteering and Cognitive Function in the HILDA Survey." Gerontology 62, no. 5 (2016): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000444416.
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Background: The economic impact of older-age cognitive impairment has been estimated primarily by the direct and indirect costs associated with dementia care. Other potential costs associated with milder cognitive impairment in the community have received little attention. Objective: To quantify the cost of nonclinical cognitive impairment in a large population-based sample in order to more fully inform cost-effectiveness evaluations of interventions to maintain cognitive health. Methods: Volunteering by seniors has economic value but those with lower cognitive function may contribute fewer hours. Relations between hours volunteering and cognitive impairment were assessed using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey data. These findings were extrapolated to the Australian population to estimate one potential cost attributable to nonclinical cognitive impairment. Results: In those aged ≥60 years in HILDA (n = 3,127), conservatively defined cognitive impairment was present in 3.8% of the sample. Impairment was defined by performance ≥1 standard deviation below the age- and education-adjusted mean on both the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and Backwards Digit Span test. In fully adjusted binomial regression models, impairment was associated with the probability of undertaking 1 h 9 min less volunteering a week compared to being nonimpaired (β = -1.15, 95% confidence interval -1.82 to -0.47, p = 0.001). In the population, 3.8% impairment equated to probable loss of AUD 302,307,969 per annum estimated by hours of volunteering valued by replacement cost. Conclusion: Nonclinical cognitive impairment in older age impacts upon on the nonmonetary economy via probable loss of volunteering contribution. Valuing loss of contribution provides additional information for cost-effectiveness evaluations of research and action directed toward maintaining older-age cognitive functioning.
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Duckett, Stephen. "The Australian health workforce:facts and futures." Australian Health Review 23, no. 4 (2000): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah000060.
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The quality of care received by a patient or consumer critically depends on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of thehealth workforce; the structure and functioning of the health workforce is critical to the structure and functioning ofthe health system overall. To a very large extent, diagnosis and treatment decisions call on the training and experienceof the health professional. The quality of the interaction between a patient or consumer depends on the interpersonaland technical skills of health professionals. In a sense, health workers are important to defining the very nature ofhealth care services. The importance of the health workforce is further highlighted by the fact that, as is typical of mostservice industries, labour accounts for a large proportion of health costs (around 80%).This paper provides an overview of the size and composition of the health workforce in Australia. It then reviewsthree segments of the workforce in more detail (medical, nursing and other health professionals) and reviewscontemporary policy issues affecting those groups.
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Rossel, R. A. Viscarra, and A. B. McBratney. "Soil chemical analytical accuracy and costs: implications from precision agriculture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 7 (1998): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97158.
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Summary. This article reviews soil sampling and soil chemical analysis, discussing their implications from, and applications in, precision agriculture. The variability of a number of agriculturally important soil chemical properties was investigated and the ‘nugget’ variance or effect discussed in terms of its importance in determining the proportion of not only short-range spatial variation, but also sampling and measurement error. Comments were then made on the accuracy of laboratory methods. Analytical variances were compared with world-average and estimated nugget variances for a field in New South Wales, the comparison showing that analytical precision needs to be maintained or improved when developing or adapting analytical methods for precision agriculture. A simple cost-analysis showed that soil chemical analytical costs are much too large for economic use in precision agriculture, costs in Australia being higher than in the United States. The conclusion this paper draws is that, for large-scale implementation of precision agriculture, the development of field-deployed, ‘on-the-go’ proximal soil sensing systems and scanners is tremendously important. These sensing systems or scanners should aim to overcome current problems of high cost, labour, time and to some extent, imprecision of soil sampling and analysis to more efficiently and accurately represent the spatial variability of the measured properties.
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Gurmu, Argaw Tarekegn. "Identifying and prioritizing safety practices affecting construction labour productivity." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 68, no. 8 (November 11, 2019): 1457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-10-2018-0349.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and prioritise the safety and health practices, which are suitable to improve labour productivity in building construction projects, and to investigate the association between company profiles, project characteristics and the safety practices. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a mixed-method research design which involves two phases. In Phase I, qualitative data were collected and analysed to identify safety and health practices. In total, 19 experts who have experience in building construction projects were involved in the interviews. During Phase II, quantitative data were collected from contractors that are involved in the delivery of building projects using questionnaires which were administered via face-to-face interviews. After analysing the quantitative data, the safety and health practices were prioritised and the relationships between the practices and company profiles were investigated. Findings Safety and health policy, safety and health plan and hazard analysis are found to be the three most important practices that can improve productivity in building construction projects. The results of Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the level of implementation of the safety and health practices increases with project costs. Company experience and company size are positively associated with safety and health practices. Project delay is negatively correlated with safety and health practices. Originality/value The study provides useful information for international developers and contractors who want to do the construction business in Australia. Furthermore, contractors involved in the construction of building projects in Australia can implement the identified safety and health practices to improve labour productivity.
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Minter, Kate. "Negotiating labour standards in the gig economy: Airtasker and Unions New South Wales." Economic and Labour Relations Review 28, no. 3 (August 8, 2017): 438–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304617724305.
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The ‘gig economy’ uses digital platforms to bypass many of the regular responsibilities and costs of employment. Ambiguity as to whether gig-economy workers are independent contractors, dependent contractors or employees allows the undermining of traditional labour standards governing minimum wages and other legislated employment conditions. Labour law and institutions need to catch up to the new reality of this form of work and develop new tools to protect and enhance minimum standards for workers in digital platform businesses. Unions, business and government all have a role to play in the long term. Meanwhile, direct engagement between these new firms and workers’ advocates can also help to mitigate the risks posed to labour standards by digital business models, by addressing regulatory gaps. This article is a case study of innovative negotiations between one platform business (Airtasker) and Unions New South Wales, a peak trade unions body in New South Wales, Australia, in order to establish agreed minimum standards for engagements negotiated through this platform.
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Carter, Hannah Elizabeth, Deborah Schofield, and Rupendra Shrestha. "Productivity costs of cardiovascular disease mortality across disease types and socioeconomic groups." Open Heart 6, no. 1 (February 2019): e000939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2018-000939.
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BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single largest contributor to global mortality. Premature mortality due to CVD results in a loss of productivity, with associated economic and policy implications that are often overlooked.MethodsA human capital approach was adopted to project the long-term impacts of Australian CVD deaths in 2003 on labour force participation and the present value of lifetime income (PVLI) forgone. Impacts were modelled to the year 2030 and accounted for individual characteristics at the time of death including age, sex and socioeconomic status.ResultsPremature deaths due to CVD in 2003 accounted for 51 659 working years and $2.69 billion in PVLI forgone when modelled to 2030 (95% CI $2.63 billion to $2.75 billion). The labour force impacts were highest for individuals aged between 35 and 64 at the time of death, and male deaths accounted for 87% of the total PVLI loss. The most costly disease type was ischaemic heart disease, followed by stroke and inflammatory heart disease. Deaths occurring in individuals residing in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged areas at the time of death had a disproportionately large impact on the total PVLI loss.ConclusionsThis study quantifies the relative productivity costs of CVD mortality across a range of disease types and socioeconomic groups. The magnitude of these costs highlights the scope for investments in effective healthcare interventions to provide positive economic returns and may assist decision makers in allocating resources among competing priorities.