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Journal articles on the topic "Labor costs Australia"
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Callander, Emily J., Faith Allele, Hayley Roberts, William Guinea, and Daniel B. Lindsay. "The Effect of Childhood ADD/ADHD on Parental Workforce Participation." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 5 (November 19, 2016): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716680076.
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Objective: This research aimed to examine the impact of attention deficit disorder (ADD)/ADHD in children on parental labor force participation across different child age groups. Method: This study utilized a longitudinal, quantitative analyses approach. All data were collected from Wave 6 of the Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) survey. Results: After adjusting for various confounders, mothers whose children were 10/11 years old and had been diagnosed with ADD/ADHD were significantly more likely to be out of the labor force compared with those mothers whose child had not been diagnosed with ADD/ADHD. The impact was more pronounced for single mothers. No significant influence on paternal labor force participation was found. Conclusion: In assessing the cost-effectiveness of interventions for ADD/ADHD, policy makers and researchers must consider the long-term social and economic effects of ADD/ADHD on maternal workforce participation when considering costs and outcomes.
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Richards, Eric. "How Did Poor People Emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the Nineteenth Century?" Journal of British Studies 32, no. 3 (July 1993): 250–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386032.
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One of the great themes of modern history is the movement of poor people across the face of the earth. For individuals and families the economic and psychological costs of these transoceanic migrations were severe. But they did not prevent millions of agriculturalists and proletarians from Europe reaching the new worlds in both the Atlantic and the Pacific basins in the nineteenth century. These people, in their myriad voyages, shifted the demographic balance of the continents and created new economies and societies wherever they went. The means by which these emigrations were achieved are little explored.Most emigrants directed themselves to the cheapest destinations. The Irish, for instance, migrated primarily to England, Scotland, and North America. The general account of British and European emigration in the nineteenth century demonstrates that the poor were not well placed to raise the costs of emigration or to insert themselves into the elaborate arrangements required for intercontinental migration. Usually the poor came last in the sequence of emigration.The passage to Australasia was the longest and the most expensive of these migrations. From its foundation as a penal colony in 1788, New South Wales depended almost entirely on convict labor during its first four decades. Unambiguous government sanction for free immigration emerged only at the end of the 1820s, when new plans were devised to encourage certain categories of emigrants from the British population. As each of the new Australian colonies was developed so the dependence on convict labor diminished.
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Marshall, Dale E. "386 MECHANICAL ASPARAGUS HARVESTING STATUS--WORLDWIDE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 486d—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.486d.
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For over 86 years producers, processors, engineers, and equipment manufacturers have attempted to mechanize the harvest of asparagus. Over 60 U.S. patents have been issued. Probably the most sophisticated harvester tested was started in 1987 by Edgells Birdseye, Cowra, Australia. After successful field tests of the 3-row, selective (fiber optic), harvester for flat-bed green asparagus used in canning, 3 more were built at a cost of $US 4.5 million, and harvested 500 acres until 1991 when the company ceased canning. Recovery was 30 to 80% with 50% being typical. Wollogong University in Australia is now researching a selective (fiber optic), harvester for flat-bed green asparagus. It utilizes multiple side-by-side 3 in. wide by 24 in. dia. rubber gripper discs which rotate at ground speed. No harvester prototype has been commercially acceptable to the asparagus industry due to poor selectivity, low overall recovery (low yield relative to hand harvest), mechanical damage to spears, low field capacity per harvester, or overall harvesting costs that exceed those for hand harvesting. The reality may be that asparagus production will cease in the traditional geographical areas where growing costs and labor costs are high, although niche fresh markets may help some growers survive.
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THAMPAPILLAI, DODO J. "EZRA MISHAN’S COST OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM THE ENTROPY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CAPITAL." Singapore Economic Review 61, no. 03 (June 2016): 1640018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021759081640018x.
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Ezra Mishan’s (1967) famous articulation of the costs of economic growth included amongst others the rearrangement and loss of nature. This paper builds on this theme by recourse to two important concepts in science, namely the assimilative capacity of nature and the entropy of law of thermodynamics. These concepts enable the formulation of an alternative conceptual framework for the explanation of national income (Y) in terms of factor-utilization. In this framework, environmental capital (KN) is an explicit factor besides manufactured capital (KM) and labor (L). A simple methodology that permits the estimation of the volume of KN utilized is used towards demonstrating that economic growth is an entropic process. Empirical illustration of KN utilization as point-estimates is made for Australia and South Korea.
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Vaa, Leulu Felise. "The Future of Western Samoan Migration to New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 2 (June 1992): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100206.
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The history of Samoan migration to New Zealand, a demographic profile of the migrants, and the future of such migration are discussed. Migration became a serious phenomenon after independence in 1962, with primarily young, unskilled workers moving to take up jobs in the agricultural and service sectors. Remaining essentially unchanged since 1962, New Zealand's immigration policy gives preferential treatment to Western Samoans and recognizes their valuable labor contribution. The future of migration to New Zealand is discussed in the context of the costs and benefits to Western Samoa. Contrary to some observers, the author argues that emigration has been beneficial rather than deleterious to Western Samoa's development and predicts the continuation of Samoan migration to New Zealand, Australia, United States and other countries, with increased emphasis on family reunion.
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Schwartz, Herman. "Small States in Big Trouble: State Reorganization in Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden in the 1980s." World Politics 46, no. 4 (July 1994): 527–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950717.
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In Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden in the 1980s, coalitions of politicians, fiscal bureaucrats, and capital and labor in sectors exposed to international competition allied to transform the largest single nontradables sector in their society: the state, particularly the welfare state. They exposed state personnel and agencies to market pressures and competition to reduce the cost of welfare and other state services. The impetus for change came from rising foreign public and private debt. Rising public debt levels and expensive welfare states interacted to create a tax wedge between employers' wage costs and workers' received wages. This undercut international competitiveness, worsening current account deficits and leading to more foreign debt accumulation. Two factors explain variation in the degree of reorganization in each country: differences in their electoral and constitutional regimes; and the willingness of left parties to risk splitting their core constituencies. Introduction of market pressures is an effort to go beyond the liberalization of the economy common in industrial countries during the 1980s, and both to institutionalize limits to welfare spending and to change the nature of statesociety relations, away from corporatist forms of interest intermediation. In short, not just less state, but a different state.
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Kularatna, Sanjeewa, Jessie Wong, Sameera Senanayake, David Brain, Jaimi Greenslade, William Parsonage, Deokhoon Jun, and Steven McPhail. "Financial Costs of Emergency Department Presentations for Australian Patients With Heart Disease in the Last 3 Years of Life." Health Services Insights 15 (January 2022): 117863292210910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786329221091038.
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Aims: This study described emergency department (ED) resource use patterns and associated costs among patients with heart disease in their last 3 years of life in a high-income country. Methods: This study used linked data from ED and death registry databases in Australia. A random sample of 1000 patients who died due to any cause in 2017, and who had been living with heart disease for at least the prior 10-years were included. The outcomes of interest were number of ED presentations over each of the last 3 years prior to death and relative cost contributions of ED-related items. Results: The number of patients needing ED care and number of ED presentations per patient increased as patients were closer to death, with 85% experiencing at least one ED presentation in their last year of life. Mean per patient ED presentation cost increased with each year closer to death. Costs related to labor, pathology, patient travel, and goods and services contributed more than 85% of the total cost in each of the 3 years. Conclusion: The increase in cost burden as patients neared death was attributable to more frequent ED presentations per person rather than more expensive ED presentations. The scope of this study was limited to ED presentations, and may not be representative of heart-disease-related end-of-life care more broadly.
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Al-Fatlawi, Hayder Ali, and Hassan Jassim Motlak. "Smart ports: towards a high performance, increased productivity, and a better environment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1472-1482.
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<span lang="EN-US">Ports are currently competing fiercely for capital and global investments in order to improve revenues, mostly by improving performance and lowering labor costs. Smart ports are a fantastic approach to realize these elements since they integrate information and communication technologies within smart applications, ultimately contributing to port management improvement. This leads to greater performance and lower operational expenses. As a result, several ports in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America have gone smart. However, there are a lot of critical factors to consider when automating port operations, such as greenhouse gas emissions, which have reached alarming proportions. The purpose of this study is to define the most essential tasks conducted by smart ports, such as the smart ship industry, smart gantry and quayside container cranes, transport automation, smart containers, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, it gives a model of the smart port concept and highlights the critical current technologies on which the ports are based. Each technology’s most significant contributions to its development are noted. This technology is compared to more traditional technologies. It is hoped that this effort would pique the curiosity of fresh researchers in this sector.</span>
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Qin, Xin, Peter W. Hom, and Minya Xu. "Am I a peasant or a worker? An identity strain perspective on turnover among developing-world migrants." Human Relations 72, no. 4 (July 18, 2018): 801–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726718778097.
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Developing-world rural migrants provide crucial labor for global supply chains and economic growth in their native countries. Yet their high turnover engenders considerable organizational costs and disruptions threatening those contributions. Organizational scholars thus strive to understand why these workers quit, often applying turnover models and findings predominantly derived from the United States, Canada, England or Australia (UCEA). Predominant applications of dominant turnover theories however provide limited insight into why developing-world migrants quit given that they significantly differ from UCEA workforces in culture, precarious employment and rural-to-urban migration. Based on multi-phase, multi-source and multi-level survey data of 173 Chinese migrants working in a construction group, this study adopts an identity strain perspective to clarify why they quit. This investigation established that migrants retaining their rural identity experience more identity strain when working and living in distant urban centers. Moreover, identity strain prompts them to quit when their work groups lack supervisory supportive climates. Furthermore, migrants’ adjustment to urban workplaces and communities mediates the interactive effect of identity strain and supervisory supportive climate on turnover. Overall, this study highlighted how identity strain arising from role transitions and urban adjustment can explain why rural migrants in developing societies quit jobs.
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Wilkes, Martin. "Australian LNG: the cost myths and truths." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15093.
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In recent years the media has published articles relating to the high cost of doing business in Australia. The impacts of low productivity, high-labour costs, and poor performance have all been highlighted as ailments with Australia and within the LNG (construction) industry in particular. This has led to views that Australia is a high-cost environment and Australian LNG is expensive. The numbers that are often quoted appear to support these views, however they overlook—and sometimes mask—aspects of individual projects that are important to understand before making any generic pronouncements about the competitiveness of the Australian industry in general. This extended abstract: Exposes the inadequacies of the general comparisons that have been made in the recent past. Demonstrates the actual impact of several identified issues. Demonstrates the importance of decisions made early in the project development cycle by respective owners on the projects and project costs. Identifies the differences and similarities in development and costs of LNG projects in Australia compared to other areas of the world, in particular the US. Examines the impact of lack of collaboration.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Labor costs Australia"
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Bain, Lynda M., of Western Sydney Nepean University, and Faculty of Commerce. "Choice of labour flexibility vehicle within the Australian clothing industry : a case study." THESIS_FCOM_XXX_Bain_L.xml, 1996. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/508.
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Existing theories and literature seeking to explain small business reticence to engage in enterprise bargaining, at times adopt a generalised approach which precludes or at least limits their relevance and ability to explain small business choice at the industry and even organisational level. Such explanations cannot be detached from the external contextual framework in which an organisation operates and its own, often unique, strategic corporate response to the environmental influences which are challenging it. Labour flexibility vehicles including bargaining, if chosen to facilitate broader corporate strategies, can thereby, be regarded as functionally dependent upon and interactive with the corporate orientations and objectives of the organisation which in turn are environmentally influenced and shaped. The research principally provides a focused description and analysis of the experiences of Clothingco, a small, up market, vertically integrated clothing manufacturer and retailer, which has undergone various strategic readjustments at the corporate and industrial relations level throughout the 1990s, in response to externally driven pressures. The research presents firm evidence to suggest that Clothingco has selected its labour flexibility mechanisms so that they are consistent with and able to accomodate prevailing corporate strategies and orientations. Its strategic corporate readjustments throughout the 90s, which can be perceived as falling along the continuum of cost minimisation to productivity enhancement, have in particular registered differing choices with respect to labour flexibility vehicle and strategies. In the light of the findings, the research as a preferred labour flexibility vehicle at Clothingco. These are identified as: an increasing corporate focus towards cost minimisation throughout the 1990s, coupled with an inability by management to countenance union intervention in enterprise bargaining procedures. The interaction of both these factors, rendered enterprise bargaining from the point of view of management, both a strategically and industrially inferior labour flexibility vehicle to the use of contract labour. The research's strength lies in these areas which have been highlighted and which can be monitored and tested more comprehensively in future research.Master of Commerce (Hons)
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Lamminmaki, Dawne, and n/a. "Outsourcing in the Hotel Industry: A Management Accounting Perpective." Griffith University. School of Accounting and Finance, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040920.091600.
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The broad objective of this thesis is to develop an understanding of factors affecting outsourcing in the hotel industry and also the role played by management accounting in hotel outsourcing. The thesis draws on transaction cost economics (TCE), agency, contingency, and labour process theories in the context of appraising factors motivating outsourcing. Two empirical phases have been undertaken in the study. The first phase involved a series of interviews with general managers and financial controllers in large South East Queensland hotels. The second phase involved two distinct questionnaire surveys of large Australian hotels. The first was administered to hotel general managers, and the second was administered to hotel financial controllers. Significant findings arising from the study include: 1. In light of the substantial international literature describing hotel outsourcing, it appears that outsourcing in Australian hotels is relatively limited. This appears to be particularly the case with respect to food and beverage related activities. 2. Mixed support is offered for the TCE model. Both the survey and interview data provide some support for TCE's prescription that frequently conducted activities will not tend to be outsourced. Two specific extensions are offered to this aspect of the model, however. Firstly, where activities are conducted to a minimal extent, it can be uneconomic to outsource. Secondly, where large activities are undertaken by a group of organisations, their enhanced purchasing power can result in inexpensive outsourcing arrangements. With respect to TCE's uncertainty proposition, support is offered for the view that the propensity to outsource will be greater where behavioural uncertainty is lower. No support has been offered with respect to environmental uncertainty. The interview data provides some support for TCE's asset specificity proposition, however, minimal support was found in the survey phase. Despite this, the many dimensions of asset specificity (eg. site specificity, human asset specificity, etc) provided a useful checklist of issues to be considered in relation to the outsourcing decision. 3. Negligible support was found for labour process theory (LPT) in the interview phase of the study. In light of this, and the need to narrow the studys focus in the survey phase, LPT was not pursued further. LPT is a difficult construct to operationalise, given the social desirability error that may result. This may partially account for the absence of significant LPT findings in the interview phase. 4. The survey data provides some support for the agency theory view that risky activities will tend to be outsourced. 5. Considerable cross-hotel variation exists in management of, and accounting's involvement in, outsourcing decision making and control systems. Accounting appraisal of outsourcing proposals rarely includes long term oriented, sophisticated techniques such as "net present value". It appears this may be because outsourcing decisions are not conducted in the context of the formal capital budgeting process. 6. High performing hotels and hotels that conduct their outsourcing decisions in the context of a long term outsourcing strategic agenda have more sophisticated outsourcing management systems.
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Kupke, Valerie Elizabeth Harriet. "Buying a first home: the implications of labour market change." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/57293.
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Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library."This thesis seeks to make a contribution to the understanding of the relationship between housing and labour markets by examining the impact of decreasing job security, that is the increase in casual and contract employment, on the purchase behaviour of first home buyers in Australia." -- Abstract
http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1284060
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2007
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Kupke, Valerie Elizabeth Harriet. "Buying a first home: the implications of labour market change." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/57293.
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"This thesis seeks to make a contribution to the understanding of the relationship between housing and labour markets by examining the impact of decreasing job security, that is the increase in casual and contract employment, on the purchase behaviour of first home buyers in Australia." -- AbstractThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2007
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Hagan, James Russell. "Aggregate demand and wage effects on manufacturing employment in Australia 1954-55 to 1984-85." Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130855.
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Interest in the relative roles of wages and demand in determining employment can be
traced to Keynes' General Theory. This gave rise to research into the cyclic relationship
between employment and wages, and also into the role of wages and demand variables
as determinants of the demand for labour. This thesis pursues the second line of inquiry
which can be categorised as a comparison of neoclassical and Keynesian explanations
of the demand for labour in which the former stresses the role of wages and the latter
the role of demand variables. There is no consensus in the literature about the relative
imponance of wage and aggregate demand variables in labour demand models.
The Australian manufacturing sector forms the data for this study. The demand
for labour in Australian manufacturing rose from the mid-1950s to 1973-74. During this
time employment in manufacturing behaved in much the same way as it did in the rest
of the economy. From the mid 1970s employment in manufacturing began a sustained
decline while that of the rest of the economy grew.
There are four main features of the thesis. The first is that it analyses the demand
for labour in Australian manufacturing over a long time period (30 years). Second,
alternative specifications of the demand for labour are systematically compared, which
includes testing the importance of appropriately modelling the capital stock and
technical progress. Third, the role of aggregation in identifying an appropriate labour
demand function is investigated. An integrated approach to investigating the relative
importance of wage and demand variables, which includes testing the robustness of the
specifications, forms the fourth feature of the thesis.
The conclusions derived from a systematic study of the Australian
manufacturing sector using a long time series of disaggregated data are that: - if technical progress and investment are jointly modelled as time trends, then
the real wage is a highly significant determinant of labour demand (this result is
very sensitive to the specification chosen);
- the importance of the demand effects in the labour demand function are
sensitive to the level of aggregation chosen: and,
- if the method of modelling MFP and investment is accepted and the level of
aggregation chosen appropriate, then both real wages and aggregate demand
have significant effects on labour demand over the period studied.
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Singleton, Gwynneth. "The Labour movement and incomes policy : origins and development of the accord." Phd thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/129771.
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The Hawke Labor government was elected for its third term of office in 1987. It owes
much of this success to its Accord with the Australian Council of Trade Unions. The
purpose of this thesis is to elucidate what consolidates and sustains the bargained
bipartite relationship that is the core of the Accord and central to its viability as a cooperative
incomes strategy for the industrial and political wings of the Australian labour
movement.
The thesis begins with an examination of what the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party
and the ACTU each sought to achieve from a co-operative incomes policy. The following
chapters trace the origins and development of the Accord, beginning with the difficulties
that arose between the Whitlam Labor government and the ACTU that prevented any
similar agreement. The post-Whitlam period brought about a change in attitude by both
the unions and the FPLP that made the Accord possible. The thesis examines the reasons
why Australian unions changed their approach from maintaining living standards
primarily through nominal increases to the industrial wage to embrace a collective
centralised incomes strategy that included the industrial wage, employment and the
social wage. The effective point of wage negotiation then lay with the ACTU. This thesis
examines the basis of ACTU wages policy and the reasons why the strategies that were
pursued to gain its implementation failed. This failure led directly to the Accord with
the FPLP. The following two chapters examine the reasons why and how the FPLP
reached similar conclusions about the necessity for a collective incomes policy with the
unions in 1979 and the subsequent negotiations that brought them to formal agreement
on the Accord with the ACTU in 1983.
The Accord has proved to be a flexible process that remains relevant nearly six years
after its inception. The operations and renegotiations of the Accord that have occurred
over this period are examined to determine why this has been possible. A discussion
about the relevance of corporatism to the Accord follows. This concludes that, while
there may be some aspects of corporatism that can be related to the Accord process, the
imprecise nature of corporatist theory raises doubts about its utility as an explanation
for the bargained bipartite relationship that is the essence of the Accord. It is suggested
that it is more satisfactory to regard the Accord as a contemporary embodiment of
traditional Australian labourism; that is, the balancing of economic, electoral and social
objectives by the trade union movement and the ALP to achieve what is politically and
economically possible through Labor in government.
Books on the topic "Labor costs Australia"
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Dominy, Graham. Fort Napier. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040047.003.0001.
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This book traces the social history of the imperial garrison in the Colony of Natal in order to elucidate the reproduction, adaptation, and modification of Victorian British society on southern African soil. More specifically, it examines the divisions in colonial society and the influence of the garrison in shaping those divisions. The book considers a number of interrelated themes: class and gender, hierarchy and discipline, race and labor, pageantry and government, and the economic impact of garrisons and their costs. These themes are contextualized in relation to the distinctive role of Fort Napier as a garrison center. This chapter compares Fort Napier with other garrisons worldwide, including those in Gibraltar, Halifax, and Montreal; the jailer garrisons in Australia; and the garrison in New Zealand. It argues that Fort Napier and its garrison are unique because they influenced not only a settler society but also a major African society.
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Costa, Anthony P. D’. Postscript. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792444.003.0015.
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This prelude links democracy, populism, and primitive accumulation to the land question in India. Chatterjee argues that contemporary dispossession of peasants from their land in postcolonial societies is different from the historical experiences of the early industrializers. The surplus labor, which primitive accumulation produced through dispossession was earlier politically managed by the state by venting to labor scarce, land abundant regions such as North America and Australia. Late industrializers such as India do not have this option and are instead saddled with a vast informal economy and the dispossessed lie outside the orbit of the capitalist growth economy. Here the Indian state politically manages this surplus labor by providing benefits through populist policies while at the same time facilitating dispossession, a development that not has a high political cost but the effects of primitive accumulation are reversed.
Book chapters on the topic "Labor costs Australia"
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Junankar, P. N., and Cezary A. Kapuscinski. "The Costs of Unemployment in Australia." In Economics of the Labour Market, 403–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137555199_24.
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Ribar, David C., and Clement Wong. "Emerging Adulthood in Australia: How is this Stage Lived?" In Family Dynamics over the Life Course, 157–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12224-8_8.
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AbstractThe period during which young people are financially and residentially dependent on their parents is lengthening and extending into adulthood. This has created an in-between period of “emerging adulthood” where young people are legal adults but without the full responsibilities and autonomy of independent adults. There is considerable debate over whether emerging adulthood represents a new developmental phase in which young people invest in schooling, work experiences, and life skills to increase their later lifetime chances of success or a reflection of poor economic opportunities and high living costs that constrain young people into dependence. In this chapter we examine the incidence of emerging adulthood and the characteristics and behaviours of emerging adults, investigating data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. We find that a majority of young Australians who are 22 years old or younger are residentially and financial dependent on their parents and thus, emerging adults. We also find that a substantial minority of 23- to 25-year-olds meet this definition and that the proportion of young people who are emerging adults has grown over time. Emerging adults have autonomy in some spheres of their lives but not others. Most emerging adults are enrolled in school. Although most also work, they often do so through casual jobs and with low earnings. Young people with high-income parents receive co-residential and financial support longer than young people with low-income parents. Similarly, non-Indigenous young people and young people from two-parent families receive support for longer than Indigenous Australians or young people from single-parent backgrounds. The evidence strongly supports distinguishing emerging adulthood from other stages in the life course.
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Bowden, Bradley, and Peta Stevenson-Clarke. "Causes of Railroad Labor Conflict." In Frontiers of Labor. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041839.003.0010.
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New World railroads were seminal to nineteenth-century industrialization and European expansion. Funded by the profits of industrialization, the railroads opened new lands for agricultural and pastoral settlement, the produce of which fed the industrial workforces of the North Atlantic littoral while at the same time providing factory looms and foundries with their essential raw materials. Whether in private hands (as in the United States) or under public ownership (as in Australia), New World railroads were in managerial terms unequalled in the size and complexities of their organization. In the 1890s the power of railroad management was seemingly confirmed when they imposed dramatic reductions in wages and other employment conditions on their workforces. Where resisted, as in the United States Pullman Boycott, opposition was soon broken. Yet the managerial and financial strength of the railroads was by the 1890s more apparent than real. As mere cogs in a global production system, the railroads were financial victims of forces that they themselves helped unleash. As railroad-fueled rural expansion gradually swamped global commodity markets, the railroads found that the prices obtained for their core custom (notably corn and wheat) fell remorselessly. As prices fell, so too did railroad rates. While it was these economic mechanisms that drove management toward labor conflict, victories on this front did little to improve management’s position. The reason for this is that the railroads suffered primarily from revenue rather than labor cost problems. Saddled with large fixed costs, the railroads found that even the most severe wage and staffing cuts made little difference to their financial plight.
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Burkhauser, Richard V., and Mary C. Daly. "Lessons for US Disability Policy from Other OECD Countries." In Work and the Social Safety Net, 183—C8.P79. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190241599.003.0008.
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Abstract Although industrialized countries have long provided public protection to working-age people with disabilities, their specific policies and programs have evolved over time. The impetus for change has been multifaceted: rapid growth in program costs, greater awareness that people with impairments are able and willing to work, and increased recognition that protecting the economic security of people with disabilities might best be done by maintaining their connections with the labor market. This chapter describes the evolution of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program in the United States and the importance that policy has played in its rapid growth. Based on the shared experiences of the Netherlands, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, and Australia, this chapter outlines lessons for US policymakers as they consider reforms to more effectively control SSDI growth.
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Agarwal, Renu, Christopher Bajada, Paul J. Brown, and Roy Green. "Managerial Practices in a High Cost Manufacturing Environment." In Global Perspectives on Achieving Success in High and Low Cost Operating Environments, 268–89. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5828-8.ch011.
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This chapter explores the management strategies adopted by manufacturing firms operating in high versus low cost economies and investigates the reasons for differences in the management practice choices. The study reported in this chapter identifies a subset of countries that have either high or low labour costs, with USA, Sweden, and Japan being high, and India, China, and Brazil being low labour cost economies. The high labour cost manufacturing firms are found to have better management practices. In this chapter, the authors find that Australia and New Zealand manufacturing firms face relatively high labour cost but lag behind world best practice in management performance. The chapter concludes by highlighting the need for improvement in management capability for Australian and New Zealand manufacturing firms if they are to experience a reinvigoration of productivity, competitiveness, and long-term growth.
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Agarwal, Renu, Christopher Bajada, Paul J. Brown, and Roy Green. "Managerial Practices in a High Cost Manufacturing Environment." In Operations and Service Management, 1749–68. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3909-4.ch081.
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This chapter explores the management strategies adopted by manufacturing firms operating in high versus low cost economies and investigates the reasons for differences in the management practice choices. The study reported in this chapter identifies a subset of countries that have either high or low labour costs, with USA, Sweden, and Japan being high, and India, China, and Brazil being low labour cost economies. The high labour cost manufacturing firms are found to have better management practices. In this chapter, the authors find that Australia and New Zealand manufacturing firms face relatively high labour cost but lag behind world best practice in management performance. The chapter concludes by highlighting the need for improvement in management capability for Australian and New Zealand manufacturing firms if they are to experience a reinvigoration of productivity, competitiveness, and long-term growth.
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Jones, Michael, and Lois Burgess. "Championing SME eCollaboration." In Cases on SMEs and Open Innovation, 240–52. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-314-0.ch012.
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Collaboration and eCollaboration are arguable necessities for firms in today’s economic age. Gone are the times when a firm could stand alone in the market warding off the competitive pressures of rival firms. Today, just the competitive forces of globalization alone are significant drivers to enable collaboration amongst rivals. The advantages of collaboration and eCollaboration for SMEs are profuse, providing small firms a measure of economic security in a world in which many industries face hyper-competition, particularly from countries with very low costs of labor. In discussing the nature and advantages of eCollaboration, the need for an eCollaboration champion becomes apparent. This case discusses eCollaboration from the perspective of 70 Australia SMEs and presents a model for the successful championship. In so doing, it discusses the multiple roles a champion must embrace and the various issues and dilemmas that are contingent to these roles.
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Jerrard, Marjorie A., and Patrick O’Leary. "Union-Avoidance Strategies in the Meat Industry in Australia and the United States." In Frontiers of Labor. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041839.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
The meat industries in the United States and in Australia share a number of common features, including similar economic and industrial development, overlapping ownership patterns, the nature of the work, a trend toward relying on a migrant workforce, and similar management union-avoidance strategies. There are industry differences between the two countries due primarily to the unique labor-relations regulatory system in each country. Australian legislation since the mid-1990s has enabled industry employers to follow more closely the pattern of union avoidance established in the United States, but protections are still found in Australian industry awards and the industrial tribunal. Both countries have witnessed a deunionization of the industry at the cost of declines in workers’ wages and conditions, and worker exploitation is increasingly common due to the neoliberal ideology that influences government policy and legislation and encourages employers to individualize the employment relationship.
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Thompson, Helen. "Building Local Capacity via Scaleable Web-Based Services." In Electronic Services, 1310–18. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-967-5.ch080.
Full textAbstract:
Information communications technology (ICT) has been identified as a key enabler in the achievement of regional and rural success, particularly in terms of economic and business development. The potential of achieving equity of service through improved communications infrastructure and enhanced access to government, health, education, and other services has been identified. ICT has also been linked to the aspiration of community empowerment, where dimensions include revitalizing a sense of community, building regional capacity, enhancing democracy, and increasing social capital. In Australia, there has been a vision for online services to be used to open up regional communities to the rest of the world. Government support has been seen “as enhancing the competence levels of local economies and communities so they become strong enough to deal equitably in an increasingly open marketplace” (McGrath & More, 2002, p. 40). In a regional and rural context, the availability of practical assistance is often limited. Identification of the most appropriate online services for a particular community is sometimes difficult (Ashford, 1999; Papandrea & Wade, 2000; Pattulock & Albury Wodonga Area Consultative Committee, 2000). Calls, however, continue for regional communities to join the globalized, online world. These are supported by the view that success today is based less and less on natural resource wealth, labor costs, and relative exchange rates, and more and more on individual knowledge, skills, and innovation. But how can regional communities “grab their share of this wealth” and use it to strengthen local communities (Simpson 1999, p. 6)? Should communities be moving, as Porter (2001, p. 18) recommends (for business), away from the rhetoric about “Internet industries,” “e-business strategies,” and the “new economy,” to see the Internet as “an enabling technology—a powerful set of tools that can be used, wisely or unwisely, in almost any industry and as part of almost any strategy?” Recent Australian literature (particularly government literature) does indeed demonstrate somewhat of a shift in terms of the expectations of ICT and e-commerce (National Office for the Information Economy, 2001; Multimedia Victoria, 2002; National Office for the Information Economy, 2002). Consistent with reflections on international industry experience, there is now a greater emphasis on identifying locally appropriate initiatives, exploring opportunities for improving existing communication and service quality, and for using the Internet and ICT to support more efficient community processes and relationships (Hunter, 1999; Municipal Association of Victoria and ETC Electronic Trading Concepts Pty Ltd., 2000; National Office for the Information Economy, 2002). The objective of this article is to explore whether welldeveloped and well-implemented online services can make a positive contribution to the future of regional and rural communities. This will be achieved by disseminating some of the learning from the implementation of the MainStreet Regional Portal project (www.mainstreet.net.au). To provide a context for this case study, the next section introduces some theory relevant to virtual communities and portals. The concept of online communities is introduced and then literature is reviewed to identify factors that have been acknowledged as important in the success of online community and portal initiatives.
Conference papers on the topic "Labor costs Australia"
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Kolb, Gregory J., Roger Davenport, David Gorman, Ron Lumia, Robert Thomas, and Matthew Donnelly. "Heliostat Cost Reduction." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36217.
Full textAbstract:
Power towers are capable of producing solar-generated electricity and hydrogen on a large scale. Heliostats are the most important cost element of a solar power tower plant. Since they constitute ∼50% to the capital cost of the plant it is important to reduce the cost of heliostats to as low as possible to improve the economic viability of power towers. In this study we evaluate current heliostat technology and estimate a price of $126/m2 given year 2006 materials and labor costs. We also propose R&D that should ultimately lead to a price of less than $100/m2. Approximately 30 heliostat and manufacturing experts from the USA, Europe, and Australia contributed to the content of this report during 2 workshops conducted at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility.
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Kumar Debnath, Ashim, Tamara Banks, and Ross Blackman. "Beyond the Barriers: Road Construction Safety Issues From the Office and the Roadside." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100162.
Full textAbstract:
Conceptually, the management of safety at roadworks can be seen in a three level framework. At the regulatory level, roadworks operate at the interface between the work environment, governed by workplace health and safety regulations, and the road environment, which is subject to road traffic regulations and practices. At the organizational level, national, state and local governments plan and purchase road construction and maintenance which are then delivered in-house or tendered out to large construction companies who often subcontract multiple smaller companies to supply services and labor. At the operational level, roadworks are difficult to isolate from the general public, hindering effective occupational health and safety controls. This study, from the State of Queensland, Australia, examines how well this tripartite framework functions. It includes reviews of organizational policy and procedures documents; interviews with 24 subject matter experts from various road construction and maintenance organizations, and on-site interviews with 66 road construction personnel. The study identified several factors influencing the translation of safety policies into practice including the cost of safety measures in the context of competitive tendering, lack of firm evidence of the effectiveness of safety measures, and pressures to minimize disruption to the travelling public.