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Kalimutu, Putu Krisnawan, Ida Bagus Komang Mahardika, and Putri Risa Adriani Anak Agung Sagung. "Antagonism Test of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp. Bali Local Isolates As a Disease Control of Blendok Disease (Botryodiplodia theobromae) in Grapefruit (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck)." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 4, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.4.2.2311.102-110.
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This study aims to determine the ability of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp. in inhibiting the fungus that causes Gumosis disease Botryodiplodia theobromae. This study used a completely randomized design with two single treatments and was repeated eight times.
In the in-vitro antagonism test Trichoderma atroviride and Gliolcadium sp. can inhibit the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae as well. The percentage of inhibition was 94.58% in the Trichoderma atroviride antagonism test and 81.67% in the Gliocladium sp. antagonism test. Whereas the Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony Area had no significant effect on both treatments. Each Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony area is 18.34 cm2 with T. atroviride treatments and 22.25 cm2 with Gliocladium sp. treatment. The growth rate of Botryodiplodia Theobroma fungi was superior to that of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp.
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ADU-ACHEAMPONG, RICHARD, SIMON ARCHER, and SIMON LEATHER. "RESISTANCE TO DIEBACK DISEASE CAUSED BY FUSARIUM AND LASIODIPLODIA SPECIES IN CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) GENOTYPES." Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 1 (September 26, 2011): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711000883.
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SUMMARYFusarium and Lasiodiplodia species invade feeding lesions caused by mirid bugs (Distantiella theobroma [Dist.] and Sahlbergella singularis Hagl.) and inflict serious damage and yield loss to susceptible cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) varieties in West Africa. As it is the fungal invasion rather than the physical feeding injury by mirids that cause dieback and tree death in cacao, a dieback resistance strategy in cacao crop must take into account resistance to these causal agents. Twenty-nine and 15 cacao genotypes were screened in the laboratory and the greenhouse, respectively, for resistance to isolates of Fusarium decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae at Imperial College London's Biological Sciences Campus, UK. Resistance was assessed as the size of necrotic lesions, distance of fungal colonisation in the stem and the proportion of seedlings with dieback symptoms. Genotypic differences were found in both laboratory and greenhouse tests among various cacao genotypes, and the clones showed a wide range of disease reactions from highly resistant to very susceptible. The pathogenicity of F. decemcellulare and L. theobromae were similar in this study, which suggests that a breeding programme for controlling one of the pathogens can have benefit against the other. Direct significant correlations (r = 0.7) were obtained between visual dieback assessment scores and the percentage cross-sectional area of stem necrosis. Moreover, the response of inoculated stem segments corresponded to the reaction of intact plants despite the variation in the used methodology. Three cacao genotypes (CATIE 1000, T85/799 and MXC 67) were resistant or moderately resistant to F. decemcellulare and L. theobromae. These genotypes could be useful sources of resistance to both pathogens and other wilt causing pathogens in cacao.
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Puig, A. S., L. M. Keith, T. K. Matsumoto, O. A. Gutierrez, and J. P. Marelli. "Virulence tests of Neofusicoccum parvum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Phytophthora palmivora on Theobroma cacao." European Journal of Plant Pathology 159, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02210-1.
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AbstractNeofusicoccum parvum is a recently reported pathogen affecting Theobroma cacao L., and has been isolated from symptomatic pods on Oahu and Hawaii Islands. Determining infection routes and virulence are essential for assessing the impact of N. parvum on cacao production and developing effective disease management strategies. Infection routes were determined by inoculating unwounded stems and pods with six isolates of N. parvum alongside Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Phytophthora palmivora. Fifty percent of unwounded stems inoculated with P. palmivora developed lesions, but only a single lesion developed following inoculation with N. parvum (isolate H44). L. theobromae and the remaining N. parvum isolates did not induce lesion development on unwounded stems. In contrast, all N. parvum and L. theobromae isolates produced lesions on 40–100% of unwounded pods of GNV 164 and GNV 360. Low incidences of infection were observed in unwounded pods of ICS 95 (0–66.7%), SHRS 21 (0–75%), and SHRS 33 (0–20%). On wounded pods, all pathogen species produced similar size lesions, ranging from 1.90 to 7.60 cm four days after inoculation. Results from this study show that all three species can produce high rates of pod infection on some clones in the absence of wounds, but stem infection is less likely. In addition, this is the first report of L. theobromae infecting cacao pods and P. palmivora infecting stems in the absence of wounds.
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Ferronato, Edna M. O. "A cápsula da espermateca dos Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associados a Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) do Sul da Bahia." Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 29, no. 1 (March 2000): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0301-80592000000100007.
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Este estudo descreve a forma e as dimensões da cápsula da espermateca em Antytipona epiphania, Bechyné, 1955, Antytipona sp., Cayetunya sp., Colaspis aenea (Fabricius, 1801), Colaspis calcalifera (Bechyné, 1954), Coytiera (Campylochira) pertusa (Lèfevre, 1884), Hermesilla sp., Hylax bahiensis Bechyné, 1950, Leprocolapis adducta (Clavaereau, 1914),Leprocolapis sulcata Lèfevre, 1877, Nycterodina (Nycterodinella) immetalllica Bechyné & Bechyné, 1961,Percolaspis ornata, (Germar, 1824), Plaumannita sp., Podoxenus sp. e Taimbezinhia theobromae (Bryant, 1924) com o objetivo de auxiliar na identificação das espécies associadas às plantações de Theobroma cacao L. na Bahia.
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RODRIGUES, DANIELA F. S., DENISE NAVIA, ANIBAL R. OLIVEIRA, FRANCISCO FERRAGUT, and CARLOS H. W. FLECHTMANN. "Two new eriophyoid mite species (Trombidiformes: Eriophyoidea) from the cocoa tree, and a note on Shevtchenkella biseta (Nalepa)." Zootaxa 4237, no. 1 (February 26, 2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4237.1.6.
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Two new eriophyoid mite species are described from the cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) – the Diptilomiopidae Davisella trevisani n. sp. Rodrigues, Navia & Oliveira, from Brazil; and the Eriophyidae Tetra theobromae n. sp. Rodrigues, Navia & Oliveira, from Costa Rica. The new Davisella species presents an enlarged subcylindrical tubercle bearing pedipalp genual seta d, a novel structure for eriophyoid mites; its functional morphology was discussed. The new Tetra species is the third in this genus described from plants of the Malvaceae. A closer look at Shevtchenkella biseta (Nalepa), described from the Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., showed its taxonomic assignment to the Phytoptidae, Sierraphytoptinae and raised a hypothesis on its synonymy.
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Iman Santoso, Teguh, Muhammad Miftahudin, Yohana C Sulistyaningsih, and Suryo Wiyono. "Analysis of Secondary Metabolites as Potential Phytoalexins, Their Secretion Sites and Proposed Resistance Markers to Vascular Streak Dieback in Theobroma cacao L." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 33, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v33i1.250.
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Study on resistance mechanism to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is limited due to the lack of fungal spores for artificial inoculation. This research was conducted to study the production of secondary metabolites that appear to be evidence of defense signaling in resistant clone of Sca 6 and susceptible clone of TSH 858 to Ceratobasidium theobromae natural infection. A fungal staining method was employed to detect C. theobromae hyphae at early infection stages, before VSD symptoms appear. Metabolite profiling was analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) at pre-, early and late stages of C. theobromae infection. Histochemical and anatomical characteristics of both healthy and infected leaves were also observed to identify the accumulation sites of secondary metabolites on and in cocoa leaf tissues. The results confirmed that fungal staining using trypan blue can detect early stages of C. theobromae infection; at the 14th week (on susceptible seedlings) and the 18th week (on resistant clones), following placement of the seedlings under infected cacao plants. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis, environmental information processing signal transduction pathways, and aromatic biodegradation were detected as important metabolite pathways during defense mechanism. I-limonene (terpenoid), p-ethylguaiacol (phenols) and 2.3 dihidrobenzofuran (heterocyclic compounds) were proposed as an active defense produced by the host after infected by pathogen mainly on late infection of C. theobromae. Terpenoid and phenol compounds were accumulated on the glandular trichomes, idioblast of upper and bottom epidermis, phloem vessel and cortex idioblast of cacao leaves. Epidermis thickness of resistant clone was significantly greater than that of susceptible clone on both surfaces. Leaf epidermis tissue and the accumulated compounds in epidermis idioblast may act as the physical and biochemical markers of cocoa resistance to VSD.
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López Báez, Orlando, and Mario Noel Ballinas Gómez. "Materiales de cacao de interés farmacológico (Theobroma cacao L.)." Revista Espacio I+D Innovación más Desarrollo 5, no. 11 (June 23, 2016): 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31644/imasd.11.2016.a05.
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Xing, Qikai, Yang Cao, Junbo Peng, Wei Zhang, Jiahong Wu, Yueyan Zhou, Xinghong Li, and Jiye Yan. "A Putative Effector LtCSEP1 from Lasiodiplodia theobromae Inhibits BAX-Triggered Cell Death and Suppresses Immunity Responses in Nicotiana benthamiana." Plants 11, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111462.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a causal agent of grapevine trunk disease, and it poses a significant threat to the grape industry worldwide. Fungal effectors play an essential role in the interaction between plants and pathogens. However, few studies have been conducted to understand the functions of individual effectors in L. theobromae. In this study, we identified and characterized a candidate secreted effector protein, LtCSEP1, in L. theobromae. Gene expression analysis suggested that transcription of LtCSEP1 in L. theobromae was induced at the early infection stages in the grapevine. Yeast secretion assay revealed that LtCSEP1 contains a functional signal peptide. Transient expression of LtCSEP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppresses BAX-trigged cell death and significantly inhibits the flg22-induced PTI-associated gene expression. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of LtCSEP1 in N. benthamiana enhanced disease susceptibility to L. theobromae by downregulating the defense-related genes. These results demonstrated that LtCSEP1 is a potential effector of L. theobromae, which contributes to suppressing the plant’s defenses.
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Al-Sadi, A. M., A. N. Al-Wehaibi, R. M. Al-Shariqi, M. S. Al-Hammadi, I. A. Al-Hosni, I. H. Al-Mahmooli, and A. G. Al-Ghaithi. "Population Genetic Analysis Reveals Diversity in Lasiodiplodia Species Infecting Date Palm, Citrus, and Mango in Oman and the UAE." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0245-re.
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Lasiodiplodia is a common pathogen causing dieback, gummosis, or root necrosis on the three most important fruit crops in Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE): date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Citrus spp., and mango (Mangifera indica). A study was conducted to examine diversity in 64 Lasiodiplodia isolates infecting date palm (24), Citrus (11), and mango (29) in Oman and the UAE. Identification based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and EF1α gene showed that date palm isolates belonged to L. hormozganensis (75% of isolates) and L. theobromae (25%); Citrus isolates belonged to L. hormozganensis (45%), L. theobromae (45%), and L. iraniensis (10%); and mango isolates belonged to L. theobromae (59%), L. iraniensis (34%), and L. hormozganensis (7%). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting of the 64 isolates using four primer pair combinations produced 64 genotypes and 972 polymorphic alleles. Cluster analysis separated the isolates into four clusters representing the three species. A higher level of genetic diversity was observed in L. iraniensis (0.3105) compared to L. hormozganensis (0.2503) and L. theobromae (0.2331) in Oman. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated the existence of low levels of genetic differentiation among date palm populations of L. hormozganensis obtained from Oman and the UAE (FST = 0.025) and among populations of L. hormozganensis (0.0485) and L. theobromae (0.0703) from date palm, Citrus, and mango. These findings imply a high rate of movement of L. hormozganensis and L. theobromae isolates among date palm, Citrus, and mango and between the two countries. Findings from the pathogenicity test supported the AMOVA analysis and suggested a lack of host specialization in L. hormozganensis, L. iraniensis, and L. theobromae on date palm, acid lime, and mango. Although this is the first record of L. hormozganensis and L. iraniensis in Oman, the relatively moderate level of genetic diversity in the two species compared to L. theobromae suggests that the two species have been in Oman for a long time but misidentified by morphology and ITS rDNA sequences as L. theobromae. This study is also the first record of date palm and acid lime as natural hosts for L. hormozganensis and the first record of L. hormozganensis in the UAE. The diversity in Lasiodiplodia species affecting date palm, Citrus, and mango in Oman and the UAE should be taken into consideration when planning future management programs for diseases caused by these pathogens.
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Ali, Shahin S., Asman Asman, Jonathan Shao, Johnny F. Balidion, Mary D. Strem, Alina S. Puig, Lyndel W. Meinhardt, and Bryan A. Bailey. "Genome and transcriptome analysis of the latent pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae, an emerging threat to the cacao industry." Genome 63, no. 1 (January 2020): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2019-0112.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., a member of the family Botryosphaeriaceae, is becoming a significant threat to crops and woody plants in many parts of the world, including the major cacao growing areas. While attempting to isolate Ceratobasidium theobromae, a causal agent of vascular streak dieback (VSD), from symptomatic cacao stems, 74% of isolated fungi were Lasiodiplodia spp. Sequence-based identification of 52 putative isolates of L. theobromae indicated that diverse species of Lasiodiplodia were associated with cacao in the studied areas, and the isolates showed variation in aggressiveness when assayed using cacao leaf discs. The present study reports a 43.75 Mb de novo assembled genome of an isolate of L. theobromae from cacao. Ab initio gene prediction generated 13 061 protein-coding genes, of which 2862 are unique to L. theobromae, when compared with other closely related Botryosphaeriaceae. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 11 860 predicted genes were transcriptionally active and 1255 were more highly expressed in planta compared with cultured mycelia. The predicted genes differentially expressed during infection were mainly those involved in carbohydrate, pectin, and lignin catabolism, cytochrome P450, necrosis-inducing proteins, and putative effectors. These findings significantly expand our knowledge of the genome of L. theobromae and the genes involved in virulence and pathogenicity.
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Villavicencio Vásquez, Mirian, Rodrigo Espinoza Lozano, Daynet Sosa del Castillo, and Simón Pérez Martínez. "Hongos endófitos foliares como candidatos a biocontroladores contra Moniliophthora spp. de Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae) en Ecuador." Acta Biológica Colombiana 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v23n3.69455.
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La adaptabilidad de los hongos endófitos a sus hospedantes, los beneficios ecológicos que le brinda y los diversos mecanismos antagónicos contra plagas que poseen los convierten en una alternativa para el control biológico de enfermedades. Se determinó el potencial de 17 cepas de hongos endofíticos foliares (FEF) obtenidas de tejido sano de Theobroma cacao como candidatas para el control biológico de Moniliophthora roreri (MR) y M. perniciosa (MP). Se evaluaron: i) el micoparasitismo de los FEF frente a colonias de Moniliophthora spp., ii) la acción de los metabolitos crudos de los FEF en el crecimiento, y iii) la habilidad para recolonizar hojas sanas del hospedante mediante ensayos de hojas sueltas. Tres cepas de Lasiodiplodia theobromae fueron las más promisorias: Ec098, Ec151 and Ec157. Estas cepas inhibieron el crecimiento de MR y MP, tanto en el enfrentamiento de las colonias como mediante sus metabolitos y, adicionalmente, recolonizaron el hospedante entre el 80-100 % de las veces. Otras cepas mostraron valores destacados en un indicador, y no deseables en otros. Por ejemplo, la Ec035 (L. theobromae) mostró los niveles más altos de micoparasitismo contra ambos patógenos en la interacción de las colonias, y el segundo mejor por sus metabolitos, pero no pudo reinfectar el hospedante. La cepa Ec059 (Xylaria feejeensis) reinfectó 100 %, pero no mostró los atributos deseados de antagonismo. Por su parte, los metabolitos de Ec107 (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.l.) inhibieron a MR en un 60 %, pero también estimularon el crecimiento de MP. Ninguna cepa logró todas las características deseables para un agente de control biológico.
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Salvatore, Maria Michela, Artur Alves, and Anna Andolfi. "Secondary Metabolites of Lasiodiplodia theobromae: Distribution, Chemical Diversity, Bioactivity, and Implications of Their Occurrence." Toxins 12, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070457.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a plant pathogenic fungus from the family Botryosphaeriaceae that is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been associated with many hosts, causing diverse diseases and being responsible for serious damages on economically important crops. A diverse array of bioactive low molecular weight compounds has been described as being produced by L. theobromae cultures. In this review, the existing literature on secondary metabolites of L. theobromae, their bioactivity, and the implications of their occurrence are compiled. Moreover, the effects of abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, nutrient availability) on secondary metabolites production are highlighted, and possible avenues for future research are presented. Currently, a total of 134 chemically defined compounds belonging to the classes of secondary metabolites and fatty acids have been reported from over 30 L. theobromae isolates. Compounds reported include cyclohexenes and cyclohexenones, indoles, jasmonates, lactones, melleins, phenols, and others. Most of the existing bioactivity studies of L. theobromae metabolites have assessed their potential phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. In fact, its host adaptability and its ability to cause diseases in plants as well as in humans may be related to the capacity to produce bioactive compounds directly involved in host–fungus interactions.
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Chen, S. F., D. Morgan, R. H. Beede, and T. J. Michailides. "First Report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Associated with Stem Canker of Almond in California." Plant Disease 97, no. 7 (July 2013): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-12-1033-pdn.
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California is a major almond (Prunus dulcis) producer in the world. In September 2012, 2-year-old almond trees from an orchard in Fresno Co. with stem cankers were submitted for disease diagnosis. In a survey of the orchard, 12 ha (1,500 Nonpareil and 1,800 Monterey almond trees) of 48 ha trees had been killed apparently due to a stem canker. The cankers developed above the graft union, were covered with amber sap, and often girdled the trunk. Isolations made from tissues at the canker margins onto acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) yielded two fungi, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid and Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl (1). M. phaseolina and L. theobromae were isolated from eight and two of 10 cankered trees, respectively. No mixed infections were found. M. phaseolina isolates were characterized by gray hyphae that turned black with developing microsclerotia. L. theobromae isolates were characterized by white, aerial mycelium that turned mouse gray after 5 days. Young conidia were ellipsoidal, thick walled, initially hyaline, granular, and nonseptate; aged conidia were brown, 1-septate with longitudinal striations in the wall. Identity was confirmed by analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin 2 (BT2), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) gene regions. BLAST searches at GenBank showed a high identity with reference sequences of type specimens both for M. phaseolina (isolates 7E64 to 7E69: ITS, 100%; BT2, 99%; TEF-1α, 99%) and L. theobromae (isolates 7E86 to 7E88: ITS, 99%; BT2, 99%; TEF-1α, 100%). Sequences of three gene regions were deposited as GenBank accessions KC357271 to KC357279 (ITS); KC357280 to KC357288 (BT2); and KC357289 to KC357297 (TEF-1α). The pathogenicity of M. phaseolina and L. theobromae to P. dulcis cultivars Butte, Carmel, Nonpareil, and Padre was investigated in an orchard at KARE using four isolates of M. phaseolina (7E64, 7E65, 7E66, and 7E69) and two isolates of L. theobromae (7E86 and 7E88). Ten 2-year-old branches per isolate from 7-year-old trees were inoculated with each isolate in late September 2012, after removing the bark with a 7-mm cork borer and placing a 7-day-old 7-mm-diameter agar plug bearing mycelium of each isolate directly into the fresh wound, mycelium side down. Ten additional branches of each of the four cultivars were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs and served as negative controls. Three weeks after inoculation, the average lesion produced by M. phaseolina on Butte, Carmel, Nonpareil, and Padre was 53, 52, 41, and 37 mm in length, respectively. Lesions produced by L. theobromae were 191, 206, 194, and 103 mm in length on the four cultivars, respectively. No disease lesion, only wounds, were produced on negative controls. Lesions produced by both pathogens were longer (P < 0.05) than wounds on the controls (average length 10 mm on all cultivars). Both L. theobromae isolates killed branches of cultivars Butte, Carmel, and Nonpareil in 2 weeks. M. phaseolina and L. theobromae were reisolated from the inoculated branches, and no fungus was reisolated from controls. Based on pathogenicity results, L. theobromae is more virulent to almond branches than M. phaseolina. To our knowledge, this is the second report of M. phaseolina (2) and the first report of L. theobromae as pathogens of P. dulcis trees in California. References: (1) A. Alves et al. Fungal Diversity 28:1, 2008. (2) P. Inderbitzin et al. Mycologia 102:1350, 2010.
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Alhuda, Bayu Herdi, Rizki Rahmah Fauzia, Rachma Ghiztha Setiawan, and Yoga Nugraha. "TEST FORMULAS AND HEDONIC LIPCREAM CHOCOLATE SEED EXTRACT (THEOBROMA CACAO L.)." Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science 1, no. 8 (May 25, 2022): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v1i8.149.
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Cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.) contain anthocyanins which can be used as natural dyes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lip cream preparations with natural dyes cocoa bean extract (Theobroma cacao L.) met the requiretments for good and stable lip cream quality during storage. The method used in this study using the experimental method. This research was made with 3 concentrations, namely lip cream-colored cocoa bean extract (Theobroma cacao L.) with a concentrations of 6% (X1), 10% (X2), and 14% (X3). Cocoa bean extrack was obtained using the maceration method with etanol 70% and acetic acid 2% as solvents. Evaluation was carried out on all formulas including organoleptic test, homogenity test, spreadability test, spreadability test, adhesion test, pH test, stability test, and hedonic test. The lip cream is creamy in color and has a distinctive smell and is unstable in storageCocoa Bean Extract (Theobroma cacao L.), maceration, Lip cream.
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Úrbez-Torres, J. R., G. M. Leavitt, J. C. Guerrero, J. Guevara, and W. D. Gubler. "Identification and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the Causal Agents of Bot Canker Disease of Grapevines in Mexico." Plant Disease 92, no. 4 (April 2008): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-4-0519.
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Perennial cankers and consequent grapevine dieback are a major problem in vineyards of Sonora and Baja California, the most important grape-production areas of Mexico. In order to identify the canker-causing agents, symptomatic arms, cordons, and trunks were collected from 13 and 6 vineyards in Sonora and Baja California, respectively. Two Botryosphaeriaceae spp., Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, were isolated frequently from infected wood and identified based on morphological and cultural characters as well as analyses of nucleotide sequences of three genes, the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), a partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene, and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α). Although both L. theobromae and D. seriata were isolated from grapevine cankers in Baja California, only L. theobromae was found in vines in the Sonora region. Pathogenicity of both species was verified by inoculation of rooted cuttings and green shoots of Thompson Seedless and Chardonnay cultivars. Isolates of L. theobromae were more virulent, based on the extent of spread in the secondary wood and green tissue, than those of D. seriata. These findings confirm L. theobromae and D. seriata as the causal agents of dieback and canker formation of grapevines in northern Mexico.
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Peixinho, Georgia de Souza, Caio Márcio Guimarães Santos, Valtemir Gonçalves Ribeiro, Edna Peixoto da Rocha Amorim, Valdeir Nunes Carvalho, and Jaciara de Souza Bispo. "Extratos de Aroeira, Angico, Umburana e Quebra-faca no controle de Lasiodiplodia theobromae em cachos da videira cv. Itália." Summa Phytopathologica 43, no. 2 (June 2017): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2155.
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RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos extratos vegetais sobre L. theobromae pela utilização de produtos como método alternativo. Foi analisado o crescimento micelial de L. theobromae em placas de Petri contendo o meio BDA suplementado com os extratos de Aroeira, Angico, Umburana e Quebra-faca nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30%. Para avaliação do efeito direto dos extratos sobre o desenvolvimento de L. theobromae, cachos da cv Itália foram inoculados com o patógeno e, após 4 h, pulverizados com os diferentes extratos: Angico e Umburana (30%) e Quebra-faca (10%). Água destilada esterilizada (ADE) foi utilizada como testemunha. Posteriormente, para avaliar o potencial dos extratos como indutores de resistência, cachos da cv Itália foram submetidas aos mesmos tratamentos e, inoculados após 4 horas com L. theobromae. Os resultados mostraram que os extratos de Angico e Umburana nas concentrações de 30%, inibiram o crescimento micelial in vitro em 61,66 e 60% respectivamente, contudo os extratos testados não foram eficientes em inibir a incidência e a severidade da doença.
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Lima, Joilson Silva, Renato Cesar Moreira, José Emilson Cardoso, Marlon Vagner Valentim Martins, and Francisco Marto Pinto Viana. "Caracterização cultural, morfológica e patogênica de Lasiodiplodia theobromae associado a frutíferas tropicais." Summa Phytopathologica 39, no. 2 (June 2013): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052013000200001.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae é um fungo cosmopolita, polífago e oportunista, com reduzida especialização patogênica, capaz de infectar espécies de plantas em regiões tropicais e temperadas, causando os mais variados sintomas. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar isolados de L. theobromae associados a frutíferas tropicais na região nordeste, considerando os aspectos cultural, morfológico e patogênico. Foram avaliados o crescimento micelial, coloração da colônia, dimensões dos conídios e patogenicidade dos isolados em mudas de cajazeira (Spondia mombin L.), cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.), gravioleira (Annona muricata L.) e umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda). Os dados de caracterização morfológica e cultural revelaram diversidade na população do patógeno. Alta variabilidade patogênica foi também detectada, embora não tenha sido possível observar especificidade patogênica em cajueiro. O umbuzeiro apresentou maior resistência relativa ao fungo. Os dados demonstraram também uma interação entre as características morfo-culturais e a patogenicidade dos isolados de L. theobromae.
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Anwar, A., Muliati Galib, and Farizah Dhaifina Amran. "Analysis of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) Sustainability Status in Bantaeng District." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2022.009.1.13.
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Cocoa cultivation business that still has great potential in the future. The problem faced by farmers in cocoa cultivation is that farmers are still lacking in implementing post-harvest management that can provide added value and competitiveness of cocoa quality in the market. This study aimed to 1) analyze the status of cocoa sustainability in Gantarangkeke sub-regency, Bantaeng Regency; 2) analysing the sensitive leverage to the sustainability of cocoa in the Gantarangkeke sub-district. Based on the results of the analysis of the social and cultural dimension index value of 55.19 percent and infrastructure and technology of 51.66 with the category of quite sustainable. While the ecological dimension is 46.68 percent, economy 36.69 percent and legal and institutional 27.45 percent with the category of less sustainable. The results of the analysis of leverage factor, there are fourteen sensitive attributes that affect the sustainability of cocoa in Gantarangkeke sub-district, Bantaeng district. Improvement of attributes, especially sensitive attributes, can improve the cocoa sustainability index.
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Kim, Young-Sun, Jin-Young Lee, Young-Je Cho, and Bong-Jeun An. "Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Solvent Fraction from Theobroma cacao L. Extract." Journal of Life Science 22, no. 10 (October 30, 2012): 1330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2012.22.10.1330.
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Glicenstein, L. J., and P. J. Fritz. "Ploidy Level in Theobroma cacao L." Journal of Heredity 80, no. 6 (September 1989): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110899.
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Hasibuan, Syahbudin, Ahmad Rafiqi Tantawi, and Gusmeizal Gusmeizal. "Aktivitas Filtrat Cendawan Lasiodiploida theobromae sebagai Inhibitor Pertumbuhan Tanaman Bayam (Amaranthus spp. L.)." Jurnal Agro 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/434.
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Lasiodiploidia theobromae merupakan cendawan patogen yang umum ditemukan pada berbagai inang. Cendawan ini diketahui menghasilkan senyawa metabolik berupa theobroksida yang merupakan senyawa bahan alami epoxy cyclohexene. Theobroksida mampu menginduksi pembungaan, menginduksi tuberisasi tanaman kentang pada lingkungan non-inducing dan berkaitan dengan inhibisi perpanjangan batang tanaman. Sebagai inhibitor alami yang diisolasi dari kultur filtrat cendawan Lasiodiploidia theobromae, aktivitas senyawa theobroksida telah diuji di lahan percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Medan Area sejak bulan Mei sampai bulan Juli 2015. Ekstrak diuji pada tanaman bayam (Amaranthus spp L.) yang percobaannya disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok sederhana dengan faktor perlakuan yaitu konsentrasi Filtrat Lasiodiploidia theobromae yang terdiri atas tiga taraf yaitu 0, 100, 200 dan 300 ppm. Hasil uji aktivitas menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi theobrokside menghambat pertumbuhan pada peubah tinggi tanaman,luas daun dan jumlah daun tanaman bayam. Lasiodiploidia theobromae is a fungal pathogen which is usually found in various host plants. This fungi is recognized to produce metabolic compounds namely theobroxide, a natural compound of epoxy cyclohexene. Theobroxide has ability to induce flowering initiation, induce tuberisation in potato plants in non-inducing environment also related to inhibition of plant stem elongation. As natural inhibitors isolated from filtrate culture of Lasiodiploidia theobromae, a research to evaluate activities of theobroxide was conducted in experimental station belonged to Faculty of Agriculture, University of Medan Area, started from Mei until July 2015. This Experiment was arranged in simple randomized block design (RBD) with filtrate Lasiodiploidia theobromae concentration as treatment factor. The treatment comprised four levels i.e. 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm. Results showed that application of theobroxide could significantly inhibit plant height, leave number and leaf area of spinach.
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Li, Zhi, Yanchun Fan, Lei Gao, Xiu Cao, Junli Ye, and Guohuai Li. "The Dual Roles of Zinc Sulfate in Mitigating Peach Gummosis." Plant Disease 100, no. 2 (February 2016): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-15-0131-re.
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Peach gummosis, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, is one of the most prevalent diseases that affects peach production. In this study, we investigated the effect of zinc sulfate on inoculated peach shoots, as well as on the growth, morphology, and pathogenicity of L. theobromae in vitro, in the laboratory. Zinc deficiency was detected in diseased peach shoots by micronutrient analysis (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and confirmed by the measurement of transcript levels of zinc transporters (ZIP4, HAM4, and ZAT). The zinc was transferred from the diseased peach shoots to the peach gum. Applying zinc sulfate to the diseased peach shoots reduced the severity of peach gummosis, showing significantly reduced lesion size and gum weight, as well as downregulation of cell wall degradation-related gene (PG and PME) compared with the control. Zinc sulfate also specifically controlled peach gummosis under L. theobromae phytotoxin stress and induced the expression of defense-related genes (PR4, CHI, PAL, PGIP, and GNS3). In addition, in vitro mycelial growth of L. theobromae was significantly inhibited by zinc sulfate compared with the control. Zinc sulfate caused abnormal hyphae at 25 mM and swelling hyphal tips at 50 mM. Exposure of L. theobromae to zinc sulfate for 20 min inhibited the ability of the pathogen to cause peach gummosis. Our physiological and molecular data demonstrated that zinc sulfate has a dual function by reducing susceptibility in the host and by direct inhibition of the pathogen.
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Ko, W. H., I. T. Wang, and P. J. Ann. "Lasiodiplodia theobromae as a Causal Agent of Kumquat Dieback in Taiwan." Plant Disease 88, no. 12 (December 2004): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.12.1383a.
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Kumquat (Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle) is an important citrus fruit crop of Iland County in northeastern Taiwan. Fruit produced in this area are mainly for making preserves, which is a well-known product in Taiwan. Decline of kumquat was first noticed in 1990. Since 1995, it has become an important problem affecting ≈80% of kumquat orchards. The problem was especially serious after the passage of a typhoon. Some orchards were abandoned due to death of many declining trees. Initial symptoms were yellowing and browning of leaves on some branches of affected trees. Abscission of leaves and fruits occurred, subsequently resulting in the appearance of dieback of affected branches. Disease symptoms could progress to other branches of the same tree, gummosis on the trunk, and eventually death of the tree. Previously, Phytophthora citrophthora (Smith & Smith) Leonian was reported to be a causal organism of kumquat decline (1). Recently, isolations from declining kumquat trees in several orchards failed to recover P. citrophthora and instead we isolated Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (syn. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.) from tissue taken from the margin of discolored bark and wood on symptomatic branches. The fungus produced grayish black colonies on V8 agar and black ostiolate pycnidia (125 to 650 μm in diameter) with ovoid to elongate conidia (20 to 32 × 12 to 16 μm) on autoclaved whole wheat grains that were placed on V8 agar. Young conidia were hyaline and nonseptate, whereas mature conidia were brown, one septate, and striate. Pathogenicity tests were carried out on healthy kumquat trees located at the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute experimental farm. Three isolates of L. theobromae were cultured on wheat-oat medium. Colonized grains (≈5 g) were held against a wound made by lightly scrapping a branch (5 to 7 mm in diameter) 200 to 250 cm above the ground by wrapping a sheet of clear plastic around the branch (2). Eighteen branches were used for each isolate, and the same number of branches similarly inoculated with sterile grains as a control. Healthy branches inoculated with L. theobromae showed disease symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected plants. Discoloration of leaves on inoculated branches occurred within 1 week. Subsequently, all the leaves fell and infected branches died. The numbers of inoculated branches killed by the three isolates of L. theobromae tested were 18, 9, and 14 after 1 month. All control branches remained disease free. L. theobromae was reisolated from symptomatic tissues, completing Koch's postulates. The same isolates were used to inoculate trunks of kumquat trees with the method described above. Six trunks were inoculated with each isolate, and the same number of trunks similarly inoculated with sterile grains was used as the control. Gummosis on inoculated trunks occurred in 1 week. The numbers of inoculated trunks showing gummosis induced by the three isolates of L. theobromae tested were 6, 5, and 6 after 1 month. L. theobromae was reisolated from symptomatic tissue. All control trunks remained free of gummosis. Our results show that in addition to P. citrophthora, L. theobromae can also cause a dieback on kumquat. To our knowledge, this is the first report of disease caused by L. theobromae on kumquat or on any species in the Rutaceae family in Taiwan. References: (1) P. J. Ann et al. Plant Pathol. Bull. (Taiwan) 6:198, 1997. (2) W. H. Ko et al. Plant Pathol. 35:254, 1986.
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Woodward, J. E., D. B. Langston, J. H. Brock, R. C. Kemerait, T. B. Brenneman, and G. H. Beard. "First Demonstration of Koch's Postulates for Lasiodiplodia theobromae Fruit Spot on Eggplant (Solanum melongena)." Plant Disease 89, no. 6 (June 2005): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0687a.
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During October 2004, diseased eggplant fruit from a commercial farm in Colquitt County, Georgia, developed circular, tan, water-soaked lesions. Gray, septate mycelia quickly covered the fruit. Diseased fruit became shriveled, spongy, and mummified. Disease incidence in the field was approximately 1%. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (synonym Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.) (2) was isolated from the margins of lesions and cultured on acidified potato dextrose agar. The fungus produced grayish colonies with aerial hyphae and black ostiolate pycnidia massed into stroma. Mature elliptical conidia (25.8 × 15.6 μm) were brown, had a single septation, and longitudinal striations. Isolates obtained from peanut and pecan were included in the pathogenicity tests. Mature fruit cv. Nightshade were surface disinfested for 30 s in 70% ethanol, followed by 60 s in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and allowed to dry. Inoculations were made by placing an agar plug containing L. theobromae mycelial side down on the surface of the fruit or wounding with a sterile toothpick containing mycelium of the fungus. Fruit similarly inoculated with agar plugs or sterile toothpicks served as controls. There were a total of three replicates. Fruit were placed in plastic containers lined with moistened paper towels. Containers were placed in a dew chamber and incubated (28°C, relative humidity >95%) for 3 days, and then evaluated. Symptoms identical to those observed on naturally infected fruit developed on inoculated fruit. Controls remained disease free. L. theobromae was reisolated from all symptomatic tissue, satisfying Koch's postulates. Disease damage on wounded fruit was twice that of nonwounded fruit. However, seven of nine inoculations with agar plugs containing L. theobromae resulted in infection. Lesion lengths from wound inoculations were 9.8, 7.3, and 5.2 cm for isolates from peanut, pecan, and eggplant, respectively. Generally, L. theobromae is considered a facultative wound pathogen or a secondary invader (3). However, this study suggests that direct infection can occur. Although fruit spot has been reported previously on eggplant (1), to our knowledge, this is the first report verifying L. theobromae as the causal agent. References: (1) S. A. Alfieri et al. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida. Fla. Dep. Agric. Consum. Serv. Bull. 11, 1984. (2) H. L. Barnett and B. B. Hunter. Illustrated Guide of Imperfect Fungi. 4th ed. The American Phytopathological Society St. Paul, MN, 1998. (3) P. M. Phipps and D. M. Porter. Plant Dis. 82:1205, 1998.
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Cardoso, José Emilson, and Michael James Wilkinson. "Development and characterisation of microsatellite markers for the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae." Summa Phytopathologica 34, no. 1 (February 2008): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052008000100010.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is an important fungal pathogen of higher plants from tropical and sub-tropical regions. The fungus infects divergent hosts in a wide range of environmental conditions, suggesting that it is highly variable. The aim of this study was to develop new polymorphic microsatellite markers from a Brazilian isolate of L. theobromae that can be used in population studies of this and related fungi. The nine microsatellite markers developed included six that revealed allelic polymorphisms among nine isolates of the disease collected from infected plants in Brazil. Preliminary evaluation of the markers suggested substantial genetic variability among Brazilian L. theobromae populations. These markers have potential utility for evolutionary and epidemiologic studies of this fungus.
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Figueira, Antonio, Jules Janick, Morris Levy, and Peter Goldsbrough. "Reexamining the Classification of Theobroma cacao L. Using Molecular Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (September 1994): 1073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.1078.
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Genetic similarities among eight Theobroma and two Herrania species, including 29 genotypes of T. cacao, were estimated by rDNA polymorphism. A phenogram based on these genetic similarities significantly separated two clusters: one cluster included all Herrania and Theobroma species, except T. cacao, while the second contained 28 of 29 T. cacao genotypes. There was no clear distinction between Herrania and Theobroma species. Separation of 29 T. cacao genotypes, representing all races and various origins, had no congruency with the conventional classification into three horticultural races: Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario. Genetic similarities in T. cacao, estimated with RAPD markers, indicated continuous variation among the generally similar but heterogeneous genotypes. The wild genotypes formed an outgroup distinct from the cultivated genotypes, a distinction supported by the rDNA data. The phenograms constructed from RAPD and rDNA data were not similar within the wild and cultivated cacao subsets.
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Parthasarathy, S., G. Thiribhuvanamala, P. Mohammed Faisal, and K. Prabakar. "Partial characterization of toxins associated with stem end rot of mango caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.836.
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In this study, the toxicity of liquid culture media from different isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae was characterized and some properties of the toxic metabolites were distinguished. In this work toxin producing ability of L. theobromae was revealed by studying the physical parameters viz., osmotic potential, toxin concentration, pH, temperature and biological parameter like host specificity and wilting index. The obtained results showed that the optimal toxin-production conditions for L. theobromae in potato dextrose broth under pH 6.0, at 25-35°C for 7 days. The liquid culture from all isolates were toxic to mango plants and induced the rapid wilting. The toxin obtained from the liquid culture has thermal, acid base stability and a broad range of toxicity to main host and non-host plants. Moreover, the direct bioassay for two components of the liquid filtrates precipitated by ethanol showed that the active ingredient of the toxin is a kind of non protein substance, which was further endorsed by the papain hydrolysis analysis. Our results confirmed the chemical nature of toxic compound elucidating the favorable environmental conditions for toxin production of L. theobromae and proved potential role of toxic metabolites in the mechanism of disease development.
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Sun, Yanzheng, Liang Shuai, Donglan Luo, and Liangjie Ba. "The Inhibitory Mechanism of Eugenol on Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Its Induced Disease Resistance of Passion Fruit." Agronomy 13, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051408.
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The inhibitory effects and mechanisms of eugenol were studied in pathogenic fungi that were isolated from passion fruit affected with naturally occurring fruit rot; additionally, the effect of eugenol treatment on fruit rot resistance in passion fruit was investigated. The corresponding results demonstrated that the pathogenic fungus causing passion fruit rot was Lasiodiplodia theobromae and that the minimal inhibitory concentration of eugenol against L. theobromae was 0.30 mg/mL. Eugenol significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of this fruit rot fungus. Further, nucleic acid release, electrical conductivity, and protein and soluble sugar content of the fruit rot fungus gradually increased with increasing eugenol concentrations. Propidium iodide staining revealed that the cell membrane integrity of L. theobromae hyphae was disrupted when treated with eugenol. In addition, eugenol treatment inhibited the spread of disease spot diameter after inoculation with L. theobromae, effectively increased APX, SOD, CAT, POD, 4CL, C4H, and PAL activities, promoted the accumulation of disease-stage-related proteins CHI and GLU, and increased the total phenol and flavonoid content during storage in passion fruit. Overall, these results suggest that eugenol has good application prospects for the effective control of fruit rot in passion fruit.
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Serrato-Diaz, L. M., M. Perez-Cuevas, L. I. Rivera-Vargas, and R. D. French-Monar. "First Report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Causing Inflorescence Blight of Mango." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0238-pdn.
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Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important tropical fruit crop in Puerto Rico. During a disease survey from 2008 to 2010, inflorescence blight was observed at the Mango Germplasm Collection of the University of Puerto Rico's Experiment Station in Juana Diaz as a rotting of the rachis (main axis of the inflorescence), rachilla (lateral axis), and flowers. Diseased inflorescences from cultivars ‘Haden’ and ‘Irwin’ were disinfested with 70% ethanol, followed by 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed with sterile water, and transferred to acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). Two isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. were isolated from symptomatic tissue and identified morphologically using a Botryosphaeriaceae taxonomic key (3). In APDA, colonies of L. theobromae had initial greenish gray aerial mycelia that turned dark brown with age. Pycnidia were uniloculate and dark brown to black in color. Conidiogenous cells were hyaline, cylindrical, and holoblastic. Immature conidia were subovoid to ellipsoid, apex rounded, truncate at the base, thick walled, hyaline and one-celled, becoming dark brown, two-celled with irregular longitudinal striations when mature. Conidia (n = 50) averaged 26.88 μm long by 12.98 μm wide. Genomic DNA was extracted from pure cultures using a Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. PCR amplification of three genes was used to support morphological identification. DNA analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, and fragments of both β-tubulin and elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) genes were sequenced and compared using BLASTN with sequences available in GenBank. Accession numbers of gene sequences of L. theobromae from Puerto Rico submitted to GenBank were: KC631659 and KC631660 for ITS region; KC631651 and KC631652 for β-tubulin; and KC631655 and KC631656 for EF1α. For all genes used, sequences were 99 to 100% identical to reference isolate CBS164.96 of L. theobromae reported in GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on six random healthy non-detached mango inflorescences from cultivars Haden and Irwin. Inflorescences were inoculated with 5-mm mycelial disks from 8-day-old pure cultures grown in APDA and kept in a humid chamber using plastic bags for 8 days under field conditions. Untreated controls were inoculated with APDA disks only. The test was repeated twice. For both cultivars, isolates of L. theobromae caused inflorescence (rachis, rachilla, and flowers) blight, 8 days after inoculation. Inflorescences turned brown and profuse mycelial growth was observed on the inflorescences. Untreated controls were disease-free and no fungi were reisolated from tissue. L. theobromae was reisolated from diseased inflorescences, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae have been associated with stem-end rot, fruit rot, branch dieback, blossom blight, and cankers on mango (1,2,4). Worldwide, L. theobromae has only been reported causing dieback, stem end rot and fruit rot in mango (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae causing inflorescence blight in mango. References: (1) N. I. Hui-Fang et al. Botanical Stud. 53:467, 2012. (2) A. M. Ismail et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 41:649, 2012. (3) A. J. L. Phillips. Key to the various lineages in “Botryosphaeria” Version 01 2007. Retrieved from http://www.crem.fct.unl.pt/botryosphaeria_site/key.htm , 6 August 2013. (4) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 97:99, 2005.
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Peixinho, Georgia de Souza, Valtemir Gonçalves Ribeiro, Edna Peixoto da Rocha Amorim, and Ana Caroline de Melo Morais. "Ação do óleo essencial de Citronela (Cymbopogon nardus L) sobre o patógeno Lasiodiplodia theobromae em cachos de videira cv. Itália." Summa Phytopathologica 45, no. 4 (October 2019): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/206511.
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RESUMO A presença de Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Podridão seca) em videiras implantadas em áreas irrigadas da região semiárida brasileira, tem mostrado elevada agressividade ao infectar várias partes das plantas. Os óleos essenciais têm apresentado eficiência no controle de doenças, tanto pela ação fungitóxica, inibindo o crescimento micelial e a germinação de esporos, além da presença de compostos eliciadores. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo obter o controle de L. theobromae pela utilização do óleo de Citronela (Cymbopogon nardus L) em diferentes dosagens. O crescimento micelial de L. theobromae foi analisado em placas de Petri contendo o meio batata-dextrose-ágar suplementado com o óleo essencial nas seguintes concentrações: 0; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0%. Para avaliação do efeito direto do óleo essencial sobre o desenvolvimento da doença, os cachos de uva foram inoculados com o patógeno e, após 4 horas, aspergidos com soluções contendo as mesmas concentrações descritas anteriormente; posteriormente, com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial do óleo essencial no tratamento preventivo, os mesmos tratamentos foram aplicados em cachos de uva 4 horas antes da inoculação. O óleo de Citronela em todas as concentrações testadas foi capaz de inibir o crescimento micelial de L. theobromae em 100%. No tratamento curativo, com relação a incidência, Citronela 0,25% reduziu 38% na infecção de bagas de cachos de uva inoculadas com L. theobromae, sendo capaz de reduzir a severidade da doença em 56%. No tratamento preventivo, o óleo de Citronela a 0,25% reduziu em 52% a infecção das bagas de uva cv. Itália, reduzindo a severidade da doença em 66,3%. Sendo possível concluir que a concentração 0,25% foi a melhor dosagem testada para o controle da doença com o óleo essencial de Citronela.
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Rosado, André Wilson Campos, Alexandre Reis Machado, Francisco das Chagas Oliveira Freire, and Olinto Liparini Pereira. "Phylogeny, Identification, and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia Associated with Postharvest Stem-End Rot of Coconut in Brazil." Plant Disease 100, no. 3 (March 2016): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-15-0242-re.
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Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) is one of the most important perennial tropical crops. Stem-end rot is the major postharvest disease of coconut in Brazil. The fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae is the only species that has been reported to be associated with this disease. However, a comprehensive study elucidating the true identity of this pathogen with molecular tools has never been conducted. In recent years, new species of Lasiodiplodia have been proposed after molecular studies were performed, indicating the existence of a species complex. The aims of this research were to study the etiology of the postharvest stem-end rot of immature coconut based on a combination of morphological and phylogenetic analyses, to establish the phylogenetic position of such taxa, and to assess the pathogenicity of each taxon. Four species were identified: L. brasiliense, L. egyptiacae, L. pseudotheobromae, and L. theobromae. All of the species were distinguished morphologically and phylogenetically and were proven to be pathogenic to coconut following artificial inoculation. L. theobromae was the most common and the most aggressive species. This study represents the first report of three additional species of Lasiodiplodia as causal agents of postharvest stem-end rot of immature coconut in Brazil.
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Castillo, Daynet Sosa del, Dercy Parra, Carlos Noceda, and Simón Pérez-Martínez. "Co-occurrence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolates in cushion galls disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0020.
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AbstractFlowery cushion gall of cacao is a disease complex with six types. Fusarium decemcellulare have been isolated from both flowery and green point galls and recognized as the etiological agent of the disease. In the present work we: i) identified by ITS-rDNA sequencing and/or taxonomy the cultivable fungal species or Operative Taxonomic Units (OTUs) associated with the five symptoms of cushion galls in cacao from Venezuela, and ii) determined the gall inducing capacity on cacao peeled seeds after 45 days of inoculation with suspensions of mycelia/ spores from distinct isolate types. The whole isolate collection rendered an abundance of 113 isolates with a richness of 39 OTUs (27) and eight identified at the species or genera levels, respectively, and in unidentified fungi. The dominant recovered species (≈36%) were F. decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Some isolates of F. decemcellulare, L. theobromae, F. equiseti, Fusarium spp., F. solani, F. incarnatum, Rhizocthonia solani and Penicillium sp. were pathogenic. Some other isolates of the first six mentioned taxa behave as non-pathogenic. Furthermore, pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates can also co-occur within a single plant and gall type. Moreover, 2-5 species within a single gall symptom in a single tree were identified (not necessarily at the same point in the tree), indicating a broad diversity of co-occurring taxa.
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Haryati, Rita, Yusmanizar Yusmanizar, and Harir Fauzi. "Study of Fermentation and Drying Temperature in Cacao Quality (Theobroma cacao L.)." Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 26, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19028/jtep.26.2.129-135.
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Stibis, Muh Zamalluddin M., Mihwan Sataral, and Dian Puspapratiwi. "Land Potential for Cacao (Theobroma cacao. L) Development in Banggai Regency." CELEBES Agricultural 3, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52045/jca.v3i1.279.
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Seeing the bright prospects of cacao plants with the available land potential in Banggai Regency, it is necessary to assess land suitability in the development of cacao plants to know the actual potential land suitability level and the limiting factors that affect the potential for cacao plant development, apart from that it can optimize land use in the area, Banggai Regency. The approach used as an indicator for determining the land suitability class for cacao plantations in Banggai Regency is to take an FAO parametric index land quality based on land characteristics that match the requirements for land use for cacao plants, then tabulated into land map units. The results show that the actual land suitability class of Banggai Regency is N = not suitable and S3 = marginally suitable, with the limiting factor of water availability, root media, nutrient retention, available nutrients, and erosion hazard. So that land improvement efforts are needed to increase the land suitability class by considering the existing potential. Improvement efforts that can be done include adding lime, fertilizer, and organic matter, making mound terraces, bench terraces, credit terraces, and erosion-retaining plants. So that the results of the potential land suitability class are S1 = very suitable, S2 = suitable, S3 = marginally suitable, with an area of land that can be developed for cacao plants in Banggai Regency, namely 419,236.9 ha.
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Luo, M., Z. Y. Dong, S. Y. Bin, and J. T. Lin. "First Report of Fruit Rot Disease on Pomelo Caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in China." Plant Disease 95, no. 9 (September 2011): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-11-0214.
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Pomelo (Citrus grandis) is widely cultivated in MeiZhou Guangdong Province of China. In 2008, a disease on pomelo fruit caused significant economic losses by affecting fruit quality. Diseased fruit was collected in December 2008 from MeiZhou Guangdong, surface sterilized in 75% ethanol for 1 min and internal necrotic tissue was transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28°C for 5 days. Three single-spore isolates were obtained from different fruit and identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (synonyms Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans and Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.; teleomorph Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cooke) Arx) on the basis of morphological and physiological features. The fungus produced dark brown colonies (initially grayish) on PDA. Young hyphae were hyaline and aseptate, whereas mature hyphae were septate with irregular branches. Cultures of L. theobromae produced globular or irregular pycnidia abundantly on PDA (pH 3.5) at 28°C after 1 month. Mature conidia of L. theobromae were 20 to 26 × 12 to 15.5 μm, subovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, initially hyaline and nonseptate, remaining hyaline for a long time, and finally becoming dark brown and one septate with melanin deposits on the inner surface of the wall arranged longitudinally giving a striate appearance to the conidia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA was amplified from gDNA using primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGATGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) (1). Amplicons were 542 bp long (GenBank Accession No. JF693024) and had 100% nucleotide identity with the corresponding sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU860391) of L. theobromae isolated from a Pinus sp. (2). To satisfy Koch's postulates, six asymptomatic fruit on potted plants were sprayed until runoff with a spore suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml) prepared from 30-day-old cultures of one isolate. Control fruit received water. Plants were covered with sterile wet gauze to maintain high humidity. Fruit spot symptoms similar to those on diseased field fruit appeared after 15 days on all inoculated fruits. L. theobromae was reisolated from all inoculated test fruit. No symptoms were observed on the fruit of control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae causing disease on pomelo fruit in China. This pathogen has also been previously reported to be economically important on a number of other hosts by mostly affecting the leaves. References: (1) J. C. Batzer et al. Mycologia 97:1268, 2005. (2) C. A. Pérez et al. Fungal Divers. 41:53,2010.
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Jayanti, Mei Indra, Muh Nasir, St Rahmadani, and Nurfathurrahmah Nurfathurrahmah. "Uji Stabilitas Zat Warna dalam Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao, L)." ORYZA ( JURNAL PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI ) 10, no. 1 (August 11, 2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33627/oz.v10i1.478.
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Limbah perkebunan merupakan salah satu masalah yang belum sepenuhnya terselesaikan dengan baik. Umumnya limbah perkebunan hanya dimanfaatkan sebagai kompos. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui stabilitas zat warna yang terkandung dalam limbah ekstrak kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao, L) yang terlihat dari nilai absorban sampel terhadap variasi lingkungan yakni suhu penyumpanan dan derajat keasaman (pH) sehingga limbah perkebunan dapat dijadikan alternatif sebagai bahan pewarna makanan alami. Uji spektofotometrik dilakukan untuk melihat nilai absorban zat warna pada ekstrak sampel. Sampel limbah kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao, L) diperoleh dari perkebuanan rakyat di Desa Persiapan Pansor Kecamatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao, L) lebih stabil pada penyimpanan dalam suhu ruangan (24oC) dan pada pH 5. Sampel basah lebih stabil terhadap suhu ruangan dibandingkan dengan sampel kering, namun lebih rendah kandungan pigmen warnanya pada berbagai variasi derajat keasaman (pH) dibandingkan dengan sampel kering.
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NWOBODO, David C., Malachy C. UGWU, Peter M. EZE, Ugochukwu M. OKEZIE, Festus B. C. OKOYE, and Charles O. ESIMONE. "UV-mediated enhancement of antibacterial secondary metabolites in endophytic Lasiodiplodia theobromae." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 11284. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb14411284.
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In the science of drug discovery, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been applied to induce mutagenesis in fungi to provide possibilities for the stimulation or enhancement of fungal biosynthetic capabilities. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of UV radiation on the biosynthesis of antibacterial secondary metabolites in an endophytic Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Using standard methods, the fungus was isolated from healthy leaves of Cola acuminata and identified based on PCR amplification and genomic sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Cultures of L. theobromae were exposed to UV radiation at different time intervals of 1, 2 and 5 min. The fungus was subjected to solid-state fermentation in rice medium before and after UV treatments. The fungal secondary metabolites were extracted and tested for antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method. Compounds present in the obtained extracts were identified by HPLC and GC-MS analysis. At a concentration of 1 mg/ml, the extract of the wild type L. theobromae (untreated) was observed to only inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, with an IZD of 12 mm. However, the extract of UV-treated L. theobromae (2 min) inhibited S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an IZD of 10 and 4 mm respectively. A wide array of compounds in the phenolics, fatty acids, alkaloids and alkanes classes were identified in the UV-treated and untreated fungal extracts. Overall, UV treatments of L. theobromae stimulated the production of seventeen (17) new compounds that were not detected in the untreated strain. The study confirms UV irradiation as an effective method for stimulating microbial biosynthesis of new bioactive compounds, indicating a promising and potentially abundant source of new drug compounds from microorganisms.
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Polanco Florián, Laura Glenys, Omar Guadalupe Alvarado Gómez, Orquídea Pérez González, Ramiro González Garza, and Emilio Olivares Sáenz. "Hongos asociados con la muerte regresiva de los cítricos en Nuevo León y Tamaulipas, México." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 10, no. 4 (June 21, 2019): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v10i4.1417.
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El cultivo de cítricos es afectado por varios hongos fitopatógenos, los cuales pueden causar enfermedades y reducir su producción. El hongo Lasiodiplodia spp. causa muerte regresiva y otros síntomas en cítricos y en otros cultivos en diversos países, incluyendo México. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar cepas fúngicas aisladas de árboles de cítricos con síntomas de muerte regresiva y evaluar su patogenicidad en condiciones de invernadero. Los hongos aislados fueron identificados con base en sus características morfológicas como Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fomitopsis meliae y Eutypella citricola, confirmados con la amplificación por PCR y secuenciación de la región ITS al comparar con las secuencias del GenBank. En el bioensayo de invernadero se comprobó que L. theobromae y F. meliae provocan síntomas de marchitez, muerte descendente y lesiones necróticas en las áreas inoculadas a partir del cuarto día posterior a la inoculación en plantas de naranjo dulce variedad Valencia. F. meliae + L. theobromae causaron daños más severos, provocando lesiones necróticas de 22 a 27 cm de longitud, marchitez y muerte regresiva y ambos fueron reaislados a partir de las lesiones producidas. E. citricola sólo produjo necrosis alrededor del área inoculada. De acuerdo con los resultados de la prueba de patogenicidad, los hongos L. theobromae y F. meliae causan muerte regresiva de los cítricos.
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Gonçalves, Micael, Rui Nunes, Laurentijn Tilleman, Yves Van de Peer, Dieter Deforce, Filip Van Nieuwerburgh, Ana Esteves, and Artur Alves. "Dual RNA Sequencing of Vitis vinifera during Lasiodiplodia theobromae Infection Unveils Host–Pathogen Interactions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (December 3, 2019): 6083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236083.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the most aggressive agents of the grapevine trunk disease Botryosphaeria dieback. Through a dual RNA-sequencing approach, this study aimed to give a broader perspective on the infection strategy deployed by L. theobromae, while understanding grapevine response. Approximately 0.05% and 90% of the reads were mapped to the genomes of L. theobromae and Vitis vinifera, respectively. Over 2500 genes were significantly differentially expressed in infected plants after 10 dpi, many of which are involved in the inducible defense mechanisms of grapevines. Gene expression analysis showed changes in the fungal metabolism of phenolic compounds, carbohydrate metabolism, transmembrane transport, and toxin synthesis. These functions are related to the pathogenicity mechanisms involved in plant cell wall degradation and fungal defense against antimicrobial substances produced by the host. Genes encoding for the degradation of plant phenylpropanoid precursors were up-regulated, suggesting that the fungus could evade the host defense response using the phenylpropanoid pathway. The up-regulation of many distinct components of the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants supports this hypothesis. Moreover, genes related to phytoalexin biosynthesis, hormone metabolism, cell wall modification enzymes, and pathogenesis-related proteins seem to be involved in the host responses observed. This study provides additional insights into the molecular mechanisms of L. theobromae and V. vinifera interactions.
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Chusniasih, Dewi, Dwi Susanti, Selvi Marcellia, and Lia Ermawati. "EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) SEBAGAI BAHAN AKTIF GEL ANTINYAMUK Aedes aegypti." Jurnal Medika Malahayati 6, no. 4 (February 4, 2023): 450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jmm.v6i4.8978.
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Abstrak: Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Sebagai Bahan Aktif Gel Antinyamuk Aedes aegypti. Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) disebabkan oleh virus dengue yang ditularkan melalui nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Selain penyakit DBD, nyamuk Aedes aegypti juga menjadi vektor penyakit demam kuning dan vektor parasit darah pada burung dan mamalia. Salah satu upaya untuk mencegah gigitan nyamuk tersebut pada kulit yaitu dengan kulit buah kakao yang berasal dari bahan alam dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan gel. Kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) berpotensi dikembangkan untuk bahan aktif repelen karena adanya kandungan tanin, alkaloid, dan flavonoid. Senyawa tersebut memiliki aktivitas sebagai insektisida, nematisida, larvasida, dan antifungi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji konsentrasi atau kualitas gel ekstrak kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) yang paling efektif digunakan sebagai antinyamuk Aedes aegypti. Pengujian dilakukan pada gel dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 0% (kontrol), 2%, 4%, 6% dan kontrol positif. Berdasarkan uji efektivitas ekstrak etanol kulit buah kakao sebagai bahan aktif gel antinyamuk diketahui bahwa konsentrasi yang paling efektif dapat digunakan sebagai antinyamuk yaitu 6% dengan nilai efektivitas sebesar 0,07. Hasil uji Duncan menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi 2%, 4%, 6%, dan kontrol positif tidak berbeda nyata, artinya daya tolak nyamuk gel konsentrasi 2%, 4%, dan 6% sebanding dengan daya tolak nyamuk gel kontrol positif.Kata Kunci: Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue, Kulit buah kakao (Theobroma cacao L.), Nyamuk Aedes aegypti
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Okigbo, R. N., and M. I. Osuinde. "Fungal leaf spot diseases of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Southeastern Nigeria and biological control with Bacillus subtilis." Plant Protection Science 39, No. 2 (November 25, 2011): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3829-pps.
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The incidence of fungal leaf spot diseases on mango (Mangifera indica) in Southeastern Nigeria and application of a biological control measure was investigated. The survey proved that the incidence of leaf spot diseases was greatest in Umuahia (72%) followed by Okigwe and Ojoto, with a peak at the beginning of the rainy season (February–March). Three pathogenic fungi, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Macrophoma mangiferae, were isolated from leaf spots. Other fungi, Fusariella spp., which are well known saprophytes of dead plant materials, and the fungus Meliola sp., were also isolated from diseased leaves. Pathogenicity tests showed that P. mangiferae, B. theobromae and M. mangiferae were the causal agents of the fungal leaf spot diseases. Symptoms developed 5 weeks after inoculation of healthy leaves. Bacillus subtilis NCIB 3610, isolated from soil under a mango tree, inhibited P. mangiferae, B. theobromae and M. mangiferae by 57%, 61% and 58% respectively on agar plates. Also, in in vivo experiments the symptoms were considerably reduced in the field by the application of the antagonist. The importance of the biological control method for rural mango farmers is emphasised.
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Asman, Asman, Adelvia, Ade Rosmana, Sylvia Sjam, Hamdayanty, Andi Fakhruddin, and Nuni Ujiani Natsir. "Antifungal activity of crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Chromolaena odorata for management of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae through in vitro evaluation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 886, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012008.
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Abstract Lasiodiplodia is an important genus of fungi causing destructive diseases on perennial crops, including cocoa. Two crucial species of Lasiodiplodia that cause diseases in cocoa are Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia pseutheobromae. A variety of weeds is the potential to be applied as botanical fungicides to control the pathogens. The main objective of this study was to evaluate Ageratum conyzoides and Chromolaena odorata leaf extract to inhibit the growth of L. theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae on a synthetic medium. Solvent organic was methanol for weed extraction with a ratio of 1:5. The experiment was conducted through the poison food technique method, both in the solid and liquid medium in three different concentrations, 1, 3, and 5%. The result showed that A. conyzoides and C. odorata were significantly inhibited the colony growth of both Lasiodiplodia in all concentrations in a solid medium. A. conyzoides performed better than C. odorata in all concentrations of both Lasiodiplodia in inhibition. A. conyzoides 5% performed well to suppress the colony growth of L. pseudotheobromae (100%), followed by A. conyzoides 3% and A. conyzoides 1%. A. conyzoides 5% able to inhibit the colony growth of L. theobromae until 100%, followed by A. conyzoides 3% and 1%. Meanwhile, A. conyzoides and C. odorata extract tested on PDB medium at 1, 3, and 5% reduced the fungal biomass significantly at all concentrations. C. odorata was found most effective in inhibiting fungal biomass of both pathogens either on wet weight or on dry weight at 1, 3, and 5% %. A. conyzoides and C. odorata can manage the growth of L. theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae through in vitro conditions.
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Úrbez-Torres, José R., Emilie Bruez, José Hurtado, and Walter D. Gubler. "Effect of Temperature on Conidial Germination of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Infecting Grapevines." Plant Disease 94, no. 12 (December 2010): 1476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-10-0423.
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Germination of conidia of eight botryosphaeriaceous fungi infecting grapevines was evaluated after 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h incubation under eight different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C). The effect of temperature on conidial germination was also evaluated in different stages (hyaline versus pigmented conidia) of the species Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Conidial germination of Botryosphaeriaceae species infecting grapevines was significantly affected by temperature. Overall, conidial germination increased significantly with longer incubation times, especially from 2 to 12 h. In most cases, germination of conidia was not significantly different between 12 and 24 h incubation. Conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species did not germinate (with the exception of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum) at 5°C, and only B. dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and L. theobromae showed high levels of conidial germination at 40°C. Optimum conidial germination temperatures (defined as the temperature in which germination reached at least 50% in the shortest incubation time) were 25°C for B. dothidea and Dothiorella iberica, 25 to 30°C for Spencermartinsia viticola, 30°C for Diplodia corticola, D. mutila, D. seriata, N. parvum, and hyaline L. theobromae, and 40°C for pigmented L. theobromae conidia. Successful conidial germination of species of Botryosphaeriaceae infecting grapevines was always observed between 10 and 35°C with the exception of Dothiorella iberica and pigmented L. theobromae conidia, neither of which germinated at 35 and 10°C, respectively. Results of this study show conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species infecting grapevines to be capable of germination under a broad range of temperatures including those considered to be extreme, which may explain the success of these species as grapevine pathogens throughout most of the grape-growing areas in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
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MacManus Chinenye, Ndukwu, A. S. Ogunlowo, and O. J. Olukunle. "Cocoa Bean (Theobroma cacao L.)Drying Kinetics." Chilean journal of agricultural research 70, no. 4 (December 2010): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392010000400014.
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Suganthy, M., K. Gopi Krishna, S. Mohan Kumar, and V. Jegadeeswari. "Indian pollinators of cocoa, Theobroma cacao L." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1241 (June 2019): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1241.66.
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Abo-Bakr, Taiseer M., and Laila A. Shekib. "Studies on cocoa beans (Theobroma cocoa L.)." Zeitschrift f�r Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 184, no. 4 (April 1987): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01027661.
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Mia, Maria Yufriani Dua, Oktavius Yoseph Tuta Mago, and Sukarman Hadi Jaya Putra. "EKSPLORASI MUSUH ALAMI HAMA TANAMAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) DI DESA NITAKLOANG KECAMATAN NITA KABUPATEN SIKKA." Spizaetus: Jurnal Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi 1, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55241/spibio.v1i1.1.
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Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh hama dan penyakit yang menyerang tanaman kakao, yang sangat berpengaruh pada produktifitas tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao L.). Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi Arthropoda yang berpotensi sebagai musuh alami hama tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) di Desa Nitakloang Kecamatan Nita Kabupaten Sikka. Metode sampling dilakukan menggunakan transek garis di tiga stasiun dan setiap statiun ditarik dua transek. Sampel dikumpulkan menggunakan teknik perangkap jebak dan teknik perangkap jaring. Data yang dianalisis berupa data kualitatif yaitu jenis serangga dan data kuantitatif yaitu kepadatan populasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperoleh 5 spesies 4 ordo dan 4 famili Arthropoda yang berpotensi sebagai musuh alami hama tanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) yaitu semut hitam (Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith), laba-laba serigala (Aranea sp.), belalang sembah (Mantis religiosa), semut rang-rang (Oechopylla smaradigma), dan capung (Anax junius). Semut hitam (Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith) memiliki populasi tertinggi yaitu dengan indeks kepadatan sebesar 0,37 individu/m2. Sedangkan capung (Anax junius) memiliki indeks kepadatan terendah yaitu 0,01 individu/m2.
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Silva, Carlos Rogério Sousa, Giorgini Augusto Venturieri, and Antonio Figueira. "Description of Amazonian Theobroma L. collections, species identification, and characterization of interspecific hybrids." Acta Botanica Brasilica 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062004000200012.
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There are two major in vivo collections of species of the genus Theobroma L. in Belém and Marituba, state of Pará, Brazil, and in both there are natural species, as well as natural and artificial interspecific hybrids. In order to organize a database of Brazilian Theobroma species, a description of the existing collections and detailed information about the interspecific hybrids, including an artificial key for their identification, are presented in this article.
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Nursanti, Ida, Yuza Defitri, and Kurniawan Setia Budhi. "PEMBERIAN URIN KAMBING UNTUK MENDUKUNG PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT TANAMAN KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L) GIVING GOAT URINE TO SUPPORT THE GROWTH OF COCOA (Theobroma cacao L) SEEDS." Jurnal Media Pertanian 6, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jagro.v6i1.107.
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ABSTRACTCocoa (Theobroma cacao L) is one of the leading export commodities with considerable potential in Indonesia. Where cocoa plants occupy the third largest position in meeting the country's foreign exchange in the plantation sub-sector so that it is necessary to increase the growth of cocoa plants by increasing nutrients. One of the ways to increase cocoa plant nutrients is by providing fermented goat urine liquid organic fertilizer. This study aims to determine the effect of fermented goat urine on the generative growth of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L). The hypothesis of this study is that giving goat urine with various concentrations will have an effect on the growth of cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao L) in polybags. The research method used was an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD) pattern with 5 treatments and 3 replications, namely the concentration of control K0 / ordinary water, K1 100 ml / l, K2 200 ml / l, K3 250 ml / l, K4 300 ml / l. The observation parameters were plant height (cm), plant dry weight (cm), crown dry weight (cm), and plant crown ratio. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan's test (DNMRT) to determine the differences between concentration factors. The results of the analysis carried out in the laboratory showed levels of N 1.35%, K 2.10%, P 0.13, and 0.16% organic C. Giving the concentration of various goat urine showed no significant effect on plant height, plant dry weight, canopy dry weight, and root canopy ratio. Key words: cocoa; goat urine. ABSTRAKTanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao L) merupakan salah satu komoditas eskpor unggulan yang cukup potensial di Indonesia. Dimana tanaman kakao menempati posisi terbesar ketiga dalam memenuhi devisa negara pada sub-sektor perkebunan sehingga diperlukan peningkatan pertumbuhan tanaman kakao dengan meningkatkan unsur hara. Salah satu dalam cara peningkatan unsur hara tanaman kakao yaitu dengan cara pemberian pupuk organik cair urin kambing yang difermantasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian urin kambing yang di fermentasi terhadap pertumbuhan generatif kakao ( Theobroma cacao L). Hipotesisdari penelitian ini adalah pemberian urine kambing dengan berbagai konsentrasi akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan bibit kakao (Theobroma cacao L) di polybag. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan menggunakan pola Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan yaitu konsentrasi K0 Kontrol/air biasa, K1 100 ml/l, K2 200 ml/l, K3 250 ml/l, K4 300 ml/l. Parameter pengamatan berupa Tinggi Tanaman(cm), Bobot Kering Tanaman(cm), Bobot Kering Tajuk(cm), Nisbah Tajuk Tanaman. Data dianalisis dengan analisis varian satu arah (ANOVA), dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s ( DNMRT) untuk mengetahui perbedaan di antara faktor konsentrasi. Hasil analisis yang dilakukan di dalam laboratorium menunjukkan kadar N 1,35%, K 2,10%, P 0.13, dan C-organik 0,16%. Pemberian konsentrasi berbagai urine kambing menunjukkan hasil yang berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap Tinggi Tanaman, Bobot Kering Tanaman, Bobot Kering Tajuk, dan Nisbah Tajuk Akar.Kata kunci : kakao; urin kambing.
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Thilini Chethana, K. W., Junbo Peng, Xinghong Li, Qikai Xing, Mei Liu, Wei Zhang, Kevin D. Hyde, Wensheng Zhao, and Jiye Yan. "LtEPG1, a Secretory Endopolygalacturonase Protein, Regulates the Virulence of Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Vitis vinifera and Is Recognized as a Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns." Phytopathology® 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-20-0118-r.
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The Lasiodiplodia theobromae genome encodes numerous glycoside hydrolases involved in organic matter degradation and conducive to pathogen infection, whereas their molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we identified the glycoside hydrolase family 28 endopolygalacturonase LtEPG1 in L. theobromae and characterized its function in detail. LtEPG1 acts as a virulence factor during L. theobromae infection. Overexpression and silencing of LtEPG1 in L. theobromae led to significantly increased and decreased lesion areas, respectively. Further, the high transcript level of LtEPG1 during the infection process supported its virulence function. Polygalacturonase activity of LtEPG1 was substantiated by detecting its ability to degrade pectin. Furthermore, LtEPG1 functioned as microbe-associated molecular patterns during the infection process. Both transient expression of LtEPG1 in planta and infiltration of purified LtEPG1 triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Site-directed mutation of LtEPG1 indicated that the enzymatic activity of LtEPG1 is independent from its elicitor activity. A protein kinase, KINβ1, was shown to interact in the yeast two‐hybrid system with LtEPG1. This interaction was further confirmed in vitro using a pull-down assay. Our data indicate that LtEPG1 functions as a polygalacturonase and also serves as an elicitor with two independent mechanisms. Moreover, LtEPG1 may be able to manipulate host immune responses by regulating the KINβ1-mediated signal pathway and consequently promote its own successful infection and symptom development.