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Relevant bibliographies by topics / L1 trigger

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Academic literature on the topic 'L1 trigger'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 13 April 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "L1 trigger"

1

Wightman, Andrew, Geoffrey Smith, Kelci Mohrman, and Charles Mueller. "Trigger Rate Monitoring Tools at CMS." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401047.

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One of the major challenges for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)experiment, is the task of reducing event rate from roughly 40 MHz down to a more manageable 1 kHz while keeping as many interesting physics events as possible. This is accomplished through the use of a Level-1 (L1) hardware based trigger as well as a software based High-Level Trigger (HLT). Monitoring and understanding the output rates of the L1 and HLT triggers is of key importance for determining the overall performance of the trigger system and is intimately tied to what type of data is being recorded for physics analyses. We present here a collection of tools used by CMS to monitor the L1 and HLT trigger rates. One of these tools is a script (run in the CMS control room) that gives valuable real-time feedback of trigger rates to the shift crew. Another useful tool is a plotting library, that is used for observing how trigger rates vary over a range of beam and detector conditions, in particular how the rates of individual triggers scale with event pile-up.

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2

Koulouris, A., Y. Afik, A. Armbruster, et al. "Commissioning of the new muon-to-central-trigger-processor interface at ATLAS." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 03 (2023): C03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/03/c03020.

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Abstract The ATLAS trigger system includes a Level-1 (L1) trigger based on custom electronics and firmware, and a high-level software trigger running on off-the-shelf hardware. The L1 trigger system uses information from the forward detectors, the calorimeters and the muon trigger detectors. Once information from all muon trigger sectors has been received, trigger candidate multiplicities are calculated by the Muon-to-Central-Trigger-Processor Interface (MUCTPI). Muon multiplicity information is sent to the Central-Trigger-Processor (CTP) and trigger objects are sent to the L1 Topological Trigger Processor (L1Topo). The CTP combines the information received from the MUCTPI with the trigger information from the forward detectors, the calorimeters and the L1Topo, and takes the L1 trigger decision. As part of the ATLAS L1 trigger system upgrade for Run-3 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) a new MUCTPI has been designed and commissioned. We discuss the commissioning and operation of the new MUCTPI used in ATLAS from the beginning of Run-3. In particular, we describe the integration tests which have been carried out for the commissioning and operation of the new MUCTPI.

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3

Ghete, V. M., and Cms Collaboration. "The CMS L1 Trigger emulation software." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 219, no. 3 (2010): 032009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/219/3/032009.

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4

Dordevic, Milos. "The CMS Trigger System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2375, no. 1 (2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2375/1/012003.

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Abstract The CMS experiment at CERN uses a two-stage triggering system composed of the Level-1 (L1), instrumented with custom-designed hardware boards with an output rate of 100 kHz, and the High Level Trigger (HLT), streamlined version of the offline software reconstruction that runs on the computing farm, allowing to store around 1.5 kHz of rate. New trigger algorithms and new features, as well as optimized trigger menus at both L1 and HLT are mandatory in order to be able to successfully record the events at higher data loads due to increasing luminosity and pileup at the LHC in Run 3. Many measurements and searches will profit from the updates implemented in the CMS trigger. The highlights of Run 2 CMS trigger results will be presented, together with the improvements for Run 3.

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5

Donato, Silvio. "CMS trigger performance." EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202037.

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During its second run of operation (Run 2), started in 2015, the LHC will deliver a peak instantaneous luminosity that may reach 2 · 1034 cm-2s-1 with an average pileup of about 55, far larger than the design value. Under these conditions, the online event selection is a very challenging task. In CMS, it is realized by a two-level trigger system: the Level-1 (L1) Trigger, implemented in custom-designed electronics, and the High Level Trigger (HLT), a streamlined version of the offine reconstruction software running on a computer farm. In order to face this challenge, the L1 trigger has been through a major upgrade compared to Run 1, whereby all electronic boards of the system have been replaced, allowing more sophisticated algorithms to be run online. Its last stage, the global trigger, is now able to perform complex selections and to compute high-level quantities, like invariant masses. Likewise, the algorithms that run in the HLT have been greatly improved; in particular, new approaches for the online track reconstruction lead to a drastic reduction of the computing time, and to much improved performances. This document will describe the performance of the upgraded trigger system in Run 2.

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Portalès, Louis. "L1 Triggering on High-Granularity Information at the HL-LHC." Instruments 6, no. 4 (2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040071.

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The CMS collaboration is building a high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) for the endcap regions as part of its planned upgrade for the High-Luminosity LHC. The calorimetric data will form part of the Level-1 trigger (hardware) of the CMS experiment, reducing the event rate from the nominal 40 MHz to 750 kHz with a decision time (latency) of 12.5 microseconds. In addition to basic tracking information, which will also be available in the Level-1 trigger system, the use of particle-flow techniques will be facilitated as part of the trigger system. Around 1-million “trigger channels” are read at 40 MHz from the HGCAL, presenting a significant challenge in terms of data manipulation and processing for the trigger system: the trigger data volumes will be an order of magnitude above those currently handled at CMS. In addition, the high luminosity will result in an average of 140 (or more) interactions per bunch crossing that produce a huge background rate in the forward region and these will need to be efficiently rejected by the trigger algorithms. Furthermore, the reconstruction of particle clusters used for particle flow in high hit-rate events presents a complex computational problem associated with the trigger. We present the status of the trigger architecture and design, as well as the algorithmic concepts needed in order to tackle these major issues.

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7

Hoff, J., M. Johnson, R. Lipton, et al. "Design for a L1 tracking trigger for CMS." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 02 (2013): C02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/02/c02004.

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8

Cieri, D., J. Brooke, M. Grimes, et al. "L1 track finding for a time multiplexed trigger." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 824 (July 2016): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.09.117.

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9

Kumar, Piyush, and Bhawna Gomber. "The CMS Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger for the HL-LHC." Instruments 6, no. 4 (2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040064.

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The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) provides an opportunity for a pioneering physics program to harness an integrated luminosity of 4000 fb−1 of ten years of operations. This large volume of collision data will help in high precision measurements of the Standard Model (SM) and the search for new and rare physics phenomena. The harsh environment of 200 proton–proton interactions poses a substantial challenge in the collection of these large datasets. The HL-LHC CMS Level-1 (L1) trigger, including the calorimeter trigger, will receive a massive upgrade to tackle the challenge of a high-bandwidth and high pileup environment. The L1 trigger is planned to handle a very high bandwidth (∼63 Tb/s) with an output rate of 750 kHz, and the desired latency budget is 12.5 μs. The calorimeter trigger aims to process the high-granular information from the new end-cap detector called the high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) and the barrel calorimeter. The HL-LHC trigger prototyped boards are equipped with large modern-day FPGAs and high-speed optical links (∼28 Gb/s), which helps in the parallel and rapid computation of the calorimeter trigger algorithms. This article discusses the proposed design and expected performance of the upgraded CMS Level-1 calorimeter trigger system.

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10

Hoff, J., M. Johnson, R. Lipton, and G. Magazzu. "Readout chip for an L1 tracking trigger using asynchronous logic." Journal of Instrumentation 7, no. 08 (2012): C08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/08/c08004.

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