Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Labelling'
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1
Муліна, Наталія Ігорівна, Наталия Игоревна Мулина, Nataliia Ihorivna Mulina, and S. V. Chernobuk. "Labelling." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16801.
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Freckleton, A. M. "Nutrition labelling." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378111.
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Johansson, Frida, and Stella Brandting. "Labelling Sustainability." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-16793.
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The concept of sustainability has become apparent in the fast fashion business. In recent years many companies have started to label the more sustainable garments in order to make it easier for the consumer to make conscious decisions while shopping. However, this raises many questions due to unclear use of sustainability terms and the contradiction between environmental and ethical aspects in regards to the fashion industry. The purpose of the thesis is to raise a discussion concerning the use of sustainability labels within fast fashion. In order to reach the purpose, the following questions were developed: “What do different sustainability labels mean according to the fast fashion business?”, “What knowledge do the customers have about different sustainability labels?” and “Do the labels have an impact in the buying decision making process?”We have done an explorative study to investigate a phenomenon and highlight a potential problem in this field of studies. Since the aim of the empirical research is to gain insight of the consumers' attitudes and knowledge, the study is to a large extent qualitative. We conducted a survey in which purposive sampling was used as we wanted the respondents to fulfil certain criteria. In addition to the survey, we also conducted research on a number of fast fashion companies to get an idea of what information the customers would be naturally exposed to. The results from the study show that sustainability labels within fast fashion have not experienced their intended success among their largest consumer group. It has not yet reached desired effects on the consumption behaviour, the interest for sustainability nor the knowledge among the young female respondents. One can therefore discuss the utility of using labels within fast fashion.Program: Master in Fashion Management with specialisation in Fashion Marketing and Retailing
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Moorut, Ben. "Labelling utility maps /." Leeds : University of Leeds, School of Computer Studies, 2008. http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/fyproj/reports/0708/Moorut.pdf.
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Gray, Robert A. "Flourophore labelling of biopolymers." Thesis, Coventry University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308085.
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陳達宗 and Tat-chung Chan. "Automatic labelling of mandarin." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31213959.
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Chappell, David Clive. "Fluorescent labelling of proteins." Thesis, City University London, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292598.
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Fowle, Chris. "Carbohydrate directed photoaffinity labelling." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760976.
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Glycoproteins have diverse and essential roles within biological systems. They are formed by enzymatic addition of saccharides to proteins during, or shortly after, translation. However, saccharides can also react with proteins non-enzymatically, a process termed glycation, which can cause impaired function and improper folding. Glycated proteins further react to form advanced glycation end-products, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progress of many diseases. Due to this pathological effect, glycation has been studied as a potential biomarker of these diseases. Photoaffinity labelling is a technique that is used to investigate the structure, and presence, of biological molecules; a precedent exists for its use in the study of carbohydrates in biological systems. Chapter 1 outlines the background of this thesis exploring previous studies of glycation, its effects, and methods used in recognition and photoaffinity labelling. Chapter 2 details the design and synthesis of a novel photoaffinity probe, and the optimisation of this synthesis. The target molecule was successfully produced and simpler alternatives to the initial synthetic route with similar yields are discussed. In Chapter 3 the use of the photoaffinity probe is studied. Labelling trials were performed on three proteins: human serum albumin (HSA), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and casein. Mass spectrometry showed that the experiments with both HSA and MIF were successful, while the procedure appeared to lead to degradation of casein. Additionally, our work into developing techniques for identifying labelled samples is detailed. A diol-doped electrophoresis gel was not successful created, however, staining protein samples in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with curcumin showed promise. Chapter 4 explores the electrochemistry of the photoaffinity probe and details the use of the probe in functionalising a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass electrode. Cyclic voltammograms of Alizarin Red S (ARS), obtained using a treated electrode, suggest that surface functionalisation was successful.
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Chan, Tat-chung. "Automatic labelling of mandarin /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18037306.
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Kvale, Knut. "Segmentation and labelling of speech." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-977.
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During the last decades, significant research efforts have been aimed at devoloping speech technology products such as speech input and output systems. In order to train and evaluate these systems huge speech databases have been compiled in laboratories all over the world. However, neither the recording protocols nor the annotation conventions used have been standardised, making assessments of speech technology products across laboratories and languages difficult. The aim of this thesis work is to contribute towards a standardisation of segmentation and labelling of multi-lingual speech corpora.
Segmentation is here defined as the process of dividing the speech pressure waveform into directly succeeding discrete parts. These segments are labelled with phoneme symbols. Continuous speech from five different languages; English, Danish, Swedish, Italien, and Norwegian, have been studied with respect to segmentation and labelling.
Due to coarticulation effects, exact segmentation of speech as defined above is theoretically impossible, but the segmentation and labelling provides a link between the speech waveform and the phonological labels which is nevertheless essential for both speech research and for the development of speech technology. Thus, this thesis takes a pragmatic approach to the segmentation and labelling of speech and suggests methods to make the annotation process accurate and reliable enough for practical use.
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Anastasopoulos, Vanessa. "Predictors of feminist self-labelling." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0001/MQ43134.pdf.
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Cabezas-Hayes, Sinead. "Internal redox labelling of oligonucleotides." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.767586.
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The aim of this thesis was to improve the detection method of electrochemical solution-based DNA diagnostics. Electrochemical solution-based detection lacks in sensitivity compared to surface-immobilised techniques or fluorescent probes, however benefits from cheaper equipment and materials, and lower levels of user-input required. Improvements in electrochemical signal upon detection of DNA would allow for improved sensitivity of the probes and therefore more useful diagnostic devices. To achieve this, it was hypothesised that the incorporation of several ferrocene labels onto oligodeoxynucleotides could offer improved electrochemical performance. The synthesis of a library of ferrocene-based nucleotides is discussed in Chapter 2, with a view to increasing the possible increase in electrochemical signal analysed via differential pulse voltammetry that can be achieved via the introduction of multiple ferrocene units on a single strand. This was achieved through the conjugation of ferrocene onto 2'-deoxyuridine utilising the copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, followed by solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides to allow the introduction of up to five ferrocenes on a single oligonucleotide strand. The digestion of two DNA sequences was studied with S1 nuclease, showing an increase in signal is possible in a single-stranded assay. Chapter 3 expands on this methodology, next synthesising ferrocene labels with increased sensitivity vs. those developed in Chapter 2. This was achieved through the introduction of two ferrocenes onto a single nucleotide, followed by incorporation into a clinically relevant DNA sequence, allowing the synthesis of oligonucleotides containing ten ferrocene units. The probes were again treated with S1 nuclease displaying increased sensitivity measured via differential pulse voltammetry over the traditional 5'-labelling method, as well as the probes developed in the previous Chapter. Chapter 4 details the incorporation of the probes previously developed into diagnostic assays, using both T7 exonuclease and lambda exonuclease to digest the novel probes. The internal labelling strategy was shown to be active towards T7 exonuclease digestion, however this did not offer improved digestion properties compared to traditional methods. The use of multiplex detection system was suitable for the detection of two clinically relevant DNA sequences simultaneously, while also offering insight into the mechanistic properties of T7 exonuclease. The incorporation of internal labels enabled the use of lambda exonuclease, the use of which has been limited by the previous labelling strategy.
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Grzybowski, John. "Non-radioactive labelling of oligonucleotides." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12069.
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The 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) group is an example of a hapten with potential use as a non-radioactive labelling group for oligonucleotides. This label is highly antigenic, inexpensive, chemically simple, sterically undemanding, and is not found in vivo. A series of non-nucleoside-based DNP phosphoramidites have been prepared and used in the multiple labelling of oligonucleotides during solid phase synthesis. Oligonucleotides labelled in this way were synthesised in very high yield and easily purified by reversed-phase HPLC. The lengths of spacer arms between the DNP label and the oligonucleotide phosphate backbone have been varied in order to determine the optimum length for anti-DNP antibody binding. The optimum number of DNP labels for maximum signal strength is also reported. The labelled oligonucleotides were detected using standard ELISA methodology, employing a monoclonal IgG mouse anti-DNP antibody, giving sensitivities equivalent to those obtainable in the visualisation of biotinylated oligonucleotides. DNP labelled phosphoramidite and triphosphate derivatives of 2'-deoxyuridine have also been synthesized and used to label oligonucleotides. As an alternative to the above DNP based non-radioactive labelling system, single and multiple dansyl based phosphoramidites have been synthesized and used to fluorescently label oligonucleotides. Protein-dansyl conjugates have been prepared for the production of anti-dansyl antibodies which would allow the immunogenic detection of this label. Oligonucleotide probes attached directly to alkaline phosphatase have been prepared using inexpensive, commercially available reagents and used in hybridisation experiments to detect 0.3fmoles of target DNA.
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Wahba, Rana. "Labelling Approaches for Supplemented Foods." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38512.
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In recent years, natural health products in food formats with higher levels of added vitamins and
minerals, amino acids, herbal ingredients and bioactives sought and were granted market access in
Canada. Since these food products, referred to as supplemented foods (SFs), are sold alongside
conventional foods and lack features that clearly distinguish them from other foods, there is a potential
for confusion among consumers as to the appropriate use of these products. There is no research
evaluating the nutrition labelling approaches for these foods, and what consumers need in a labelling
approach to be able to identify these food products and distinguish them from other foods, determine
what the supplemental ingredients are and understand any directions or cautions for use of these foods.
To determine key components of an appropriate labelling approach, interviews and discussion groups
were conducted in the National Capital Region and the surrounding area to assess consumer access,
understanding and appraisal of these foods, using current and tested labelling strategies. Consumer
feedback consistently indicated that the current labelling is insufficient for awareness, understanding,
appraisal and appropriate use of supplemented foods. Tested labelling components that facilitated
awareness, understanding, and appraisal of supplemented foods included a symbol based supplemented
food product identifier with the wording “Supplemented” on the front of the package, a “Supplemented”
information box containing a listing of the name and amount of each supplemental ingredient and
cautionary labelling in proximity to the supplemental ingredient labelling. These key labelling
components are to be integrated into a web-based mock-package trial that will objectively test these
labelling tools on a large sample of Canadian consumers (n=4000)
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Gore, Jeffrey. "Nonradioactive labelling of biologically important molecules." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18711.
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Melendez-Alafort, Laura. "Rhenium 188 labelling of peptide conjugates." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249339.
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El-Kholy, Amany Osama Amin. "Immobilisation and labelling chemistries of DNA." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339190.
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Myers, Richard Oliver. "Genetic algorithms for ambiguous labelling problems." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310985.
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Brown, Robert Gareth Sumser. "The affinity labelling of gibberellin hydroxylases." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295169.
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Passino, Giuseppe. "Patch-based semantic labelling of images." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/510.
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The work presented in this thesis is focused at associating a semantics to the content of an image, linking the content to high level semantic categories. The process can take place at two levels: either at image level, towards image categorisation, or at pixel level, in se- mantic segmentation or semantic labelling. To this end, an analysis framework is proposed, and the different steps of part (or patch) extraction, description and probabilistic modelling are detailed. Parts of different nature are used, and one of the contributions is a method to complement information associated to them. Context for parts has to be considered at different scales. Short range pixel dependences are accounted by associating pixels to larger patches. A Conditional Random Field, that is, a probabilistic discriminative graphical model, is used to model medium range dependences between neighbouring patches. Another contribution is an efficient method to consider rich neighbourhoods without having loops in the inference graph. To this end, weak neighbours are introduced, that is, neighbours whose label probability distribution is pre-estimated rather than mutable during the inference. Longer range dependences, that tend to make the inference problem intractable, are addressed as well. A novel descriptor based on local histograms of visual words has been proposed, meant to both complement the feature descriptor of the patches and augment the context awareness in the patch labelling process. Finally, an alternative approach to consider multiple scales in a hierarchical framework based on image pyramids is proposed. An image pyramid is a compositional representation of the image based on hierarchical clustering. All the presented contributions are extensively detailed throughout the thesis, and experimental results performed on publicly available datasets are reported to assess their validity. A critical comparison with the state of the art in this research area is also presented, and the advantage in adopting the proposed improvements are clearly highlighted.
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Bootkrajang, Jakramate. "Supervised learning with random labelling errors." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4487/.
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Classical supervised learning from a training set of labelled examples assumes that the labels are correct. But in reality labelling errors may originate, for example, from human mistakes, diverging human opinions, or errors of the measuring instruments. In such cases the training set is misleading and in consequence the learning may suffer. In this thesis we consider probabilistic modelling of random label noise. The goal of this research is two-fold. First, to develop new improved algorithms and architectures from a principled footing which are able to detect and bypass the unwanted effects of mislabelling. Second, to study the performance of such methods both empirically and theoretically. We build upon two classical probabilistic classifiers, the normal discriminant analysis and the logistic regression and introduce the label-noise robust versions of these classifiers. We also develop useful extensions such as a sparse extension and a kernel extension in order to broaden applicability of the robust classifiers. Finally, we devise an ensemble of the robust classifiers in order to understand how the robust models perform collectively. Theoretical and empirical analysis of the proposed models show that the new robust models are superior to the traditional approaches in terms of parameter estimation and classification performance.
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Zhang, Peizhi. "Bovine microsatellite analysis using digoxigenin labelling /." [S.l : s.n.], 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Neumaier, Sebastian, Vadim Savenkov, and Axel Polleres. "Geo-Semantic Labelling of Open Data." Elsevier, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6632/1/09538259.2018.pdf.
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In the past years Open Data has become a trend among governments to increase transparency and public engagement by opening up national, regional, and local datasets. However, while many of these datasets come in semi-structured file formats, they use different schemata and lack geo-references or semantically meaningful links and descriptions of the corresponding geo-entities. We aim to address this by detecting and establishing links to geo-entities in the datasets found in Open Data catalogs and their respective metadata descriptions and link them to a knowledge graph of geo-entities. This knowledge graph does not yet readily exist, though, or at least, not a single one: so, we integrate and interlink several datasets to construct our (extensible) base geo-entities knowledge graph: (i) the openly available geospatial data repository GeoNames, (ii) the map service OpenStreetMap, (iii) country-specific sets of postal codes, and (iv) the European Union¿s classification system NUTS. As a second step, this base knowledge graph is used to add semantic labels to the open datasets, i.e., we heuristically disambiguate the geo-entities in CSV columns using the context of the labels and the hierarchical graph structure of our base knowledge graph. Finally, in order to interact with and retrieve the content, we index the datasets and provide a demo user interface. Currently we indexed resources from four Open Data portals, and allow search queries for geo-entities as well as full-text matches at http://data.wu.ac.at/odgraph/.
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Idris, Nurul Hawani. "Credibility assessment and labelling of map mashups." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14381/.
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The Web 2.0 revolution has changed the culture of mapping by opening it up to a wider range of users and creators. Map mashups, in particular, are being widely used to map variety of information. There is, however, no gatekeeper to validate the correctness of the information presented. The purpose of this research was to understand better what it is that influence users’ perceived credibility and trust within a map mashup presentation and to support the future implementation of automated credibility assessment and labelling of map mashup applications. This research has been conducted in three stages using mixed method approaches. The objective of the first stage was to examine the influence of metadata related to sources, specifically the map producer and map supplier, on respondents’ assessment of the credibility of map mashup information. The findings indicate a low influence of the tested metadata and a high influence of visual cue elements on users’ credibility assessment. Only half of the respondents used the metadata whilst the other half did not include it in their assessment. These findings became the basis of stage two, which was to examine the influence of colour coded traffic light (CCTL) labelling on respondents’ assessment of credibility. From the findings, the probability of respondents making informed judgements by choosing a high credibility map based on this rating label (CCTL) was three times higher than where only the metadata was presented. The third stage was to propose a conceptual framework to support the implementation of automated credibility labelling for map mashup applications. The framework was proposed on the basis of thorough reviews from the literature. The suggested parameters and approaches are not limited to assess credibility of information in the map mashup context, but could be applied to other Web GIS applications.
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Bright, Damian Penderell. "Locating anaesthetic binding sites using photoaffinity labelling." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407937.
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Saunders, N. "Labelling and turnover of schistosome surface membranes." Thesis, University of York, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356843.
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Jimenez, Rosales Angelica. "Methyltransferases as bioorthogonal labelling tools for proteins." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/methyltransferases-as-bioorthogonal-labelling-tools-for-proteins(27231f93-7cdd-4c2d-9f31-0adc3f38b147).html.
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Development of enzymatic labelling methods has been driven by the importance of studying molecular structures and interactions to comprehend cellular processes. Methyltransferases (MTases), which regulate genetic expression by transferring a methyl group from the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to DNA, histones and various proteins, have been shown to accept SAM analogues with an alternative alkyl group on the sulfonium centre. These alkyl groups can be transferred to the substrate, and with a further reaction can be selectively functionalized. Thus, MTases together with SAM analogues have emerged as novel labelling tools. The project aims to use MTases to obtain an orthogonal system that can selectively use a SAM cofactor analogue to transfer functional chains to proteins with a specific motif. To achieve selectivity of the system, the SAM analogue cofactor was modified on the ribose ring; to obtain a new transferase activity of the system, the transferable methyl on the sulfonium centre was changed to a different substituent. SAM analogues were produced enzymatically with hMAT2A by using 3'-deoxy-ATP and methionine or ethionine. Mutants of SET8 and novel substrates were designed to have modifications at residues in the active site, within the vicinity of the ribose ring of SAM, and were assessed for selective activity with the new analogue cofactor. The results showed that the new cofactor 3'-deoxy-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (3'dSAM) was efficient in the mono-methylation of the substrate peptide RFRKVL, and that the mutant SET8 C270V exhibited over 13 fold MTase activity in presence of 3'dSAM and the RFRKVL substrate, in comparison with the activity with the WT sequence RHRKVL and the SAM cofactor. In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST) was used as a model protein to express the motif RFRKVL, to transform it into a potential substrate for SET8. Assessment of the MTase activity of SET8, 3'dSAM and the novel GST substrate indicated mono-methylation of the substrate. Moreover, the motif showed no interference with GST native activity. Based on the observations, a new enzymatic system shows higher selectivity with a new analogue cofactor over SAM to effectively methylate proteins expressing the consensus RFRKVL. Work on substrates, enzymes and cofactors should continue to obtain a functional-chain transferase activity of the enzymatic system.
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Graves, Alex. "Supervised sequence labelling with recurrent neural networks." kostenfrei, 2008. http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/doc/673554/673554.pdf.
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Almelibari, Alaa. "Labelling dynamic XML documents : a GroupBased approach." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8729/.
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Documents that comply with the XML standard are characterised by inherent ordering and their modelling usually takes the form of a tree. Nowadays, applications generate massive amounts of XML data, which requires accurate and efficient query-able XML database systems. XML querying depends on XML labelling in much the same way as relational databases rely on indexes. Document order and structural information are encoded by labelling schemes, thus facilitating their use by queries without having to access the original XML document. Dynamic XML data, data which changes, complicates the labelling scheme. As demonstrated by much research efforts, it is difficult to allocate unique labels to nodes in a dynamic XML tree so that all structural relationships between the nodes are encoded by the labels. Static XML documents are generally managed with labelling schemes that use simple labels. By contrast, dynamic labelling schemes have extra labelling costs and lower query performance to allow random updates irrespective of the document update frequency. Given that static and dynamic XML documents are often not clearly distinguished, a labelling scheme whose efficiency does not depend on updating frequency would be useful. The GroupBased labelling scheme proposed in this thesis is compatible with static as well as dynamic XML documents. In particular, this scheme has a high performance in processing dynamic XML data updates. What differentiates it from other dynamic labelling schemes is its uniform behaviour irrespective of whether the document is static or dynamic, ability to determine all structural relationships between nodes, and the improved query performance in both types of document. The advantages of the GroupBased scheme in comparison to earlier schemes are highlighted by the experiment results.
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Al-Kindy, Salman M. Z. "Luminescent labelling with coumarin-6-sulphonyl chloride." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1987. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7494.
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A study has been made of a novel fluorescent and phosphorescent label 6-coumarinsulphonyl chloride (6-CSCl) based an the coumarin nucleus with a reactive group similar to dansyl chloride. The synthesis, analysis, derivatisation and application of the label to certain analytical problems have been studied. The label was obtained in a high state of purity by a straightforward sulphonation of the counarin nucleus. Characterisation of the label was carried out using mass spectrometry, NMR and IR, its purity was verified by elemental analysis. The label was found to be highly stable and react at room temperature with phenolic and amino groups. The luminescence properties of the label and its derivatives were investigated both at room temperature and at 77K. The room temperature fluorescence showed a strong pH dependence which was not observed at 77K. Environmental effects on the fluorescence properties of the derivatives at room temperature were investigated. Linearity range, quantum yields and the detection limits of the derivatives were determined. The optimum derivatisation conditions for various compounds were determined by HPLC. The analytical applications of the label were investigated by studying the behaviour of the derivatives in HPLC and TLC systems. In the area of HPLC, both pre-c6lumn and post-column derivatisation were attempted. The ion-pair pre-column derivatisation technique was found to be more suitable for this work. TLC analysis was performed on both normal phase and HPTLC plates. The separated components were detected using absorbance and phosphorimetry. Synthesis of the labels with substituents at the 4 and 7 position of the coumarin nucleus were carried out. The behaviour of the modified labels and their derivatives were compared with the original label and its derivatives.
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Paternesi, Claudio. "Virtual Reality Labelling Tool for 3D Semantic Segmentation." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Durante gli ultimi anni nel campo della Computer Vision si sono susseguiti studi sempre più approfonditi sulla segmentazione semantica 3D, questi lavori richiedono spesso una enorme quantità di modelli 3D su cui fare le elaborazioni. Non sempre però, i dataset disponibili forniscono delle informazioni complete riguardanti anche la segmentazione dei modelli 3D. In questa tesi si propone uno strumento software con cui si possa creare, a partire da un modello 3D, la sua versione segmentata semanticamente, così da poter creare dei dataset completi da usare nelle fasi di training e test di modelli computazionali. Per garantire una buona usabilità e coinvolgere a pieno l’utente, il software è stato sviluppato tramite strumenti di realtà virtuale. Il tool è stato infine validato tramite dei test eseguiti su dei dataset già esistenti con l’obiettivo di valutare l’efficienza e l’accuratezza del software stesso.
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Khaw, Lake Ee. "Isotopic labelling of dihydrofolate reductase for NMR studies." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25179.
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Ahmad, Imtiaz. "Bandwidth labelling of graphs and their associated semigroups." Thesis, University of Essex, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536983.
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Spencer-Fry, J. E. "Optimisation and development of the post-labelling assay." Thesis, Swansea University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639093.
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The research contained within this thesis has a strong technical bias and is centred around developing novel procedures and techniques to move the postlabelling assay from its current status to a safer, more reliable and reproducible procedure consistently producing good quality data. In meeting these study objectives the postlabelling assay would not only be an important biomarker in monitoring exposure to environmental genotoxic compounds but it would provide a reliable biomarker for such monitoring, something not previously achieved. For the study the assay procedure was broken down into six stages; sample preparation, DNA digestion, adduct enrichment, radioactive labelling, adduct resolution and adduct quantification. Each stage in the assay was scrutinised, potential improvements identified, conditions optimised for maximum performance and reliability and suitable assay controls prepared and introduced to evaluate the impact of such changes on the performance criteria of the assay. Where appropriate, novel techniques such as the use of minicolumns for adduct enrichment and the use of alternative isotopes such as [γ33P]ATP were developed and combined with other assay modifications to improve safety, enhance reliability in a bid to reduce the complexity of the procedure and tackle the labour intensity of the approach. As a result of the research performed in this study the laboratory was asked to participate in an "Interlaboratory Trial for the Standardisation and Validation of DNA Adduct Postlabelling Methods". The trial provided an ideal opportunity to evaluate the improved assay procedure developed within this study alongside the protocol recommended by the trial co-ordinators. Many of the trial findings and recommendations correlated with those identified and reported in this thesis.
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Emery, Martin F. "Some technetium complexes for labelling red blood cells." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328262.
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Khotavivattana, Tanatorn. "¹⁸F-labelling of new chemotypes for drug discovery." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d4e8c8fd-f07d-44c3-b95b-5e7ad4127dde.
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In this thesis, the 18F-labelling of new "chemotypes" will be described with the aim of application in pharmaceutically interesting targets. In Chapter 1, a general introduction to the effect of fluorine substituents on molecular properties and reactivity is provided. This includes the application of organofluorine in both medicinal chemistry and positron emission tomography. Chapter 2 describes a novel silver-mediated 18F-labelling of Ar-SCF3, Ar OCF3 and Ar-OCF2H, including [18F]Riluzole, the 18F labelled version of a drug for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This work demonstrates that AgOTf can induce halogen exchange nucleophilic 18F-fluorination under mild reaction conditions with a wide range of substrates. In addition, the 18F-labelled Ar-SCF3 substrate is further transformed into the [18F]Umemoto reagent in a single step. The Umemoto reagent has been extensively used for electrophilic trifluoromethylation of various functional groups. Therefore the labelling of this reagent could potentially expand the radiochemical space available for PET applications. To augment the utility of this reagent, we developed a late-stage stereoselective trifluoromethylation-thiocyclisation of alkenes using electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagents such as Umemoto reagent or Togni reagent, which will be discussed in Chapter 3. In this process, thiourea acts as both S-nucleophile and CF3 radical initiator; therefore no metal or photoredox catalyst is required. The reaction affords novel trifluoromethylated 2-amino-thiazolines and 2-amino-thiazines, important scaffolds in the development of aspartate beta-secretase enzyme (BACE-1) inhibitors, a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Chapter 4 investigates the 18F-labelling of a,a-difluoro-a-aryloxyacetic acid, a class of substrate that can serve as a versatile intermediate which can undergo various decarboxylative functionalisation reactions to afford a wide range of novel 18F labelled a fluorinated aryl ethers. Finally, Chapter 5 gives full experimental procedures and characterisation data for all compounds.
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Robinson, Helen. "Chemical labelling strategies for mass spectrometric peptide analysis." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17075/.
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The work in this thesis describes the use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to capture peptides on a gold-coated MALDI chip for mass spectrometric analysis. A SAM was formed on the gold-coated MALDI chip, onto which 4-bromophenylalanine was coupled (giving peaks due to 4-bromophenylalanine-SAM species a characteristic isotopic distribution). Simple single peptides and tryptic peptides from single proteins have been analysed using the developed technology. The capture of peptides on SAMs for mass spectrometric analysis has many advantages; all steps (chemistry and analysis) take place in situ on the gold-coated MALDI chip. This means that there are no sample transfer steps, reducing sample loss. Additionally, unreacted reagents and buffers can be removed from the surface of the gold-coated MALDI chip through washing. Buffers which are not compatible with mass spectrometric analysis (e.g. phosphate-based buffers) can be used for peptide capture as the buffer is washed away prior to analysis. This thesis describes an alternative cleaning strategy for the removal of organic material from the surface of the gold-coated MALDI chips. Two plasma instruments were investigated for their abilities to remove organic material from the gold-coated MALDI chips, and both were shown to be a suitable safe alternative cleaning strategy to the caustic, potentially explosive piranha solution currently used. Finally, in-solution dimethyl labelling was investigated, as a labelling strategy which could be adapted for used with the SAM technology. Quantification was performed using standard solutions of light and heavy labelled simple protein digests mixed in a range of ratios. Two different commercially-available software packages were investigated to assess their ability to analyse the generated data in order to determine whether one is more suitable for dimethyl labelling quantification. A set of complex standard samples was dimethyl labelled and analysed, to define parameters for most effectively determining quantification ratios, before application to a set of ‘real’ samples. Muscle protein samples were analysed and a set of potentially differentially abundant proteins identified for further validation.
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Kayembe, Jean Pierre. "Synthesis and fluorescent labelling of model mycolic acids." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79255.
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Mycolic Acids (MAs) are long chain α-alkyl-β-hydroxy fatty acids that form part of the cell wall of Mycobacterium species and a few other genera. They play an important role in steering the host-pathogen relationship to establish active TB disease. These compounds are recognized by antibodies and therefore show potential for use in new diagnostic techniques such as biosensor assays. Previous studies have shown that MA-methyl esters were not antigenic, while fluorescein labelled-MA maintained antigenicity. It was proposed that this was due to the presence of the carboxylic acid group on the fluorescein label that substituted for the one on MA that became esterified during conjugation. However the existence of the free carboxylic acid on fluorescein after labelling of MA was uncertain as fluorescein labelling of palmitic acid apparently produced two structural forms, the free acid and the lactone, as a mixture of tautomers. Furthermore the original biological studies were not done on characterized material and activity may have been due to the presence of some unreacted MA.
Here, the synthesis of a corynomycolic acid homologue is reported via two routes: (a) Claisen condensation followed by reduction or (b) aldol condensation. Due to the cost and poor quality of commercial “5-BromoMethylFluorescein”, this reagent had to be synthesised in the laboratory. The synthetic Corynomycolic acid homologue made in this study and a mixture of naturally occurring bovine mycolic acids obtained from Sigma-Aldrich were labelled with freshly prepared 4(5)-BMF. NMR characterization of the fluorescein labelled-MA showed the presence of a carboxylic acid group on the fluoresceinsuggesting that it is likely to maintain biological activity.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Chemistry
MSc
Unrestricted
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Ritchie, Justine Marie. "Methods for statistical analysis of colonic crypt labelling." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186850.
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In cancer prevention research, intermediate markers are often used. In colon cancer one such biomarker is the colon crypt labelling index which attempts to measure the proliferation rate for colon tissue. Another suggested biomarker is an upward shift in the location of cell proliferation occurring in the crypt columns. For each person on study, there a varying number of crypt columns available to study the biomarkers, where each crypt column contains on average sixty epithelial cells. The information available for each crypt column is an ordered sequence of zeroes and ones where a one indicates the cell is dividing and a zero indicates it is not. We consider modeling the probability of a cell dividing as some nonlinear function of its position in the crypt column and crypt-specific parameters. Several functions are fit to a large data set. The parameters are estimated using the conditional likelihood function assumed for each crypt column, called a two-stage estimation approach. From the functions considered, a particular model is chosen to be explored in more detail. To study the biomarkers, we reparameterize to the area under the curve and the mode. Through Monte Carlo simulations, the power of these proposed summary measures is compared to the power of the methods currently being used to study the biomarkers. We find that some of the methods currently being used are inappropriate. We also find that our proposed analysis outperforms the commonly used compartmental approaches in detecting an upward shift of cell proliferation, even in the case when the true function is different from the chosen model. A general conclusion from the simulation studies is that a difference in the cell proliferation rate between the groups may affect the analyses used to detect an upward shift. An alternative estimation approach, used instead to estimate person-specific parameters, is also briefly examined. This one-stage estimation approach is found to be much more computationally involved than the two-stage estimation approach. The proposed analysis is also used to analyze two different data sets.
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Meurée, Cédric. "Arterial spin labelling : quality control and super-resolution." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S016/document.
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L'arterial spin labelling (ASL) est une technique d'imagerie par résonance magnétique de la perfusion cérébrale. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont d'abord consisté à standardiser les acquisitions ASL dans le contexte d'études de neuro-imagerie multicentriques. Un processus de contrôle de la qualité des images a par la suite été proposé. Les travaux se sont ensuite orientés vers le post-traitement de données ASL, en évaluant la capacité d'algorithmes existants à y corriger les distorsions. Des méthodes de super-résolution adaptées aux acquisitions ASL mono et multi-TI ont finalement été proposées et validées sur des données simulées, de sujets sains, ou de patients imagés pour suspicion de tumeurs cérébralesArterial spin labelling (ASL) is a brain perfusion magnetic resonance imaging technique. The objective of this thesis was first to standardize ASL acquisitions in the context of multicenter neuroimaging studies. A quality control procedure has then been proposed. The capacity of existing algorithms to correct for distortions in ASL images has then been evaluated. Super-resolution methods, developed and adapted to single and multi-TI ASL data in the context of this thesis, are then described, and validated on simulated data, images acquired on healthy subjects, and on patients imaged for brain tumors
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Lak, Kameran Majeed Mohammed <1985>. "Retina-inspired random forest for semantic image labelling." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5970.
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One of the most challenging problem in computer vision community is semantic image labeling, which requires
assigning a semantic class to each pixel in an image. In the literature, this problem has been effectively addressed with Random Forest, i.e., a popular classification algorithm that delivers a prediction by averaging the outcome of an ensemble of random decision trees. In this thesis we propose a novel algorithm based on the Random Forest framework. Our main contribution is the introduction of a new family of decision functions (aka split functions), which build up the decision trees of the random forest. Our decision functions resemble the way the human retina works, by mimicking an increase in the receptive field sizes towards the periphery of the retina. This results in a better visual acuity in the proximity of the center of view (aka fovea), which gradually degrades as we move off from the center.\\
The solution we propose improves the quality of the semantic image labelling, while preserving the low computational cost of the classical Random Forest approaches in both the training and inference phases. We conducted quantitative experiments on two standard datasets, namely eTRIMS Image Database and MSRCv2 Database, and the results we obtained are extremely encouraging.
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Balatoni, Julius Alexander. "New methods for rapid radiohalogen labelling of organic molecules." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25845.
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The aim of this study was to develop new and rapid procedures for the incorporation of short-lived radiobromine and radioiodine isotopes into organic compounds. This was accomplished by the electrophilic cleavage of tin-carbon bonds with BrCl and ICl generated in-situ from bromide and iodide, respectively, in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The vinyl-tin derivatives, [4], [8], [12], [17], [18] and [19], were prepared by treatment of the corresponding acetylenic compounds with tri-n-butyltin hydride, in the presence of a radical initiator catalyst, in 51-98% yield. Each of the vinyl-tin derivatives, except [17], was brominated in high yield (89-100%) with sodium bromide oxidized by Chloramine-T under acidic conditions. Compound [17] was brominated in 13% yield; competing bromination of the A-ring of [17] was responsible for this low yield. The vinyl-tin precursors [4], [8], [17], [18] and [19] were iodinated with sodium iodide in the presence of acidified Chloramine-T in 88-99% yield, except [17], which was iodinated in 1.9% yield because of facile A-ring iodination.
Compound [18] was subsequently radio-labelled with ⁸²Br, ¹²³I and ¹³¹I forming [41], [42] and [43], respectively, using the Chloramine-T method. Compound [41] was isolated in 77-81% radiochemical yield using low specific activity NH₄⁸²Br. Compounds [42] and [43] were obtained in 82-90% radiochemical yield, in relatively high specific activity. The major side-product formed during the no-carrier-added radioiodinations was the chlorinated derivative [38]. An alternate procedure, based on N-chlorosuccinimide as the oxidant, was developed which gave [41] and [42] in 85% and 62% (no-carrier-added ¹²³I radiochemical yields, respectively. [See Thesis for Diagram]Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Bult, Timothy Paul. "Schema labelling applied to hand-printed Chinese character recognition." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26175.
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Hand-printed Chinese character recognition presents an interesting problem for Artificial Intelligence research. Input data in the form of arrays of pixel values cannot be directly mapped to unique character identifications because of the complexity of the characters. Thus, intermediate data structures are necessary, which in turn lead to a need to represent knowledge of the characters' composition. Building the intermediate constructs for these hand-printed characters necessarily involves choices among ambiguities, the set of which is so large that an efficient search algorithm becomes central to the recognition process.
Schema labelling is a theory of how knowledge should be organized for recognition tasks in which composition structure is inherent in the domain, the composition entails ambiguity, and the ambiguity generates large search spaces. This thesis describes an implementation of an enhanced version of schema labelling for Chinese characters. The specific problems addressed by the enhancements, with some success, are (i) the segmentation of real images into objects usable by the schema system, (ii) the definition of schemas which adequately describe the generic composition of hand-printed Chinese characters, as well as common variations or vagaries, and (iii) the inclusion of sufficient "control knowledge" to prevent combinatorial explosion of the backtracking recognition process.
Test characters for recognition systems can be classified along several dimensions. On the spectrum from type-set, through hand-printed, to hand-written forms, our system was tested on restricted hand-print, at a level somewhat more difficult than is normally attempted. On the spectrum of input types, from grey-scale pixel input through on-line stroke representations, our system was fully tested only at the high end, with complete synthetic strokes. We obtained a success rate of 57%, 12 out of the 21 characters tested. The principal success of the work is that characters of the complexity tested could be recognized at all, and in the impact schema labelling techniques had on that recognition.Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate
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MacKenzie, Douglas Allan. "Strain-Promoted Alkyne-Nitrone Cycloadditions: Developing Bioorthogonal Labelling Strategies." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32733.
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Chemical transformations that join two molecular components together rapidly while remaining highly efficient and selective are valued for their elegant simplicity and effectiveness in a myriad of applications. By applying the principles of ‘click’ chemistry to biology, information about molecular interactions in vivo can therefore be gained from minimally perturbing bioorthogonal coupling reactions. Developing bioorthogonal ‘click’ reactions – reactions that do not cross-react with biological components – provides new ways to accurately study biological systems at the molecular level. This thesis describes the development of such tools.
Strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloadditions (SPANC) represent rapid, efficient, selective, and tunable conjugation strategies that are applicable to biomolecular labelling experiments. Herein, SPANC reactions with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne are examined using physical organic methods to determine the stereoelectronic factors governing SPANC reactivity. Second-order rate constants (k2) of up to 1.49 M-1s-1 were measured and the resulting cycloadditions are applied to the design and synthesis of nitrone-based molecular probes. The first example of SPANC-mediated metabolic labelling in live-cell bacteria is reported, establishing SPANC as an efficient and bioorthogonal metabolic labelling strategy for cellular labelling.
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Larsson, Malin, and Julia Duong. "Food Waste, Date Labelling and Technology : A Survey Study." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209830.
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This thesis investigates what an united voice of the society thinks of their part in food waste, if it correlates with reality and what the attitude is to reducing it with intelligent technology. In developed countries, like Sweden, food waste is one component that affect the environment a great amount. By reducing food waste in the house- holds a major difference can be made. Earlier studies has shown that one problem is that people do not know the difference between best before date and use by date and therefore tend to throw away food that is still good to eat. The margins when it comes to food with best before date are often big and one important factor of a products durability is how it has been treated when it comes to temperature changes. Intelligent packaging can be defined as "Packaging that contains an exter- nal or internal indicator to provide information about aspects of the history of the package and/or the quality of the food". One function such packaging can have is dynamic date labelling. By implementing sensors in the food container the temperature over time can be measured and the predicted growth of microor- ganisms can be calculated. This would make the date labelling more precise. These sensors, for example Radio Frequency Identification tags or nanosen- sors, can send information to computers and applications that the consumer can use to get more accurate information regarding the quality of a product. This could help reducing food waste. A survey was conducted and spread on social media and two people were interviewed as experts since they are working with questions related to sustainable development and food waste in Sweden. The result shows that people think much about not throwing away food but earlier researches show that people do, which is a contradiction. In gen- eral people are positive to new technology and using it but they are not will- ing to pay for it. It can be argued that intelligent technology will be a part of reducing food waste in the future.Denna uppsats undersöker vad samhällets enade röst tänker kring sin del av matsvinnet, om detta överensstämmer med verkligheten och hur attityden ser ut när det kommer till att minska detta med hjälp av intelligent teknik. I utvecklade länder, så som Sverige, är matsvinn en komponent som or- sakar stor miljöpåverkan. Stor skillnad kan göras genom att reducera matsvin- net i hushållen. Tidigare studier har visat att ett problem är att människor inte vet skillnaden mellan bäst-före-datum och sista-förbruknings-dag och därför tenderar att slänga mat som fortfarande hade kunnat ätas. De marginaler som finns för bäst-före-datumen är ofta väl tilltagna och en viktig faktor när det kommer till en produkts hållbarhet är hur denna har behandlats med avse- ende på temperaturförändringar i omgivningen. Intelligenta förpackningar kan definieras som Förpackningar som inne- håller en extern eller intern indikator för att tillhandahålla information om aspek- ter kring förpackningens historik och/eller kvalitén på maten". En funktion som en sådan förpackning kan ha är dynamisk datummärkning. genom att im- plementera sensorer i matförpackningarna kan temperaturen över tid mätas och mikroorganismers tillväxt beräknas. Detta skulle göra datummärkningen mer exakt. Dessa sensorer, exempelvis Radio Frequency Identification-taggar eller nanosensorer, kan sedan skicka information till datorer och applikatio- ner som konsumenten kan använda för att få mer noggrann information an- gående produktens kvalitet. Detta kan hjälpa till att minska matsvinnet. En enkätundersökning genomfördes och spreds på sociala medier och två personer intervjuades som experter då de arbetar med frågor som be- rör hållbar utveckling och matsvinn i Sverige. Resultatet visar att människor tänker mycket på att inte slänga mat men tidigare forskning visar att de ändå gör det, vilket är en motsägelse. Generellt är människor positiva till ny teknik och att använda den, men inte villiga att betala för det. Det kan argumenteras för att intelligent teknik kommer att vara en del av att minska matsvinnet i framtiden.
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Yang, Dekun. "An optimization approach to labelling problems in computer vision." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843153/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with the development of an optimization based approach to solving labelling problems which involve the assignment of image entities into interpretation categories in computer vision. Attention is mainly focussed on the theoretical basis and computational aspect of continuous relaxation for solving a discrete labelling problem based on an optimization framework. First, a theoretical basis for continuous relaxation is presented which includes the formulation of a discrete labelling problem as a continuous minimization problem and an analysis of labelling unambiguity associated with continuous relaxation. The main advantage of the formulation over existing formulations is the embedding of relational measurements into the specification of a consistent labelling. The analysis provides a sufficient condition for a continuous labelling formulation to ensure that a consistent labelling is unambiguous. Second, a continuous relaxation labelling algorithm based on mean field theory is presented with the aim of approximating simulated annealing in a deterministic manner. The novelty of the algorithm lies in the utilization of mean field theory technique to avoid stochastic optimization for approximating the global optimum of a consistent labelling criterion. This is contrast to the conventional methods which find a local optimum near an initial estimate of labelling. A special three-frame discrete labelling problem of establishing trinocular stereo correspondence and a mixed labelling problem of interpreting image entities in terms of cylindrical objects and their locations are also addressed. For the former, two orientation based geometric constraints are suggested for matching lines among three viewpoints and a method is presented to find a consistent labelling using simulated annealing. For the latter, the image interpretation of 3D cylindrical objects and their 3D locations is achieved using three knowledge sources: edge map, region map and the ground plane constraint. The method differs from existing methods in that it exploits an integrated use of multiple image cues to simplify the interpretation task and improve the interpretation performance. Experimental results on both synthetic data and real images are provided to demonstrate the viability and the potential of the proposed methods throughout the thesis.
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Dawod, Germaine. "Detection of intestinal stem cell populations by DNA labelling." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22823.pdf.
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Hu, Jon-Fan. "The impact of labelling on categorisation processes in infancy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540284.
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李騰鳴 and Tang-ming Tanton Lee. "Labelling consumer products for reduction in generation of solidwaste." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253179.
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Wand, Nathaniel Ovelin. "Methyltransferase-directed labelling for visualisation and identification of DNA." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8470/.
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New techniques for rapid identification of complex mixtures of viral and bacterial DNA and for visualising multi-copy plasmids in single bacterial cells have been developed using a combination of methyltransferase-directed labelling, molecular combing, and widefield microscopy. In Chapter 2 the protocol for methyltransferase-directed labelling was optimised. A maximum labelling efficiency of 50% (as measured by single molecule counting results) was obtained for Atto 647N-labelled pUC19. In Chapters 3 and 4 the optimised labelling protocol was used to label genomic DNA for optical mapping and identification. The in silico results in Chapter 3 show that the combination of techniques used in this thesis represents the ‘sweet-spot’ for optical mapping and identification of microorganisms. In Chapter 4 this combination of techniques was used along with a new algorithm, for rapid identification of bacteriophages, Adenovirus A, resistance plasmids and bacterial strains in complex mixtures of genomic DNA. Finally, Chapter 5 uses methyltransferase-directed labelling to investigate the mechanisms bacteria use to maintain and transfer resistance plasmids. Atto647N-labelled pUC19 and pRSET B plasmids were visualised in E. coli bacteria and diffusion over several seconds or plasmid segregation over many hours was studied.