Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'La Petite Sirène'
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Naëck, Krishvy. "Interroger l’idéologie du studio Disney par la (re)composition musicale : une approche alternative de l’analyse filmique : La Petite Sirène (1989), La Belle et la Bête (1991) et Aladdin (1992)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA080055.
Full textFrom aesthetics to cultural studies, Disney has been the subject of many studies. Thanks to this prolific research, it is possible de study it by another methodological angle to understand the ideology of and within the movies. Within the academic field of film music, our thesis will draw its attention on The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991) and Aladdin (1992). It seems that, thanks to an alternative version of the original score that we would compose, we may bring the potentiality inscribed in the movie to be a part of our critical study: find the heroines’ voice Ariel, Belle and Jasmine. We think that this method will enable us to take account of the character’s consistency for the music can be a way to hear the potentiality of a movie (and specifically here, the characters), so it will be an opportunity to discuss Disney ideology. The musical recomposition enact the back and forth inside the different moments of the movie to help us understand what is at stake: it enlightens the resonances between the sequences and compose the surfacing promise initially build-up by the movie towards the heroine. It also helps us thinking about the movie’s interactions while getting to the surface the aforementioned promise the movie was trying to stop from actualising. By extending our analysis through the prism of intermediality, we consider the porosity of theses musical numbers with the Broadway stage (and more accurately the off-Broadway) whose enable us to do dual readings of the movie. All the music in its connexion to the rest of the audio-visual complex enable us to think about the power relations which occurs in the movie
Teodorski, Marko. "Dans le miroir de la sirène : la monstruosité du sujet désirant masculin à l’époque victorienne." Thesis, Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1215.
Full textThe thesis discusses changes in monstrosity and materiality in the Victorian, nineteenth-century, Britain and the relationship of these changes to the notion of a male Victorian desiring subject. It argues that a change happened at the level of the Victorian language (language understood as a system of signs, not a specific language), and that previous Foucaldian ‘perpendicularity of representation’ was substituted by a differential structure of meaning. An unrepresentable and unattainable particle appeared inside of language – a desire for death and semiotic coherence – giving birth to a fundamentally split subject. This subject expressed himself, and his metaphysical search for wholeness, in many different monstrous forms, entering a labyrinth of language specific to the Victorian and post-Victorian culture. By combining Foucaldian (the historicity of language) and Lacanian (the split subject and the mirror stage) theoretical frameworks, the thesis deals with the change in Victorian representational language by analyzing mirror and siren narratives of the nineteenth century. Contrary to popular theoretical approach to monstrosity as something dwelling on the margins of the possible, the thesis argues that, called upon and marked by the incoherence of the Victorian language, the monstrosity of the age emerges as the male desiring subject himself. Though for millennia represented as the Other to be encountered, the monster of the analyzed narratives – the Victorian siren – becomes the protagonist of its own sad stories. Reading siren bodies as topologies of the subject who created them, the Victorian sirens are understood in this thesis not as limits/outskirts of the subject’s possibility, but as expressions of the very subject who created them – the male Victorian desiring subject
Gosselin, Marie-Pierre. "Vectorisation de petits acides nucléiques par des lipopolyplexes : application au cancer du sein." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2017/document.
Full textDuring this thesis, I used complexes made with nucleic acids, cationic polymer and cationic liposomes called Lipopolyplexes to formulate siRNA (LPRi) and DNA molecular decoy (LPD) in order to inhibit the growth of 4T1 cells, a murine model of mammary carcinoma. In a first study, systemic or endotracheal injections of LPRi comprising anti-luciferase siRNA did not allow luciferase inhibition in pulmonary metastases induced by 4T1-Luc cells. From these results, LPRi were improved by targeting 4T1 cells using incorporation, by different means, of uPA and/or RGDc peptide or folic acid in liposomes. Resulted formulations were characterized, their internalization and siRNA transfection efficiency were measured in vitro. This second part showed that folate targeting of LPRi was the best formulation. In a third part, proliferation inhibition of 4T1 cells was investigated by targeting the STAT3 transcription factor. Anti-STAT3 siRNA LPRi showed very good efficacy in inhibiting STAT3, but without significant antiproliferative effect. Anti-STAT3 decoy LPD showed a very good antiproliferative effect, the latter being reinforced when co-delivery siRNA/DNA decoy (LPRiD) was performed. In vivo, a growth retardation of 4T1 tumors was observed after co-delivery siRNA/DNA decoy. This thesis demonstrated the effectiveness of lipopolyplexes for combined delivery of siRNA and DNA decoy in the 4T1 tumor cells. Some studies are however required to increase their in vivo delivery into the tumor
Comerlato, Juliana. "Contributions au développement de modèles petit animal et cellulaire pour les études de pathogenèse des morbillivirus." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT070.
Full textMorbillivirus genus, a non-segmented negative single-strand RNA (ssRNA) group of viruses, belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and is currently composed of seven species responsible to highly contagious diseases. Morbillivirus infections cause significant mortality in humans, small ruminants, carnivores and in some marine mammals. The available vaccines against morbillivirus infections require usually 7-10 days to induce a protective immunity. After Rinderpest, the first animal disease successfully eradicated, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is the next target for global eradication by 2030.The current vaccine based on the Nigeria 75/1 is fit for purpose for the eradication campaign. However, some improvements can be envisaged to increase efficacy, shorten the time to complete the eradication and reduce costs. For instance, the introduction of a positive/negative marker in the vaccine could allow the Discrimination between Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA strategy), thus enabling the real-time parallel monitoring of infection and vaccination, and rapid elimination of infected animals. Another improvement could be the modification of the current vaccine by reverse genetics to insert a cassette expressing interfering RNA targeting virulent strains of PPR. This therapeutic vaccine would be useful in emergency situations to control the infection over the delay necessary for the acquisition of an efficient vaccine protection. In order to develop and test these new vaccine tools, there is a need for new cell or small animal models to limit experiments with farm animals. In this work, we contributed in the development of in vitro and in vivo murine models to study morbillivirus pathogenesis. The present document is divided in three main chapters: “Identification of a cell model to PPRV pathogenesis studies”; “Construction of a full-length cDNA clone of PPRV with a luciferase reporter gene” and “In vivo evaluation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against morbilliviruses”. In the first chapter the mouse cell line 10T1/2 was challenged with attenuated and wild type PPRV strains using different conditions of goat SLAM expression and type I IFN response. The results showed a restricted permissiveness of 10T1/2 to wild type PPRV, which was independent of goat SLAM receptor and type I IFN response. The second chapter aimed to develop a recombinant PPRV expressing luciferase through reverse genetics methodology. Various strategies to assembling the PPRV genome were established reaching up to the full-length cDNA PPRV-luciferase construction. However, the rescue could not be achieved and the reasons for that are discussed. The last chapter encompassed the evaluation of siRNA as a prophylactic tool against another luciferase recombinant morbillivirus, the measles virus. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed with the recombinant MV (rMV-luc). Whereas in cell lines siRNA showed 100% of antiviral activity against rMV-luc, the validation in vivo, using a human CD46 transgenic mouse model susceptible to measles, failed. In conclusion, this work provides advancements in the development of tools for the study of the pathogenesis of PPRV and other morbilliviruses
Nizamani, Zaheer Ahmed. "Délivrance in vivo de siRNA et évaluation de leur effet antivirale contre le virus de la peste des petits ruminants (PPRV)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20100/document.
Full textRNA interference (RNAi) is the process of mRNA degradation that is induced by double-stranded RNA in a sequence-specific manner. RNAi has a potential of developing into an effective and specific antiviral therapy if small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can be efficiently delivered in vivo. Morbillivirus genus includes important pathogens of humans and animals, which include measles virus, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus. No treatment exists for morbillivirus diseases. The aim of this work was the in vivo delivery of siRNA against PPRV infection. The delivery of siRNA by a liposome and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) by means of a replication deficient adenovirus was tested in goats which were later challenged with PPRV. However, significant therapeutic effects were not obtained. To find more efficient vectors, the PPRV inhibition efficiency of recombinant replication deficient adenovirus and a baculovirus expressing shRNA against nucleoprotein of PPRV were compared in vitro. The baculoviral vector was found to be more efficient. Similarly, two cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) were also compared and PepFect6 (PF6) could deliver siRNA NPPRV1 effectively in vitro resulting in an almost complete inhibition of N gene expression by PPRV. Another CPP, the PF14 though with lower transfection efficiency in vitro, was found to be relatively serum resistant compared to PF6. A small animal model for PPRV infection does not exist. Due to economic, ethical, and biosecurity issues involved with use of small ruminants, a strategy based on the use of a non-infectious mouse model and a dynamic follow up of siRNA treatment by live imaging was developed. We show in this work that it is possible to measure and standardize the expression of a bioluminescent reporter gene containing a PPRV sequence and thus, to quantify a down-regulation of such gene by siRNA against PPRV. After some calibration, siRNA delivery can now be tested in this mouse model for comparing various delivery vectors in vivo
Liang, Feifei. "Induction de l'expression génique par des petits ARN dans des cellules de mammifère." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684393.
Full textLaroui, Nabila. "Ingénierie et auto-assemblage de nano-vecteurs pour la délivrance ciblée de siRNA." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT058.
Full textThe development of targeted gene therapies represents a major challenge in oncology that is hampered by delivery issues. Current delivery systems generate many side effects, many of which are due to off-target interactions, and the use of nano-vectors for targeted delivery of siRNA is a promising approach to tackle this challenge. The general objective of this thesis was to design and study original nano-vectors of siRNA for targeting and treating cancer. The first line of research was dedicated to the study of modified peptides for the siRNA delivery. This work aimed to improve the internalization of siRNA in target cells. For this, two types of peptides have been developed: i) CPPs (Cell Penetrating Peptides) functionalized with a targeting sequence derived from laminin ̶ targeting breast cancer cells, and ii) stapled peptides enforcing an α helical secondary structure which endow enhanced stability towards proteolysis and improved cell uptake. The second axis focused on the development of a new generation of nano-vectors obtained by self-assembly. Two strategies have been described: i) a dynamic covalent self-assembly approach to develop Dynamic Covalent Polymers (DCPs) through a siRNA-templated process, and ii) ii) a supramolecular self-assembly approach of cationic porphyrins directed by the templating siRNA. The first strategy led, via functionalization of the DCPs with D-mannose, to the targeted delivery of colorectal cancer cells and the second strategy led to the first example of dual therapy combining siRNA and photodynamic therapy achieved using small molecules
Toub, Nedjma. "Étude du devenir in vitro et in vivo des oligonucléotides et sirna vectorises par des nanocapsules à coeur aqueux." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA114810.
Full textThe dream of modern drug research is to discover a biologically active molecule or a class of biologically active molecules, totally specific, able to act efficiently only on the function responsible of the disease. If this dream became a reality, treatment of fatal illness (AIDS, cancer, etc. . . ) would be possible without the severe side effect and toxicities that are the main limitations of these treatments. Many drugs work by interfering with critical proteins, which have been identified as responsible for dysfunction of cells or tissues. However, conventional therapeutics agents now on the market, which tend to act on proteins in the body also often bind to non-target proteins, or exert an effect through unknown interactions. Fortunately, progress in genetics and genomics has enabled definitive studies on some of the fundamental molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes, as well as the dysfunction of these mechanisms. From this mass of knowledge, the idea has emerged of drugs that may turn off genes by targeting the RNA that codes for the protein instead of the protein product. This strategy displays several advantages: (1) an active oligonucleotides (ODNs) or siRNA can be identified in a shirt time. (2) The cellular location of the proteins is not important. First results do not show any antigenicity of these nucleic acids. However, despite exciting potential for selectively modulating the expression of an individual gene, nucleic acids are still far from becoming drugs. Nucleic acids drugs are anionic macromolecules and cannot transit biological cell membranes. Additionally, they are rapidly degraded by nucleases. To overcome these limitations, various chemical modifications of nucleic acids (phosphorothioate ODNs) were synthesized. These modifications possess disadvantages, like a decreased mRNA hybridisation, higher cytotoxicity and increased unspecific effects. Therefore, a strong need for the development of unmodified acid nucleic drug delivery systems exists. The therapeutic performance of nucleic acid based drug significantly depends on the capability of carrier systems because of their fragility, impermeability to the cellular membrane and undesirable biodistribution. These delivery systems might be no viral, biocompatible and biodegradable. Carrier systems (liposomes, nanoparticles) protect these nucleic acids based drug in the harsh environment of the extracellular fluids, while inside the cells they should release incorporated drugs at a reasonable rate to remain intracellular concentration sufficient to form a complex with a target molecules such as mRNA. Actually, many academic and industrial laboratories are working on drug delivery based on nanotechnology (liposomes, nanoparticles). Our interest is based on development (unfurl) of polymeric nanocapsules with an aqueous core for nucleic acids delivery. Polyisobutylcyanoacrylate (PIBCA) nanocapsules specially designed for delivery of fragile and anionic molecules (ODNs). These nanocapsules containing in their aqueous core an active ODN induced 60% of inhibition of Ewing's sarcoma tumour after 8 I. T injections in nude mice, but the mechanism by which acts these nanocapsules remain unknown. As described in this report, our gaol was firstly focused on subcellular studies of the fate of ODNs when vectorized by nanocapsules using cellular fractionation and confocal microscopy methods (publication N°2), results showed that nanocapsules permitted enhancement of cellular penetration of oligonucleotides with a specific delivery in the targeted compartments (cytoplasm and nucleus). After fundamental mechanism investigation of delivery of oligonucleotides by nanocapsules following endocytosis way, we tested then their specific effect at cellular level in sarcoma Ewing model. Nanocapsules loaded ODNs have been proven to be highly effective tools for the specific inhibition of sarcoma Ewing's oncogene with a perfect correlation both in vitro and in vivo results in the same model (publication N°3). Recently, the discovery of RNA interference (siRNA), acting into a natural mechanism based on endogenous regulatory system that employs to silence gene expression has generated enthusiasm for cancer treatment, this new therapeutics approach more effective at low doses than other types of nucleic acid-based therapy such like oligonucleotide. But despite advantages of siRNA, obstacles to effective siRNA-based drugs remain without drug delivery systems. Finally, treatment of grafted tumor Ewing's sarcoma in nude mice using unmodified siRNA vectorized by nanocapsules leads to 80% of specific inhibition of tumor growthing after 5 I. T injection using a very low dose of siRNA (publication N°4). Nanocapsules thus appears to be an interesting system for administration of nucleic acid therapy. Further developments are now in progress in order to design such nanocapsules with specific ligands capable to recognize targets after intravenous administration
Evenou, Pierre. "Assemblages supramoléculaires hiérarchiques de cyclodextrines fonctionnalisées et de siRNA, application à la thérapie antisens." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066440/document.
Full textSiRNA based therapeutics are very promising. A key challenge for their development is the design of sophisticated, safe and effective delivery methods. To address all the biological obstacles for the conception of such therapeutics, we focused on the construction of a virus-like dynamic system, built with molecular bricks, able to self assemble and to interact with nucleic acid through supramolecular interactions. Bridged cyclodextrin based supramolecular polymers were developed to form host-guest interactions. To do so, cyclodextrins were conjugated with cationic and hydrophobic moiety in a spatially controlled way. These conjugates solved problems well known in the literature about the self-inclusion and the solubility in water of such molecules. The ability to self-assemble of 4 compounds were studied by RMN-1H, RMN-ROESY, ITC, RMN-DOSY and SANS. All these compounds showed a good capability to complex and protect siRNA. Moreover, one of these compounds is able to transfect siRNA in vitro without any toxicity, and therefore, to induce gene silencing. Assembly of CD and siRNA were finally observed by cryo-microscopy, which showed long fibres organised in a hierarchical and cooperative manner. This unique system is therefore strongly reminiscent of the structure, size and function of a virus
Viel, Thomas. "Imagerie in vivo des ARN interférentiels : méthodologie de marquage au fluor-18 et application pour l’optimisation par imagerie de leur biodistribution et de leurs propriétés pharmacologiques." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112002.
Full textRNA interference is a powerful tool to specifically inhibit the expression of a gene. In vivo, the use of oligonucleotides is limited by their poor bioavailability and delivery (molecules rapidly degraded and eliminated, which do not cross easily the cell membranes). It is possible to introduce chemical modifications in the siRNAs, or to conjugate them with vectorisation system, to improve their pharmaceutical properties. However, these modifications could reduce the biological effect of the siRNAs, or induce non specific interactions or biodistributions. Therefore tools are needed to carefully evaluate the effect of the oligonucleotide modifications in their in vivo behaviour. Here we used molecular imaging to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, and the in vivo activity, of modified siRNAs. We prepared chemically modified siRNAs and (i) evaluated their in vitro RNAi efficiency, (ii) labelled them with Fluorine-18 and analyzed their in vivo biodistribution by Positron Emission Tomography Imaging and plasmatic metabolism by HPLC, and (iii) evaluated their in vivo RNAi activity by Optical Imaging. Our results show that the siRNAs pharmaceutical properties are really improved compared to single-stranded antisens. The developed methods are applicable to several siRNAs chemical modifications, or vectorisation strategies, and give useful information for the development of siRNAs as new therapeutic reagents
Delas, Tim. "Formulation et stabilisation de complexes colloïdaux de polyélectrolytes à base de chitosane et de siRNA." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0071.
Full textThe presence of strong electrostatic interactions between nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA and polycations leads to the formation of colloidal particles called polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). This approach, which allows the formation of non-viral vectors for genetic material delivery, has been the subject of numerous studies based on the use of chitosan as polycation. In the framework of this thesis, the latter was studied for its complexing properties towards small interfering RNA (siRNA). First, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) were studied for their solution properties and complexation properties with siRNA. The effect of chain length on the solubility of chitosan and their complexing behaviour was demonstrated. Subsequently, the colloidal stability of PECs formed between chitosan and siRNA under physiological conditions was addressed. As the deprotonation of chitosan is redhibitory for the stability of the complexes, it was shown that the introduction of zinc ions in the formulation of complexes allowed to improve their stability at physiological pH. Moreover, the increase in the degree of acetylation of chitosan also allowed a clear improvement in the stability of the complexes at physiological salt conditions. With the introduction of zinc, a study of the interactions between metal ions and siRNA was also carried out and was able to highlight the strong interactions involved between metal ions and siRNA. Finally, a new synthesis leading to the formation of a new chitosan-based copolymer was carried out, making it possible to obtain as yet unexplored chitosan-based structures such as micelles or conjugate-type structures
Sehki, Hayat. "Rôle d’un suppresseur endogène de RNAi dans le développement de la plante et ses interactions avec les pathogènes." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB034.
Full textPost-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is a defense mechanism that targets invading nucleic acids of endogenous (transposons) or exogenous (pathogens, transgenes) origins. During virus infection, PTGS theoretically targets double-stranded (ds)RNA intermediates of viral replication and viral single-stranded RNAs; however, most viruses encode proteins, referred to as viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR), which inhibit PTGS. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, an enzyme referred to as RNase THREE-LIKE 1 (RTL1) is induced in response to viral infection and cleaves dsRNAs in a non-specific manner. This enzyme should provide a second line of defense by cleaving viral dsRNAs, but VSR that inhibit PTGS generally inhibit RTL1, indicating that viruses had put in place tools that simultaneously counteract these two defense mechanisms. Nevertheless, at least one virus, Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), is not able to inhibit RTL1 and in fact seems to take advantage of RTL1 to successfully infect A. thaliana (Shamandi et al., 2015).In this thesis, we deepened the study of Arabidopsis-TYMV interaction. We show that TYMV is not able to inhibit PTGS execution but is able to inhibit PTGS amplification. This effect is due to the viral protein P69, and we show that P69 localizes in cytoplasmic foci called siRNA-bodies, where PTGS amplification takes place. Furthermore, using in house-generated rtl1 mutants, we show that the lack of RTL1 delays TYMV infection and promotes the production of siRNAs directed against the virus, whereas RTL1 overexpression enhances viral symptoms and suppresses the production of anti-viral siRNAs. We show that RTL1 is found in siRNA-bodies, and we show that RTL1 attacks not only dsRNAs but also siRNAs. These results indicate that, TYMV successfully infect A. thaliana by : i) replicating in chloroplast membrane invaginations (Prod’homme et al., 2003), which likely shelter dsRNAs intermediates of replication from PTGS and RTL1, ii) inducing RTL1 expression, which promotes the destruction of dsRNAs and siRNAs produced by PTGS in siRNA-bodies in response to TYMV infection, and iii) expressing the P69 protein to inhibit residual PTGS amplification.Despite a neutral or detrimental effect on plant anti-viral PTGS, RTL1 is conserved in all Arabidopsis accessions, and the study of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions ratios in RTL1 genes from 42 dicotyledonous plant reveals that RTL1 is under the control of a conservative selection, suggesting an essential role. In A. thaliana, RTL1 is weakly expressed in roots, in senescent tissues and during seed development. Phenotyping wild-type plants and rtl1 mutants did not revealed any significant morphological differences, but we observed that seeds weight is enhanced in rtl1 mutants. Moreover, we observed an increased senescence in rtl1 mutants, in particular in the Ler accession. This difference between Ler and Col prompted us to determine if RTL1 could participate in the natural variability of transgene PTGS efficiency between Ler (weak PTGS) and Col (strong PTGS). We observed that rtl1 mutations have no significant effect on PTGS efficiency in Col, but enhances PTGS efficiency in Ler, up to the level of Col, which could be explained by a strongest RTL1 expression in Ler compared to Col. These results indicate that the effect of RTL1 impairment should be further examined in normal and infectious contexts by focusing on Ler rather than Col
Chau, Ngoc Do Quyen. "Can graphene oxide be a suitable platform for the complexation with nucleix acids?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF059.
Full textGraphene oxide (GO) has attracted increasing interest as a prominent potential vector in gene delivery and in particular in gene silencing. The main goal of this work is to develop novel platforms to complex small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules and to rationalize the supramolecular interactions between GO surface and the double strand RNA. The study focused first on the synthesis of GO with various oxygenated groups, subsequently chemically covalently modified with amines and polymers. Moreover, I investigated on the factors that could affect the double helix siRNA structure. Finally, the question of the thesis, « Can graphene oxide be a suitable platform for complexation of nucleic acids? » could be answered from the biological tests proving the ability of graphene derivatives as a carrier of siRNA into the cells
Claveau, Sandra. "Fluorescent nanodiamonds as siRNA vectors : in vitro efficacy evaluation and high-content/high-resolution quantifications of their distribution in vivo." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS119/document.
Full textEwing Sarcoma is a rare pediatric cancer, caused in the majority of the cases by the expression of the fusion oncogene EWS-Fli1. Current treatments have not much evolved over the past decades. We are investigating a new therapy based on siRNA specifically targeting the oncogene and inhibiting the tumor growth. During my PhD thesis, I have tested different types of synthetic nanodiamonds (ND) used to vectorize siRNA electrostatically bound at their surface: ND produced by detonation (DND) or by High Pressure-High Temperature synthesis (NDHPTH). Their surfaces have been cationized by various processes: (i) plasma or (ii) thermal hydrogenation, (ii) chemical treatment, or (iv) covalent grafting of a copolymer (COP-NDHPHT).My PhD work included two main axis: (i) in vitro study of ND:siRNA complexes (NDs physico-chemical characterization and oncogene inhibition efficacy by the complexes); (ii) tissue distribution of COP-NDHPHT, injected into mice, using fluorescent NDHPHT containing nitrogen-vacancy defects. To detect them individually in sections of mouse organs carrying a subcutaneous xenograft tumor, we developed an epifluorescence imaging system with large numerical aperture and resolved in time to reject tissue autofluorescence (of a shorter lifetime than NDs). We quantified the number, the aggregation state and the cell localization (thanks to simultaneous histopathological imaging) of these vectors 24 hours after injection. NDs have been clearly detected in different organs, including the tumor, paving the way for tumor progression control with siRNA
Holz, Correia Carine Lidiane. "Dynamique de l’émergence in vitro des mutants d’échappement du virus de la peste des petits ruminants (PPRV) face à l’activité ARN interférente ciblant le gène de la nucléoprotéine : implications pour les stratégies thérapeutiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20126.
Full textViruses in the genus Morbillivirus, within the family Paramyxoviridae are responsible for severe humans and animal diseases, including measles, rinderpest (RP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). In spite of the existence of efficient vaccines against these diseases, specific treatments to be applied when the infection is already present are desirable. Inhibition of morbillivirus replication can be achieved by RNA interference (RNAi), a mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by small double-stranded RNA (siRNA). The CIRAD previously identified three siRNAs that target conserved regions of the essential gene encoding the viral nucleoprotein and are able to prevent in vitro at least 80% of the replication of measles, RP and PPR viruses . However, a major problem in RNAi is the important risk of emergence of escape mutants. In this study, we investigated the ability of PPR virus to escape the inhibition conferred by single or multiple siRNAs after several consecutive transfections in vitro. Except with the combination of the three different siRNAs, the virus systematically escaped RNAi after 3 to 20 consecutive passages. The mutations were characterized by either single or multiple punctual nucleotide mutations (synonymous or not) or a deletion of a stretch of 6 nucleotides into the siRNA target. These results demonstrate that the genomic plasticity of morbilliviruses, illustrated maily by this significant and no-deleterious deletion in an essential viral gene, should be considered as an obstacle to the use of RNAi in antiviral therapy. However, the combined use of three siRNAs can be proposed to prevent treatment failure with siRNAs
Smith, Nikaïa. "Étude moléculaire du TNF-Related Apoptosis Induced Ligand (TRAIL) et de l’activation du Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) dans les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes lors de la réponse antivirale." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB145/document.
Full textPDC are the first line of defense of our organism against pathogens and establish the essential link between the innate and adaptive immunity. pDC endocyte and destroy the viral particles and thus, detect the genetic material with their antiviral sensors from the Toll-Like Family (TLR). The activation of TLR7/9 induces massive production of type I interferon (IFN-I), a powerful antiviral molecule, essential to control viral propagation during the acute phases of the infection. However, type I IFN can have deleterious effects in a large number of chronic infections and autoimmune diseases. Thus, it seems essential to discover the regulatory mechanism of pDC as well as pDC activation modulators. We showed that monoamines (histamine, dopamine and serotonin) and polyamines (spermine and spermidine) inhibit completely the activation of virus-stimulated pDC. Thus, we showed that amines regulated pDC activation through CXCR4 engagement and that this receptor was a potential switch "on-off" for pDC during viral infections. To better understand the mechanism of action by which amines inhibit pDC activation, we developed a new technology: siRNA transfection in human primary pDC. Furthermore, we detected multinuclear giant cells bearing the shape of a bicycle wheel when pDC are cultured in vitro with high quantities of HIV virus. Thus, on top of monocytes and macrophages, pDC can form in vitro multinuclear giant cells with high levels of p24 viral protein of HIV-1. However, pDC barely get infected (less than 5%). We then wondered if the receptors and co-receptors of the virus were important for the viral recognition during HIV-activation of pDC
Ripoll, Manon. "Synthèse de nano-vecteurs dérivés des polydiacétylènes pour la co-délivrance d’un ARN interférent et d’un anticancéreux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF076/document.
Full textIn the nanomedecine field, a new approach consists in developing synthetic vectors able to co-deliver into a cancer cell, an antitumoral drug and siRNAs that target protein(s) involved in MDR. The work described in this manuscript was dedicated to the development of micellar nanovectors for the intracellular co-delivery of these two therapeutic agents. The first part details the synthesis and the formulation of nanometric photopolymerized diacetylenic micelles adapted for the delivery and intracellular release of the siRNA. Then, the encapsulation and delivery properties of these micelles, bearing histidine polar heads have been investigated in vitro and in vivo for the application of combination therapy. Finally, the last part presents the functionalization by electrostatic interaction of these cationic vectors with antibodies, priorly modified by anionic oligonucleotides. This original and versatile system allowed achieving an active targeting of tumoral cells
Raouane, Mouna. "Vectorisation de siRNA dirigés contre l'oncogène de fusion RET/PTC1 impliqué dans le carcinome papillaire de la thyroïde par des nanoparticules de squalène." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T077.
Full textThe papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid malignancy. This tumour is associated with somatic mutations of the RET proto-oncogene, due to gene rearrangements of the proto-RET. RET/PTC1 rearrangement is the most common genetic alteration identified to date, it is formed by an intra chromosomic rearrangement which leads to the juxtaposition of the RET Tyrosine Kinase domain of the proto-RET with the gene H4. The fusion RET/PTC1 oncogene represents an interesting target for small interfering RNA (siRNA) strategies since it is present only in the tumour cells and not in the surrounding normal cells. However, the biological efficacy of the siRNAs is hampered by their short plasma half-life due to poor stability in biological fluids and low intracellular penetration. In order to protect siRNA from degradation, and to improve their intracellular capture, we applied the concept of “squalenoylation”, ie. The bioconjugation of a drug substance to squalene, for the delivery of siRNA targeted toward the RET/PTC1 fusion oncogene. The acyclic isoprenoid chain of squalene was covalently coupled with RET/PTC1 siRNA at the 3’-terminus of the sense strand via a stable thioether linkage. The linkage of RET/PTC1 siRNA to squalene leads to an amphiphilic molecule that self-organise in water as RET/PTC1 siRNA-SQ nanoassemblies of 170 nm and Zeta potential of -26.4 mV. These RET/PTC1 siRNA-SQ NPs did not showed any cytotoxicity in vitro. Interestingly, in vivo, in a mouse xenografted RET/PTC1 experimental model, RET/PTC1 siRNA-SQ nanoparticles inhibited tumour growth, RET/PTC1 oncogene and oncoprotein expression, after intravenous injections of 2.5 mg/kg cumulative dose. In the last of this work, GALA-cholesterol combination with siRNA-SQ NPs further enhanced nucleic acid internalization, promoted their escape into the cytosol and consequently their gene silencing efficiency in vitro. In conclusion, these results showed that the “squalenoylation” offers a new non cationic plate-form for the siRNA delivery
Pitzalis, Nicolas. "Plant-virus interactions : role of virus- and host-derived small non-coding RNAs during infection and disease." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ103.
Full textIn this thesis, I investigated the role of host- and virus-derived sRNAs during infection of Rapeseed (Brassica napus, Canola) by the UK1 strain of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV-UK1). By using a TuMV derivative tagged with a gene encoding green fluorescent protein (TuMV-GFP), two rapeseed cultivars (‘Drakkar’ and ‘Tanto’) that differ in susceptibility to this virus were identified. Transcriptional profiling of local infection foci in Drakkar and Tanto leaves by next generation sequencing (NGS) revealed numerous differentially expressed genes. The same RNA samples from mock- and virus- treated Drakkar and Tanto leaves were also used for the global NGS profiling of sRNAs (sRNAseq) and their potential RNA targets (PAREseq). The bioinformatic analysis and their in vivo validation led to the identification of transcript cleavage events involving known and yet unknown miRNAs. Importantly, the results indicate that TuMV hijacks the host RNA silencing pathway with siRNAs derived from its own genome (vsiRNAs) to target host genes. The virus also triggers the widespread targeting of host messenger RNAs (mRNAs) through activation of phased, secondary siRNA production from PHAS loci. In turn, both vsiRNAs and host-derived siRNAs (hsRNAs) target and cleave the viral RNA by the RISC-mediated pathway. These observations illuminate the role of host and virus-derived sRNAs in the coordination of virus infection. Another chapter of this thesis is dedicated to the analysis of virus-induced diseases by using Arabidopsis plants infected with the Oilseed rape mosaic tobamovirus (ORMV) as a model. Initially, the infected plants develop leaves with strong disease symptoms. However, at a later stage, disease-free, “recovered” leaves start to appear. Analysis of symptoms recovery led to the identification of a mechanism in which the VSR and virus derived-siRNAs play a central role. I used Arabidopsis mutants impaired in transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing pathways (TGS and PTGS respectively) and a plant line carrying a promoter-driven GFP transgene silenced by PTGS (Arabidopsis line 8z2). Using various techniques able to monitor virus infection, small and long viral RNA molecules, VSR activity, as well as phloem-mediated transport with in these lines, this study led to the identification of genes required for disease symptoms and disease symptom recovery. Moreover, the observations allowed to propose a model in which symptoms recovery occurs upon robust delivery of antiviral secondary vsiRNAs from source to sink tissues, and establishment of a vsiRNA dosage able to block the VSR activity involved in the formation of disease symptoms
Alles, Roxane. "Développement de nouveaux nanovecteurs pour les thérapies anti-HCV/HCC." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998936.
Full textGaudeau, Albane. "Conversion du cancer du sein triple-négatif par la modulation épigénétique Cell-Based siRNA Screens Highlight Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Epigenetic Vulnerability True Value of RNAi Screens Beyond On-Target Effects Du criblage à haut contenu à la déconvolution de cibles : nouvelle donne pour les approches phénotypiques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL048.
Full textResearch presented in this thesis manuscript is the result of a fruitful collaboration between my host company, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, my host laboratory, BioPhenics Laboratory at Institut Curie, and I, preparing my PhD at the doctoral school CBMS at Université Paris-Saclay. International partnerships also led to the generation of numerous data towards the same purpose: identifying novel therapeutic targets in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. TNBC is a breast cancer subtype characterized by its ER(Estrogen receptor)-, PR(Progesterone receptor)- and HER2(Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-negative phenotype, affecting almost 20% of breast cancer diagnosed women. In the absence of these receptors, patients cannot respond neither to hormone therapy nor anti-HER2 targeted therapies. While TNBC is enriched in cancer-stem cells (CSC) and epigenetic deregulations were identified in TNBC CSC signaling pathways, we supposed that epigenetic mechanisms could be modulated to result in two phenotypes : an impact on TNBC cell viability, and an impact on HER2 expression in order to sensitize cells to existing anti-HER2 therapies. To investigate these hypotheses, we performed siRNA functional genomics screening targeting 863 epigenetic modulators through high-throughput and high-content approaches. Although using siRNA represents a powerful approach, the risk of off-target effects is important. In order to reinforce on-target hits discovery and to prevent the identification of non-specific hits, various strategies were used for the two studies. While the identification of genes involved in HER2 expression is currently in progress, we identified 3 key genes for TNBC cell viability, including CHAF1A for which the role in TNBC cell viability was never revealed. Also, following bioinformatic analyses performed from viability data, off-target effects were considered as sources of potential hits, highlighting the potential of a new functional genomics screening approach
Navaud, Olivier. "Analyse évolutive et fonctionnelle d’une famille de facteurs de transcription à domaine TCP chez les plantes." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30027.
Full textTCP proteins are plant-specific transcription factors involved in plant morphogenesis control. The objective of this work was to determine the evolution and the function of the TCP family transcription factors. In the first part, we made a structural and evolutionary study of the TCP family that indicated appearance of the family before the divergence of Charophytes, 650 to 800 mya. Phylogenetics indicated permanent expansion of the family during the evolution of the Phragmoplastophytes. In the second part, we undertook a functional study of a TCP Arabidopsis thaliana gene (AtTCP9). Plants bearing transcriptional fusion between AtTCP9 promoter and GUS reporter gene revealed an expression during the plant growth, especially in the vasculature. AtTCP9 protein was detected by western in leaves and flowers but not in siliques. Analysis of insertion mutant lines and plants bearing chimeric fusions between AtTCP9 and a repressor (EAR) or an activator (VP16) domain, under control of an inducible promoter (XVE) didn't allow us to identify the function of this gene, but the results suggest the involvement of a post-transcriptional regulation on AtTCP9. A Natural Antisense Transcript expressed at the same locus than AtTCP9 (cis-NAT) and an associated small interfering RNA (siRNA) were characterised. Preliminary results seem to indicate a translational inhibition of AtTCP9 in siliques and an unusual mechanism of regulation involving a NAT and a siRNA
Ndiaye, Fatou Kiné. "Étude post-GWAS des gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 : rôle phare dans la fonction de la cellule β pancréatique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S039/document.
Full textGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a plethora of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes, but most often with little information about the mechanism underlying the relationship between these genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes and the diabetic phenotype. Indeed, these SNPs are often noncoding and have a modest effect on the risk of type 2 diabetes, making difficult their functional study. At the beginning of the GWAS era, it has been suggested that susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes are strongly involved in pancreatic β cell gene function, while no functional studies had been systematically performed. In this context, we conducted a “fishing” study to decipher this large amount of data generated by GWAS and to pinpoint potentially important genes that may be new therapeutic targets. The first objective of my thesis was to study the expression of type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in a panel of human tissues comprising pancreatic and insulin-sensitive tissues using an unbiased technique of quantification of genes expression in order to show that these genes associated with type 2 diabetes were enriched in pancreatic β-cells. We then performed functional studies on the thirty mostly expressed genes in our cell model by insulin secretion tests, cell viability test, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and Western blotting in the human pancreatic β cell line (EndoC-βH1). These cells are able to secrete insulin in response to glucose and other secretagogues. Our goal was to study the role of these type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in pancreatic β cell function, particularly in insulin secretion. Our expression study of type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes showed that their expression is significantly enriched in pancreatic β cells and the EndoC-βH1 cell line. For five genes associated with type 2 diabetes (TBC1D4, TCF19, KCNK16, CDKN2A and SLC30A8) with an already known presence and function in pancreatic β cell, we showed a significant variation in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion after gene silencing, in agreement with the literature. In addition, we identified four type 2 diabetes associated genes (PRC1, SRR, ZFAND3 and ZFAND6), with a significant decrease in insulin secretion after gene silencing without already know function in pancreatic β cell. RNA-seq has shown a significant association between the extinction of these genes and molecular networks related to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (e.g. apoptosis of pancreatic cells, insulinemia, glycolysis, endoplasmic reticulum stress response...). The assessment of the expression of our four genes in the islets of obese mice (ob/ob) or treated with streptozotocin shows a positive correlation between their expression and the expression of insulin. Our study has shown that post-GWAS functional studies are important and can help to define the causal link between these genes and the disease, and therefore to make progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. This study allowed us to identify genes whose function in β cell was not anterior known and which are involved in pancreatic β cell function and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes
Lakshminarayanan, Abirami. "Studies of Poly(Propyl Ether Imine) Dendrimers as Synthetic SiRNA Delivery Vectors with Relevance to Hepatitis C Virus Inhibition." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3663.
Full textLakshminarayanan, Abirami. "Studies of Poly(Propyl Ether Imine) Dendrimers as Synthetic SiRNA Delivery Vectors with Relevance to Hepatitis C Virus Inhibition." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3663.
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