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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

Prins, Gwyn, and Steve Rayner. "The Kyoto Protocol." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/064001011.

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2

Teobaldelli, M. "Natural disturbances and Kyoto protocol." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 5, no. 1 (June 20, 2008): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0528-005.

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3

HILEMAN, BETTE. "Russia Approves Kyoto Protocol." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 82, no. 44 (November 2004): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v082n044.p009a.

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4

HILEMAN, BETTE. "MEETING KYOTO PROTOCOL GOALS." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 83, no. 2 (January 10, 2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v083n002.p011.

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5

HILEMAN, BETTE. "U.S. Abandons Kyoto Protocol." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 79, no. 14 (April 2, 2001): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v079n014.p011a.

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6

Aydin Coşkun, Aynur, and Gökçe Gençay. "Kyoto Protocol and “deforestation”." Forest Policy and Economics 13, no. 5 (June 2011): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.03.013.

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7

Randy, Showstack. "Kyoto Protocol moves forward." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 85, no. 41 (2004): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004eo410003.

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8

NINOMIYA, Yasushi. "Kyoto Protocol, Kyoto Mechanisms and Japan's Climate Change Policy." Oleoscience 8, no. 5 (2008): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.8.205.

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9

Noble, Ian, and R. J. Scholes. "Sinks and the Kyoto Protocol." Climate Policy 1, no. 1 (January 2001): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2001.0103.

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10

Baba, Fumiaki. "Polymer Processing for Kyoto Protocol." Seikei-Kakou 17, no. 1 (January 20, 2005): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.17.12_1.

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11

Avdeeva, T. "Kyoto Protocol: Pros and Contras." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2004): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2004-11-88-98.

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12

Showstack, Randy. "Agreement reached on Kyoto Protocol." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 82, no. 31 (July 31, 2001): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo082i031p00334-03.

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13

Diniz, Eliezer Martins. "Lessons from the Kyoto Protocol." Ambiente & Sociedade 10, no. 1 (June 2007): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1414-753x2007000100003.

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The purpose of this paper is to undertake a critical evaluation of the Kyoto Protocol. The evolution of the discussions that produced the final document is sketched through the analysis of official documents of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), relevant papers and material from the press. We also discuss the factors that cast doubts on the continuation and feasibility of the Protocol and the prospects for the post-Kyoto period and a new compromise.
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14

Dasgupta, C. "The Kyoto Protocol after Marrakesh." International Journal of Regulation and Governance 2, no. 1 (2002): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ijr-120016.

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15

Ott, Hermann E. "The Kyoto Protocol: Unfinished Business." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 40, no. 6 (July 1998): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139159809604595.

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16

Muryani, Muryani, and Citra Pertiwi. "ANALISIS PENERAPAN KEBIJAKAN KYOTO PROTOCOL." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jeb.v19i2.1591.

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Increasing competition of good output which interpreted with GDP in developed and developing countries that are members of the G20, have some impact on the degradation of environmental quality. The Production of good output namely GDP cannot be separated from bad output’s production which is CO2. The need for the Kyoto protocol as an environmental policy which has been ratified by the G20 that supposing to control emission levels which can be measured by the measurement of the environmental efficiency of the G20 countries. Apart from the environmental efficiency, efficiency is not the main criterion for making a country to be standard for another country. On the other hand, the performance quality of the environment must also be taken into account. The amount of the cost of environmental policy to maximize environmental efficiency of a country but the environmental performance of the country, state inefficiency in the cost of the policy then the country has not been used in a cost-efficient technology for improving the environmental quality. The approach which has used in this study is a quantitative approach, using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). To specify the input and output that is used in determining the environmental efficiency using Malmquist Index. The input and output is processed by looking at differences in productivity and incorporate technological change in its interpretation. It can be concluded that the value of the environmental efficiency of some countries are on the production frontier even if the Kyoto protocol is not implemented, but with the policy of the Kyoto protocol was able to further improve the efficiency of the environment. In some other countries for example Brazil rose from 70.09% to 83.49%, while the Germany states increased by 4.43% in their environmental policy. From some countries evident show that the policy of the Kyoto protocol succeeded in carrying out its role as controlling the growth of emissions in developed and developing countries, especially the G20 members.
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17

Schiermeier, Quirin. "The Kyoto Protocol: Hot air." Nature 491, no. 7426 (November 2012): 656–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/491656a.

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18

SAKA, Shiro. "116 Kyoto Protocol and Bioenergy." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2005.80 (2005): _1–47_—_1–48_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2005.80._1-47_.

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19

Page, Edward. "Equity and the Kyoto Protocol." Politics 27, no. 1 (February 2007): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2007.00273.x.

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20

Noble, I. "Sinks and the Kyoto Protocol." Climate Policy 1, no. 1 (January 2001): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1469-3062(00)00002-4.

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21

Showstack, Randy. "Kyoto Protocol one step closer." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 83, no. 12 (2002): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002eo000081.

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22

Sheridan, K. "Kyoto protocol rescued in Bonn." BMJ 323, no. 7306 (July 28, 2001): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7306.185/b.

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23

Muhamad Iqbal, Firdaus, and Neni Ruhaeni. "PENGATURAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA BERDASARKAN PROTOKOL KYOTO DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Dinamika Global 7, no. 02 (December 15, 2022): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v7i02.1071.

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Climate change is mainly due to increasing concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Indonesia has ratified the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 with Undang Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2004 concerning the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol To The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. Indonesia is a party of the Kyoto Protocol 1997 and is bound to implement provisions in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in its territory. Based on this phenomenon, the problem in this study is how to regulate greenhouse gas emissions based on the Kyoto Protocol 1997 and how the implementation in Indonesia? The method used in this study is a qualitative method with secondary data sources. The result of this study is to discover the regulation of greenhouse gas emissions according to the Kyoto Protocol 1997 and to determine the implementation of the regulation greenhouse gases based Kyoto Protocol in Indonesia and obstacles towards the implementation.
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24

Matsumura, Hiroshi. "Japanese ratification of the Kyoto Protocol." Climate Policy 1, no. 3 (January 2001): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2001.0135.

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25

Haites, Erik, Farhana Yamin, Odile Blanchard, and Claudia Kemfert. "Implementing the Kyoto Protocol without Russia." Climate Policy 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2004.0413.

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26

Gupta, Anil. "Clean development mechanism of Kyoto Protocol." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-09-2012-0051.

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Purpose – This paper aims to review the developments in India with respect to clean development mechanism (CDM) of Kyoto Protocol to assess the achievements during first Kyoto Protocol period (2008-2012) in climate change mitigation and suggest measure for better participation during the second commitment period. The paper further makes an attempt to explore the experience, concerns and expectations of the Indian project proponents of green projects registered with CDM Executive Board. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs two methods: informal interviews with executives of World Bank, Designated National Authority (DNA) of India for CDM, leading international CDM consulting firms and a questionnaire survey of Indian CDM projects proponents. Findings – During first commitment period valid up to December 31, 2012, India remained active participant in the CDM, the only mechanism of Kyoto Protocol where developing countries can participate and join in mitigation of climate change, through the development of green projects and thereby earning additional revenue in terms of carbon finance by sale of carbon credits. The study finds out that in the global CDM experience, India's role is striking with its second highest share both in terms of number of projects registered worldwide and in generation of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). Originality/value – This paper provides several recommendations for strengthening the institutional frame work in India with respect to CDM as well as suggestions to policy makers for consideration while charting out future policies and programs addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation oriented towards better participation in climate change mitigation during the second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol.
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27

Wigley, T. M. L. "The Kyoto Protocol: CO2CH4and climate implications." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 13 (July 1, 1998): 2285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl01855.

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28

Barrett, S. "Political economy of the Kyoto Protocol." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 14, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/14.4.20.

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29

Shogren, Jason F. "Kyoto Protocol: Past, present, and future." AAPG Bulletin 88, no. 9 (September 2004): 1221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/06100402030.

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30

Haites, Erik, Farhana Yamin, Odile Blanchard, and Claudia Kemfert. "Implementing the Kyoto Protocol without Russia." Climate Policy 4, no. 2 (January 2004): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2004.9685517.

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31

Donoso, Pedro, Francisco Martínez, and Christopher Zegras. "The Kyoto Protocol and Sustainable Cities." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1983, no. 1 (January 2006): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198106198300121.

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32

Matsumura, H. "Japanese ratification of the Kyoto Protocol." Climate Policy 1, no. 3 (September 2001): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1469-3062(01)00023-7.

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33

Babiker, Mustafa, John M. Reilly, and Henry D. Jacoby. "The Kyoto Protocol and developing countries." Energy Policy 28, no. 8 (July 2000): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(00)00033-1.

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34

Loose, Helen. "Kyoto Protocol: Trade versus the Environment." Energy & Environment 12, no. 1 (January 2001): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305011500562.

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35

Showstack, Randy. "Pressure for backing Kyoto Protocol grows." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 83, no. 24 (2002): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002eo000188.

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36

Beresford, R., and S. Waller. "THE KYOTO PROTOCOL- THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES." APPEA Journal 40, no. 1 (2000): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj99044.

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In 1997, Australia signed the Kyoto Protocol under which it had been assigned what will become a legally binding emissions cap of 108% of its 1990 emissions. This target may be appropriate for our national circumstances but will be challenging to meet. This paper examines the way Woodside Energy Ltd is addressing the threats and opportunities raised by the Kyoto Protocol.The major risk to Woodside's business arises from the division of the Protocol into Annex B and non-Annex B. Australia is in Annex B, which is composed primarily of developed countries that have assigned emission amounts that will be legally binding when the protocol comes into force and is ratified.Meeting the Australian target and the global greenhouse emission reduction objective will require increasing the substitution of gas into national fuel mixes. Natural gas, including LNG, has the lowest lifecycle emissions of any fossil fuel.The Australian LNG industry is the only major Annex B supplier of LNG to Japan and thus would be at a severe competitive disadvantage if the costs of unilaterally imposed abatement policies and measures were applied to the industry in Australia that were not applied to its international competitors. The LNG industry is seeking differential treatment to alleviate this risk. Woodside has proposed a solution, put forward in this paper, that a scheme be negotiated into the Protocol at CoP6, allowing for the repatriation of credits from the LNG fuel cycle to the exporting country. This would permit fair competition across all LNG exporters.Woodside is keen to undertake its fair share of emission reduction and has already implemented some projects that have been successful in this regard. Further implementation of beyond no regrets projects relies on the Commonwealth resolving the recognition for early action question. A trial framework for making decisions on early abatement projects is described.Woodside is also investigating potential opportunities arising from the Protocol. Progress is reported on early investigation into clean development mechanism (CDM) projects and greenhouse abatement research and development (R&D). Sink enhancement studies are nearly complete and a detailed business case is under preparation.
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37

Lanchbery, John. "Verifying Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 7, no. 2 (July 1998): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9388.00143.

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38

York, Richard. "Kyoto Protocol Participation: A Demographic Explanation." Population Research and Policy Review 24, no. 5 (October 2005): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-1291-x.

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39

Santilli, Márcio, Paulo Moutinho, Stephan Schwartzman, Daniel Nepstad, Lisa Curran, and Carlos Nobre. "Tropical Deforestation and the Kyoto Protocol." Climatic Change 71, no. 3 (August 2005): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-8074-6.

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40

Duić, Neven, Franjo Juretić, Mladen Zeljko, and Z̆eljko Bogdan. "Croatia energy planning and Kyoto Protocol." Energy Policy 33, no. 8 (May 2005): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.10.022.

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41

Pokharel, Shaligram. "Kyoto protocol and Nepal's energy sector." Energy Policy 35, no. 4 (April 2007): 2514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.09.015.

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42

Susilowati, Ida, S. Thoriq Musthofa Ahmad, Thoriq Faturrahman, and Regga Fajar Hidayat. "Efektivitas Protokol Kyoto Dalam Mereduksi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Di Indonesia." JOURNAL of LEGAL RESEARCH 4, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 1255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jlr.v4i5.28901.

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Global warming has become a global issue related to the environment, because of its impact on all countries today. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that focuses on the environment, as an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that have an impact on global warming. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol as an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia. This research is a type of qualitative research with a case study method about the efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia through the Kyoto Protocol. The results of this study indicate that the Kyoto Protocol is considered ineffective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia, even though Indonesia has implemented it through technology transfer and coordination in the application of biofuels to reduce carbon emissions. This is indicated by the level of damage or loss of Indonesia’s forests to 2.8 million ha/year after the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in 2006-2007. As an international treaty, the Kyoto Protocol does not have a compulsive enforcement mechanism. So that the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol as an international agreement will not be effective, f it is not accompanied by consistency and consequences for all member countries in its implementation.
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43

Grunewald, Nicole, and Inmaculada Martinez-Zarzoso. "Did the Kyoto Protocol fail? An evaluation of the effect of the Kyoto Protocol on CO2emissions." Environment and Development Economics 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x15000091.

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AbstractIn this paper, we empirically investigate the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on CO2emissions using a sample of 170 countries over the period 1992–2009. We propose the use of a difference-in-differences estimator with matching to address the endogeneity of the policy variable, namely Kyoto commitments. Countries are matched according to observable characteristics to create a suitable counterfactual. We correspondingly estimate a panel data model for the whole sample and the matched sample and compare the results to those obtained using an instrumental variable approach. The main results indicate that Kyoto Protocol commitments have a measurable reducing effect on CO2emissions, indicating that a treaty often deemed a ‘failure’ may in fact be producing some non-negligible effects for those who signed it.
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44

Ghafiel, Nur Yasmin, and Paramitaningrum Paramitaningrum. "Analysis of Russia's Approach to Kyoto Protocol: Russia's Withdrawal from Second Commitment Period (2013-2020)." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.9.2.116-130.2020.

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In 2004 Russia ratified Kyoto Protocol, one of the international agreements which focuses on climate change mitigation. Kyoto Protocol was established as a framework for countries to mitigate climate change globally by reducing their greenhouse gas emissions accordingly to their respective targets. Russia officially participated in the first commitment period of Kyoto Protocol in 2005 after ensuring the benefits by doing so. Entering the second commitment period, in 2011 Russia decided to withdraw. In consideration of Russia’s position as the largest fossil fuel energy exporter and as a country whose economy is in restoration, Russia’s approach to Kyoto Protocol is based on its interests and benefits which it gains from the framework. This paper analyzes the factors behind Russia’s withdrawal from the second commitment period of Kyoto Protocol through the perspective of offensive realism with qualitative methodology. The thesis finds that Russia’s reasoning of withdrawal was an act to protect its national interest, which is economic security, specifically its energy sector.
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45

MCKIBBIN, WARWICK J. "A NEW CLIMATE STRATEGY BEYOND 2012: LESSONS FROM MONETARY HISTORY." Singapore Economic Review 57, no. 03 (September 2012): 1250016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590812500166.

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The Kyoto Protocol was the outcome of many years of multilateral negotiation and political compromise with the ultimate aim of reducing the risk of dangerous climate change. Unfortunately, most of the countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol have not taken effective action to curb greenhouse gas emissions, with many Kyoto countries not looking likely to reach their targets. There is also a lack of enthusiasm from major developing countries to take on the binding targets that form the basis of the Kyoto Protocol Approach. This has raised serious doubts about the viability of the Kyoto policy of committing countries to targets and timetables especially as a model for the current negotiations. As the science becomes more compelling that action is needed to curb greenhouse gas emissions, countries are beginning to look for more sustainable alternatives for the period beyond 2012. This paper outlines the key features that are needed in a new climate change framework beyond Kyoto drawing on lessons from monetary history. Using the analogy to the way modern central banks run monetary policy, it outlines an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol, which is a system of national climate policies coordinated around a common global price for carbon.
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46

Warbrick, Colin, Dominic McGoldrick, and Peter G. G. Davies. "I. Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 2 (April 1998): 446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300061947.

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The Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Climate Change Convention) was held from 1 to 11 December 1997 at Kyoto, Japan. Significantly the States Parties to the Convention adopted a protocol (Kyoto Protocol) on 11 December 1997 under which industrialised countries have agreed to reduce their collective emissions of six greenhouse gases by at least 5 per cent by 2008–2012. Ambassador Raul Estrada-Oyuela, who had chaired the Committee of the Whole established by the Conference to facilitate the negotiation of a Protocol text, expressed the view that: “This agreement will have a real impact on the problem of greenhouse gas emissions. Today should be remembered as the Day of the Atmosphere.” This note seeks to outline in brief the science of climate change, and international activity to combat global warming prior to the Kyoto conference. It then attempts to analyse the terms of the Kyoto Protocol and to draw some conclusions on its significance.
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47

De Filippis, Fabrizio, and Giovanni Scarano. "The Kyoto Protocol and European energy policy." European View 9, no. 1 (June 2010): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-010-0121-7.

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During the lead up to and assessment of the Copenhagen Climate Conference in November 2009, the effects of the celebrated Kyoto Protocol were often overlooked. Although the aims of the Kyoto Protocol can be relegated to the dustbin of history, the targets set out in the agreement allowed Europe to put itself in a dominant position. Not only did the Kyoto Protocol force Europe to invest heavily in green technologies, but in addition it led to the creation of a European energy policy with the aim of reducing Europe's dependence on fossil fuels which can be seen, from a strategic point of view, as an undesirable dependence on sources abroad.
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48

Tsayem Demaze, Moïse. "The Obscure Future of the Kyoto Protocol." L'Espace géographique (English Edition) Volume 41, no. 4 (October 15, 2013): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ege.414.0346.

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49

Hokari, Takeshi. "Kyoto Protocol and Circumstances of CDM Activities." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 72, no. 2 (2007): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.72.188.

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50

Dudek, D., A. Golub, and E. Strukova. "Economics of the Kyoto Protocol for Russia." Climate Policy 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2004.0412.

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