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1
Danylchuk, Vitalina, and Roman Mykhalchuk. "LAW REGULATIONS OF THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM FUNCTIONING IN THE GULAG CORRECTIONAL LABOR CAMPS." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 10 (June 30, 2022): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112030.
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The article attempts to analyze the fundamentals of the functioning of the punishment system in the GULAG correctional labor camps in the 1930-50s, considering them as a tool of totalitarian practices in the USSR. The research reveals that in the 1930-50s, the main places of imprisonment in the USSR were correctional labor camps, which were part of a centralized system – the Chief Administration of the Camps (GULAG) government agency.
This system was not only a powerful tool for the execution of punishment and imprisonment, the main task of which was the use of prisoners’ labor to implement economic projects and plans, but also an important element of the functioning of the Soviet totalitarian state. The activities of the GULAG were regulated primarily by departmental documents. A significant number of them regulated the penitentiary system of the USSR.
The activities of the GULAG were regulated primarily by departmental documents, including “Regulations on correction and labor camps of the OGPU USSR”, Provisional instructions on the detention of prisoners adopted in 1939 and 1940, Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On punishment for Nazi criminals guilty of murder and torture of Soviet civilians and captured Red Army soldiers, for spies and traitors of the Motherland from among Soviet citizens and their accomplices” (1943), “Instruction on the registration and transfer of prisoners sentenced to hard labor” (1943), “Instruction on the regime of detention of prisoners in correction and labor camps and prisons of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs” (1947), Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on amnesty of certain categories of prisoners (1953), Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR “On the procedure for detention of convicted persons in forced labor camps” (1954) and others. Thus, for the operation of the penitentiary system in the USSR, a significant number of normative documents were developed; they regulated the penitentiary system and supported the functioning of the totalitarian state.
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Beorn, Waitman Wade. "Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 30, no. 2 (August 2016): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcw030.
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Kamaeva, E. V. "Summer Camps for Schoolchildren in the System for the Prevention of Teenage Neglect and Crime in the 1960s — mid-1970s." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 2 (2022): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.211.
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In the 1960s and 1970s there was a significant increase in juvenile delinquency in urban and rural areas. The tightening of measures to combat it did not radically change the situation, and the country’s leadership began to pay great attention to educational work, which was mainly entrusted to the Komsomol. One of the priority directions in the work of the Komsomol in this period was the organization of summer vacations for children. There was a search and testing of new forms of work, which was expressed in the creation of new types of summer camps for schoolchildren. On the basis of a wide range of archival materials, primarily reports from the departments of the school Komsomol, the process of creating camps in the city and the countryside is analyzed, and the problems that the Komsomol committees faced in the process of this work are highlighted. First of all, there is a lack of funding. It is shown that the labor and recreation camps for high school students who were striving to exist on the principles of self-sufficiency, created during this period, began to acquire great popularity. At the same time, labor, military, sports, and tourist camps for adolescents registered in the children’s room of the police began to be created. In this regard, there was a problem with training counselors for such camps. The Moscow city committee of the Komsomol was the first to begin training counselors from among student activists. The analysis of archival materials shows that regarding urban schoolchildren during the study period, various types of camps were created for all age groups. The situation was different in rural areas. For the first time, inter-collective farm camps began to appear in the districts, however, they did not become widespread.
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McCoyer, Michael. "“Rough Mens” in “the Toughest Places I Ever Seen”: The Construction and Ramifications of Black Masculine Identity in the Mississippi Delta's Levee Camps, 1900–1935." International Labor and Working-Class History 69, no. 1 (March 2006): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547906000044.
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This article examines the “levee camp” as a social and cultural site for reconstituting rural black workers' masculine identities in the early twentieth-century Mississippi-Arkansas Delta. The construction of the Mississippi River's levees during this period depended heavily on the labor of black mule-drivers drawn from the Delta's cotton plantations. In spite of this dependency, the levee camps' exploitative commissaries and harsh disciplinary violence quashed workers' efforts to reclaim a sense of autonomy that was increasingly denied them on the region's plantations. However, partly in response to the perceived erosion of their authority within the sharecropper family, levee workers successfully used the notorious after-hours culture of the levee camps to construct a hyper-masculine image of themselves as “rough mens” who had been to the levee camps, enjoyed the sexual attention of camp women, and were manly enough to survive the murderous violence of white bosses and other “rough mens” alike. Using a series of 1930s labor investigations as well as early Delta blues hollers and songs about the levee camps, this article shows how black workers' efforts to cultivate this hyper-masculine levee worker image ultimately proved detrimental to their class interests. Levee contractors and foremen welcomed levee camp gambling, prostitution, drinking, and fighting as ways of reducing workers' wages and maintaining labor control in the camps. Ultimately, the levee camps provide a useful example of an all-male work site where gender had important, if unintended, ramifications for workers' class position.
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Vyrlan, Elena V. "ACTIVITIES OF THE FORCED LABOR CAMP IN THE CHUVASH AUTONOMOUS REGION IN THE TOWN OF CHEBOKSARY." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2021-2-22-26.
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The article attempts to analyze the activities of forced labor camps using as an the example the functioning of the Forced Labor Camp of the Chuvash Autonomous Region (ChAO) in 1920–1921. The work is based on previously unpublished sources of the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash Republic. The study shows the features of classifying the prisoners, their number in the forced labor camp of the Chuvash Autonomous Region in the town of Cheboksary, the regime restrictions imposed on them, it also analyses the most frequent violations of discipline in the camp, shows the issues of the camp organization and the conditions of service in it, the system of employees’ remuneration, as well as the difficulties in the institution’s functioning under existing socio-economic situation during the years of mass famine in the Volga region. The history of establishment and operation of forced labor camps is currently poorly covered, especially at the regional level. Basing on the results of the study, the author makes a conclusion on the reasons for liquidation of forced labor camps, as well as on the need for detailed studying the regional aspects of the problem under consideration.
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Gonzalez, Gilbert G. "Labor and Community: The Camps of Mexican Citrus Pickers in Southern California." Western Historical Quarterly 22, no. 3 (August 1991): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969750.
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Purcell, Aaron D. "Reclaiming Lost Ground: Arthur Morgan and the Miami Conservancy District Labor Camps." Historian 64, no. 2 (December 1, 2001): 367–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2002.tb01488.x.
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Kokebayeva, Gulzhaukhar, and Rakhmetolla Zakarya. "Evacuation and Repression: The Spaniards' Life in Kazakhstan." Historia Contemporánea, no. 70 (October 3, 2022): 919–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/hc.22359.
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When the war erupted between the USSR and Germany, the emigrants who were in the European part of the USSR were evacuated to the eastern republics, including Kazakhstan along with some children from children’s homes. The Spaniards repressed by the Soviet government and the soldiers-prisoners of the “Blue Division” were kept in the Kazakh camps. This paper examines the Spanish emigrants’ life and activities in Kazakhstan, their resettlement from Kazakhstan to the Crimea, and the problem of Spanish emigrants’ conscription in the Soviet Army. Also, the fate of repressed Spaniards who were sent to correctional labor camps in the Karaganda region has been traced.
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Muhlhahn, Klaus. ""Remembering a Bitter Past": The Trauma of China's Labor Camps, 1949-1978." History & Memory 16, no. 2 (2004): 108–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ham.2004.0008.
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Mühlhahn. "“Remembering a Bitter Past”: The Trauma of China's Labor Camps, 1949-1978." History and Memory 16, no. 2 (2004): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/his.2004.16.2.108.
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Mierzejewski, Alfred C. "The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps (review)." Technology and Culture 45, no. 1 (2004): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2004.0033.
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MacKinnon, Elaine. "Motherhood and Survival in the Stalinist Gulag." Aspasia 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/asp.2019.130106.
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This article analyzes the Gulag memoirs of four women political prisoners—Olga Adamova-Sliozberg, Liudmila Miklashevskaya, Nadezhda Joffe, and Valentina Grigorievna levleva-Pavlenko—to examine the interplay of motherhood and survival. Each was a mother of small children sentenced to forced labor camps in the northern polar regions of the Soviet Union. Motherhood played a complex role in their survival. The rupture in family relations, particularly the separation from their children, magnified the psychological and emotional stress of their incarceration. Yet, being a mother in the camps provided a compelling motivation to stay alive. It helped them to sustain a sense of normalcy by connecting them to their former lives and to the family unit that represented stability and sustenance amid the bleakness of their Gulag existence.
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Lovell, George. "The Ambiguities of Labor's Legislative Reforms in New York State in the Late Nineteenth Century." Studies in American Political Development 8, no. 1 (1994): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000067.
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Recently, Victoria Hattam and William Forbath have separately defended new explanations of the development of the distinctive, relatively apolitical labor movement in the United States. Their explanations differ from earlier accounts that saw the failure of socialism in the United States as the result of either the distinctive liberal tradition in the United States or of ethnic and other divisions within the working class. Their alternative view is that distinctive structural features of the U.S. state – in particular, the independent judiciary – played a decisive role in shaping the development of the labor movement. This paper questions some of the shared assumptions of these new accounts, focusing on Victoria Hattam's recent book,Labor Visions and State Power. Without denying that the judiciary played an important role in the development of the U.S. labor movement, I want to suggest a different account of the relationship between the judiciary and the legislative and executive branches.
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Morgen Young. "Russell Lee in the Northwest: Documenting Japanese American Farm Labor Camps in Oregon and Idaho." Oregon Historical Quarterly 114, no. 3 (2013): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.114.3.0360.
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Anae, Nicole. "“Among the Boer Children”." History of Education Review 45, no. 1 (June 6, 2016): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-12-2014-0049.
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Purpose – There exists no detailed account of the 40 Australian women teachers employed within the “concentration camps” established by British forces in the Orange River and Transvaal colonies during the Boer War. The purpose of this paper is to critically respond to this dearth in historiography. Design/methodology/approach – A large corpus of newspaper accounts represents the richest, most accessible and relatively idiosyncratic source of data concerning this contingent of women. The research paper therefore interprets concomitant print-based media reports of the period as a resource for educational and historiographical data. Findings – Towards the end of the Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902) a total of 40 Australian female teachers – four from Queensland, six from South Australia, 14 from Victoria and 16 from New South Wales – successfully answered the imperial call conscripting educators for schools within “concentration camps” established by British forces in the Orange River and Transvaal colonies. Women’s exclusive participation in this initiative, while ostensibly to teach the Boer children detained within these camps, also exerted an influential effect on the popular consciousness in reimagining cultural ideals about female teachers’ professionalism in ideological terms. Research limitations/implications – One limitation of the study relates to the dearth in official records about Australian women teachers in concentration camps given that; not only are Boer War-related records generally difficult to source; but also that even the existent data is incomplete with many chapters missing completely from record. Therefore, while the data about these women is far from complete, the account in terms of newspaper reports relies on the existent accounts of them typically in cases where their school and community observe their contributions to this military campaign and thus credit them with media publicity. Originality/value – The paper’s originality lies in recovering the involvement of a previously underrepresented contingent of Australian women teachers while simultaneously offering a primary reading of the ideological work this involvement played in influencing the political narrative of Australia’s educational involvement in the Boer War.
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В.М., Кириллов,, and Разинков, С.Л. "Social portrait of persons mobilized for labor in the forced labor camps of the Urals, 1941-1946." Historia provinciae - the journal of regional history, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 1252–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2022-6-4-4.
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Лаборатория исторической информатики Нижнетагильского государственного социально-педагогического института с 2000 г. работает над проектом «Gedenkbuch: Книга памяти репрессированных российских немцев», в рамках которого изданы коллективные монографии по ИТЛ Урала и создана электронная база данных объемом около 100 тыс. персоналий, основанная на материалах учетных картотек лагерей принудительного труда. Целью настоящей статьи является ознакомление читателей с результатами сравнительного анализа социального портрета трудмобилизованных нескольких лагерей Урала по общепринятым параметрам, связанным с содержанием первоисточника - учетных картотек спецконтингента в архивах силовых ведомств. Информационной базой создания социального портрета репрессированных и сравнительного анализа являются архивные источники ИТЛ ГУЛАГа и электронные базы данных, сформированные в процессе создания Книг памяти в период с 1999 по 2021 г. В качестве основных методологических средств исследования используются понятийный аппарат новой социальной истории, просопографический и историко-сравнительный методы, методы исторической информатики. Определены источники, динамика и этапы поступления трудмобилизованных; выявлен спектр национальностей, составивших этот контингент, проведен анализ половозрастного состава, места рождения, социального происхождения, уровня образования, партийной принадлежности, трудовых занятий до мобилизации, причин и масштабов убытия из лагеря и смертности; установлен процент арестованных и осужденных; прослежена динамика демобилизации и освобождения из ИТЛ. В результате исследования выявлена специфика социального портрета в зависимости от места, времени и производственного предназначения ИТЛ. Сложный состав спецконтингента всех лагерей был представлен такими категориями, как заключенные, трудмобилизованные, военнопленные, интернированные. В численном отношении преобладали заключенные и трудармейцы. Несмотря на особый статус трудармейцев, призванный несколько облегчить их положение, все они были заняты принудительным трудом и находились в условиях лагерного режима в общем составе спецконтингента. Труд вольнонаемных составлял незначительный процент от участников строительства промышленных объектов и лесных разработок. В статье сделан акцент на реконструкции социального портрета трудмобилизованных в рамках конкретных ИТЛ Урала. Решение этой задачи позволило выявить обобщенные характеристики социального портрета трудармейцев в целом. Основные социо-демографические характеристики этой категории спецконтингента связаны с российскими немцами и практически совпадают с результатами переписи 1939 г. Однако принципиально важным отличием является то, что наши наблюдения концентрируют внимание не на немецком национальном меньшинстве в составе СССР, а на российских немцах как одной из составных частей спецконтингента лагерей принудительного труда. В соответствии с этой задачей выявлены обобщенные характеристики трудмобилизованных. Значение проведенного исследования определяется введением в историографический оборот просопографических баз данных, объединенных на основе сравнительного анализа. Since 2000, the Laboratory of Historical Informatics of Nizhny Tagil State Socio-Pedagogical Institute has been working on the project “Gedenkbuch: Book of Memory of the Repressed Russian Germans.” Within the framework of the project, collective monographs on the corrective labor camps (ITLs) of the Urals were published and an electronic database of about 100 000 persons was created based on the materials of record files of forced labor camps. The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with the results of the comparative analysis of social portrait of the persons mobilized for labor in several camps in the Urals according to the generally accepted parameters related to the contents of the primary source, the latter being registration cards of special contingent in the archives of law enforcement agencies. Archival sources of the corrective labor camps of the Gulag and electronic databases that were compiled in the process of preparing the Books of Memory in the period from 1999 to 2021 constitute the information basis for creating a social portrait of repression victims and comparative analysis. The conceptual apparatus of new social history, prosopographical and historical comparative methods as well as methods of historical informatics are the main methodological tools of the research. The sources, dynamics and stages of the intake of persons mobilized for labor were determined; the range of nationalities that made up this contingent was identified, age and sex, place of birth, social origin, level of education, party affiliation, employment before mobilization were analyzed as well as causes and level of departure from the camp and mortality rate; the percentage of the arrested and convicted was established; the dynamics of demobilization and release from labor camps was traced. As a result of the study, the specific features of social portrait were revealed depending on the place, time, and production purpose of the camp. The composition of the special contingent of all camps was complex. It was represented by such categories as prisoners, persons mobilized for labor duty, prisoners of war, and internees. Numerically, prisoners and labor armyists predominated. Despite the special status of labor armyists, which was intended to somehow alleviate their situation, all of them were engaged in forced labor in the conditions of the camp regime together with the rest of special contingent. The labor of free employees constituted an insignificant percentage in the construction of industrial facilities and timber harvsting. The article focuses on the reconstruction of the social portrait of the persons mobilized for labor duty in certain labor camps of the Urals. The solution of this problem made it possible to reveal the generalized characteristics of the social portrait of labor armyists as a whole. Main socio-demographic characteristics of this category of special contingent are associated with Russian Germans and practically coincide with the results of the 1939 census. However, a fundamentally important difference is that our observations focus not on the German national minority within the USSR but on Russian Germans as a part of special contingent of forced labor camps. In accordance with this task, generalized characteristics of the persons mobilized for labor duty were revealed. The significance of the study is determined by the introduction into the historiographical circulation of prosopographical databases that were combined on the basis of comparative analysis.
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Muktar, M., A. Akhmetova, and Z. Zhumabaev. "THE HISTORY OF THE PRORVA-ASTRAKHAN CAMPS IN ARCHIVAL SOURCES (1932-1950)." History of the Homeland 96, no. 4 (December 29, 2021): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/1814-6961_2021_4_136.
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The article is devoted to the history of the Prorva-Astrakhan correctional labor camps (1932-1950), which were included in the GULAG system on the scale of the USSR, the historical documents of which were not included in scientific circulation. The history of the camp is analyzed using the documents of the The State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Special Archive of the Information Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Astrakhan region, Atyrau Regional State Archive and the special State archive of the Atyrau Region Police Department. From the information of the funds related to the topic in the archives, it follows that the Prorva-Astrakhan camps are located on the Caspian coast, search the territory of the deployment, the contigent in archival materials, determine the everyday and social situation of prisoners, the directions of studying the topic, analyze the methodology, bibliographic and special scientific works and documentary documents.
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Hájková, Anna. "Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps. By Marc Buggeln. Oxford University Press. 2014. xiii + 334pp. £60.00." History 101, no. 344 (January 2016): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.12181.
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Kustyshev, Andrey N. "NKVD Industrial Engineering in the Kola North in the Late 1930s – Early 1940s." Economic History 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.057.018.202202.132-142.
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Introduction. On the territory of the Kola North, the prisoners carried out hydraulic construction, and mining enterprises were built. An analysis of the NKVD industrial construction sector’s functioning in the designated time and regional dimension allows a deeper understanding of the role of the GULAG in the industrialization of a particular region, the country as a whole, contributes to the further development of scientific ideas about the NKVD’s mobilization potential in the prewar period. The purpose of this study is to analyze the construction activities of the GULAG camps in the Kola North in the context of the mobilization practice of the NKVD in the prewar years. Materials and Methods. The source foundation of the study was a set of materials from both central and regional archives. Analyzing the processes took place in the regional sector of the industrial construction of the NKVD at the turn of the 1930s – 1940s, the author used dialectical, systemic approaches, comparative and statistical research methods. Results. At the turn of the 1930s – 1940s, in the territory of the Kola North, the construction activities of the NKVD were of a large-scale nature and were of military-strategic importance for the country. There was a goal given to the department to speed up the completion of important construction objects. At the same time, a whole range of problems characterizing the GULAG economy characterized the construction sector of the NKVD: a poor supply of machines and mechanisms, materials, and a lack of project documentation. These circumstances systematically led to the disruption of planned targets. In addition, construction labor camps, despite the growth in the number of special contingents, experienced a permanent shortage of labor, the cause of which was a large proportion of disabled prisoners and chronically ill, unfit for work, as well as disabled, sick prisoners. Significant losses of labor force in forced labor camps were the result of serious problems associated with the organization of labor processes. Construction management delayed the conclusion of contracts with ITL forced labor camps on the provision of labor. A significant part of the prisoners was not taken to work due to the failure to provide an escort, the lack of clothes and shoes, downtime at work due to the lack of building materials. Discussion and Conclusion. An analysis of the construction activities of the NKVD in the Kola North, the economy of the GULAG, as a whole, helps to identify and specify the problem of the safety of resources at the disposal of labor camps, the inability of the latter to ensure the economic use of thousands of prisoners. This circumstance significantly limited the mobilization capabilities of the NKVD, including in the process of implementing large industrial projects of military strategic importance for the country. The economic consequences of resource losses (an increase of production cost, work in general, a decrease in the balance of working time, etc.) largely determine the place of the GULAG in the economic history of the country.
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Ivanova, Galina M. "The Prisoner Camp System in the Caspian Region of Kazakhstan in 1932-1940." RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-4-498-508.
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In the study of the history of Soviet camps, there are still serious gaps; in particular, there are no works that reveal the history of the creation and functioning of the camp system in the Caspian region. This study fills the gap in historiography and provides answers to the topical issues of the location of some camp units, reasons, goals, objectives and conditions for the creation and operation of the camp com-plex in the Kazakhstan region of the Caspian Sea. The source base of the study is the documents from the fund of the Main Directorate of Camps and Places of Incarceration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The article shows that from the middle of 1932, in the course of solving the problem of creating their own supply base, the OGPU camps began to intensively develop the fishing industry. The GULAG got a new fishing area - Prorva located in the north-eastern part of the Caspian Sea. For catching and processing fish, there was created the Prorva labor camp which functioned from 1932 to 1940; it was initially subordinated to the GULAG OGPU and stationed in the Kazakh ASSR on the island of Prorva in the Caspian Sea. One of the largest units was the Guryev camp with the population of up to 2 thousand people; it was located in the area of the town of Guryev, Kazakh ASSR. The prisoners were engaged in fishing and provided them-selves with fish, the supply of which to the camps was cut off from 1932. The study reveals that the prisoners settled down in the Caspian fishing region of Kazakhstan in extremely difficult climatic, living and working conditions; they made a significant contribution to the provision of camps and colonies with food, since all products manufactured by the Prorva labor camp were sold in the GULAG system.
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Lawrence, Ruth E., and Marc P. Bellette. "Gold, timber, war and parks : A history of the Rushworth Forest in central Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 122, no. 2 (2010): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs10022.
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The Rushworth Forest is a Box and Ironbark open sclerophyll forest in central Victoria that has been subject to a long history of gold mining activity and forest utilisation. This paper documents the major periods of land use history in the Rushworth Forest and comments on the environmental changes that have occurred as a result. During the 1850s to 1890s, the Forest was subject to extensive gold mining operations, timber resource use, and other forest product utilisation, which generated major changes to the forest soils, vegetation structure and species cover. From the 1890s to 1930s, concern for diminishing forest cover across central Victoria led to the creation of timber reserves, including the Rushworth State Forest. After the formation of a government forestry department in 1919, silvicultural practices were introduced which aimed at maximising the output of tall timber production above all else. During World War II, the management of the Forest was taken over by the Australian Army as Prisoner of War camps were established to harvest timber from the Forest for firewood production. Following the War, the focus of forestry in Victoria moved away from the Box and Ironbark forests, but low value resource utilisation continued in the Rushworth Forest from the 1940s to 1990s. In 2002, about one-third of the Forest was declared a National Park and the other two-thirds continued as a State Forest. Today, the characteristics of the biophysical environment reflect the multiple layers of past land uses that have occurred in the Rushworth Forest.
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Stoltzfus, Nathan. "Historical Evidence and Plausible History: Interpreting the Berlin Gestapo's Attempted “Final Roundup” of Jews (also known as the “Factory Action”)." Central European History 38, no. 3 (September 2005): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916105775563616.
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Most historians who address it agree that the street protest by non-Jews for their Jewish family members constitutes the most plausible explanation for the Gestapo's release of intermarried Jews incarcerated at Berlin's Rosenstrasse. Had the women not protested, the Jews (or the overwhelming majority) most likely would have been deported to either death or labor camps. This view holds that regime leaders released the Jews for tactical reasons, not because it was cowed or had moral scruples. Although Wolf Gruner has characterized this long-established interpretation as “legend,’ his evidence on balance supports rather than challenges it.
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Callebert, Ralph. "Rethinking the Underclass: Future Directions in Southern African Labor History." International Labor and Working-Class History 82 (2012): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547912000440.
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Southern and South African labor history has, at least since the 1970s, been as much about the future of the region as about its past. Liberal scholars saw in apartheid and segregation irrational aberrations to the color-blind logic of capitalism. They believed the apartheid state to be an instrument of racial dominance but saw it as more or less neutral in terms of class relations. Economic growth and the abolishment of racial laws would bring freedom and equality—or at least equal opportunities. On the other hand, radical historians and sociologists thought of apartheid as a system that guaranteed the exploitation of cheap black labor for the benefit of capital. For them, apartheid was functional to capitalism.2 While both the liberal and the radical positions were often more nuanced than the other side would admit, the question that divided these two camps was one about politics and strategy: Would capitalist development bring an end to racial domination, or was it part of the problem? In the latter case, challenging apartheid and colonialism would also involve challenging capitalism. The vibrancy of these debates should continue to serve as an inspiration for labor historians. I will argue that for the Left to be able to formulate viable alternatives to present policies, we should look at the history and nature of labor and inequality in the region.
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Bernbeck, Reinhard, and Susan Pollock. "Quotidian and Transgressive Practices in Nazi Forced Labor Camps: The Role of Objects." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 22, no. 3 (August 8, 2017): 454–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-017-0434-1.
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Ward, Jason Morgan. "“Nazis Hoe Cotton”: Planters, POWS, and the Future of Farm Labor in the Deep South." Agricultural History 81, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-81.4.471.
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Abstract During World War II, the POW labor program provided cotton planters in the lower Mississippi Valley with a temporary yet timely solution to an increasingly mobile local labor supply. While war prisoners worked in a variety of crops and non-agricultural industries, one of the greatest concentration of camps and captive workers devoted to a single crop occurred along the southern stretch of the Mississippi River. Cotton planters in Arkansas, Mississippi, and northern Louisiana secured over twelve thousand war prisoners from 1943 to 1946. German and Italian prisoners reinforced a labor system based on boundaries of color even as their presence in the fields revealed racial contradictions. Even as the inexperienced field hands undercut planter profits, exposed racial tensions, and undermined racialized notions of work, their presence helped to extend the life of an exploitative plantation economy. Despite the limited scope and dubious success rate of POW labor, cotton planters in the Deep South found a temporary workforce to hold a place on the plantation for African-American labor.
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Smith, Stacey L. "Review: Uprooted: Japanese American Farm Labor Camps during World War II, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR." Public Historian 40, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2018.40.2.143.
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Stutje, Klaas. "Marc Buggeln. Slave Labor in Nazi Concentration Camps. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014. 334 pp. £60.00." International Review of Social History 62, no. 1 (March 10, 2017): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859017000116.
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Kuzminykh, Alexander L. "The History of Political Repression in the Vologda Region (1918–1953): the last monograph by Professor V. Konasov." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 5, no. 4 (2021): 1370–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2021-5-4-8.
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The monograph under review considers the tragic pages of mass terror and the activity of special settlements, prisons and labor camps in the territory of Vologda Oblast in the period between 1918 and 1953 against the general historical background. The source base of the monograph includes archival materials, documentary collections, periodicals, memoirs, and the publications on the subject of research. This allows the author to go beyond the framework of traditional historiographical approaches and recreate a multifaceted history of the punitive system of the Soviet state in human dimension on the example of the Vologda land.
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Schulte, Jan Erik. "Reviews of Books:The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps Michael Thad Allen." American Historical Review 107, no. 5 (December 2002): 1657–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/533009.
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Sillar, Bill, Emily Dean, and Amelia Pérez Trujillo. "My State or Yours? Wari “Labor Camps” and the Inka Cult of Viracocha at Raqchi, Cuzco, Peru." Latin American Antiquity 24, no. 1 (March 2013): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.24.1.21.
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The archaeological site at Raqchi is best known for the large Inka building identified by colonial sources as the “temple of Viracocha.” The site also has an enclosure with 152 circular buildings that have previously been interpreted as Inka state storage: collcas. Although Inka pottery was found within some structures, the utilitarian pottery, carbonized plant remains, and hearths found on the floors of the buildings at Raqchi date their construction to the Middle Horizon. These results have caused a significant reinterpretation of the site and highlight a distinction between the political economies of the two largest Andean states. We suggest this sector of the site functioned as a Wari compound for seasonal work groups, similar to those at Pikillacta and Azángaro, suggesting a potential coercive aspect within Wari colonization. This prompts a reevaluation of the Viracocha cult during the Inka period, its reclaiming of Tiwanaku and Wari state sites, and the role of public ceremony within Inka state policy.
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Woirol, Greg. "Peter Speek and Migratory Labor: An Estonian Revolutionary Finds the Real America." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 4, no. 3 (July 2005): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400002668.
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Peter Alexander Speek arrived in the United States in the fall of 1908 at the age of 35, “having in my pocket only 4c and knowing hardly more English words.” A leader of revolutionary activities against Russian rule in his native Estonia, Speek came to the U.S. a committed socialist intent on developing worker awareness and leading the class struggle. After two years in New York, Speek traveled to the West Coast, entered the graduate program i n economics at the University of Wisconsin, and worked two years as an investigator for the United States Commission on Industrial Relations (CIR). During his time with the CIR, Speek traveled widely across the United States, “visiting labor camps, cheap city lodging houses, gatherings of hoboes and tramps in so-called ‘jungles’, interviewing employers and various public agencies.” Speek wrote dozens of reports during these investigations that served as the foundation for official CIR policy recommendations and for a series of popular press articles on current migratory conditions. In doing this work, Speek became a recognized authority on migratory labor issues. Reference to Speek's reports can be found in studies of early-twentieth-century migratory labor conditions, but a specific evaluation of Speek and of his contributions has not been written. Speek's work for the CIR is of interest because of its subject matter and its comprehensive coverage. Speek's work is also of interest because it was during this period that Speek rejected his revolutionary socialism and became a structural reformer, accepting the basic U.S. economic and political system and working to improve the details of its institutions.
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Natalia, Shabelnik. "Work of Foreign Powers of War During the Restoration of the Central Chernozemye Industry in the Years the Great Patriotic War." TECHNOLOGOS, no. 2 (2021): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2021.2.08.
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The study of aspect prisoners of war in the restoration of the USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War arouses scientific interest of native historiography. Contradictory opinions and assessment of foreign prisoners of war contribution to the restoration of the USSR industrial facilities accentuate the relevance of the topic. The study of this issue at the regional level arouses great interest. The practical significance of the topic lies in the fact that, firstly, it is the material for further study of the problem of foreign prisoners of war on the territory of the Central Chernozemye Region, and secondly, it can be used as the material for the examination of a number of topics on the history of prisoners of war during the Great Patriotic War at government level. During the Great Patriotic War the front line passed through the territory of the Central Chernozemye Region (summer 1942 – winter 1943). Kursk and a part of Voronezh region were occupied by Nazi troops. In the second half of 1942 the first production camps for foreign prisoners of war were established in the Central Chernozemye Region. The increase in the number of camps, the number of prisoners of war and their involvement in production began in 1943. The main reason for the use of prisoners of war labor was, first of all, associated with a sharp increase in the number of prisoners of war after the Battle of Stalingrad; and secondly, with a shortage of manpower. In the first months of the camps operation the involvement of prisoners of war in the work remained low. But in the second half of 1944 it began the massive use of prisoners of war labor. Their labor included restoration work in all industries of the Central Chernozemye Region. By the end of the war prisoners of war had been recruited to work according to their civil specialties. Despite the active use of prisoners of war labor as a part of the complex of restoration measures in the Central Chernozemye Region their contribution was insignificant in comparison with the material damage caused. The article, based on the analysis of archival materials and historical literature, as well as on the historical-comparative, systemic, statistical and other methods of scientific research, shows the contribution of foreign prisoners of war to the restoration of industrial facilities in the Central Chernozyom region during the Great Patriotic War.
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Keen, Steve. "Use-Value, Exchange Value, and the Demise of Marx's Labor Theory of Value." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 15, no. 1 (1993): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200005290.
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Karl Marx was the greatest champion of the labor theory of value. The logical problems of this theory have, however, split scholars of Marx into two factions: those who regard it as an indivisible component of Marxism, and those who wish to continue the spirit of analysis begun by Marx without the labor theory of value. In the debate between these two camps, the former has attempted to draw support from Marx's concepts of value, while the latter has ignored them, taking instead as their starting point the truism that production generates a surplus. Nevertheless, a careful examination of the development of Marx's logic uncovers the profound irony that, after a chance rereading of Hegel, Marx made a crucial advance which should have led him to replace the labor theory of value with the theory that commodities in general are the source of surplus. Marx's value analysis is thus consistent, not with those who would defend the labor theory of value, but with those who would transcend it.
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Urban, Andrew. "Digging Up the Backyard: Seabrook Farms and the Importance of Critical Local Histories." New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 3, no. 2 (July 17, 2017): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v3i2.91.
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This article explores Seabrook Farms as a relevant case study in how local New Jersey histories can be connected to national and international narratives about displacement, resettlement, and government-sponsored labor migrations. It examines how students can participate in the creation of new scholarship and exhibits, and illustrates that there is still much to learn about the history of our state. In order to maximize its production of frozen foods, Seabrook Farms relied on federal policies and initiatives that allowed the company to recruit and hire Japanese American internees, German POWs, guestworkers from the British West Indies, black and white farm labor from the U.S. South, and Estonian and other Eastern European refugees from Displaced Persons’ camps in postwar Germany. As this article argues, scholars concerned with the relevance of history, and the public humanities more generally, have an obligation to approach New Jersey’s past with a critical and outward-looking perspective, so as to uncover the full economic, political, and social importance of local sites and stories.
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Welker, Martin H., and David A. Byers. "THE BIRCH CREEK CANIDS AND DOGS AS TRANSPORT LABOR IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST." American Antiquity 84, no. 1 (January 2019): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2018.81.
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Historically, domestic dogs(Canis familiaris)have been documented as central features of Intermountain West and Great Plains Native American camps. Some of these dogs were bred specifically for largeness and stamina to haultravoisand to carry pannier-style packs. Ethnographic accounts frequently highlight the importance of dogs in moving through the Intermountain West and the plains, reporting loads as heavy as 45 kg (100 lbs). We calculated body mass from skeletal morphometric data and used these to estimate prehistoric and historic dog load capacities for travois and pannier-style packs in the Intermountain West, Great Plains, and Great Basin. Specimens of large dogs recovered from sites in the Birch Creek Valley in Idaho and on the Great Plains indicate the animals could carry weights comparable to ethnographically recorded loads. Further, direct dating of the Birch Creek dog specimens indicated that dogs of this size have been present in the Intermountain West for more than 3,000 years. These data have important implications for our understanding of prehistoric mobility in the Intermountain West and the plains and suggest that the use of dogs in transporting cargo may have begun as early as 5,000 years ago.
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Akhmetova, Ulzhan T., Eduard Zh Imashev, and Abilseiit K. Muktar. "Влияние географических факторов на территориально-организационную структуру и хозяйственную деятельность Прорвинского (Астраханского) исправительно-трудового лагеря (1932–1950)." Oriental studies 15, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 682–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-61-4-682-698.
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Introduction. Since vectors of natural resources, construction and infrastructure development across the vast Soviet territories (including that of the Kazakh SSR) were determined by geographical aspects of correctional labor camps’ territorial organization, it was the geographical factor that proved crucial to the shaping of camps system proper. So, an insight into experiences of the Prorva (Astrakhan) Correctional Labor Camp is of certain interest. Goals. The study aims at assessing impacts of geographical factors on the shaping and functioning of the mentioned labor camp’s territorial organizational structure and economic activity between 1932 and 1950. Materials and methods. The work explores documents housed by the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Archive of Internal Affairs Ministry Department in Astrakhan Oblast, outcomes of history and geography research expeditions to Mangystau and Atyrau Regions of Kazakhstan undertaken in July 2021, geographical maps. The study employs a variety of research methods, such as general scientific (analysis, synthesis, mathematical and descriptive techniques), geographical (analytical tools of cartography, comparative, physical and economic geography, expeditionary, system territorial, and factorial methods) and historical (retrospective, comparative, structural approaches) ones. Results. The paper presents a geographical analysis of six localities, reveals territorial organizational structure of the camp (the latter to have covered northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian coastline), provides an assessment of physical and geographical conditions of the camp’s economic arrangements. The latter had predetermined the availability of rich biological sea resources. However, in general, the physical and geographical components of natural environment were unfavorable (arid climate, infertile soil cover, sparse vegetation) for commercial agricultural production. The study of economic and geographical factors shows different economic potentials across localities of the camp. The economic geographical factors resulted in the shaping and functioning of a territorial organizational structure primarily aimed at efficient industrial fishing practices. Conclusions. The geographical factors proved of utmost importance and served a basis for the development of fisheries in the northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian Sea. In addition, efforts were made to initiate agricultural production and construction activities that still were to play a secondary economic role due to unfavorable conditions.
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Akhmetova, Ulzhan T., Eduard Zh Imashev, and Abilseiit K. Muktar. "Влияние географических факторов на территориально-организационную структуру и хозяйственную деятельность Прорвинского (Астраханского) исправительно-трудового лагеря (1932–1950)." Oriental studies 15, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 682–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-62-4-682-698.
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Introduction. Since vectors of natural resources, construction and infrastructure development across the vast Soviet territories (including that of the Kazakh SSR) were determined by geographical aspects of correctional labor camps’ territorial organization, it was the geographical factor that proved crucial to the shaping of camps system proper. So, an insight into experiences of the Prorva (Astrakhan) Correctional Labor Camp is of certain interest. Goals. The study aims at assessing impacts of geographical factors on the shaping and functioning of the mentioned labor camp’s territorial organizational structure and economic activity between 1932 and 1950. Materials and methods. The work explores documents housed by the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Archive of Internal Affairs Ministry Department in Astrakhan Oblast, outcomes of history and geography research expeditions to Mangystau and Atyrau Regions of Kazakhstan undertaken in July 2021, geographical maps. The study employs a variety of research methods, such as general scientific (analysis, synthesis, mathematical and descriptive techniques), geographical (analytical tools of cartography, comparative, physical and economic geography, expeditionary, system territorial, and factorial methods) and historical (retrospective, comparative, structural approaches) ones. Results. The paper presents a geographical analysis of six localities, reveals territorial organizational structure of the camp (the latter to have covered northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian coastline), provides an assessment of physical and geographical conditions of the camp’s economic arrangements. The latter had predetermined the availability of rich biological sea resources. However, in general, the physical and geographical components of natural environment were unfavorable (arid climate, infertile soil cover, sparse vegetation) for commercial agricultural production. The study of economic and geographical factors shows different economic potentials across localities of the camp. The economic geographical factors resulted in the shaping and functioning of a territorial organizational structure primarily aimed at efficient industrial fishing practices. Conclusions. The geographical factors proved of utmost importance and served a basis for the development of fisheries in the northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian Sea. In addition, efforts were made to initiate agricultural production and construction activities that still were to play a secondary economic role due to unfavorable conditions.
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Landzelius, Michael. "Commemorative Dis(re)membering: Erasing Heritage, Spatializing Disinheritance." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 21, no. 2 (April 2003): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d286t.
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In this paper I develop an idea of commemorative ‘dis(re)membering’ as a tool for a critical, nonessentialist reconfiguration of memorial landscapes, heritage discourse, and dominant official narratives of the past. The notion of commemorative dis(re)membering is not limited to any one particular case but is a general approach which fundamentally questions taken-for-granted assumptions about memorialization as a social process. The empirical focus of the paper is on Swedish labor-company camps established by the military in the late 1930s. I present a historical background to the camps, and proceed to consider the discourse that framed and enabled the creation of them. In reference to Continental European social theory and philosophy, I address the position of the camps in relation to the constitution of the law and the social imaginary. I proceed to situate the argument in the context of recent attempts to address forms of ‘dissonant heritage’ and pave the ground for a critique of heritage logocentrism. This critique is then advanced through an elaboration of dis(re)membering in relation to overarching issues of democracy, subjectivity, identity, citizenship, and the role of the past in the present. Finally, I propose a permanent replacement of the imaginary lineage of heritage with a ‘rhizome history’ of ‘disinheritance‘. In suggesting the erasure of heritage, I propose that objects of the past should be mobilized as disinheritance assemblages for critical and subversive purposes in order to make the past implode into the present and across spatial scales in ways that unsettle fundamental social imaginary significations.
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Corell Domenech, Mavi. "”La naturaleza viva debe ocupar el primer plano”. Un estudio sobre el Diccionario de Pedagogía (1936) de editorial Labor y la enseñanza de las ciencias físico-químicas y naturales." Historia y Memoria de la Educación, no. 14 (May 26, 2021): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/hme.14.2021.29250.
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We present the study of one of the great projects of the Barcelona publisher Editorial Labor, namely the Diccionario de Pedagogía (1936), from a new perspective: the analysis of entries on the teaching of scientific subjects. The axis of the methodologies proposed by the work is the study of living things in their natural environment from an ecological perspective, both outside the classroom via excursions and inside through aquaria, terraria, herbaria and school kitchen gardens. These methodologies can be seen to have been be influenced by New Education principles, the English Nature Study movement and the Spanish Institución Libre de Enseñanza. Coordinated by Luis Sánchez Sarto, the Diccionario de Pedagogía recorded the state of pedagogy and education worldwide, counting on a hundred or so anonymous authors most of whom were German, Austrian, American or Spanish. John Dewey, Vilhelm Rasmussen and Georg Kerschensteiner are the dictionary’s pedagogical references in science teaching. In our article, we present arguments suggesting that Margarita Comas Camps and Rafael Candel Vila were the authors of the dictionary’s two entries on teaching methodology.
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Seltzer, Andrew J., and Jeff Borland. "The Impact of the 1896 Factory and Shops Act on the Labor Market of Victoria, Australia." Journal of Economic History 78, no. 3 (September 2018): 785–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050718000359.
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This article examines the effects of the Victorian Factory and Shops Act, the first minimum wage law in Australia. The Act differed from modern minimum wage laws in that it established Special Boards, which set trade-specific minimum wage schedules. We use trade-level data on average wages and employment by gender and age to examine the effects of minimum wages. Although the minimum wages were binding, we find that the effects on employment were modest, at best. We speculate that this was because the Special Boards, which were comprised of industry insiders, closely matched the labor market for their trades.
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Haseljić, Meldijana Arnaut. "Genocid(i) u Drugom svjetskom ratu – Ka konvenciji o genocidu (ishodišta, definiranje, procesuiranja)." Historijski pogledi 5, no. 8 (November 15, 2022): 239–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.239.
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The twentieth century began and ended with the execution of genocide. At the same time, it is the century in which large-scale armed conflicts were fought, including the First and Second World Wars. The Second World War was marked, among other things, by genocides committed against peoples that were planned for extermination by Nazi projects. In the first place, it is inevitable to mention the genocide (Holocaust) against the most numerous victims - the Jews. The Holocaust resulted in millions of victims. Mass murders of Jews were carried out, but in the Second World War, about a million people who were members of other nations were also killed. The Nazis carried out the systematic extermination of Jews and other target groups in concentration camps established in Germany, but also in occupied countries. Hundreds of camps were opened throughout the occupied territories of Europe. The target groups scheduled for extermination were collected and transported by trains, most often in transport and livestock wagons, and taken to camps where a certain number were immediately killed, while another number were temporarily left for forced labor. People who were used for forced labor often died of exhaustion, and those who managed to survive the torture were eventually killed. In addition to the closure and liquidation in the camps, individual and mass executions were also carried out in other places. The large number of those killed indicated the need for quick rehabilitation, which resulted in burning the bodies on pyres or burying them in mass graves. The committed genocides encouraged the formation of the United Nations, but also resulted in the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, or for short - the Genocide Convention, which was supposed to be a guarantee for „never again“. Sanctions issued in the form of death sentences to the most notorious war criminals for the terrible crimes for which they were found responsible should have been another obstacle to „never again“. However, the participants of our time testify that it was not so. Genocidal projects have revived and genocides have been realized, as is the case with the genocide committed in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 20th century. In the trial of the most notorious Nazis, known as the Nuremberg Trials, the harshest death sentences were handed down, as well as life and long-term imprisonment. The specificity of the Nuremberg process is that, in addition to proclaiming the principle of personal responsibility, it also represents a condemnation of the committed aggression, but also a political project as manifested by the condemnation of various organizations that were declared responsible for the crimes committed. At the main international military trial that began on October 18, 1945, 24 defendants were prosecuted for individual responsibility, but six criminal war organizations were also prosecuted - the leadership of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party - NSDAP (National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) headed by was Adolf Hitler - the most responsible criminal for World War II and the execution of the Holocaust), SS (Schutzstaffel - military branch of the NSDAP), SA (Sturmabteilung - Assault Squad of the NSDAP), SD (Sicherheitsdienst - Intelligence Service of the NSDAP), Gestapo (Geheime Staats Polizei - secret state police) and OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht - Supreme Command of the German Army). Certain prosecutions were also carried out in the national courts of the countries that emerged victorious in the Second World War.
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Polyanskaya, Tatiana M. "“Yes, Sonyushka, and say what you will, I`m only living on your letters …”: daily life in camp and survival strategy of N. P. Antsiferova (review: Nikolai Antsiferov. “This is our life in letters”: letters to family and friends (1900–1950s). Moscow, New literary review, 2021. 640 p.)." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 63 (2022): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-63-354-359.
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Camp letters are one of the most objective sources in the study of the GULAG prisoners’ everyday life. On the basis of specific quotations from N.P. Antsiferov's letters, the working and living conditions of the camp population of the Baikal-Amur ITL in the late 1930s are considered; Antsiferov's testimonies are compared with the official documentation of the NKVD and the GULAG. The author of the article compares the way of thinking of Nikolai Antsiferov and Varlam Shalamov, as one of the most popular writers about the life of prisoners in correctional labor camps. The article for the first time gives an assessment of the N.P. Antsiferov's epistolary heritage in the study of the history of the GULAG and political repression during the years of Stalin's rule.
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Nordlander, David J. "Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s." Slavic Review 57, no. 4 (1998): 791–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501047.
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High above Nagaevo Bay, the city of Magadan affords an impressive panorama of rocky cliffs that fall precipitously into the Sea of Okhotsk. Beautiful and serene, the view typifies the natural scenery of this mountainous Pacific coasdine in the farthest reaches of northeastern Russia. But it also belies the tragic history of the region in the Stalin era, when the Soviet government sent upwards of one million prisoners to Magadan for servitude in the hard labor camps of the Kolyma and Chukodsa. In the national consciousness, the city has for many years held a unique and vexing significance, all the more intense because so many thed on the neighboring tundra. Standing as the most notorious center of the gulag, indeed as its "capital," Magadan became synonymous witii the Great Terror.
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Kangaspuro, Markku. "Finns in the Whirl of the Soviet Union's Foreign Policy." Journal of Finnish Studies 15, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2011): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.15.1.2.12.
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Abstract The beginnings of the Soviet Union as well as Finnish-led Soviet Karelia date back to the First World War. However, the decade before the Second World War, with its Stalinist Purges and the outbreak of the Winter War (1939–40), changed the destiny of Karelia's Finns. During the Stalinist Purges, thousands of American Finns fled from Karelia to Finland or back to North America or to forest work stations in Karelia or to other parts of the Soviet Union. Thousands were repressed and executed; they died in forced labor camps and remote regions of exile. American Finns fell into the whirl of one of the mightiest powers in history, with little opportunity to have a say in the events that took control of their lives and determined their fates.
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Oja, Matt F., Jacques Rossi, and William A. Burhans. "The Gulag Handbook: An Encyclopedia Dictionary of Soviet Penitentiary Institutions and Terms Related to the Forced Labor Camps." Russian Review 50, no. 2 (April 1991): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131176.
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KUZMINYKH, ALEXANDER L. "History of the Bogorodsky camp of the NKVD-Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 437 for prisoners of war and internees (1945–1949)." Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 235, no. 12 (2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-235-12-24-33.
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The article examines the history of the formation and functioning of the Bogorodsky camp of the NKVD-Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR No. 437 for prisoners of war officers of the German army and its allies. The subject of the research is the institutional and legal foundations and practice of keeping officers-prisoners of war in the USSR using as an example a specific security institution. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the principles of historicism, consistency and interdisciplinarity of scientific analysis. On the basis of archival documents, the features of the camp infrastructure, the organization of the regime and security, food supply and medical services, labor use and political work with prisoners of war are revealed. The author comes to the conclusion that the Soviet state, despite the difficulties of the post-war period, managed to organize the life support and use of the labor of disarmed enemy servicemen. It was established that in the Soviet captivity, successful work was carried out to de-Nazify and demilitarize the mentality of former German soldiers and officers, as well as to train anti-fascists, who were seen as supporters of socialist transformations after their returning to homeland. Key words: The Great Patriotic War, German prisoners of war, the camps of the NKVD-Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
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Ivanova, Galina M. "Prorva Island camp: a forgotten island of the GULAG Archipelago." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 5, no. 4 (2021): 1254–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2021-5-4-5.
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Despite a significant number of works devoted to the history of the GULAG, the problem of the formation and functioning of small regional camps in the areas where the camp system was not widespread still remains practically uncovered both in Russian and in foreign historiography. Fishing camps in the Caspian Sea region remain practically unstudied. The Prorvinskii correctional labor camp also known as the Prorva Island camp (Prorvlag) is among them. The aim of this study was to fill the gap in the historiography of the GULAG, to reveal the causes and conditions of the formation of the fishing camp complex on the shores of the Northern Caspian Sea, to analyze the industrial activities of Prorvlag, and to determine the location of individual structural subdivisions of the camp. The study is based on the documents from the archives of the Main Administration of Places of Confinement (Glavnoe upravlenie mest zaklyucheniya, GUMZ) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (GARF, F. R-9414) supplemented by a considerable collection of other publications. The underlying methodological principle is the critical analysis of the entire body of factual material and the new archival documents in the first place. It has been established that in 1932, the OGPU received a new fishing area for its future use, the Prorva district located in the northeastern part of the Caspian Sea. For the purposes of its development and further organization of fisheries, a correctional labor camp was established there, with its administration originally stationed on Prorva Island in the Caspian Sea. The camp, which functioned from 1932 to 1940, included several subcamps, camp stations, and camp detachments. Among the prisoners, there were many fishing specialists who were convicted of various counter-revolutionary crimes. The camp had a fishing fleet of 1 115 units, production workshops for its maintenance, and coastal and floating fish factories. All the products produced by Prorvlag were sold within the GULAG system. It has been revealed that the OGPU established the Prorva Island camp in order to create its own base for supplying the camp population with fish products, since in 1932 the state stopped supplying camps with fish. The prisoners who developed the new fishing area in the most difficult climatic, domestic, industrial, and sanitary conditions made a significant contribution to the development of the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea.
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Prykhodko, Vira, Nataliia Soloshenko-Zadniprovska, Tetiana Viediernikova, Olha Chernenko, and Iryna Shulga. "Artistic synthesis of philosophy and history in Diana Ackerman’s Novel “The Zookeeper’s Wife”." Revista Amazonia Investiga 11, no. 52 (May 29, 2022): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2022.52.04.13.
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The article is devoted to the problem of Diana Ackerman’s the creativity. She created a touching and extremely objective book ‘The Zookeeper’s Wife’ showing the people suffering from the humiliation of their human dignity. Diana Ackerman, with endless love and anxiety for her characters, describes what people close to her saw and experienced during World War II. Her novel, imbued with the intense deployment of tragic actions and deeds, does not leave indifferent neither literary scholars, nor readers. The purpose of the article is to analyze the transformation of the characters in Diana Ackerman's novel ‘The Zookeeper’s Wife’ in the context of the development of the theme of survival in ‘labor camps’, Jewish ‘ghetto’ during the occupation period in European countries. The results of the study are understanding that the novel created is not characterized by the typical image of the main character, but the sketches do not ignore the individual features in the character of the husband, son, friends, her surrounding people, reveal the national features of life. The plausibility of events in occupied Poland of historical significance is being recreated. The study concluded that the novel is the work of life-affirming, performed by a civil and patriotic pathos.
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Williams, Paul D. "Commentary: The grateful state: The 2020 Queensland election." Queensland Review 28, no. 1 (June 2021): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2021.4.
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AbstractThis article explores the totemic 2020 Queensland state election, at which a two-term government plagued by a deteriorating economy and widely criticised travel restrictions amid the COVID-19 pandemic was returned with an increased majority. The article posits three arguments: that COVID-19 created a new ‘lens’ through which electors evaluated public policy and that allowed voters to frame public health and safety over the more usual measures of economic performance; that Queensland voters drew on their traditional political culture – especially their predilection for strong leadership and state chauvinism – to evaluate the Palaszczuk Labor government’s pandemic management favourably compared with contemporaneous events in Victoria; and that Queensland voters expressed similar confidence in a Labor economic recovery plan that contrasted favourably with the LNP’s economic platform. In sum, this article argues that Queenslanders in 2020 cast a ‘gratitude vote’ for a government they saw as being in control of both public health and economic recovery.
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Johnson, Eric A. "The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps. By Michael Thad Allen. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. Pp. xii+377. $39.95." Journal of Modern History 76, no. 3 (September 2004): 728–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/425482.
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