Relevant bibliographies by topics / L 1506

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'L 1506'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "L 1506"

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Oyanagi, Eri, Hiromi Yano, Yasuko Kato, Hirofumi Fujita, Kozo Utsumi, and Junzo Sasaki. "L-Carnitine suppresses oleic acid-induced membrane permeability transition of mitochondria." Cell Biochemistry and Function 26, no. 7 (October 2008): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbf.1506.

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Carriazo Ruiz, José Ramón. "Terminología histórica y vocabulario marcado en el Libro de la expedición a la Especiería (1506/1508)." Cuadernos del Instituto Historia de la Lengua, no. 12 (January 12, 2023): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.58576/cilengua.vi12.38.

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Este ensayo se estructura en dos partes –descripción delmanuscrito con signatura «Contratación, 3251, L. 1», conservado en lasección 3, Casa de Contratación, del Archivo General de Indias de Sevilla,y análisis individual de dieciocho formas documentadas tempranamenteen castellano en el manuscrito descrito– y tiene por objetivosprincipales dos: describir la etimología e historia lingüística del vocabularioseleccionado y relacionarlo con las circunstancias sociolingüísticas, decontacto entre lenguas y registros diversos, que rodearon su redaccióndel manuscrito en el emporio hispalense a principios del Quinientos.
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POPOVA IRIKOVA, Teodora, Spyridon KINTZIOS, Stanislava GROZEVA, and Velichka RODEVA. "Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) anther culture: fundamentalresearch and practical applications." TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY 40 (2016): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/biy-1506-79.

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Pretell-Vásquez, Carla, Luis Márquez-Villacorta, Raúl Siche, and María Hayayumi-Valdivia. "Efecto del ozono y tiempo de almacenamiento sobre las características fisicoquímicas de espárrago verde (Asparagus officinalis L.) mínimamente procesado." Ciencia & Tecnología Agropecuaria 21, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol21_num3_art:1506.

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A nivel mundial, Perú es uno de los principales productores de espárrago verde (Asparagus officinalis L.); este es un vegetal altamente perecible debido a su elevada velocidad de respiración y metabolismo, por lo que es muy importante conservar las características de calidad en los turiones, motivo por el cual se evaluó el efecto del ozono gaseoso (0 a 10 ppm) y tiempo de almacenamiento (0 a 30 días) sobre la pérdida de peso, luminosidad, firmeza, contenido de clorofila y contenido de lignina. Se utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta, aplicando un diseño compuesto central rotable. Los resultados indicaron que existió influencia significativa de las variables independientes sobre las características fisicoquímicas estudiadas, así como una adecuada bondad de ajuste del modelo de regresión cuadrático. Mediante la técnica de superposición de contornos se determinó que las condiciones óptimas para la mayor retención de firmeza (11,42 N), contenido de clorofila (12,33 mg/100 g) y contenido de lignina (7 mg/100 g) correspondieron a 6,98 ppm de ozono gaseoso hasta los 30 días de almacenamiento, con adecuadas características de calidad en los turiones.
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ERŞEN BAK, Funda, and Nesime MEREV. "Ecological wood anatomy of Fraxinus L. in Turkey (Oleaceae):intraspecific and interspecific variation." TURKISH JOURNAL OF BOTANY 40 (2016): 356–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/bot-1506-43.

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ALP, Şevket, Mustafa USTA, Hikmet Murat SİPAHİOĞLU, and Abdullah GÜLLER. "First report of “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” on a newhost marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)." TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 40 (2016): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/tar-1506-58.

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Cervantes, Virginia, Vicente Arriaga, and Julia Carabias. "La problemática socioambiental e institucional de la reforestación en la Región de la Montaña, Guerrero, México." Botanical Sciences, no. 59 (April 27, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1506.

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The authors analyze the causes that have prevented the successful operation of reforestation programs in the La Montaña region (Guerrero State), Mexico. They reviewed the various regional development programs which have taken place in the last six decades and which have included the implementation of reforestation programs as part of their activities. The authors conclude that the meagre success that has characterized the reforestation efforts at La Montaña is due to one or a combination of several of the following factors: l] reforestation objectives not directed towards the restoration of the environment, 2] programs based on a very small number of the species, 3] technical deficiencies in the selection of species and sites for the plantations 4) small size of areas devoted to reforestation, 5] insufficient and intermittent funding for these programs, 6) lack of training of local peasant inhabitants and of institutional technicians, and 7) very limited social acceptance of reforestation programs.
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Pawłowski, Zdzisław. "Ożywienie zmarłych w cyklu opowiadań o Eliaszu i Elizeuszu." Verbum Vitae 15 (January 14, 2009): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vv.1506.

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The plot in the Elijah and Elisha cycle is based on the multilevel contest: between kings and prophets on a level of bistory, between drought and rain on a level of nature, between Baal, the god ofCanaanites and Yahweh, the God of Israel on a level of religion, and ultimately between death and life on a level of human existence. This last one is a main theme of two episodes in l Kings 17,8-24 and 2 Kings 4,8-37. In the first text, despite the life-sustaining miracle of inexhaustible supplies, the son of the widow from Zarephath, Baal's territory, dies. Thus it is no longer a question of finding water or food, or even a matter of preventing possible death from starvation. It is ratber a matter of overcoming actual death. Through Elijah's action of stretching bimself out upon the dead boy, he is restored to life and returned to his mother. In the second text there is no poor widow and ber son facing starvation, but a rich woman from Shunem with no children. Through Elisha's announcement she miraculously conceived and gave birth to son. However this child is bom only to die. With the death of the boy the real issue of the story is now: can the man of God revive the dead? The two stage action of the prophet results in the resuscitation of the boy. And again Yahweh, the God of Israel, appears to be the God of the living, not the God of the dead.
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Guilardian, David. "L 'obituaire des grands chanoines du chapitre Sainte-Gudule de Bruxelles (1506): une première approche." Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 74, no. 3 (1996): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.1996.4121.

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Leroux, Virginie. "Les premières traductions de l’Iphigénie à Aulis d’Euripide, d’Érasme à Thomas Sébillet." Renaissance and Reformation 40, no. 3 (November 24, 2017): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v40i3.28743.

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En 1506, Érasme est le premier à traduire en latin des tragédies grecques entières, en l’occurrence deux tragédies d’Euripide, Hécube et Iphigénie à Aulis. S’il adopte pour l’Hécube une traduction vers à vers, il opte dans l’Iphigénie pour une traduction plus détaillée en veillant à produire dans la langue cible les effets de l’original. Dans son ouvrage sur L’Hécube d’Euripide en France, Bruno Garnier a montré comment la traduction latine d’Érasme a influencé la première traduction française de l’Hécube, attribuée à Guillaume Bochetel (1544). Cet article est consacré aux premières traductions de l’Iphigénie à Aulis et, en particulier, à celle de Thomas Sébillet qui se mesure à Érasme pour démontrer, contre Joachim Du Bellay, la capacité d’une traduction poétique à illustrer la langue française. In 1506, Erasmus was the first person to translate complete Greek tragedies into Latin, in this case two tragedies by Euripides, Hecuba and Iphigenia at Aulis. Though he used a verse by verse translation for Hecuba, he opted in Iphigenia for a more detailed translation, taking care to reproduce in the target language the effects of the original. In his work on Euripides’ Hecuba in France, Bruno Garnier has shown how the Latin translation of Erasmus influenced the first French translation of Hecuba, attributed to Guillaume Bochetel (1544). This article addresses the first translations of Iphigenia at Aulis and in particular that of Thomas Sébillet. He pitted himself against Erasmus to demonstrate, contrary to Joachim Du Bellay, the capacity of a poetic translation to exemplify the French language.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "L 1506"

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Secci, Barbara <1972&gt. "Lorenzo Costa pittore di corte a Mantova: 1506-1535." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/610/1/Tesi_Secci.pdf.

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Secci, Barbara <1972&gt. "Lorenzo Costa pittore di corte a Mantova: 1506-1535." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/610/.

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Cecchini, Barbara. "Analisi quantitativa del rischio di contaminazione ambientale dovuto al trasporto in condotta di greggio petrolifero: un caso di studio." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1506/.

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Paniagua, Carlos Roberto Benkenstein. "Calidad fisiologica de semilla de soja producida y comercializada por la unidad de semillas de Cooperativa Colonias Unidas - Paraguay." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1506.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_carlos_roberto_paniagua.pdf: 369831 bytes, checksum: bf64f076a3fca33f5992c2953df1ac4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-15
The present work was based on data of soybean seed analysis from seed lots produced by Colonia Unidas Cooperative - Paraguay, corresponding to the agricultural years (2007 and 2008). The results of 28 varieties were grouped and compared in classes relating to quantity, as well as for germination and vigor. In 2007 they were 331 seed lots while 2008 they were 271. According to the results the following conclusions were taken: a - The quality of soybean seed produced by the Colonia Unidas Cooperative is in a great extent influenced by the climatic conditions during the seed formation, harvesting and storage; b - The adoption of a system of quality control system from harvesting on is essential to diminish seed loss and; c - The decreases of the physiological quality play a role extremely important role on the amount of seed made available to the farmers, as well as the cost of the seed.
El presente trabajo ha relevado los datos de análisis de calidad de semillas de soja producidos por la Unidad de Semillas de Cooperativa Colonias Unidas correspondientes a los años agrícolas (2007 y 2008). Los datos recabados fueron de 28 variedades, que han sido agrupados y comparados en rangos de calidades, tanto de germinación y de vigor. El total de lotes categorizados en el año 2007 fue de 331 y en el año 2008 fue de 271 lotes en igual cantidades para los atributos de germinación y de vigor. Según la categorización realizada en el presente trabajo los resultados permitieron concluir que: a - La calidad de semilla de soja obtenida dentro de la Unidad de Semillas de la Cooperativa Colonias Unidas se ve en gran parte influenciada por las condiciones climáticas durante la formación - cosecha de la semilla y almacenamiento; b - La adopción de un sistema de control de calidad en la recepción es esencial para minimizar el descarte de semillas ya beneficiadas; c - Las mermas de la calidad fisiológica juega un papel sumamente importante sobre la cantidad de semilla disponibilizada a los clientes, como también al incrementos de costos para la unidad de semillas.
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Pinto, Lilian GeovÃnia Costa. "Efeito do processamento sobre o perfil sensorial e os constituintes volÃteis do suco de acerola (Malpighia glabra L.)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1506.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Neste trabalho foram monitoradas as alteraÃÃes no perfil sensorial e no perfil de compostos volÃteis do suco de acerola integral durante o seu processamento. Inicialmente foi determinado o perfil de volÃteis do suco de acerola in natura, identificando os compostos de maior importÃncia odorÃfera, atravÃs da tÃcnica OSME de CG-olfatometria. Em seguida, foram coletadas amostras de cinco etapas do processamento: despolpadeira, refinamento, centrifugaÃÃo, tratamento tÃrmico e produto final com adiÃÃo de conservantes, as quais foram submetidas à anÃlise cromatogrÃfica e anÃlise sensorial. Os compostos volÃteis do suco foram isolados pela tÃcnica de headspace dinÃmico por sucÃÃo, utilizando polÃmero Porapak-Q, sob condiÃÃes previamente padronizadas. Os volÃteis contidos no isolado foram separados por cromatografia gasosa de alta resoluÃÃo e identificados por CG-EM. Foram detectados 86 compostos no headspace do suco de acerola integral, dos quais 55 foram identificados e 5 tentativamente identificados. A anÃlise olfatomÃtrica permitiu a detecÃÃo de 79 compostos odorÃferos, dos quais 26 compostos foram considerados de maior importÃncia odorÃfera para a formaÃÃo do aroma caracterÃstico da acerola. Esses compostos foram classificados em trÃs grupos: âcompostos com aroma caracterÃstico de acerolaâ(Grupo 1) como hexanal, butanoato de etila e E-3-hexen-1-ol, âcompostos com qualidade odorÃfera agradÃvelâ (Grupo 2) como Z-3-hexenal, Z-3-hexen-1-ol, acetato de 4-pentenila, hexanoato de metila, hexanoato de etila e âcompostos com qualidade odorÃfera desagradÃvelâ (grupo 3) como 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanol e acetato de Z-3-hexenila. Os compostos mencionados foram os que apresentaram maior intensidade odorÃfera e foram escolhidos para fazer o monitoramento. Observou-se que no Grupo 1, os compostos hexanal e o butanoato de etila mantiveram-se estÃveis durante o processamento, mas o E-3-hexen-1-ol foi drasticamente reduzido no tratamento tÃrmico. No Grupo 2, o Z-3-hexenal e Z-3-hexen-1-ol tambÃm sofreram grandes perdas na etapa de aquecimento. Por sua vez, os compostos 1-octen-3-ol e 3-octanol foram totalmente pedidos apÃs a adiÃÃo dos conservantes. AtravÃs da AnÃlise Descritiva Quantitativa pode-se observar que as amostras do inÃcio do processamento do suco de acerola integral (despolpadeira, refinamento e centrifugaÃÃo) apresentaram perfis sensoriais semelhantes entre si, caracterizados por aroma e sabor de acerola, aroma e sabor de acerola verde os quais foram diminuindo ao longo do processamento. As etapas do final do processamento (tratamento tÃrmico e produto final com adiÃÃo de conservantes) foram as que mais modificaram o perfil sensorial do suco de acerola, aumentando de forma considerÃvel a percepÃÃo do aroma e sabor artificiais. Foi observada uma correlaÃÃo positiva significativa entre o E-3-hexen-1-ol o sabor de acerola. O aroma de acerola correlacionou-se negativamente com acetato de 4- pentenila e hexanoato de metila. Os compostos hexanoato de etila e hexanoato de metila apresentaram-se positivamente correlacionados com o aroma artificial e sabor artificial respectivamente, enquanto que o acetato de Z-3-hexenila apresentou-se diretamente proporcional à intensidade de ambos descritores artificiais (aroma e sabor). O sabor cozido apresentou-se positivamente correlacionado com hexanoato de metila e acetato de 4-pentenila, e negativamente com o 1-octen-3-ol. Os compostos butanoato de etila e 3-octanol nÃo apresentaram nenhuma correlaÃÃo significativa com os descritores sensoriais.
In the present work the changes in the sensorial profile and the volatile profile of acerola plain juice due to industrial processing were monitored. Initially it was determined the volatile composition of the in natura acerola juice and the main odor-active compounds were assessed by the Osme CG-olfactometry technique. Later, five steps of juice processing were sampled: extraction, finishing, centrifugation, thermal treatment, final product with chemical preservatives. These samples were submitted to chromatographic and sensory analyses. Volatile compounds were isolated by using a dynamic headspace technique by suction, in Porapak Q, analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography (FID) and identified by GC-MS. Ninety-three compounds were detected in the headspace of acerola juice, from which 55 were identified and 5 were tentatively identified. The olfactometric analysis was able to detect 79 odoriferous compounds, from which 26 were considered the most important contributors to the characteristic acerola aroma. These compounds were classified in three groups: âcompounds with acerola aromaâ (Group 1) as hexanal, ethyl butanoate e E-3-hexen-1-ol; âcompounds described as pleasant notesâ (Group 2), like Z-3-hexenal, Z-3-hexen-1-ol, 4- pentenyl acetate, methyl hexanoate and ethyl hexanoate; âcompounds described as unpleasant notesâ (Group 3), like 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanol and Z-3-hexenyl acetate. The mentioned compounds were the ones that showed the highest aroma intensities and were chosen to be monitored. In the first group, the compounds hexanal and ethyl butanoate showed good stability, while E-3-hexen-1-ol was drastically reduced with the thermal treatment. In Group 2, Z-3-hexenal and Z-3-hexen-1-ol also suffered great damages during the heating step. Compounds 1-octen-3-l and 3-octanol from Group 3 were totally lost when the food preservatives were added. By means of Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, it was observed that the samples from the beginning steps (extraction, finishing and centrifugation) showed similar sensory profiles, and were characterized by high intensities of acerola aroma, acerola flavor, green acerola aroma, green acerola flavor, which had been diminishing throughout the processing. The final steps (thermal treatment and preservatives addition) were the ones which provoked the greater changes in the acerola juice sensory profile, increasing the artificial aroma and flavor perception. A positive correlation was determined between E-3- hexen-1-ol and acerola flavor. The descriptor acerola aroma correlated negatively to 4- pentenyl-acetate and methyl hexanoate. Compounds ethyl hexanoate and methyl hexanoate showed positive correlation to artificial aroma and artificial flavor, respectively, while Z-3- hexenyl acetate was directly proportional to the intensity of both descriptors. The cooked aroma descriptor was positively correlated to methyl hexanoate and 4-pentenyl acetate and negatively correlated to 1-octen-3-ol. Compounds ethyl butanoate and 3-octanol showed no significant correlation to any sensory descriptor.
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Sayaf, Ghassan <1946&gt. "Politica, economia e società nel periodo di Qānṣū al-Ġūrī, ultimo sultano dei Mamelucchi (1501-1516)." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1179.

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L’impero siro-egiziano dei Mamelucchi è stato il protagonista assoluto, politicamente ed economicamente, della scena del Vicino Oriente regnando su un vasto territorio, il Bilād al-Šām (la grande Siria) e l’Egitto, per quasi tre secoli (1250-1517). Storicamente i Mamelucchi rivestono una grande importanza politica e militare, avendo fondato uno stato forte e stabile, proteggendo i loro confini militarmente senza pretese espansionistiche. Furono anche i protagonisti dell’economia del loro tempo, costruendo per un lungo periodo un solido ponte tra l’Occidente e l’Oriente per gli scambi commerciali e gli interessi reciproci, trasformando il territorio del loro impero nel centro del commercio mondiale dell’epoca, collegando la produzione dei mercati del sud asiatico con i mercati europei, stringendo patti di alleanza e trattati commerciali con gli stati europei, in particolare con la Repubblica di Venezia La ricerca ha interessato il tardo periodo mamelucco, che cronologicamente si colloca nel secondo periodo di questo impero, chiamato dei Mamelucchi circassi-Burğī (1382-1517). In particolare si è esaminato, nei suoi aspetti politici, economici e sociali, il periodo dell’ultimo, seppure non cronologicamente ma per importanza storica, sultano circasso Qānṣū al-Ġūrī, (1501-1516), che guidò gli ultimi anni di vita di questo sultanato, fino alla caduta definitiva, con la sconfitta e la sua morte nella battaglia di Marğ Dābiq, nel nord della Siria, il 24 agosto 1516. In seguito a ciò i Turchi ottomani trovarono la strada verso il Cairo aperta. Il sultano Qānṣū al-Ġūrī riveste una particolare importanza anche in quanto ha regnato in un momento storico di cambiamento del sistema mondiale: il mondo entrava nell’era moderna, l’era della scoperte geografiche e del nuovo ordine politico, coloniale, culturale ed economico.
The Syrian-Egyptian Mamluks Empire was protagonist in Policy and Economy in Near East, reigning in Bilād al-Šām and Egypt, nearly three centuries (1250-1517). Historically the Mamluks have a great importance in political and military fields, found a strong and fixed empire. defending empire borders without expansion claims. They was protagonists in Economy, forming for a long period a solid connection between West and East for commercial exchanges and political interests, placing the own territory in the center of worldwide commerce, connecting the South-Asian market with European markets, concluding alliances and commercial treaty with European States, above all the Republic of Venice. The research concerns the late period of Mamluks Empire, which chronologically put on second period, called Circassian or Burğī (1382-1517). Specially the research examines policy, economy and society during the reign of the last, not chronologically but for historical importance, circassian sultan Qānṣū al-Ġūrī, (1501-1516), who guided the last years of sultanate, until the definitive fall, after the defeat of Marğ Dābiq battle, in northern Syria, on 24th august 1516, under the military power of the Turkish Ottoman army, wich after arrived at Cairo, capital of Mamluks Empire. Qānṣū al-Ġūrī died during the battle. Sultan Qānṣū al-Ġūrī has a special importance since he reigned in a historical period of world change: the world came in a modern era, the era of the geographic discoveries and of the new political, colonial, cultural and economic order.
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Posocco, Anna <1987&gt. "Ludovico Fiumicelli (1500 ca.-1582)." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3251.

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La tesi si propone di analizzare la figura di Ludovico Fiumicelli nel suo complesso partendo dalla sua fortuna critica e dai dati biografici desunti dalle fonti. Viene quindi esaminata la sua attività pittorica nel panorama trevigiano e compiuta un'analisi stilistica sulle opere. Giovanni Antonio Pordenone, Paris Bordon, Tiziano, Giovan Pietro Meloni e Francesco Beccaruzzi sono i pittori con i quali l'artista si relaziona o ai quali fa riferimento nelle sue opere. Queste sono infine raccolte in un catalogo che comprende sia le opere esistenti che quelle perdute ma ricordate dalle fonti.
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Gualandi, Giacomo. "L'aritmetica di Peano e i teoremi di incompletezza." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1556/.

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Villani, Riccardo. "Il calcolo differenziale." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1576/.

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Iliceto, Annachiara <1976&gt. "Aspetti di vita quotidiana, religiosa, militare e civile in Britannia e lungo il Vallo di Adriano." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1560/.

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The dissertation aims to provide an overview of some aspects of everyday life in Roman Britain in general and in the area of Hadrian’s Wall in particular. In a preliminary description, the writer addresses the complex topic related to the genesis of borders as the fulfillment of the expansionist parable of Rome, and as the space manifestation of the sunset of the idea of an imperium sine fine. Then the thesis passes to examine, in subsequent chapters, first the religious theme in its peculiar indigenous component and in the cultural practices triggered by the process of Romanization, secondly the question whether is possible to study everyday life in the northernmost province of the Empire through a discussion of the civilian settlements in proximity to military sites. This issue is drawn especially thanks to the analysis of the so-called Vindolanda tablets, which constitute a valuable evidence of a lively environment both under human and social respect. Before giving an indication of the specific bibliography, the work offers a number of appendices which elaborate part of the information which has been supplied in the previous sections. Mention of the epigraphic repertoires and literary and antiquarian sources is finally made.
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Books on the topic "L 1506"

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Saltor, Francesc Xavier Parés i. L' ordinari d'Urgell de 1536. Barcelona: Facultat de Teologia de Catalunya, 2002.

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Ana, Avila, and Collareta Marco, eds. L' arte in Europa: 1500-1570. Torino: UTET, 1998.

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Vaquer, Onofre. L' esclavitud a Mallorca, 1448-1500. Mallorca: Institut d'Estudis Baleàrics, Govern Balear, Conselleria d'Educació, Cultura i Esports, 1997.

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Haudrère, Philippe. L' empire des rois: 1500-1789. Paris: Denoël, 1997.

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Time-Life, Collections, ed. L' Essor de l'Europe: 1500-1600. Paris: Time-Life, 1990.

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L' idea dell'America nella cultura inglese, 1500-1625. Bari: Adriatica, 1986.

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Aerny, Francis. L' Evêché de Lausanne (VIe siècle-1536): Essai de synthèse. Yens sur Morges: Cabédita, 1991.

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Aretino, Pietro. L' Orazia. Rovito, CS: Marra, 1991.

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Aretino, Pietro. L' Orazia. Rovito: Marra, 1991.

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Mari, Paolo. L' armario del filologo. Roma: Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "L 1506"

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Ceccarelli, Francesco, and Pino Montalti. "Leonardo in Romagna tra ritratti di città e scienza della guerra." In Lo sguardo territorialista di Leonardo, 241–52. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-514-1.27.

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Leonardo’s passage through Romagna in 1502 left significant traces in his graphic production, including the codex L and the celebrated map of Imola now at Windsor Castle. These records reveal his direct involvement in the political and military affairs of the region, as shown by the well-known concession letter issued to him by Cesare Borgia in 1502. The chapter presents a critical reexamination of the principal interventions to the fortifications of Cesena between 1502 and 1503, which were the focus of Leonardo’s observations during his stay when Cesare Borgia tried to transform it into the capital of his ephemeral duchy.
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Overdiek, J. W. P. M., and Y. Jehee-Molleman. "L." In Synoniemen van geneesmiddelnamen, 140–49. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-368-1501-7_12.

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Hawaibam, Sisira, and Aheibam Dinamani Singh. "Performance Comparison of L-SC and L-MRC over Various Fading Channels." In Proceedings of International Conference on Data, Electronics and Computing, 467–77. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1509-5_43.

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Vogel, W. J., G. W. Torrence, and N. Kleiner. "Measurement of Propagation Loss into Cars on Satellite Paths at L-Band." In Mobile and Personal Satellite Communications 2, 129–38. London: Springer London, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1516-8_11.

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D’Elia, R., R. Giubilei, G. Grelli, L. Miracapillo, and T. Sassorossi. "The L-band Land Mobile (LLM) payload: key technologies and test results." In Mobile and Personal Satellite Communications 2, 15–31. London: Springer London, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1516-8_2.

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Suresh, Anitha, C. Puttamadappa, and Manoj Kumar Singh. "Scanning Array Antenna Radiation Pattern Design Containing Asymmetric Null Steering Based on L-ASBO." In Smart Computing Techniques and Applications, 535–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1502-3_53.

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Hague, Joel, Kimberly Nelson, Alex Yonchak, and Albert P. Kausch. "qPCR Methods for the Quantification of Transgene Insert Copy Number and Zygosity Using the Comparative Ct Method in Transgenic Sorghum bicolor L. Moench." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 251–68. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1526-3_13.

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Habyarimana, Ephrem, and Nicole Bartelds. "Yield Prediction in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and Cultivated Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)." In Big Data in Bioeconomy, 219–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71069-9_17.

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AbstractSorghum and potato pilots were conducted in this work to provide a solution to current limitations (dependability, cost) in crop monitoring in Europe. These limations include yield forecasting based mainly on field surveys, sampling, censuses, and the use of coarser spatial resolution satellites. We used the indexes decribing the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation as well as the leaf areas derived from Sentinel-2 satellites to predict yields and provide farmers with actionable advice in sorghum biomass and, in combination with WOFOST crop growth model, in cultivated potatoes. Overall, the Bayesian additive regression trees method modelled best sorghum biomass yields. The best explanatory variables were days 150 and 165 of the year. In potato, the use of earth observation information allowed to improve the growth model, resulting in better yield prediction with a limited number of field trials. The online platform provided the potato farmers more insight through benchmarking among themselves across cropping seasons, and observing in-field variability Site-specific management became easier based on the field production potential and its performance relative to surrounding fields. The extensive pilots run in this work showed that farming is a business with several variables which not all can be controlled by the farmer. The technologies developed herein are expected to inform about the farming operations, giving rise to well-informed farmers with the advantage to be able to adapt to the circumstances, mitigating production risks, and ultimately staying longer in the business.
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Katiyo, Munashe, Loice Gudukeya, Mufaro Kanganga, and Nita Sukdeo. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Biogas to Liquid Fuel Conversion via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: A Case Study of Biogas Generated from Municipal Sewage." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 729–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_82.

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AbstractThis research looks at how biogas (a renewable energy resource) can be harnessed using municipal sewage waste, and the potential of biogas use for generating liquid fuels (diesel and petrol) using Fischer Tropsch synthesis. The research also looks at the economic implications of carrying out the venture, and also determines the viability and feasibility of developing such an initiative in Zimbabwe. The production of biofuel from biogas via Fischer Tropsch synthesis was successfully simulated using the Aspen Plus simulation software which enabled a techno‐economic assessment to be conducted based on these results. The minimum retail price of Fischer Tropsch diesel and petrol fuel was determined to be slightly under $1.10/litre for both fuels, with an annual total plant production capacity of 200 million litres per year. The plant was designed to produce around 270 000 L of petrol fuel per day that can be refined and further upgraded to premium quality grade petrol for export. The plant was also designed to produce nearly 320 000 L of diesel fuel per day for direct use as liquid transportation fuel. The total biogas input requirement for the plant is 700 tonnes/hour of biogas (2000 m3/hour) [1m3 = 0.353 tonnes]. The total sulphur production is 30 tonnes per day, and the total carbon dioxide extracted and captured is 1500 tonnes per day. The total plant cost was estimated at $200 million USD. The financial analysis for the plant operations shows positive financial performance with a nearly 20% return on investment. A payback period of 5 years is projected.
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Arrighi, Lucie. "À l'épreuve des guerres seigneuriales. Des rôles féminins dans la trame de l' Histoire de Corse (quinzième siècle)." In Women and Violence in the Late Medieval Mediterranean, ca. 1100–1500, 66–80. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003098430-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "L 1506"

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Kim, H.-R., K.-A. Lee, and S.-H. Lee. "AB0090 N-ACETYL-L-CYSTEINE (NAC) controls osteoclastogenesis through regulating TH17 differentiation and RANKL production in rheumatoid arthritis." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.1506.

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He, Qingyu, Dawei Ge, Ming Luo, Xu Zhang, Yan Wu, Liang Mei, Ping Du, et al. "150.27-Tb/s Capacity over 150-km in S+C+L Band Using 156-Channel 115-GBaud Signals with Doped Fiber Amplification." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2024.tu3e.2.

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We demonstrate a 150.27-Tb/s S-, C- and L-band optical signal over 150-km G.654.E transmission in a 19.5-THz bandwidth with only DFAs. The average per-wavelength capacity is over 960-Gbit/s after entropy optimization in each band.
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Farah, Pedro Felisberto Nogueira Viana, Felipe dos Santos Souza, Felipe Oliveira Costa, Mariana Bastos Rodrigues dos Santos, and Yasmim Evelyn Lisboa Barbosa. "L-dopa: main drug induced dyskinesia." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.111.

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Introduction: 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa) is the gold standard drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disease causes degeneration of dopaminergic cells, L-dopa supplies the lack of dopamine, being effective in its treatment. The average time for the onset of this hyperkinetic disorder is usually 6.5 years and the young age at the beginning of the disease. This pathology may present with chorea, dystonia, myoclonus and stereotypes. Diskinesia-inducing L-dopa (LID) remains one of the most challenging unmet needs in the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Methodology: This is an integrative review, using the MedLine, Cochrane and PubMed databases with the descriptors “drug induced”, “dyskinesia” and “L- dopa”. Articles published in the last 10 years; in English; clinical trial articles and original articles were included. Results: The prevalence for the development of LID was 50% for those who started PD at 40-59 years of age, compared to 16% at 70 years of age. The incidence of LID is about 90% after 9 years, but the main cause is related to the dose of levodopa and the duration of the disease. The risk factors for the development of LID are modifiable (levoodopa dose and body weight) and non- modifiable (age, sex, duration, progress and severity of the disease). Conclusion: With this, it can be concluded that doctors who deal with PD need to be aware of the risk factors for LID and know how to manage it.
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Tundis, Rosa, Anna Rita Cappello, and Monica Rosa Loizzo. "Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) and Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Ethanolic Extracts: Inhibitory Effects on Pancreatic Lipase and Antioxidant Activity." In Foods 2023. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods2023-15065.

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Herczeg, P. "Comparison of beta-ray polarizations in Fermi and Gamow-Teller transitions and SU(2)L×SU(2)R×U(1) models." In AIP Conference Proceedings Volume 150. AIP, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.36081.

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Barile, João Paulo, Andreas Batista Schelp, Davi Vargas Freitas Teixeira, Sonia Maria Cesar de Azevedo Silva, and Ana Luisa Rosas Sarmento. "Alexia without agraphia, case report." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.313.

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Introduction: Alexia Without Agrafia (AWA) is a syndrome in which the patient loses the ability to read while maintaining the ability to write. It’s described in strokes in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and is usually accompanied by right homonymous hemianopia (HH) or color anomy. Case presentation: Male, 66 years old, complete higher education, righthanded, woke up two days ago with difficulty orienting himself, bumping into objects, visual difficulty in right hemifields. Neurological examination: preserved naming (when presented through sensory means other than visual), fluency, comprehension and writing, but inability to read, anomie for colors, HH on the right (R). CT Skull: hypoattenuating at occipital-temporal region left (L), in addition areas of encephalomalacia in the R occipital-temporal. Electrocardiogram: atrial fibrillation. US Doppler Carotid: no significant stenoses. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Skull and Angio-MRI arterial phase: recent ischemia in the L occipital lobe and in L temporal lobe, involvement of splenium of the corpus callosum (CC), diffusion restriction and hypersignal in T2 and FLAIR (Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery); previous ischemic lesion in the R temporal-occipital; hypoflow of bilateral PCA distal branches. Echocardiogram: enlarged L atrium. CT Skull 11 days after ictus with stability. Hospital discharge with Apixaban 5 mg every 12 hours, return to the neurology clinic. Discussion: Lesion in the L occipito-temporal cortex with involvement of the splenium of CC leads to a disconnection syndrome called AWA. The CC has fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres. The occipital lobe and splenium are supplied by the PCA. In addition, PCA infarction L leads to HH on the R, thus, visual information (letters) interpreted in the R visual cortex (visual field L), explaining why the patient can see the letters but not read them. Conclusion: Strokes are one of the main causes of morbidity. In the topography of the left PCA, we observed AWA.
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Carpiceci, Marco, and Fabio Colonnese. "Le mura di Leonardo. I rilievi del 1502." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11363.

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Leonardo’s Walls. Surveys in 1502In the summer of 1502, Cesare Borgia appointed Leonardo da Vinci for his engineering expertise. His assignment was specific and concerning with military architecture: he was expected to “see, measure and do good estimation”. The Codex L, a small notebook conserved in the Library of the Institute of France, show the results of the survey of the city walls of Cesena and Urbino. The technique Leonardo adopted consists in traversing rectilinear stretches, measuring their length by means of an instrument able to count his steps and establishing their orientation by means of a compass. At the end of the path, the data relative to the sides of a closed polygon are obtained, resulting the geometric plan of the walls. This practice is testified by some residual eidotypes provided with quotas and orientations. In some cases, only the lists of distances in numbers are present, but the analysis of the figures makes it possible to reconstruct the surveyed plans, as Nando De Toni pioneered many years ago. This study focuses on the tools and the urban survey technique used by Leonardo. The analysis of some sheets from the Codex L, contextualized with respect to the actual topography of the sites, allows to understand the correct sequence of the operations carried out first in the site and then at the drawing board. By means of specific digital reconstructions, it is therefore possible to study the instrumental and operational limits of this practice and, by comparing it with the current state, to reconstruct the entire defensive structure.
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Almeida, Lícia Maria Belchior, Dayne Maria Dias Belchior, and Luciana Dias Belchior. "Analysis of static balance in a patient with parkinson’s disease after using Nintendo Wii Fit® games: a case study." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.317.

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Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by involuntary tremors, weakness, festive gait, due to impaired balance, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Baropodometer and stabilometer are used to measure the strength of the feet and analyze the gravitational displacement, respectively. The Nintendo Wii® allows playful interaction to exercise balance. Objectives: To analyze static balance of PD patients after using Wii Fit® pre and post intervention. Methods: The baropodometric and stabilometric evaluation before and after the intervention took place at the University of Fortaleza. Plantar surface, mass division and pressures were evaluated with a baropodometer. Static balance was assessed with a stabilometer. The games used were Penguin Slide, Table Tilt Plus, Tilt City. Results: The left (L) hindfoot mass division went from 16.02 to 27.51%. The anteroposterior oscillations of L foot and right (R) varied from 50 to 49%. The average pressure of R foot was 35.67 to 25.97 kpa. As the appointments passed, the scores on the Wii went up. In the static analysis, it was found the patient presented a better variation in mass division of the L hindfoot, frontal gravitational center L and R and mean pressure on the R foot. The benefits found in the applicability of Wii Fit® as a therapeutic tool result in improvement in correction of posture and balance, enabling better locomotion and motivating the patient. Conclusion: The interaction with virtual reality in a patient with PD is promising for complementary motor treatment, as it delays the evolution of symptoms, improving static balance and providing greater functionality.
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Chowdhury, Prantik Roy, and Adam C. Gladen. "Impact of Temperature and Ethanol Concentration on High Temperature Direct Ethanol-Based Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." In ASME 2023 17th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2023 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2023-107446.

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Abstract This study examines the effect of cell temperatures and ethanol concentrations on the performance of a high temperature based direct-ethanol proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. A series of experiments were conducted at different combination of temperature (150 °C and 165 °C) and ethanol concentration (1 mol/L, 3 mol/L, 6 mol/L, and 9 mol/L) with an ethanol and air flow rate of 2 ml/min and 2 L/min, respectively. The resulting polarization and power curves show the overall effect of temperature and ethanol concentration on the cell performance. A two-factor analysis has been performed to investigate the main effect and interactions of temperature and concentration on maximum power and cell current at 0.2 V and 0.4 V. Result shows that the increase of cell temperature from 150 °C to 165 °C causes a significant improvement of cell potential and power output. At 165 °C, low concentration of ethanol (1mol/L) provides good power output until 150 mA/cm2, intermediate concentration (3 mol/L) gives high power output and allows for operation at high current density. It (3 mol/L) amplifies the effect of temperature at maximum power operation. Higher concentration causes the significant drop of cell performance. Therefore, the fuel cell operating condition of 3 mol/L and 165 °C provides balancing of ethanol and water molecules in the catalyst active side and gives the highest cell potential and power output.
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Hadij-ElHouati, Abdelfettah, Robert Halir, Alejandro Ortega-Monux, J. Gonzalo Wanguemert-Perez, Hugh Podmore, Jens H. Schmid, Pavel Cheben, and Inigo Molina-Fernandez. "Metamaterial engineered C+L band 90° hybrid with 150 nm feature size." In 2020 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipc47351.2020.9252391.

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Reports on the topic "L 1506"

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Núñez Zarantes, Víctor Manuel, Erika Patricia Sánchez Betancourt, Franklin Giovanny Mayorga Cubillos, Luis Fernando Gómez Gil, and Alejandro Alberto Navas Arboleda. Corpoica Andina :variedad de uchuva para Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Antioquia y Nariño. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.folleto.2016.3.

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El cultivo de la uchuva (Physolis peruviana L., Solanaceae) se encuentra distribuido en las zonas altas de la región Andina. Según Legge (1974) su origen se ubica en la zona andina de Perú; sin embargo, es posible que el fruto haya llegado de Brasil y se haya aclimatado en las áreas de Perú y Chile (CRFG 1997). Colombia inició cultivos en los años ochenta y hoy día es el primer productor mundial. Actualmente, se cultiva en siete departamentos con un área de producción de alrededor de 932 hectáreas, una producción total de 13.260 t y un rendimiento promedio de 9,81 t/ ha. Las mayores áreas de siembra se encuentran en Boyacá (409 ha), Antioquia (191 ha) y Cundinamarca (150 ha). Es un cultivo huérfano en el que los productores dependen de material de siembra de viveros sin ninguna identificación genética, y no de cultivares registrados y certificados.
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Vine, Allyn Collin, and W. Maurice Ewing. Performance of bathythermograph with hand winch. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29561.

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On May l, 1942 a series of towing tests were made off New London to determine how satisfactory a small hand operated winch would be. The boat was an 83 ft. Coast Guard patrol boat with the end of the boom about 3 feet outboard and 15 feet forward of the stern. Towing tests were made at 8, 12, and 18 knots. At 18 knots two methods were tried: A. Those where the BT was dropped from the end of the boom in the usual manner. B. Those where the BT was dropped from the bow of the boat. This method gave a considerably greater depth of water for the same amount of wire out than the former method. In a longer boat where the BT can be carried 100 to 150 ft. ahead of the boom this additional depth may amount to 100 feet.
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Swan, Megan, and Christopher Calvo. Site characterization and change over time in semi-arid grassland and shrublands at three parks?Chaco Culture National Historic Park, Petrified Forest National Park, and Wupatki National Monument: Upland vegetation and soils monitoring 2007?2021. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301582.

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This report presents results of upland vegetation and soil monitoring of semi-arid grasslands at three Parks by the Southern Colorado Plateau Inventory and Monitoring Network (SCPN) from 2007?2021. The purpose is to compare and contrast five grassland ecological sites and examine how they have changed during the first 15 years of monitoring. Crews collected data on composition and abundance of vegetation, both at the species level and by lifeform (e.g., perennial grass, shrub, forb) and soil aggregate stability and soil texture at 150 plots within five target grassland/shrubland communities delineated using NRCS ecological site (ecosite) classification (30 plots per ecosite). Soils in plots at Petrified Forest NP and Chaco Culture NHP were deeper than those at Wupatki NM. Undifferentiated soil crust comprised the largest component of the soil surface, except at Wupatki where surface gravel dominated. Cover of biological soil crust (cyanobacteria, lichen, and moss) was low. Soil aggregate stability was moderate. From 2007?2021, SCPN crews identified 283 unique plant species. Overall live foliar cover ranged from 12-24%. Four of five ecological sites were dominated by C4 grass species (>70% of total live foliar cover). Shrubs co-dominated at one site (WUPA L) and forbs were an overall small component of total vegetation cover but contributed most of the diversity in these sites. Less than 4% of species detected were nonnative. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) was the most frequently sampled nonnative, occurring in > 50% of plots at Wupatki in the volcanic upland ecological site. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) was the second most common invasive species but occurred in < 10% of the plots at all ecological sites. Vegetation cover was modeled using Bayesian hierarchical models and included seasonal climatic water deficits, year effects and topographic variables as covariates. Models revealed significant negative time trends (i.e., changes over time that were not explained by changes in seasonal deficit covariates included) in some modeled responses, particularly in the cover of perennial grass at all five ecological sites. Time trends in shrub and forb responses were mixed. Species richness showed variable effects by ecosite, decreasing at CHCU S, and increasing at PEFO S and WUPA V. Modeled responses were influenced by climate covariates, but direction of these effects varied. The most consistent effects were that greater July water stress and higher accumulated growing degree days (i.e., warmer spring temperatures) increased cover of perennial grasses and shrubs during the same year. However, greater water stress in the spring had a negative effect on many responses as expected. Decreasing cover of perennial grass and increasing cover of shrubs and weedy forbs has been predicted for southwestern grasslands in response to increasing aridification due to anthropogenic climate change. Perennial grass trends reported here correspond with these predictions with mixed results on shrub and forb community trends. Continued drought conditions will likely exacerbate negative changes in these systems.
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Monetary Policy Report, April 2024. Banco de la República, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2024.

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Inflation continues to fall, but it is above the 3% target, and it is projected to continue falling until it reaches it in 2025. Economic growth is low, but it would recover, and by 2025, economic activity would reach a path that can be sustained over time without causing unwanted changes in inflation, employment, or the external balance. The current monetary policy interest rate is compatible with the convergence of inflation to the target in 2025 and with the recovery of economic growth in the next two years. • Annual inflation has been decreasing for a year and is projected to continue, with inflation at 5.5% in December and the 3% target to be reached in 2025. In March, total inflation was 7.4% and completed a year of reductions from the maximum recorded a year ago (13.3%). In the first quarter of this year, all the main components of inflation fell (food, services, goods, and regulated). • The decrease in inflation has been greater than expected due to the behavior of food prices and some goods. • The lower pressures of the exchange rate on prices, the slowdown in demand, and the completion of adjustments in fuel prices contributed to reducing inflation. • The reduction in inflation has been limited by the rise in some service rates, largely because several of these were updated with the high inflation observed (what is known as indexing). • The accumulated effect of monetary policy actions, weak demand in the presence of excess productive capacity of the economy, and an exchange rate behavior that would continue to exert downward pressures on prices will continue to contribute to the decrease in inflation and its convergence towards the 3% target. • There are some risks that could reduce inflation more slowly than projected, such as possible pent-up increases in public services and transport rates, an unexpected increase in the exchange rate and/or adverse weather conditions that affect food prices. The economy would recover in 2024, and by the end of the following year, it would reach a path that would not cause unwanted changes in inflation, employment, or the country’s external balance. • After the significant economic growth in 2022 (7.3%) that placed the GDP at high levels, the expansion of economic activity for 2023 was 0.6%. In the first quarter of 2024, the economy would have improved compared to what was observed at the end of 2023, driven by high levels of activity in the agricultural sector that reflect the high supply recorded in these months. • The necessary adjustment of economic activity occurred amid the accumulated effects of monetary policy actions to combat high inflation, high external financing costs, and low levels in businessmen’s and consumers’ confidence indicators. • The labor market continues to show unemployment rates at low levels compared to its history, although with deteriorations in employment in recent months. • Going forward, economic activity would continue to recover. This would occur in an environment of less restrictive external financing conditions, and reductions in the monetary policy interest rate, as inflation gradually approaches the 3% target. o For 2024, economic growth of 1.4% is projected, driven by consumption and despite a weak expected investment performance. o For 2025, growth would be 3.2%, with consumption that would continue to improve, an investment that would recover from the very low levels of 2024, and a gradual recovery of exports. • The lower growth of the Colombian economy has been reflected in a reduction of the broad external imbalance observed in 2022, which results in less vulnerability to changes in international conditions. Given the decline in inflation and its expectations, the slowing of domestic demand, and a more sustainable external balance, the Board of Directors of the Banco de la República decided at its April meeting to continue the monetary policy interest rate reductions, bringing it to 11.75%. • The stance of monetary policy has contributed to ameliorating the country’s macroeconomic imbalances, such as high inflation, excess spending and credit, and the wide external deficit. • In the context of decreasing inflation and adjusting some macroeconomic imbalances, the Board of Directors began to reduce the monetary policy interest rate from December 2023, with a total reduction of 150 basis points by April. • The current monetary policy interest rate is compatible with inflation, reaching the 3% target in 2025 and sustainable economic growth over time. Box 1 - Un indicador de los servicios de transporte para medir la actividad económica colombiana Autores: Karen L. Pulido-Mahecha, Juan Sebastián Silva-Rodríguez y Juan Felipe Carmona-Pascuales Box 2 - Evolución reciente y perspectivas de la inversión Autores: Camilo López, Andrés Herrera, Nicol Rodríguez y Sebastián Quintero Box 3 - Evaluación del error de pronóstico macroeconómico de 2023 Autores: Jonathan Alexander Muñoz Martínez y Julián Mauricio Pérez Amaya
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Informe de Política Monetaria - Abril de 2024. Banco de la República, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-spa.tr2-2024.

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La inflación sigue descendiendo, pero se ubica por encima de la meta del 3%, y se proyecta que continúe bajando hasta alcanzarla en 2025. El crecimiento económico es bajo, pero se recuperaría y en 2025 la actividad económica llegaría a una senda que se puede sostener en el tiempo sin causar cambios indeseados en la inflación, el empleo o el déficit externo. La tasa de interés de política monetaria actual es compatible con la convergencia de la inflación a la meta en 2025 y con la recuperación del crecimiento económico en los próximos dos años. La inflación anual completó un año reduciéndose. Las proyecciones indican que este comportamiento continuaría y la inflación se ubicaría en el 5,5% en diciembre y que se alcanzaría la meta del 3% en 2025. • En marzo la inflación total fue 7,4% y completó un año de reducciones desde el máximo registrado un año atrás (13,3%). En el primer trimestre de este año todos los principales componentes de la inflación cayeron (alimentos, servicios, bienes y regulados). • El descenso de la inflación ha resultado algo mayor de lo esperado debido al comportamiento de los precios de los alimentos y de algunos bienes. • Las menores presiones de la tasa de cambio sobre los precios, la desaceleración de la demanda y la finalización de los ajustes en los precios de los combustibles contribuyeron a reducir la inflación. • La reducción de la inflación se ha visto limitada por el alza en las tarifas de los servicios, en buena parte, porque varias de estas se actualizaron con la alta inflación observada (lo que se conoce como indexación). • Al descenso de la inflación y su convergencia hacia la meta del 3% seguirían contribuyendo el efecto acumulado de las acciones de política monetaria, una demanda débil en presencia de excesos de capacidad productiva de la economía y un comportamiento de la tasa de cambio que continuaría ejerciendo presiones bajistas sobre los precios. • Persisten algunos riesgos que podrían hacer que la inflación se reduzca de forma más lenta de lo proyectado como, por ejemplo, posibles aumentos represados en las tarifas de servicios públicos y transporte, un aumento no esperado de la tasa de cambio y/o condiciones climáticas adversas que afecten los precios de los alimentos. En 2024 la economía se recuperaría y al final del siguiente año alcanzaría una senda que no causaría cambios indeseados en la inflación, el empleo o el déficit externo del país • Después del significativo crecimiento de la economía en 2022 (7,3%) que situó al PIB en niveles altos, la expansión de la actividad económica para todo 2023 fue del 0,6%. En el primer trimestre de 2024 la economía habría mejorado frente a lo observado a finales del 2023, impulsada por niveles de actividad elevados en el sector agrícola que reflejan la alta oferta registrada en estos meses • El ajuste necesario de la actividad económica se dio en medio de los efectos acumulados de las acciones de política monetaria para combatir la alta inflación, altos costos de financiamiento externo, y de niveles bajos en los indicadores de confianza de empresarios y consumidores. • El mercado laboral continúa mostrando tasas de desempleo en niveles bajos frente a su historia, aunque con deterioros del empleo en los últimos meses. • Hacia adelante, los niveles de actividad económica continuarían recuperándose. Esto se daría en un entorno de condiciones de financiamiento externo menos restrictivas y de reducciones en la tasa de interés de política monetaria, a medida que la inflación se acerque gradualmente a la meta del 3%. o Para 2024 se proyecta un crecimiento económico del 1,4%, impulsado por el consumo y a pesar de un débil desempeño esperado de la inversión. o Para 2025 el crecimiento sería del 3,2%, con un consumo que continuaría mejorando, una inversión que se recuperaría desde los muy bajos niveles de 2024 y una recuperación gradual de las exportaciones. • El menor crecimiento de la economía colombiana se ha reflejado en una reducción del amplio desequilibrio externo observado en 2022 y resulta, por ende, en una menor vulnerabilidad ante los cambios en las condiciones internacionales. Dada la disminución de la inflación y de sus expectativas, la moderación de la demanda interna y el balance externo más sostenible, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República, decidió en su reunión de abril continuar con la reducción de la tasa de interés de política monetaria, ubicándola en 11,75%. • La postura de la política monetaria ha contribuido a la disminución de los desequilibrios macroeconómicos del país, como, por ejemplo, la alta inflación, los excesos de gasto y crédito, y el fuerte déficit externo. • En un contexto de disminución de la inflación y ajustes de algunos desbalances macroeconómicos, la Junta Directiva comenzó desde diciembre de 2023 a reducir la tasa de interés de política monetaria, acumulando 150 puntos básicos. • La tasa de interés actual es compatible con que la inflación alcance la meta del 3% en 2025 y el crecimiento económico sea sostenible en el tiempo. Recuadro 1 - Un indicador de los servicios de transporte para medir la actividad económica colombiana Autores: Karen L. Pulido-Mahecha, Juan Sebastián Silva-Rodríguez y Juan Felipe Carmona-Pascuales Recuadro 2 - Evolución reciente y perspectivas de la inversión Autores: Camilo López, Andrés Herrera, Nicol Rodríguez y Sebastián Quintero Recuadro 3 - Evaluación del error de pronóstico macroeconómico de 2023 Autores: Jonathan Alexander Muñoz Martínez y Julián Mauricio Pérez Amaya
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