Relevant bibliographies by topics / L-SHAPE

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'L-SHAPE'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "L-SHAPE"

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Gao, Lin, GuoXin Zhang, and YuKun Lai. "L p shape deformation." Science China Information Sciences 55, no. 5 (March 16, 2012): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11432-012-4574-y.

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Priyanka, S., Diego Oliva, Kethepalli Mallikarjuna, and M. S. Sudhakar. "l-shaped geometry-based pattern descriptor serving shape retrieval." Expert Systems with Applications 213 (March 2023): 119260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.119260.

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Bender-Heine, Adam, Michelle Russell, Allen Rickards, J. Holmes, Mark Armeni, H. Lambert, and Matthew Zdilla. "Optimal Costal Cartilage Graft Selection According to Cartilage Shape: Anatomical Considerations for Rhinoplasty." Facial Plastic Surgery 33, no. 06 (December 2017): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1607972.

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AbstractCostal cartilage grafting is a commonly used reconstruction procedure, particularly in rhinoplasty. Although costal cartilage is broadly used in reconstructive surgery, there are differing opinions regarding which costal cartilage levels provide the most ideal grafts. Grafts are typically designed to match the shape of the recipient site. The shapes of costal cartilage grafts have been described as “boat-shaped,” “C-shaped,” “canoe-shaped,” “U-shaped,” “crescent-shaped,” “L-shaped,” “semilunar,” “straight,” and “Y-shaped.” The shapes of costal cartilages are thought to lend themselves to the shapes of certain grafts; however, there has been little study of the shapes of costal cartilages, and most reports have been anecdotal. Therefore, this study is aimed to detail the average shapes of the most commonly grafted cartilages (i.e., the fifth to seventh cartilages). A total of 96 cadaveric costal cartilages were analyzed through geometric morphometric analysis. The fifth costal cartilage was determined to have the straightest shape and would therefore be particularly suitable for nasal dorsum onlay grafting. The lateral portions of the sixth and, particularly, the seventh costal cartilages have the most acute curvature. Therefore, they would lend themselves to the construction of an en bloc “L”-shaped or hockey stick-shaped nasal dorsum-columellar strut graft.
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Meena, H.P, Meena, H. P. "Inheritance of Seed Shape in Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 8 (June 1, 2012): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/august2014/10.

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Kumar B., Varun, G. Manikandan, P. Kanna, Dawid Taler, Jan Taler, Marzena Nowak-Ocłoń, Karol Mzyk, and Hoong Toh. "A Performance Evaluation of a Solar Air Heater Using Different Shaped Ribs Mounted on the Absorber Plate—A Review." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 3104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113104.

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In this paper, the effect of various shapes of ribs used in Solar Air Heaters (SAHs) was discussed. The review is concentrated on the geometry of the rib and its location on the SAH panel. Both numerical and experimental works were considered for discussion with dry air and Nano fluids as a working fluid. The influence of various shapes, such as an L shape, W shape, V shape, Multiple V shape, V shape with a gap, detachable & attachable ribs etc., was analyzed. The common fact observed from this analysis is that the implementation of artificial roughness in the absorber plate results in a considerable increase in the rate of heat transfer. Further, it is observed that ‘Multiple V-shaped with open between the ribs’ results in the maximum thermal enhancement when compared to the other shapes.
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Kim, Doo-Sup, Junseop Yeom, Jisu Park, and Jaehack Cha. "L-Shape Superior Capsular Augmentation Technique Using Biceps Tendon: The Biceps L-Shape Shifting Technique." Arthroscopy Techniques 9, no. 6 (June 2020): e703-e709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eats.2020.01.027.

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Nanimina, Alexis Mouangue, Ahmad Majdi Abdul Rani, Mohd Amri Lajis, Turnad Lenggo Ginta, and T. V. V. L. N. Rao. "Influence of Workpiece Shape on MRR and EWR in EDM of Steel." Advanced Materials Research 903 (February 2014): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.903.51.

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Shape of workpiece, electrode orientation and flushing system play important role in electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. Low material removal rate and relatively high electrode wear ratio are some of the disadvantages of EDM process. This can be due to the flushing modes. Workpiece shape has a significant effect in effectiveness of dielectric flushing flow and orientation during EDM process. This research work is conducted to analyze the influence of various workpiece shapes. Square cavity, L shape, flat shape and U shape were machined with same cross-section electrode material. Test parameters are material removal rate (MRR) and electrode wear ratio (EWR). Experiment results show slight difference in MRR and EWR values for different shapes. U shape presents the highest MRR and the lowest EWR occurs in flat shape compared to cavity and L shapes. It can be concluded that flat and U shapes result in good EDM machining quality due to good dielectric flow and flushing conditions in the area of EDM machining.
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Huska, Martin, Damiana Lazzaro, and Serena Morigi. "Shape Partitioning via $${L}_{p}$$ L p Compressed Modes." Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision 60, no. 7 (February 24, 2018): 1111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10851-018-0799-8.

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Choi, Eunsoo, Dong Joo Kim, Tae-Hyun Nam, Dongkyun Kim, and Joo-Won Kang. "Bond Resistance of L-Shaped Shape Memory Alloy Fibers in Mortar." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 11500–11504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.13539.

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Zwick, D. "Characterizing Shape Preserving L 1 -Approximation." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 103, no. 4 (August 1988): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2047099.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "L-SHAPE"

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Goosen, Dominique. "Factors influencing fruit shape in lemons (Citrus limon L.)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52842.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lemons with an elongated fruit shape achieve premium prices in certain discerning markets. Factors influencing the fruit shape of lemons were investigated to fmd means to produce a crop with a higher percentage of elongated lemons. Intra-plant factors were investigated to understand the variation in fruit shape within a single tree and even within the same fruit cluster. Bearing position (leafy vs. leafless inflorescences) and position in the canopy (inside vs. outside) were taken into consideration, along with the number of seeds, number of segments and rind thickness in the center of the fruit as well as stem- and stylar-ends. Bearing position and position in the canopy had no effect on fruit shape, while the number of seeds was positively correlated with elongated lemons. Rootstocks were evaluated to determine the influence of rootstock type on fruit shape. Twelve rootstocks were evaluated in total, at Addo, Citrusdal and Nelspruit. At all three locations rootstock type had no or little influence on fruit shape. Different scions were also evaluated at both Addo and Citrusdal to determine whether a certain scion characteristically produces elongated fruit. A total of 20 different scions were evaluated, and as opposed to rootstocks, there were larger variations between scions. Of the commercially-produced scions, 'Fino' lemon had the least variation, producing elongated lemons more consistently than 'Lisbon' and 'Eureka' lemons. Of the other scions, 'Cicily' lemon produced fruit with the smallest L:D ratio, while 'Vema' lemon was the scion producing fruit with the largest L:D ratio. 'Vema' lemon is, however, not an attractive fruit, having a thick rough rind. In the case of grapefruit, unwanted "sheepnosed" fruit with thick rinds are common in areas with a low winter temperature at night. 'Eureka' lemon fruit from six different climatic areas were compared to evaluate the difference in fruit shape. Cooler areas, such as Vaalharts, had more elongated fruit than areas with a higher winter temperature, such as Nelspruit. Altering lemon fruit shape was also attempted by chemical manipulation, usmg gibberellin, cytokinin or auxin containing products. Promalin® (GA4+7, BA), Accet" (GA4+7, BA), Corasil E® (2,4-D), Provide® (GA4+7) and ProGibb® (GA)) were sprayed at different times and different concentrations. Promalin'" was partly successful in altering fruit shape, but these changes were not large enough from a commercial point of view. Promalin'" also resulted in a lower percentage fruit set. Accel'", Corasil E®, Provide® and ProGibb® were not successful in altering fruit shape favorably, with Corasil E® having a strong thinning effect.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Fakore wat die verlenging van suurlemoene beïnvloed Suurlemoene met 'n verlengde vrugvorm behaal hoë pryse in sekere markete. Faktore wat die vrugvorm van suurlemoene beïnvloed is bestudeer om praktyke te vind wat die produksie van verlengde suurlemoene kan verhoog. Intra-plant faktore is bestudeer om die variasie in vrugvorm binne 'n enkele boom en ook in dieselfde vrugtros te verstaan. Dra-posisie ("wit" en "groen" blomme) asook posisie in die boom (binnevrugte vs. buitevrugte ) is in aanmerking geneem. Die invloed van die hoeveelheid sade en segmente per vrug, asook skil dikte in die middle van die vrug en aan stingel- en kelkkant is ook bestudeer. Dra-posisie en posisie van vrug in die boom, het geen invloed op vrugvorm gehad nie, terwyl die hoeveelheid sade per vrug die beste met vrugvorm gekorreleer was. Die invloed van onderstam tipe op vrugvorm is ook geëvalueer. Vrugvorm van twaalf onderdstamme in totaal is te Addo, Citrusdal en Nelspruit ondersoek. By al drie areas is klein verskille in vrugvorm van verskillende onderstamme opgemerk. Saam met die onderstamme is 20 seleksies te Addo en Citrusdalondersoek, om te bepaal of 'n sekere seleksie 'n karakteristieke verlengde vrugvorm openbaar. In teenstelling met onderstamme, is groter variasie tussen seleksies gevind. Vandie kommersiële kultivars, het 'Fino' suurlemoen die minste variasie openbaar en deurgans verlende vrugte gelewer, terwyl 'Lisbon' en 'Eureka' suurlemoene groter variasie gehad het. Vandie ander seleksies, het 'Cicily' suurlemoen geneig om vrugte met die kleinsteL:D verhouding te lewer, terwyl'Vema' suurlemoen deurgans vrugte met 'n groter L:D verhouding gelewer het. 'Vema' suurlemoen is egter nie 'n aantreklike vrug nie, aangesien dit 'n dik skil het. In die geval van pommelos word ongewenste vrugte met 'n "skaapneus" vorm algemeen aangetref in areas met 'n lae mininmum winter temperatuur. Vrugvorm van 'Eureka' suurlemoene van ses verskillende klimaats areas is vergelyk. Koeler areas, soos Vaalharts, het meer verlengde vrugte gehad, terwyl Nelspruit met 'n hoër winter temperatuur, ronder vrugte produseer het. Daar is ook gepoog om suurlemoen vrugvorm te manipuleer d.m.v. chemiese bespuitings. Ouksiene, gibbereliene en sitokiniene asook kombinasies daarvan, is gebruik. Promalin® (GA4+7, BA), Accel® (GA4+7,BA), Corasil E® (2,4-D), Provide® (GA4+7) en ProGibb® (GA3) is by verskillende tye en verskillende konsentrasies gespuit. Promalin® was gedeeltelik suksesvol in verlenging van vrugte, maar die veranderinge was te klein uit 'n kommersiële oogpunt. Promalin® het ook tot uitdunning van vrugte gelei. Accel", Corasil E®, Provide® en ProGibb® was nie suksesvol in verandering van suurlemoen vrugvorm nie. Corasil E®het tot strawwe vruguitdunning gelei.
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Jirasek, Catherine Alena. "A biomechanical model of branch shape in plants expressed using L-systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0017/MQ55218.pdf.

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Pant, Nishtha. "Synthesis and Characterization of L-Valine based Poly(ester urea)s for Shape Memory Applications." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1607002293338635.

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Bragazzi, Lorenzo. "I materiali a memoria di forma: caratterizzazione e applicazione nel mondo dell'automazione." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10937/.

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L'obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato studiare le caratteristiche, le proprietà, le applicazioni con conseguenti vantaggi e svantaggi di un particolare tipo di smart materials: i materiali a memoria di forma. Il capitolo 1 tratterà delle leghe metalliche a memoria di forma, il successivo si concentrerà invece sui polimeri a memoria di forma. In ognuno di questi, relativamente al materiale affrontato, si presterà particolare attenzione agli “effetti” che contraddistinguono tali materiali da quelli più comuni, come l’effetto memoria di forma o la superelasticità. Successivamente, nei vari sottoparagrafi, l’attenzione si sposterà sulle tecniche di caratterizzazione, utili per capire le proprietà di una lega o di un polimero rispetto ad un altro, e sulle conseguenti classificazioni di entrambi. Per quanto riguarda i polimeri, si accenneranno certi parametri fondamentali di cui è necessario tener conto per conoscere bene il polimero considerato. La trattazione, in ambedue i casi, terminerà con un focus sulle applicazioni più diffuse e su quelle più interessanti di tali materiali, fornendo dettagli sulle tecnologie utilizzate e sugli stimoli dettati per eccitare i sistemi.
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López, Girona Elena. "Genetic architecture of agronomic traits in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]: subacid, flat shape and nectarine." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285555.

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L'objectiu dels programes de millora genètica del préssec és generar varietats adaptats a les condicions agronòmiques locals i satisfer els requeriments del consumidor. Això últim implica millorar la qualitat del fruit. L'estratègia seguida per molts milloradors es basa en la selección de descendents de creuaments on s’espera segregació per a caràcters fenotípics. Es tracta d’un mètode costós tant en temps com en diners a causa del período de juvenilitad del presseguer (2-3 anys) i també als recursos que suposa el mantener les plàntules en el camp durant el procés d’avaluació i selecció. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser el desenvolupament de marcadors moleculars per a la seva aplicació en la selecció assistida per marcadors (SAM) de tres caràcters del fruit: baixa acidesa, fruit pla i pell glabra. En els dos primers capítols estudiem el locus del carácter subàcido (D) i el fruit pla (S) i hem realitzat l’anàlisis d’associació en les seves respectives regions genòmiques. Per a ambdós caràcters s'han generat i validat marcadors moleculars (SSRs i SNPs) que poden ser directament aplicats a SAM. L'estudi de l’haplotipus subàcid ens va permetre identificar diversos gens candidats. Aquestes resultats ens suggereix l'existència d'un únic origen de l’al·lel subàcido. L'anàlisi del locus S ens va permetre identificar dues INDELs altament associats amb el fruit pla. Aquests polimorfismes es van observar en regió codificant del gen ppa025511m, concretament en el segon exò del gen. Aquesta associació va ser avaluada en un ampli panell de varietats i en una població obtinguda a partir del creuament de dues parentals de fruits plans. L'anàlisi de la seqüència completa d'aquest gen va permetre la identificació de la supressió d'un fragment de 9Kb que afecta la regió 5’UTR del gen així com al primer exò, a l’intró i a una petita part del segon exò. La funció d'aquest gen va ser validada en un mutant tipus “sport” generat espontàneament en un arbre de la varietat plana ‘UFO4’. Es tracta d'un mutante quimèric mb una mutació que només afecta a les cèl·lules de la segona capa meristemàtica (LII), que genera la polpa del fruit. L'amplificació per PCR de l’INDEL d'aquest gen en la polpa del mutant rodó va revelar un canvi a l’al·lel pla. Malgrat que l‘alelo pla és dominant, els fruits plans han de presentar-lo en hetericigosis per a ser viables. Aquest fet amb la reversió a la forma rodona del mutant d’UFO4 suggereixen que aquest al·lel pot actuar com dominant negatiu. En el tercer capítol seqüenciem el genoma de 5 varietats de préssec i els seus respectius mutantes nectarina. Es van a estimar la variabilitat somática i la mutació causal de la pell glabra. La metodología empleada per al processament de les lectures i la identificació dels petis polimorfismes va generar un excés de falsos polimorfismes, possiblement causats per alineaments erronis de les seqüències repetitives del genoma. Mitjançant l'ús d'un filtrat més restrictiu es va reduir aquest valor. Els valors de diversitat nucleotídica i d’heterozigositat van ser similars als observats per Aranzana et al., (2012) i Verd et al., (2013). L’analisi del locus G va mostrar una menor π i una major Ho. Sota dues possibles hipótesis per a l’estudi l’al·lel causal del caràcter nectarina vam identificar diversos gens candidats amb funcions relacionades amb el desenvolupament de la paret cel·lular. No obstant això cap d'ells va resultar ser PpeMYB25 on recentment s’ha descrit una inserció de 7Kb asssociada al carácter nectarina (Vendramin et al., 2014). La insuficient cobertura de seqüenciació en la regió genómica del locus G pot haver estat la causa de la no identificació d’aquest polimorfisme en les nostres seqüències.
The aim of current breeding programs is to provide new fruit varieties adapted to the local agronomic conditions and to satisfy the requirements of the consumers. This last fact implies to improve the fruit quality. The strategy followed by most breeding programs is based on performing controlled crosses to select those individuals showing the target traits. Although this approach has succeed in the production of most of the varieties available today, it is time consuming and costly due the time required to obtain fruits (2-3 years) and the resources needed to keep the seedlings in the field during the evaluation and selection processes. The objective of this thesis was to develop molecular markers useful in marker assisted selection (MAS) for three important agronomical traits in peach fruits: low acidity, flat shape and glabrous skin (nectarine trait). In the first two chapters of this document we have used region-based association analysis to study the architecture of the locus responsible for either sub-acid (D) and flat fruits (S). In both cases the study has provided markers (SSR and SNPs) ready to be applied for MAS in peach breeding programs. The study of the length of the sub-acid haplotype, which is maintained more than 24Kbp long, allowed to hypothesize about a unique origin of this trait and to identify candidate genes. Similarly, the analysis of the S locus allowed the identification of two linked INDELs in the second exon of the gene ppa025511m highly associated with the flat shape of the fruit. The association was tested in a broad panel of varieties and in the offspring of a crossing population between two flat peaches. The sequencing analysis of the whole gene allowed the identification of a big deletion, of about 9Kbp, affecting its 5’ UTR, its first exon and its intron. The function of the gene was validated in a round sport mutant from a flat peach (UFO-4). This mutant was chimeric; the mutation only affected cells of the second layer (LII) of the meristerm, which generates the flesh of the fruit. A PCR amplification of the gene and the use of specific primers for the INDEL revealed a mutation in the flat allele in the flesh of the chimeric mutant, which produced the reversion to the round shape. The obligated heterozygosis of the flat allele and the reversion to the wild shape suggest a dominant negative (DN) mechanism. In the third chapter we sequenced the whole genome of 5 peach varieties and 6 sport nectarines derived from them. We estimated the overall somatic variability and studied the causal mutation from hairy fruit to glabrous. The reads processing and SNP calling revealed an excess of false variants that was especially evident in the analysis of the sport mutants. One of the main causes for the false variants was the misalignments of repetitive regions. The use of more restrictive SNP calling filters reduced the excess of false variants. The nucleotide diversity and heterozygosity of the varieties was similar to the one reported for peach (Aranzana et al., 2012; Verde et al., 2013). The analysis of the variations in the G locus region showed lower and higher Ho. To look for the causal allele for the nectarine trait we postulated two possible causes for the new mutation. These data provided several candidate genes involved in the cell wall development, however none of them was the gene PpeMYB25, where a big insertion of 7Kb in its second exon has recently been described as linked with the trait (Vendramin et al., 2014). This was probably due to an insufficient sequencing coverage in this genomic region.
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Chari, Visesh. "Shape estimation of specular objects from multiview images." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENM106/document.

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Un des modèles les plus simples de surface de réfraction est une surface plane. Bien que sa présence soit omniprésente dans notre monde sous la forme de vitres transparentes, de fenêtres, ou la surface d'eau stagnante, très peu de choses sont connues sur la géométrie multi-vues causée par la réfraction d'une telle surface. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous analysons la géométrie à vues multiple d'une surface réfractive. Nous considérons le cas où une ou plusieurs caméras dans un milieu (p. ex. l'air) regardent une scène dans un autre milieu (p. ex. l'eau), avec une interface plane entre ces deux milieux. Le cas d'une photo sous-marine, par exemple, correspond à cette description. Comme le modèle de projection perspectif ne correspond pas à ce scenario, nous dérivons le modèle de caméra et sa matrice de projection associée. Nous montrons que les lignes 3D de la scène correspondent à des courbes quartiques dans les images. Un point intéressant à noter à propos de cette configuration est que si l'on considère un indice de réfraction homogène, alors il existe une courbe unique dans l'image pour chaque ligne 3D du monde. Nous décrivons et développons ensuite des éléments de géométrie multi-vues telles que les matrices fondamentales ou d'homographies liées à la scène, et donnons des éléments pour l'estimation de pose des caméras à partir de plusieurs points de vue. Nous montrons également que lorsque le milieu est plus dense, la ligne d'horizon correspond à une conique qui peut être décomposer afin d'en déduire les paramètres de l'interface. Ensuite, nous étendons notre approche en proposant des algorithmes pour estimer la géométrie de plusieurs surfaces planes refractives à partir d'une seule image. Un exemple typique d'un tel scenario est par exemple lorsque l'on regarde à travers un aquarium. Nous proposons une méthode simple pour calculer les normales de telles surfaces étant donné divers scenari, en limitant le système à une caméra axiale. Cela permet dans notre cas d'utiliser des approches basées sur ransac comme l'algorithme “8 points” pour le calcul de matrice fondamentale, d'une manière similaire à l'estimation de distortions axiales de la littérature en vision par ordinateur. Nous montrons également que le même modèle peut être directement adapté pour reconstruire des surfaces réflectives sous l'hypothèse que les surfaces soient planes par morceaux. Nous présentons des résultats de reconstruction 3D encourageants, et analysons leur précision. Alors que les deux approches précédentes se focalisent seulement sur la reconstruction d'une ou plusieurs surfaces planes réfractives en utilisant uniquement l'information géométrique, les surfaces spéculaires modifient également la manière dont l'énergie lumineuse à la surface est redistribuée. Le modèle sous-jacent correspondant peut être expliqué par les équations de Fresnel. En exploitant à la fois cette information géométrique et photométrique, nous proposons une méthode pour reconstruire la forme de surfaces spéculaires arbitraires. Nous montrons que notre approche implique un scenario d'acquisition simple. Tout d'abord, nous analysons plusieurs cas minimals pour la reconstruction de formes, et en déduisons une nouvelle contrainte qui combine la géométrie et la théorie de Fresnel à propos des surfaces transparentes. Ensuite, nous illustrons la nature complémentaire de ces attributs qui nous aident à obtenir une information supplémentaire sur l'objet, qu'il est difficile d'avoir autrement. Finalement, nous proposons une discussion sur les aspects pratiques de notre algorithme de reconstruction, et présentons des résultats sur des données difficiles et non triviales
The task of understanding, 3D reconstruction and analysis of the multiple view geometry related to transparent objects is one of the long standing challenging problems in computer vision. In this thesis, we look at novel approaches to analyze images of transparent surfaces to deduce their geometric and photometric properties. At first, we analyze the multiview geometry of the simple case of planar refraction. We show how the image of a 3D line is a quartic curve in an image, and thus derive the first imaging model that accounts for planar refraction. We use this approach to then derive other properties that involve multiple cameras, like fundamental and homography matrices. Finally, we propose approaches to estimate the refractive surface parameters and camera poses, given images. We then extend our approach to derive algorithms for recovering the geometry of multiple planar refractive surfaces from a single image. We propose a simple technique to compute the normal of such surfaces given in various scenarios, by equating our setup to an axial camera. We then show that the same model could be used to reconstruct reflective surfaces using a piecewise planar assumption. We show encouraging 3D reconstruction results, and analyse the accuracy of results obtained using this approach. We then focus our attention on using both geometric and photometric cues for reconstructing transparent 3D surfaces. We show that in the presence of known illumination, we can recover the shape of such objects from single or multiple views. The cornerstone of our approach are the Fresnel equations, and we both derive and analyze their use for 3D reconstruction. Finally, we show our approach could be used to produce high quality reconstructions, and discuss other potential future applications
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Fantoni, Sophia. "Realizzazione di un'interfaccia naturale basata su Leap Motion per un sistema CBIR." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19111/.

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Il progetto mira alla realizzazione di un'interfaccia naturale in grado di acquisire uno sketch. Le immagini saranno costruite tramite il movimento delle mani catturato dal dispositivo Leap Motion. L'immagine prodotta verrà salvata ed utilizzata per una ricerca di figure similari, presenti nel dataset. Per identificare e selezionare le immagini più simili sono state combinate le tecniche di feature di forma: shape matrix e local binary pattern.
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Mazzotti, Francesca. "Studio e sviluppo di un metodo per l'esclusione delle vene polmonari per la valutazione della volumetria atriale." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12201/.

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La fibrillazione atriale (FA) è l'aritmia cardiaca sostenuta di più frequente riscontro nella pratica clinica, in quanto colpisce l'1-2% della popolazione generale. La terapia farmacologica rimane un fondamento nel trattamento dell'aritmia, ma negli ultimi anni nuove tecniche come l'ablazione transcatetere stanno diventando valide alternative, garantendo una migliore qualità di vita al paziente e una maggiore probabilità di mantenere ritmo sinusale. Uno dei problemi principali associati alla FA è l'insorgere di recidive a breve o lungo termine. Per evitare terapie inefficaci, prevenire le recidive e soprattutto ridurre gli eventi clinici legati all'aritmia, la ricerca si sta spingendo verso la valutazione di possibili fattori predittori di ricorrenza della FA, tra cui il volume dell'atrio sinistro. Una conseguenza molto frequente della FA è infatti la dilatazione dell'atrio sinistro, che può facilitare l'innesco dell'aritmia e determinarne la ricorrenza. Una corretta valutazione della volumetria atriale potrebbe quindi essere di grande aiuto al medico nella scelta delle migliori strategie da adottare per ciascun paziente e potrebbe anche essere predittivo di ricorrenza di FA in seguito ad ablazione. Il lavoro di tesi proposto si inserisce all'interno di un progetto più ampio volto allo sviluppo di un modello di atrio sinistro patient-specific al fine di fornire un'accurata guida anatomica in sede di ablazione e caratterizzare il volume atriale e la sua relazione con l'outcome della procedura. In particolare ci si è occupati dell'implementazione in ambiente Matlab di un algoritmo per l'esclusione delle vene polmonari da mesh 3D dell'atrio sinistro e della successiva chiusura della mesh per il calcolo del volume. L’algoritmo è stato testato su 26 pazienti: per la validazione del metodo, i dati ottenuti sono stati poi confrontati con un gold standard, rappresentato dal volume ottenuto dal tracciamento manuale del radiologo.
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Al-Dulaimi, Khamael Abbas Khudhair. "White blood cells classification using higher order spectra and l-moments invariant features." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208261/1/Khamael%20Abbas%20Khudhair_Al-Dulaimi_Thesis.pdf.

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This project was a step forward in development of methods to investigate white blood cells and their types. The thesis investigated segmentation and classification methods for white blood cells and their nuclei from other components, such red blood cells, platelets and background, using signal processing, image processing and machine learning techniques, in order to generate automated reports. The outcome of the project was to enhance the accuracy of pathologists’ decisions and their efficiency, and overall benefit patients for faster and more accurate diagnosis of diseases under varying laboratory conditions in the future.
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Gaborit, Pierre. "Unification des modèles d’endommagement de type Lemaitre, pour la fatigue LCF/HCF, multiaxiale et aléatoire." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0041.

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Les travaux présentés concernent le développement d'un modèle de prévision de durée de vie unifié pour traiter les problématiques de fatigue à faible et grand nombre de cycles. Le modèle est basé sur une approche à deux échelles et un endommagement de type Lemaitre. Le caractère "en vitesse" de la loi d'endommagement permet de traiter des chargements complexes, non proportionnels et aléatoires. Une campagne expérimentale de fatigue sur 12 éprouvettes cruciformes en alliage TA6V pour application aérospatiale est présentée. Elle comporte des essais biaxiaux proportionnels et non proportionnels ainsi que des cas de chargement pseudo-aléatoires. L'utilisation de la corrélation d'images numériques prises dans la zone utile permet d'évaluer les déformations locales en réponse aux sollicitations appliquées. Les cas de chargements sont simulés afin de confronter les déformations de surface et les durées de vie obtenues par calcul, aux résultats expérimentaux. Parmi les contributions théoriques présentées dans le manuscrit, sont à noter : - La proposition d'une nouvelle loi d'évolution pour écrouissage cinématique adaptée au comportement élastoplastique du TA6V sous chargement cyclique; - L'utilisation d'une correction élastoplastique locale permettant d'évaluer les déformations plastiques en surface à partir de calculs de structures linéaires; - L'amélioration d'un critère de micro-plasticité pour la prise en compte des effets de contrainte moyenne et de triaxialité en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles; - L'unification de deux lois d'endommagement afin d'étendre le domaine de validité du modèle initial vers les durées de vie à faible nombre de cycles. La démarche s'appuyant sur le cadre thermodynamique de la mécanique des milieux continus, de nombreuses perspectives d'amélioration du modèle sont discutées
This work presents the proposal of a unifying predictive model to deal with LCF and HCF problems. It is based on a two-scale approach initially developed by Lemaitre. As the damage evolution law is rate written, complexity due to non proportional and random loadings may also be treated. An experimental fatigue campaign of 12 cross shaped samples made of TA6V alloy for aerospace applications is presented. It includes not only proportional and non proportional biaxial tests but also pseudo random loadings. Digital Image Correlation is used to evaluate the local strains from pictures taken in the zone of interest. Loadings are the simulated and both strains and lifetimes are compared to experimental observations. Among the theoretical contributions presented in this work, the main are: - A new kinematic hardening evolution law for the modeling of elasto-plasticity of TA6V alloy under cyclic loadings; - Use of local elastoplastic correction from linear Finite Element Calculation to estimate plastic strains in the structure zone of interests; - Improvements of the micro-plastic yield function to take into account mean stress effect and triaxiality effects in the lifetime prediction in HCF domain; - A unifying method of two damage variables in order to extend the validity domain of the initial model to shorter lifetimes (LCF). As the model is based on a thermodunamical framework for continuum mechanics, several extension are mentioned as future propects
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Books on the topic "L-SHAPE"

1

Banks, Lynne Reid. The L-shaped room. Bath: Chivers, 1991.

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Halperin, D. Efficient motion planning for an L-shaped object. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1988.

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Laboratory, Construction Engineering Research, ed. Improved heating operations at an L-shaped barracks: Assessment and specifications. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1992.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Mobility power flow analysis of an L-shaped plate structure subjected to acoustic excitation. [Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1989.

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Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (U.S.), ed. Thermal performance of retrofit exterior insulation and finish systems on L-shaped (type 64) barracks. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1995.

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Muppet Babies Shape Machine L/. Value Proprietary, 1988.

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Alvarado-Bremer, Jaime Rodolfo *. Quantitative comparisons of allometric growth and of shape changes in swordfish ("Xiphias gladius" L.). 1988.

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Banks, Lynne Reid. L-Shaped Room. Penguin Random House, 1999.

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Rex, Ronald. L-Shaped Doghouse. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.

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Lụcạ Letter Tracing Book: Practice Line Tracing, Pen Control to Trace ABC Alphabet Letters, Number, Shape with Wonderful Cartoon Characters Illustrations for Fans. Independently Published, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "L-SHAPE"

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Bi, Xiaojun, Qiang Ma, Zilan Cao, and Qinfen Xu. "Switchable Filtering Diplexer Based on Reused L-shape Resonator." In Analog Circuits and Signal Processing, 99–111. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7841-7_7.

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Lu, Xili, Wei Cai, and Lian Cheng Zhao. "Study on the Shape Memory Behavior of Poly (L-Lactide)." In Materials Science Forum, 2399–402. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-960-1.2399.

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Wong, Prudence W. H., and Fencol C. C. Yung. "Competitive Multi-dimensional Dynamic Bin Packing via L-Shape Bin Packing." In Approximation and Online Algorithms, 242–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12450-1_22.

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Kawai, Jun, Katsumi Nakajima, Kuniko Maeda, and Yohichi Gohshi. "L X-Ray Line Shape of Copper(II) Compounds and Their Covalency." In Advances in X-Ray Analysis, 1107–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3460-0_52.

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Xiang, Bo, Nikos Komodakis, and Nikos Paragios. "Pose Invariant Deformable Shape Priors Using L 1 Higher Order Sparse Graphs." In Advances in Visual Computing, 194–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41914-0_20.

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Sinharay, Arindam, Pranab Roy, and Hafizur Rahaman. "Hausdorff Distance Driven L-Shape Matching Based Layout Decomposition for E-Beam Lithography." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 287–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7470-7_29.

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Yun, Xuling, Zhang Xiaofei, and Xu Zongze. "Blind Joint 2D Direction of Arrival and Frequency Estimation with L-Shape Array." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 241–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25188-7_29.

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Naik, Sapan, Yash Rana, and Viraj Thakkar. "Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Classification Using Shape, Texture and Convolutional Neural Network Features." In ICT Systems and Sustainability, 237–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5987-4_25.

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Samak, Mahmoud M., Hassan Elgamal, and Ahmed M. Nagib Elmekawy. "Contribution to the Improvement of Oscillating Water Column Efficiency Using L-Shape Front Wall." In Innovative Renewable Energy, 787–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76221-6_87.

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Tsing, Anna L., and Jesse Bazzul. "A Feral Atlas for the Anthropocene: An Interview with Anna L. Tsing." In Palgrave Studies in Education and the Environment, 309–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79622-8_19.

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AbstractAnna L. Tsing is professor of anthropology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Tsing’s work brings together many different contexts relevant to the natural sciences, environmentalism, political economy, anthropology, and philosophy (to name a few). Tsing was awarded a Niels Bohr Professorship at Aarhus University in Denmark to explore many different manifestations and ways of thinking about the Anthropocene. This interview focuses on a project called Feral Atlas, a transdisciplinary project that examines the effects of human infrastructure projects and the “feral life” that has taken shape as a result. The conversation took place via Skype in July of 2019, with Jesse in Saskatchewan, Canada, and Anna in California, USA.
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Conference papers on the topic "L-SHAPE"

1

Keh-Yi Lee, Wei-Chen Yan, Kun-Lung Tsai, Yi-Shin Chao, Shao-Peng Jeng, Guo-Wei Bai, Jing-Da Liu, Yo-Long Jeng, Ji-Shien Tseng, and Chiao-Wei Lin. "Modified L-shape hollow waveguides." In 2009 14th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (OECC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oecc.2009.5218888.

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Edum-Fotwe, K., P. Shepherd, M. Brown, D. Harper, and R. Dinnis. "Quick, unconstrained, approximate l-shape method." In SIGGRAPH '16: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2945078.2945163.

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Deshmukh, Amit A., Shefali Pawar, and Kamala Prasan Ray. "Multi-band Configurations of L-shape and F-shape Microstrip Antennas." In 2017 International Conference on Computing, Communication, Control and Automation (ICCUBEA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccubea.2017.8463875.

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Zhou, Jun. "Micro-fabricated L-shape metasurface terahertz biosensor." In Nano-Micro Conference 2017. London: Nature Research Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11605/cp.nmc2017.01020.

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Shukla, Prajjwal, Mamta Khosla, Neetu Sood, and Tulika Chawla. "Design and Comparison Analysis of Ge-source Hetero-stacked L-shape TFET with Homo-stacked L-shape TFET." In 2022 International Conference on Intelligent Technologies (CONIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/conit55038.2022.9847778.

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Avirovik, D., and S. Priya. "Crawling-inspired robot utilizing L-shape piezoelectric actuators." In 2013 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aim.2013.6584207.

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Liu, Qingshuang, and Yilong Lu. "CPW-fed wearable textile L-shape patch antenna." In 2014 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apcap.2014.6992526.

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Tanizawa, Sota, Hiroyuki Deguchi, and Mikio Tsuji. "Orthogonal Polarization Conversion Reflectarray Using L-shape Elements." In 2022 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceaa49419.2022.9900016.

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Kharche, Shilpa U., G. Shrikanth Reddy, Jayanta Mukherjee, and Rajiv Kumar Gupta. "Circularly polarized L shape diversity antenna for WiMAX applications." In 2018 IEEE Indian Conference on Antennas and Propogation (InCAP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incap.2018.8770721.

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Mura, Gabriele L., and Ning Qin. "Local class shape transformation parameterization (l-CST) for airfoils." In 55th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-0237.

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Reports on the topic "L-SHAPE"

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Gregory, Victoria, Guido Menzio, and David Wiczer. Pandemic Recession: L or V-Shaped? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27105.

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Chan, Tony F., and Diana C. Resasco. Analysis of Domain Decomposition Preconditioners on L-Shaped and C- Shaped Regions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada199806.

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Zhu, Xian-Kui, Tom McGaughy, and Brian Leis. PR-185-163609-R01 Model Error Assessment for Pipeline Metal-loss Defects Phase II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011506.

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This project included seven, full-scale burst tests conducted on a single grade and size of pipe to evaluate a metal-loss defect assessment model developed under EWI Project No. 54922CSP, "Assessment of Corrosion Model Error for Metal Loss Defects in Pipelines" (PRCI Project EC-2-6). The goal of the modeling and full-scale test efforts was to minimize error and reduce the conservatism of Level-1 corrosion assessment models, with the eventual benefit of potentially reducing unwarranted maintenance efforts without increasing operator risk. Seven tests were performed on a recent vintage of API 5L X70M (L485M) grade pipe having an outside diameter of 24 in. (610 mm) and nominal wall thickness of 0.50 in. (12.7 mm). The seven test pipes contained machined flat-bottomed defects for which the Shape Factor is 1, to focus on the role of the planar defect size and its depth and avoid the complexities of river-bottom shaped defects that are beyond the current scope. Defect lengths ranged between 3 and le; L/(Dt)0.5 and le; 10, at bounding values of width taken at arc angles of 20 and 60 degrees, and depth at d/t of 30% and 80%. The simulated corrosion was centered in pups approximately 12 ft (~3.7 m) in length, which is sufficient to prevent any interaction between the end caps with the defects. The pipes were then end-capped and pressurized with water to failure. The actual failure pressures were evaluated relative to predictions based on the model developed in EC-2-7 coupled with the reference stress developed in PRCI Project EC-2-6.
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Kocherlakota, Narayana. The L-Shaped Phillips Curve: Theoretical Justification and Empirical Implications. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24086.

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Rizkalla, Sami, Mohamed Nafadi, Gregory Lucier, Paul Zia, and Gary Klein. Behavior and Design of Directly-Loaded L-Shaped Beam Ledges. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pci.rr.comp-004.

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Willi, Joseph, Keith Stakes, Jack Regan, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of Ventilation-Controlled Fires in L-Shaped Training Props. UL's Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mijj9867.

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Investigations of recent firefighter line of duty deaths caused by rapid fire progression have highlighted a deficiency in firefighters’ understanding of how certain tactics affect the fire dynamics of ventilation-controlled fires. Many fires are in a ventilation-limited, decay state by the time firefighters arrive at the scene, meaning that introducing additional ventilation to the environment has the potential to cause rapid and intense fire growth. To more effectively teach firefighters about the potential effects of ventilation on a compartment fire, ventilation-controlled fires should be gener- ated during training. Safely creating such fires while maintaining compliance with NFPA 1403: Standard on Live-Fire Training Evolutions allows instructors to educate students on this important principle of fire dynamics in the training environment. Structures utilized for live-fire training have evolved from typical concrete burn buildings to now include smaller purpose-built props, like those constructed from steel shipping containers or wood and gypsum board. Such props have been embraced by organizations due to their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve fire behavior training. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the capa- bilities and limitations of such props is critical for instructors to convey accurate messages during training and properly prepare firefighters for scenarios they’ll encounter in the field. Experiments were conducted to quantify the fire environment in L-shaped props with different wall constructions. One prop had an interior wall lining of gypsum board over wood studs and fiberglass insulation. The two other props were constructed from metal shipping containers with corrugated steel walls; one had ceilings and walls comprised solely of the corrugated steel, while the other had ceilings and walls comprised of rolled steel sheeting over mineral wool insulation with the corrugated steel wall as its backing. Three fuel packages were compared between the props: one contained furnishings mainly composed of synthetic materials and foam plastics; another contained wooden pallets and straw; and the third contained wooden pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). A stochastic approach was used to compare data between replicate tests and quantify the repeatability of the different props and fuel packages, all of which were deemed sufficiently repeatable. Comparisons of data between the three props revealed that thermal conditions between experiments in the two metal props were indistinguishable, suggesting that the additional layer of insulation did not significantly alter the fire environment. Additionally, thermal conditions in the gypsum-lined prop were more severe than those in the metal props. The effects of ventilation changes on fire conditions were also analyzed across various prop and fuel load combinations. Lastly, the response of the thermal environment in each prop during interior suppression was evaluated, and the results implied that the thermal exposure to the firefighter was more severe in the metal props than the gypsum prop for a brief period following the start of suppression.
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Richen, Andrew, David Clark, Stuart McNamee, Robert Ellington, Gary Johnson, Guy Williams, and Robert Selbrede. Improving Interoperability of GPS and L-Band Telemetry With Shaped-Pattern Antennas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada443725.

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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Chiricahua National Monument, Coronado National Memorial, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Water year 2019. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293370.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.
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Regan, Jack, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of the Thermal Conditions and Smoke Obscuration of Live Fire Training Fuel Packages. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/karu4002.

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Firefighters routinely conduct live fire training in an effort to prepare themselves for the challenges of the fire ground. While conducting realistic live fire training is important, it also carries inherent risks. This is highlighted by several live fire training incidents in which an inappropriate fuel load contributed to the death of participants. NFPA 1403: Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions was first established in response to a live fire training incident in which several firefighters died. Among the stipulations in NFPA 1403 is that the fuel load shall be composed of wood-based fuels. The challenge of balancing safety with fidelity has led instructors to explore a variety of different methods to create more realistic training conditions. A series of experiments was conducted in order to characterize common training fuels, compare these training fuels to furnishings, and examine the performance of these training fuels in a metal container prop. Heat release rate (HRR) characterization of training fuels indicated that wood-based training fuels had a constant effective heat of combustion. Depending on the method used, this value was between 13.6 and 13.9 MJ/kg. This indicates that, even in engineered wood products, wood is the primary material responsible for combustion. In order to further explore the conclusions from the HRR testing, additional experiments were conducted in an L-shaped metal training prop. The results of these experiments highlighted a number of considerations for firefighter training. Thermal conditions consistent with “realistic fires” could be produced using NFPA 1403 compliant fuels, and in fact the thermal conditions produced by larger wood-based fuel packages were more severe than those produced by fuel packages with a small amount of synthetic fuel. The fuel package used in training evolutions should reflect the training prop or building being used, the available ventilation, and the intended lesson. Fuel load weight and orientation are both important considerations when designing a fuel package. The training considerations drawn from this report will help to increase firefighters’ understanding of fire dynamics, and help instructors better understand fuel packages and the fire dynamics that they produce.
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Madrzykowski, Daniel, and Nicholas Dow. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 1. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/jegf7178.

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This study was designed to be an initial step to investigate the potential of low flow nozzles as part of a retrofit flashover prevention system in residential homes with limited water supplies. Not all homes have water supplies that can meet the needs of a residential sprinkler system. Current alter- natives, such as including a supplemental tank and pump, increase the cost of the system. These homes could benefit from an effective fire safety system with lower water supply requirements. The experiments in this study were conducted in a steel test structure which consisted of a fire room attached to a hallway in an L-shaped configuration. Three types of experiments were conducted to evaluate nozzles at different flow rates and under different fire conditions. The performance of the nozzles was compared to the performance of a commercially available residential sprinkler. The first set of experiments measured the distribution of the water spray from each of the nozzles and the sprinkler. The water spray measurements were made without the presence of a fire. The other two sets of experiments were fire experiments. The first set of fire experiments were designed to measure the ability of a water spray to cool a hot gas layer generated by a gas burner fire. The fire source was a propane burner which provided a steady and repeatable flow of heat into the test structure. Two water spray locations were examined, in the fire room and in the middle of the hallway. In each position, the burner was shielded from the water spray. The results showed that for equivalent conditions, the nozzle provided greater gas cooling than the sprinkler. The tests were conducted with a fire size of approximately 110 kW, and water flow rates in the range of 11 lpm (3 gpm) and 19 lpm (5 gpm). The second set of fire experiments used an upholstered sofa as the initial source of the fire with the water spray located in the same room. As a result of the compartment size and water spray distribution, the nozzle flowing water at 23 lpm (6 gpm) provided more effective suppression of the fire than the sprinkler flowing 34 lpm (9 gpm) did. The nozzle was similarly effective with the ignition location moved 1.0 m (3.2 ft) further away. However, the nozzle failed to suppress the fire with a reduced water flow rate of 11 lpm (3 gpm). The results of this limited study demonstrate the potential of low flow nozzles, directly flowing water on to the fuel surface, with the goal of preventing flashover. Additional research is needed to examine larger room sizes, fully furnished rooms, and shielded fires to determine the feasibility of a reduced water flow flashover prevention system.
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