Relevant bibliographies by topics / L. theobromea

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Academic literature on the topic 'L. theobromea'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "L. theobromea"

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Kalimutu, Putu Krisnawan, Ida Bagus Komang Mahardika, and Putri Risa Adriani Anak Agung Sagung. "Antagonism Test of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp. Bali Local Isolates As a Disease Control of Blendok Disease (Botryodiplodia theobromae) in Grapefruit (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck)." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 4, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.4.2.2311.102-110.

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This study aims to determine the ability of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp. in inhibiting the fungus that causes Gumosis disease Botryodiplodia theobromae. This study used a completely randomized design with two single treatments and was repeated eight times. In the in-vitro antagonism test Trichoderma atroviride and Gliolcadium sp. can inhibit the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae as well. The percentage of inhibition was 94.58% in the Trichoderma atroviride antagonism test and 81.67% in the Gliocladium sp. antagonism test. Whereas the Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony Area had no significant effect on both treatments. Each Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony area is 18.34 cm2 with T. atroviride treatments and 22.25 cm2 with Gliocladium sp. treatment. The growth rate of Botryodiplodia Theobroma fungi was superior to that of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp.
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ADU-ACHEAMPONG, RICHARD, SIMON ARCHER, and SIMON LEATHER. "RESISTANCE TO DIEBACK DISEASE CAUSED BY FUSARIUM AND LASIODIPLODIA SPECIES IN CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) GENOTYPES." Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 1 (September 26, 2011): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711000883.

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SUMMARYFusarium and Lasiodiplodia species invade feeding lesions caused by mirid bugs (Distantiella theobroma [Dist.] and Sahlbergella singularis Hagl.) and inflict serious damage and yield loss to susceptible cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) varieties in West Africa. As it is the fungal invasion rather than the physical feeding injury by mirids that cause dieback and tree death in cacao, a dieback resistance strategy in cacao crop must take into account resistance to these causal agents. Twenty-nine and 15 cacao genotypes were screened in the laboratory and the greenhouse, respectively, for resistance to isolates of Fusarium decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae at Imperial College London's Biological Sciences Campus, UK. Resistance was assessed as the size of necrotic lesions, distance of fungal colonisation in the stem and the proportion of seedlings with dieback symptoms. Genotypic differences were found in both laboratory and greenhouse tests among various cacao genotypes, and the clones showed a wide range of disease reactions from highly resistant to very susceptible. The pathogenicity of F. decemcellulare and L. theobromae were similar in this study, which suggests that a breeding programme for controlling one of the pathogens can have benefit against the other. Direct significant correlations (r = 0.7) were obtained between visual dieback assessment scores and the percentage cross-sectional area of stem necrosis. Moreover, the response of inoculated stem segments corresponded to the reaction of intact plants despite the variation in the used methodology. Three cacao genotypes (CATIE 1000, T85/799 and MXC 67) were resistant or moderately resistant to F. decemcellulare and L. theobromae. These genotypes could be useful sources of resistance to both pathogens and other wilt causing pathogens in cacao.
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Puig, A. S., L. M. Keith, T. K. Matsumoto, O. A. Gutierrez, and J. P. Marelli. "Virulence tests of Neofusicoccum parvum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Phytophthora palmivora on Theobroma cacao." European Journal of Plant Pathology 159, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02210-1.

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AbstractNeofusicoccum parvum is a recently reported pathogen affecting Theobroma cacao L., and has been isolated from symptomatic pods on Oahu and Hawaii Islands. Determining infection routes and virulence are essential for assessing the impact of N. parvum on cacao production and developing effective disease management strategies. Infection routes were determined by inoculating unwounded stems and pods with six isolates of N. parvum alongside Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Phytophthora palmivora. Fifty percent of unwounded stems inoculated with P. palmivora developed lesions, but only a single lesion developed following inoculation with N. parvum (isolate H44). L. theobromae and the remaining N. parvum isolates did not induce lesion development on unwounded stems. In contrast, all N. parvum and L. theobromae isolates produced lesions on 40–100% of unwounded pods of GNV 164 and GNV 360. Low incidences of infection were observed in unwounded pods of ICS 95 (0–66.7%), SHRS 21 (0–75%), and SHRS 33 (0–20%). On wounded pods, all pathogen species produced similar size lesions, ranging from 1.90 to 7.60 cm four days after inoculation. Results from this study show that all three species can produce high rates of pod infection on some clones in the absence of wounds, but stem infection is less likely. In addition, this is the first report of L. theobromae infecting cacao pods and P. palmivora infecting stems in the absence of wounds.
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Ferronato, Edna M. O. "A cápsula da espermateca dos Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associados a Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) do Sul da Bahia." Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 29, no. 1 (March 2000): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0301-80592000000100007.

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Este estudo descreve a forma e as dimensões da cápsula da espermateca em Antytipona epiphania, Bechyné, 1955, Antytipona sp., Cayetunya sp., Colaspis aenea (Fabricius, 1801), Colaspis calcalifera (Bechyné, 1954), Coytiera (Campylochira) pertusa (Lèfevre, 1884), Hermesilla sp., Hylax bahiensis Bechyné, 1950, Leprocolapis adducta (Clavaereau, 1914),Leprocolapis sulcata Lèfevre, 1877, Nycterodina (Nycterodinella) immetalllica Bechyné & Bechyné, 1961,Percolaspis ornata, (Germar, 1824), Plaumannita sp., Podoxenus sp. e Taimbezinhia theobromae (Bryant, 1924) com o objetivo de auxiliar na identificação das espécies associadas às plantações de Theobroma cacao L. na Bahia.
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RODRIGUES, DANIELA F. S., DENISE NAVIA, ANIBAL R. OLIVEIRA, FRANCISCO FERRAGUT, and CARLOS H. W. FLECHTMANN. "Two new eriophyoid mite species (Trombidiformes: Eriophyoidea) from the cocoa tree, and a note on Shevtchenkella biseta (Nalepa)." Zootaxa 4237, no. 1 (February 26, 2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4237.1.6.

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Two new eriophyoid mite species are described from the cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) – the Diptilomiopidae Davisella trevisani n. sp. Rodrigues, Navia & Oliveira, from Brazil; and the Eriophyidae Tetra theobromae n. sp. Rodrigues, Navia & Oliveira, from Costa Rica. The new Davisella species presents an enlarged subcylindrical tubercle bearing pedipalp genual seta d, a novel structure for eriophyoid mites; its functional morphology was discussed. The new Tetra species is the third in this genus described from plants of the Malvaceae. A closer look at Shevtchenkella biseta (Nalepa), described from the Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., showed its taxonomic assignment to the Phytoptidae, Sierraphytoptinae and raised a hypothesis on its synonymy.
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Iman Santoso, Teguh, Muhammad Miftahudin, Yohana C Sulistyaningsih, and Suryo Wiyono. "Analysis of Secondary Metabolites as Potential Phytoalexins, Their Secretion Sites and Proposed Resistance Markers to Vascular Streak Dieback in Theobroma cacao L." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 33, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v33i1.250.

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Study on resistance mechanism to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is limited due to the lack of fungal spores for artificial inoculation. This research was conducted to study the production of secondary metabolites that appear to be evidence of defense signaling in resistant clone of Sca 6 and susceptible clone of TSH 858 to Ceratobasidium theobromae natural infection. A fungal staining method was employed to detect C. theobromae hyphae at early infection stages, before VSD symptoms appear. Metabolite profiling was analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) at pre-, early and late stages of C. theobromae infection. Histochemical and anatomical characteristics of both healthy and infected leaves were also observed to identify the accumulation sites of secondary metabolites on and in cocoa leaf tissues. The results confirmed that fungal staining using trypan blue can detect early stages of C. theobromae infection; at the 14th week (on susceptible seedlings) and the 18th week (on resistant clones), following placement of the seedlings under infected cacao plants. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis, environmental information processing signal transduction pathways, and aromatic biodegradation were detected as important metabolite pathways during defense mechanism. I-limonene (terpenoid), p-ethylguaiacol (phenols) and 2.3 dihidrobenzofuran (heterocyclic compounds) were proposed as an active defense produced by the host after infected by pathogen mainly on late infection of C. theobromae. Terpenoid and phenol compounds were accumulated on the glandular trichomes, idioblast of upper and bottom epidermis, phloem vessel and cortex idioblast of cacao leaves. Epidermis thickness of resistant clone was significantly greater than that of susceptible clone on both surfaces. Leaf epidermis tissue and the accumulated compounds in epidermis idioblast may act as the physical and biochemical markers of cocoa resistance to VSD.
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López Báez, Orlando, and Mario Noel Ballinas Gómez. "Materiales de cacao de interés farmacológico (Theobroma cacao L.)." Revista Espacio I+D Innovación más Desarrollo 5, no. 11 (June 23, 2016): 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31644/imasd.11.2016.a05.

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Xing, Qikai, Yang Cao, Junbo Peng, Wei Zhang, Jiahong Wu, Yueyan Zhou, Xinghong Li, and Jiye Yan. "A Putative Effector LtCSEP1 from Lasiodiplodia theobromae Inhibits BAX-Triggered Cell Death and Suppresses Immunity Responses in Nicotiana benthamiana." Plants 11, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111462.

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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a causal agent of grapevine trunk disease, and it poses a significant threat to the grape industry worldwide. Fungal effectors play an essential role in the interaction between plants and pathogens. However, few studies have been conducted to understand the functions of individual effectors in L. theobromae. In this study, we identified and characterized a candidate secreted effector protein, LtCSEP1, in L. theobromae. Gene expression analysis suggested that transcription of LtCSEP1 in L. theobromae was induced at the early infection stages in the grapevine. Yeast secretion assay revealed that LtCSEP1 contains a functional signal peptide. Transient expression of LtCSEP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppresses BAX-trigged cell death and significantly inhibits the flg22-induced PTI-associated gene expression. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of LtCSEP1 in N. benthamiana enhanced disease susceptibility to L. theobromae by downregulating the defense-related genes. These results demonstrated that LtCSEP1 is a potential effector of L. theobromae, which contributes to suppressing the plant’s defenses.
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Al-Sadi, A. M., A. N. Al-Wehaibi, R. M. Al-Shariqi, M. S. Al-Hammadi, I. A. Al-Hosni, I. H. Al-Mahmooli, and A. G. Al-Ghaithi. "Population Genetic Analysis Reveals Diversity in Lasiodiplodia Species Infecting Date Palm, Citrus, and Mango in Oman and the UAE." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0245-re.

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Lasiodiplodia is a common pathogen causing dieback, gummosis, or root necrosis on the three most important fruit crops in Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE): date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Citrus spp., and mango (Mangifera indica). A study was conducted to examine diversity in 64 Lasiodiplodia isolates infecting date palm (24), Citrus (11), and mango (29) in Oman and the UAE. Identification based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and EF1α gene showed that date palm isolates belonged to L. hormozganensis (75% of isolates) and L. theobromae (25%); Citrus isolates belonged to L. hormozganensis (45%), L. theobromae (45%), and L. iraniensis (10%); and mango isolates belonged to L. theobromae (59%), L. iraniensis (34%), and L. hormozganensis (7%). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting of the 64 isolates using four primer pair combinations produced 64 genotypes and 972 polymorphic alleles. Cluster analysis separated the isolates into four clusters representing the three species. A higher level of genetic diversity was observed in L. iraniensis (0.3105) compared to L. hormozganensis (0.2503) and L. theobromae (0.2331) in Oman. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated the existence of low levels of genetic differentiation among date palm populations of L. hormozganensis obtained from Oman and the UAE (FST = 0.025) and among populations of L. hormozganensis (0.0485) and L. theobromae (0.0703) from date palm, Citrus, and mango. These findings imply a high rate of movement of L. hormozganensis and L. theobromae isolates among date palm, Citrus, and mango and between the two countries. Findings from the pathogenicity test supported the AMOVA analysis and suggested a lack of host specialization in L. hormozganensis, L. iraniensis, and L. theobromae on date palm, acid lime, and mango. Although this is the first record of L. hormozganensis and L. iraniensis in Oman, the relatively moderate level of genetic diversity in the two species compared to L. theobromae suggests that the two species have been in Oman for a long time but misidentified by morphology and ITS rDNA sequences as L. theobromae. This study is also the first record of date palm and acid lime as natural hosts for L. hormozganensis and the first record of L. hormozganensis in the UAE. The diversity in Lasiodiplodia species affecting date palm, Citrus, and mango in Oman and the UAE should be taken into consideration when planning future management programs for diseases caused by these pathogens.
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Ali, Shahin S., Asman Asman, Jonathan Shao, Johnny F. Balidion, Mary D. Strem, Alina S. Puig, Lyndel W. Meinhardt, and Bryan A. Bailey. "Genome and transcriptome analysis of the latent pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae, an emerging threat to the cacao industry." Genome 63, no. 1 (January 2020): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2019-0112.

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Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., a member of the family Botryosphaeriaceae, is becoming a significant threat to crops and woody plants in many parts of the world, including the major cacao growing areas. While attempting to isolate Ceratobasidium theobromae, a causal agent of vascular streak dieback (VSD), from symptomatic cacao stems, 74% of isolated fungi were Lasiodiplodia spp. Sequence-based identification of 52 putative isolates of L. theobromae indicated that diverse species of Lasiodiplodia were associated with cacao in the studied areas, and the isolates showed variation in aggressiveness when assayed using cacao leaf discs. The present study reports a 43.75 Mb de novo assembled genome of an isolate of L. theobromae from cacao. Ab initio gene prediction generated 13 061 protein-coding genes, of which 2862 are unique to L. theobromae, when compared with other closely related Botryosphaeriaceae. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 11 860 predicted genes were transcriptionally active and 1255 were more highly expressed in planta compared with cultured mycelia. The predicted genes differentially expressed during infection were mainly those involved in carbohydrate, pectin, and lignin catabolism, cytochrome P450, necrosis-inducing proteins, and putative effectors. These findings significantly expand our knowledge of the genome of L. theobromae and the genes involved in virulence and pathogenicity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "L. theobromea"

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Nelson, T. J. "In vitro culture of Theobroma cacao L." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376391.

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Martini, Maria Helena. "Caracterização das sementes de seis especies de theobroma em relação ao theobroma cacao L." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256114.

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Orientador : Debora de Queiroz Tavares
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Nos estudos sobre as reservas do mesofilo cotiledonar do gênero Theobroma destacam-se os trabalhos sobre sementes de T. cacao, fonte única da matéria prima do chocolate. Estas pesquisas preferenciam as mudanças ocorridas na estrutura celular durante a fermentação, secagem, torração; etapas do processo de produção do chocolate. Mais recentes são os trabalhos com sementes de T. grandiflorum utilizadas na elaboração do cupulate, produto com características semelhantes ao chocolate. O presente trabalho analisa as células de reserva lípide-proteicas e idioblastos de polifenóis de T. cacao, T. grandiflorum, T. subincanum, T. bicolor e T. speciosum. Em T. obovatum e T. microcarpum o estudo apresentou apenas as células polifenólicas. A distribuição dos glóbulos lipídicos nas células são análogas nestas espécies, isto é, localização periférica e extrema susceptibilidade ao calor, coalescendo sob condições térmicas acima de 30°C. A proteína de reserva apresenta-se entremeada com os glóbulos lipídicos e alguns grãos de amido. As células polifenólicas, em T. bicolor e T. speciosum, localizam-se na região do feixe vascular e parênquima da radícula e nas outras espécies estudadas estão dispersas pelo mesofilo e próximas ao feixe vascular. A mucilagem é uma secreção celular constante em cinco espécies estudadas, não se acumulando dentro das células, porém com raras exceções ocorrem células com mucilagem na epiderme do mesofilo (T. subincanum). T. speciosum caracteriza-se por efetivamente apresentar células de mucilagem. Estas células são abundantes no mesofilo e cerca de 10% alcançam grandes dimensões sem rompimento do tecido. As células polifenólicas apresentam características histoquímicas semelhantes a mucilagem, porém sua estreita relação com os feixes vasculares direciona seu desenvolvimento para a síntese de polifenóis. O tecido do mesofilo cotiledonar é semelhante em todas as espécies aqui estudadas devido a predominância de reserva lípide-proteica. Células imaturas de sementes verdes demonstram capacidade para sintetizar todas as reservas; na maturidade celular demonstram predominância de reservas lípide-proteicas ou de mucilagem ou de polifenóis. A distribuição das reservas no mesofilo aproximam T. grandiflorum à T. subincanum. A maior quantidade de proteínas está em T. bicolor. Esta espécie apresenta menor quantidade de lipídeos e de células polifenólicas
Abstract: Many investigations on the cellular reserves within the cotyledon mesophyll of the Theobroma have been carried out on Theobroma cacao seeds, the source of raw for the production of chocolate. These studies demonstrated structural cellular changes due to fermentation, drying, and roasting processes during chocolate production. Recently the seeds of the T. grandiflorum have been analyzed due to their importance in the production of ¿cupulate¿, a new product similar to chocolate. In the present work, we analyze the lipid-protein reserve cells and polyphenolic idioblasts derived from T. cacao, T. grandiflorum, T. subincanum, T. bicolor, T. speciosum and T. obovatum. Only phenolic cells were studied in T.obovatum and T. microcarpum.The distribution of lipid bodies was similar in all the species studied; that is, they were located at the periphery of the cell wall and demonstrated extremely susceptibly to heat, coalescing at temperatures above 30°C. The reserve protein was interspersed with lipid bodies and some starch granules. The polyphenolic cells were dispersed throughout the mesophyll and around the vascular bundles in all the species studied. In T. bicolor and T. speciosum the polyphenolic cells were only observed around the vascular bundle and radicle parenchyma. Mucilage is a cellular secretion in the five species studied. Mucilage does not accumulate intracellularly; however, rarely we did observe mucilage in the cells of the mesophyll epidermis of T. subincanum. In T. speciosum, mucilage cells were abundant in the mesophyll and about 10% reached large dimensions without tissue disruption. The polyphenolic cells presented characteristic mucilage histochemistry, however their strict association with vascular bundles should direct their development towards polyphenol synthesis. Cotyledon mesophyll tissue is similar in all the species studied with respect to lipid-protein reserve. Immature cells demonstrated the capacity to synthesize all the reserves, but this capacity is not retained in the mature cell. The distribution of reserves in the mesophyll are most similar in T. grandiflorum and T. subincanum. T. bicolor showed a high protein content, lower lipid levels and low levels of polyphenolic cells
Doutorado
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição
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Perry, Matthew D. "Improvements in the biotechnology of Theobroma cacao L." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324052.

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Edward, Rebicca. "Virus elimination in cocoa (Theobroma cacoa L.) through somatic embryogenesis." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553171.

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Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is a major pathogen that has seriously constrained cocoa production in West Africa, particularly Ghana and Nigeria. To date, cordon sanitaire control measures in Ghana have failed to prevent the spread of the condition caused by the virus, Cacao swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD). The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of cocoa somatic embryogenesis to produce virus-free clonal propagation material both for replanting and to facilitate the safe international exchange of germplasm. CSSVD detection in the field is hampered by the sometimes slow appearance of visual symptoms and their complete absence in mild strains. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based screening, a sensitive tool for microbial pathogen identification, is employed in this study because of its capacity for CSSV detection prior to the appearance of visual symptoms. Degenerate PCR primers were developed in order to improve the CSSV-strain dependence of earlier tests. Accordingly it was found that these primers (comprising a mixture of 48 variable redundant nucleotide bases) were capable of detecting 37 out of a putative 56 CSSV strains maintained at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, four more than the sequence specific primers. For tissue culture studies, cocoa staminodes cultures were established from flowers of CSSV-infected cocoa genotypes CL 19/10 strain 1A and Amelonado Plant 2 to produce callus, primary and secondary somatic embryos, with genotype AMAZ 15 from the Intermediate Cocoa Quarantine Facility used as a virus-free control. In terms of primary somatic embryo production tested across five cocoa genotypes the Nestle protocol proved to be more efficient than the Penn State protocol, although the distinction was less clear with virus-infected donor trees. PCR- based CSSV detection proved that virus could be detected at callus, primary somatic embryos and secondary somatic embryo stages, although the frequency of CSSV was reduced, indicating that the progress of the virus was progressively impeded. Assessment on the presence of plasmodesmata within CSSV-infected cocoa tissues by using transmission electron microscopy was hampered with the presence of artefacts in all sections mounted on Formvar films. Plasmodesmata were not detected may be indicative of a low frequency of plasmodesmata and may also be due to the techniques and methods used. Trials were conducted to assess Nicotiana benthamiana plantlets as alternate CSSV indicators and while they did receive viral DNA this was at too Iowa frequency to make them a viable option for glasshouse- based viral screening. The overall findings of this work do, however, support the use of somatic embryogenesis as a means of improving CSSV-free clonal propagation of cocoa.
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Charters, Yvonne Marie. "Molecular tools for the management of Theobroma cacao L. germplasm." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395177.

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Bahmann, Claudia [Verfasser], and Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Lieberei. "Biotechnologie von Theobroma cacao L. / Claudia Bahmann. Betreuer: Reinhard Lieberei." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049784502/34.

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Costa, Heron Salazar. "Rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de mudas de Theobroma cacao L." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2007. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3098.

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The agricultural production is influenced by a series of factors, such as microbial activity, devaluing the quality of products or causing losses. However, microorganisms can be use in agricultural production. An example of significant contribution is given by the use of fixative bacteria of nitrogen in soy and sugar-cane, but other bacteria can also contribute to the increase of vegetable production, as by example, the Plant-Growth-Promoting-Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the commercial commercial production of seedlings. Although the mechanisms of action of the PGPR still are going to be better cleared, already is consensus that the production of regulating of the growth vegetable, as Indol Acetic Acid (IAA), and the inhibition of the action of patógenos, be for competition or by straight antagonism due to secretion of antibiotics, are two examples of possible mechanisms involved in the promotion of the growth vegetable. The nutrition of the plants is another example of possible mechanism of advantage. The most classic example of that is the solubilization of mineral phosphates. Considering the fact then, in 2002, the federal government demonstrated interest in promoting the recuperation of the cacao tilling stimulating the adoption of resistant variety to the witch´s broon (Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer), was prepared a project with objective to isolate PGPR be having potential for application in the process of commercial production of seedlings of cocoa tree. The justification at the time, was it of that the results might favor the development of process of production, of seedlings of cocoa tree with quality in less time in nursery, reducing so the costs of production. The screening tests were executed using seedlings of cocoa tree like plants traps for capture of PGPR. The seedlings of cocoa tree were cultivated in substrates formed from samples of soils collected in five sites representing three different ecosystems with historical of cocoa cultivation. A total of two hundred an ninety four (294) isolated was obtained from capture tests, of which eighteen (18) ones were identified as producers of quitinases, four (4) as producer of phosphatases, and five (5) as producers of AIA. Eleven (11) isolated were used in two tests to checking their effects on seedlings of cocoa tree. However, none presented effects of promotions of growth statistically add to ten per cent (10%) was observed when compared to seedlings cultivated without inoculation. Though, isolated with pointed characteristics related whit capacity of promotion of growth have also been tested, significant results were not obtained to indicated a potential of commercial use. However, is possible to conclude that the use of PGPR in the process of commercial production of seedlings of cocoa may be viable, but identification of isolated with this potential depends on more detailed works.
A produção agrícola sofre influência de uma série de fatores, entre os quais a atividade microbiana, muitas vezes depreciando a qualidade dos produtos ou causando perdas. No entanto, microrganismos podem ser usados em proveito da agricultura. Um exemplo de contribuição é o uso de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio no cultivo de soja e cana-de-açúcar. Outras bactérias também podem ter uso agrícola, como por exemplo, as Rizobactérias Promotoras do Crescimento de Plantas (RPCP) na produção comercial de mudas. Embora os mecanismos de ação das RPCP ainda precisam de mais esclarecimentos, já é consenso que a produção de reguladores do crescimento vegetal, como AIA (ácido Indol acético), e a inibição da ação de patógenos, seja por competição ou por antagonismo direto devido a secreção de antibióticos, são dois exemplos de possíveis mecanismos envolvidos no processo de promoção do crescimento vegetal. Outro exemplo de mecanismo possivelmente envolvido é o favorecimento da nutrição mineral das plantas. O exemplo mais clássico disso é a solubilização de fosfatos. Considerando o fato de que, em meados de 2002, o governo federal buscava promover a recuperação da lavoura cacaueira, incentivando a adoção de variedades resistentes à vassoura-de-bruxa (Crinipellis perniciosa (Stahel) Singer), foi elaborado um projeto pesquisa experimental com o objetivo específico de isolar e caracterizar bactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas com potencial de uso no processo de produção comercial de mudas de cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.). Como justificativa, foi argumentado que os resultados poderiam favorecer o desenvolvimento de processos de produção de mudas de cacaueiro com qualidade em menor tempo de viveiro, diminuindo assim os custos de produção. Assim sendo, foram executados ensaios usando-se mudas de cacaueiro como plantas armadilhas para isolamento de rizobactérias. Mudas de cacaueiro foram cultivadas em substratos formados a partir de amostras de solos coletadas em cinco localidades representando três diferentes ecossistemas com históricos de cultivo de cacau. Com os ensaios de isolamento foram obtidos duzentos e noventa e quatro (294) isolados, dos quais foram identificados dezoito (18) produtores de quitinases, quatro (04) solubilizadores de fosfatos e cinco (05) produtores de AIA. Onze (11) isolados foram usados em dois testes para verificação dos efeitos em mudas de cacaueiro, no entanto, nenhum deles apresentou efeitos de promoção de crescimento estatisticamente superior a dez por cento (10%) em relação às mudas cultivadas sem inoculação. Tanto os isolados identificados como produtores de quitinases quanto os produtores de AIA que foram usados nos testes com planta não apresentaram resultados significativos a ponto de indicarem um potencial de uso comercial. Contudo, concluiu-se que o uso de rizobactérias no processo de produção comercial de mudas de cacaueiro ainda pode ser viável, mas a identificação de isolados com esse potencial depende de um trabalho mais detalhado.
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CLAEYS, CROUZILLAT FLORENCE. "Contribution à la transformation génétique du cacaoyer Theobroma cacao L." Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN10127.

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Theobroma cacao l. Est une espece ligneuse tres sensible aux contraintes phytosanitaires. La transformation genetique du cacaoyer permettrait de lui conferer rapidement des nouveaux caracteres, par exemple, de resistance a des pathogenes ou de qualite. Des essais de transformation genetique par agrobacterium tumefaciens ont ete tentes sur des embryons somatiques blesses et des cals embryogenes. Le protocole de transformation a ete etudie par etapes successives en se basant sur l'expression transitoire du gene uida puis, en associant les conditions les plus efficaces pour chacune des etapes prealablement etudiees. Un protocole de transformation genetique a pu etre ainsi propose et un pourcentage eleve d'embryons exprimant le gene uida de facon transitoire a ete observe. Une methode de decontamination originale a ete mise au point en associant l'immersion temporaire dans des unites de filtration sartorius a l'utilisation d'antibiotiques. Un agent selectif a egalement ete recherche afin de selectionner les eventuelles cellules transgeniques. Le protocole, ainsi defini n'a pas abouti a la regeneration de tissus transformes de facon stable. Par contre, l'association originale d'un protocole de cryocotraitement et de transformation genetique a permis l'obtention de cals resistants a la kanamycine et exprimants le gene uida de facon stable. La regeneration de ces cals est en cours d'etude.
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Santos, Seidel Ferreira dos. "Estrutura e histoquímica de sementes do gênero Theobroma L. (STERCULIACAE)." Florianópolis, SC, 2003. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/84731.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais.
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O gênero Theobroma é bastante conhecido devido a espécie Theobroma cacao L., utilizada mundialmente na fabricação de chocolate. As espécies silvestres deste gênero são importantes por representarem um banco de genes que poderá vir a ser usado no melhoramento genético das espécies mais importantes economicamente, como o cacau (T. cacao) e o cupuaçu (T. grandiflorum). Diante da importância deste gênero para a região amazônica neste trabalho foram estudadas a anatomia e histoquímica de 4 das 22 espécies do gênero (T. grandiflorum, T. obovatum, T. speciosum e T. subincanum) e de 3 de seus híbridos (T. grandiflorum x T. obovatum, T. grandiflorum x T. subincanum e T. subincanum x T. obovatum) desta forma contribuindo para o melhor conhecimento de espécies tropicais. Foram utilizadas técnicas usuais em anatomia e histoquímica para a identificação das principais estruturas e substâncias de reservas. Anatomicamente, podemos destacar os sacos
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Scerne, Ruth Maria Cordeiro. "Estudo agroclimático do cacaueira (Theobroma cacao L.), em Belém, PA." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 1988. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/11490.

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Este trabalho baseou-se em dados fenológicos do cacaueiro, obtidos em pesquisa conduzida no Campo Experimental da CEPLAC, em Belém, PA (1º28' 3; 48°27' 0; 12,8 m de altitude), durante o periodo de l974/l983, com o objetivo de estudar as relações entre os eventos fenolõgicos do cacaueiro e as variáveis agroclimáticas. Observações mensais de lançamento de folhas novas, que da de folhas, floração, incidência de pesos e produção de frutos maduros foram analisados em função das variáveis agro- climáticas mensais de temperatura do ar, umidade relativa,duração do brilho solar, precipitação pluvial, evapotranspiração potencial, deficiência hídrica e excesso hídrico no solo. A queda mensal de folhas apresentou-se positivamente correlacionada com a temperatura média do ar (r = 0,8444) e negativamente correlacionada com a precipitação pluvial (r -0,6945). A floração do cacaueiro apresentou-se significativa- mente associada com a precipitação pluvial defasada de dois meses, com coeficiente de correlação de -0,9390. A incidência média mensal de pesos apresentou maior associação com a amplitude térmica (r = 0,6354) e o excedente hídrico (r = -0,5243). A produção média mensal de frutos maduros por cacaueiro apresentou mais forte associação com o excedente hídrico (r = 0,8347) e precipitação pluvial (r = 0,8274), ambos defasados de oito meses.
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Books on the topic "L. theobromea"

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García, Celso. Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). [Palmira]: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Palmira, 1997.

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Pengusaha Kecil dan Menengah. Deputi Bidang Produksi Indonesia. Departemen Koperasi. Budidaya dan pengolahan kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.): Konsepsi pemberdayaan koperasi dan UKM. [Jakarta]: Deputi Bidang Produksi, Kementerian Negara Koperasi dan UKM, 2009.

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Teneda Llerena, William Fabián. Mejoramiento del Proceso de Fermentación del Cacao. (Theobroma cacao L.) Variedad Nacional y Variedad CCN51. Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.56451/10334/3743.

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Premio de Estudios Iberoamericanos. Área Científico-Técnica, X edición (2016). En esta investigación se describe el proceso de fermentación del cacao (Theobroma cacao l) de las variedades nacional y CCN51 utilizando dos tipos de fermentadores el tipo convencional tipo horizontal y el rotatorio [mejoramiento tecnológico], para obtener mayores niveles de calidad, mediante la cuantificación del índice de fermentación, contenido de polifenoles, flavonoides y taninos en almendras de cacao y la cuantificación del contenido de invertasa y proteasas en las almendras. Los factores en estudio influyeron positivamente sobre la calidad del cacao, los cambios físicos y químicos se inician desde el comienzo de la fermentación con tendencias definidas para cada una de las variables analizadas, se comparó los valores de pH, acidez, % humedad y grasa.
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Jaimes Suárez, Yeirme Yaneth, Genaro Andrés Agudelo Castañeda, Eliana Yadira Báez Daza, Gersaín Antonio Rengifo Estrada, and Jairo Rojas Molina. Modelo productivo para el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el departamento de Santander. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.model.7404647.

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El modelo productivo que se ofrece en el presente documento resulta importante dado el panorama descrito hasta aquí. El documento muestra la actualidad del sector cacaotero en Santander y brinda información sobre la oferta tecnológica que AGROSAVIA y otros actores han desarrollado para el departamento. El fin de esta oferta tecnológica es resolver las brechas tecnológicas y dar apoyo a los servicios de capacitación y asistencia técnica de las entidades que atienden a los productores, en aspectos sensibles de la productividad como obtención de material vegetal de calidad, manejo de enfermedades y plagas, establecimiento de plantaciones, procesos de beneficios y transformación del producto
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Jaimes Suárez, Yeirme Yaneth, Genaro Andrés Agudelo Castañeda, Eliana Yadira Báez Daza, Felipe Montealegre Bustos, Roberto Antonio Coronado Silva, Gersaín Antonio Rengifo Estrada, and Jairo Rojas Molina. Modelo productivo para el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el departamento de Boyacá. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.model.7405590.

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El departamento de Boyacá está surgiendo como productor de cacao a nivel de Colombia. Sin embargo, este sistema productivo tiene una baja productividad, la cual está determinada por una pobre adopción de tecnologías, así como por malas prácticas de manejo de las plantaciones que, en su gran mayoría, se establecieron a través de programas de fomento, especialmente en la provincia de Occidente. Entre los puntos críticos para mejorar están los materiales de cacao de baja productividad, las podas inadecuadas del árbol de cacao, la escaza fertilización del cultivo como actividad para aumentar los rendimientos, el desconocimiento del manejo de plagas y enfermedades limitantes (moniliasis y barrenador del fruto, entre otros), y el mal manejo del beneficio del cacao que es muy importante para un departamento que le apunta a comercializar cacao de calidad. Cabe señalar que hay productores destacados, que, de emprendimientos individuales, tienen mejores rendimientos y grano de calidad que ha llevado a que el cacao originario de Boyacá sobresalga. En este modelo productivo para el cultivo de cacao del departamento de Boyacá se presentan las principales ofertas tecnológicas, que al ser aplicadas de manera juiciosa permiten el mejoramiento de productividad del cacao y la calidad de vida de sus cacaocultores.
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Buenas prácticas agrícolas en el cultivo, beneficio y comercialización del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) (3. edición). Compania Nacional de Chocolates, 2019.

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Jaimes, Yeirme, and Fabio Aranzazu. Manejo de las enfermedades del cacao (Theobroma cacao L) en Colombia, con énfasis en monilia (Moniliophthora roreri). Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria - Corpoica, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/978-958-740-034-2.

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Jaimes Suárez, Yeirme Yaneth, Genaro Andrés Agudelo Castañeda, Eliana Yadira Báez Daza, Felipe Montealegre Bustos, Gersaín Antonio Rengifo Estrada, and Jairo Rojas Molina. Modelo productivo para el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en el departamento de Santander (2a edición). Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.model.7405538.

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Santander es el primer productor de cacao en Colombia y con un rendimiento promedio de 600 kg/ha de cacao seco, superior a otros departamentos. Sin embargo, esos indicadores de productividad no le garantizan una rentabilidad, ni la sostenibilidad que permita que la producción de cacao sea aspiracional para todos los jóvenes rurales que emigran a la ciudad en búsqueda de alternativas productivas, ya que no hay una mejora en su calidad de vida. Estamos seguros de que productores juiciosos, dedicados y que aplican la tecnología disponible para el sector cacaotero tienen rendimientos superiores a los 1.500 kg/ha de cacao seco que hacen rentable el sistema productivo. Todo se hace utilizando las técnicas y los conocimientos adecuados que han aprendido a través de la experiencia y de las capacitaciones con las diferentes instituciones del sector, como Fedecacao y agrosavia. Por ello, este modelo productivo les ofrece la oferta tecnológica disponible que se requiere para generar un cambio en el manejo de las plantaciones y dar respuesta a los desafíos que afronta la cacaocultura a nivel mundial. En los once capítulos de este documento podrá encontrar información útil para el manejo de cacaos finos de sabor y aroma bajo sistema agroforestal (SAF).
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Edna Dora Martins Newman Luz. The roles of five species of Phytophthora in infection and disease of roots, stems, and pods of Theobroma cacao L. 1989.

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Carabalí Muñoz, Arturo, Camilo Ernesto Senejoa Lizcano, and Millerlandy Montes Prado. Reconocimiento, daño y opciones de manejo de Carmenta foraseminis Eichlin (Lepidóptera: Sesiidae), perforador del fruto y semilla de cacao Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae). Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.manual.7402599.

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Book chapters on the topic "L. theobromea"

1

Pence, V. C. "Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)." In Trees II, 203–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61535-1_11.

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Paniagua-Zambrana, Narel Y., Rainer W. Bussmann, and Carolina Romero. "Theobroma cacao L. Malvaceae." In Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77093-2_282-1.

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Paniagua-Zambrana, Narel Y., Rainer W. Bussmann, and Carolina Romero. "Theobroma cacao L. Malvaceae." In Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, 1795–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28933-1_282.

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Nair, Kodoth Prabhakaran. "Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." In Tree Crops, 153–213. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62140-7_5.

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Bekele, Frances, and Wilbert Phillips-Mora. "Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Breeding." In Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Industrial and Food Crops, 409–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23265-8_12.

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Guillou, Caroline, and Dorothée Verdier. "Theobroma cacao: Somatic Embryogenesis." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 69–81. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2485-2_6.

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AbstractA two-step process combining direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis, on solid and liquid medium, respectively is described for Theobroma cacao L. Staminodes and petals from unopened bud flowers are used to induce primary direct embryos. Then, these primary embryos are cut to produce embryogenic calli which will develop secondary embryos. This step of indirect SE allows us to produce large quantities of embryos and to do mass propagation using liquid culture medium. Despite a very strong clone dependency and high batch-to-batch variability, about 80% of T. cacao cultivars respond to somatic embryogenesis and can be propagated by this method.
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Garcia, Claudia, Jean-Philippe Marelli, Juan Carlos Motamayor, and Cristiano Villela. "Somatic Embryogenesis in Theobroma cacao L." In Plant Cell Culture Protocols, 227–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8594-4_15.

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Esan, E. B. "Micropropagation of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, 96–122. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76422-6_5.

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Figueira, Antonio, and Jules Janick. "Somatic embryogenesis in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)." In Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, 291–310. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0491-3_16.

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Rojas, Rosario, Billy Cabanillas, Rosario Portales, and Ruiz Candy. "Bioactive Compounds in Native Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." In Native Crops in Latin America, 91–114. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003087618-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "L. theobromea"

1

Ernawati, Ana, Rahmat Ali Syaban, and Teguh Iman Santoso. "Respon Lama Penyimpanan dan Jenis Klon Terhadap Persentase Hidup Bibit Kakao Sambung Pucuk Cabutan (Theobroma cacao L.)." In Seminar, Expo dan Diskusi (SEEDs) Perbenihan Nasional 2017. Jember: AGROPROSS, National Conference Proceedings of Agriculture, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/agropross.2017.18.

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Penelitian Respon Lama Penyimpanan Dan Jenis Klon Terhadap Persentase Hidup Bibit Kakao Sambung Pucuk Cabutan (Theobroma cacao L.) Di Lakukan sebagai upaya mendapatkan teknologi alternatif untuk pengiriman bibit kakao yang lebih murah dibandingkan pengiriman bibit bermedia dalam polibeg. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan RAL (Rancangan Acak Lengkap) faktorial dengan 2 faktor terdiri dari 3 taraf dan 4 taraf yang diulang 3 kali. Faktor pertama perbandingan beberapa Klon (K) K1 = Klon Sulawesi 1, K2 = Klon KEE 2, K3 = TAB (Tanaman Asal Biji) dan Faktor kedua adalah Lama Simpan Bibit Kakao (L) L0 = 0 hari, L1 = 3 hari, L2 = 6 hari dan L3 = 9 hari. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) tataf 5% atau 1%. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan lama penyimpanan dan jenis klon terhadap persentase hidup bibit kakao sambung pucuk cabutan (Theobroma cacao L.) terbaik terdapat pada tanaman asal biji dengan lama simpan 0 hari (K3L0), dan nilai terendah terdapat pada klon sulawesi dengan lama simpan 9 hari (K1L3). Persentase hidup bibit kakao cabutan setelah satu bulan ditanam dipembibitan dan direcovery terbaik pada klon KEE dengan lama simpan 0, 3 dan 6 hari, berturut - turut sebesar 79,17 %, 75 % dan 79,17 %.
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Ningsih, Anita Widhia, Titien Fatimah, and Abdurrahman Salim. "Uji Vigor Benih Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Pada Berbagai Lama Penyimpanan." In Seminar Nasional Semanis Tani Polije 2021. Politeknik Negeri Jember, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/agropross.2021.226.

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Biji kakao merupakan biji rekalsitran atau biji yang tidak dapat disimpan pada suhu rendah. Apabila disimpan pada suhu rendah dapat mengalami kemunduran viabilitasnya. Penyimpanan biji kakao dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bahan tanam. Untuk mengetahui kemampuan daya simpan benih kakao dilakukan dengan menguji vigor benih benih setelah disimpan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2020 sampai dengan Oktober 2020 yang bertempat di Laboratorium Teknologi Produksi Benih Politeknik Negeri Jember. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial yang terdiri atas 2 perlakuan dengan 4 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah Klon yaitu K1 = Klon ICCRI 03 : K2 = Klon MCC 01 , dan faktor kedua adalah Lama Penyimpanan (P) dengan 4 taraf yaitu P0 = Benih langsung ditanam (Kontrol) : P1 = Benih disimpan 5 hari : P2 = Benih disimpan 10 hari : P3 = Benih disimpan 15 hari. Parameter yang diamati adalah : jumlah benih yang tidak rusak dan tidak berjamur, kecepatan berkecambah, daya berkecambah, berat basah kecambah, berat kering kecambah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan klon memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata terhadap jumlah benih yang tidak rusak dan tidak berjamur saat penyimpanan, berat basah kecambah, serta berat kering kecambah. Perlakuan lama penyimpanan memiliki pengaruh berbeda sangat nyata terhadap jumlah benih yang tidak rusak dan tidak berjamur saat penyimpanan , kecepatan berkecambah, serta berat basah kecambah. Serta interaksi antara klon kakao dan lama penyimpanan memiliki pengaruh berbeda sangat nyata terhadap jumlah benih yang tidak rusak dan tidak berjamur saat penyimpanan.
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Mujaffar, Saheeda, Aveena Ramroop, and Darin Sukha. "Thin layer drying behaviour of fermented cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7328.

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To assess the impact of a rest interval and bean turning on the thin-layer drying behavior of fermented cocoa beans, beans of mixed Trinitario varieties were dried in a cabinet oven at three temperatures (40, 50, 60°C) using three drying regimes, namely; continuous drying, intermittent drying (drying for 8h with a rest period of 16h), and intermittent drying with turning of beans. Moisture content, water activity, pH and colour attributes were measured and sensory evaluation of the cocoa liquor carried out on selected samples. Drying curves were constructed and drying rate constants (k) and effective diffusivity (Deff) values determined. Keywords: Oven-drying; Fick’s Law; Rate constant; Diffusion coefficient
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Sudjud, Suratman, Shubzan Andi Mahmud, and Chykita Anggraeni Djafar. "Exploration of Morphological Diversity of Cacao Plant (Theobroma cacao L.) in Bacan Island." In 5th International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANRes 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.200325.018.

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Debtisari, Hanun Elfridah, Dyah Nuning Erawati, and FNU Sugiyarto. "Pengaruh Cara Penyimpanan Terhadap Viabilitas Benih Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Klon Sulawesi 01." In Implementasi IPTEK dalam Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Nasional. Jember: AGROPROSS, National Conference Proceedings of Agriculture, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/agropross.2018.64.

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Sriharti, Sriharti, and Savitri Dyah. "Utilization of cacao waste (Theobroma cacao L) for composting by using various activator materials." In SolarPACES 2017: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5064337.

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Mahardika, Ida, Anak Agung Risa Andriani, and Luh Mudra. "Characterization of Blendok Disease (Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.) on Pummelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) in Bali." In Proceedings of the 3nd Warmadewa Research and Development Seminar, WARDS 2020, 21 December 2020, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-12-2020.2305827.

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Suwastika, I. Nengah, Nurul Aisyah Pakawaru, Rifka, Rahmansyah, Muslimin, Yoko Ishizaki, André Freire Cruz, Zainuddin Basri, and Takashi Shiina. "Diversity of chloroplast genome among local clones of cocoa (Theobroma cacao, L.) from Central Sulawesi." In THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, AND COMPUTER SCIENCE (ICMSC) 2016: Sustainability and Eco Green Innovation in Tropical Studies for Global Future. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4975941.

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Teneda-Llerena, William Fabián, Alvaro José Teneda-Espín, and Josemanuel Luna-Nemecio. "Consumption of polyphenols and flavonoids in the fermentation of cocoa (theobroma cacao L.) in Ecuador." In 1er Congreso Universal de las Ciencias y la Investigación Medwave 2022;. Medwave Estudios Limitada, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2022.s2.uta112.

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Rosdiana, Eva, Ahadiyat Yugi R, and Sepdian Luri Asmono. "Karakter Fisiologis Benih Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Pada Beberapa Kondisi Suhu dan Media Simpan Yang Berbeda." In Seminar Nasional Semanis Tani Polije 2020. Politeknik Negeri Jember, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/agropross.2020.47.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui suhu simpan yang sesuai terhadap karakter fisiologis benih kakao, media simpan yang sesuai terhadap karakter fisiologis benih kakao, dan suhu simpan yang sesuai pada media simpan yang digunakan terhadap karakter fisiologis benih kakao. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama tiga bulan dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam model uji multilokasi dengan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak terdiri atas 2 faktor, suhu penyimpanan terdiri atas tiga: suhu kamar (25-270C), suhu AC (18-200C), suhu refrigerator (13-150C), dan media simpan terdiri atas: serbuk gergaji, serbuk sabut kelapa dan abu tempurung kelapa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, penyimpanan pada suhu kamar menggunakan media simpan serbuk gergaji menghasilkan kadar air terendah, DHL terendah dan Laju respirasi tertinggi.
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