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1
Noventa, Simone <1987>. "Kyoto Protocol, Carbon Market ed economia reale." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2434.
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Attraverso la stesura del seguente lavoro, si ha l’intenzione di evidenziare una possibile relazione tra il mercato delle quote di CO2, conosciuto come ETS, introdotto con protocollo di Kyoto ed i principali fattori economici che influenzano quotidianamente l’economia europea.
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Lederer, Markus. "Klimapolitik zwischen Kyoto und Cancún." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4439/.
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In diesem Beitrag wird der Hintergrund der internationalen Klimaverhandlungen erläutert und die Ergebnisse des Kopenhagen-Akkords vorgestellt. Angesichts des Scheiterns der Kopenhagener Konferenz muss die zeitnahe Schließung eines rechtlich bindenden, globalen Klimaabkommens als unwahrscheinlich gelten. Die Klimapolitik wird zukünftig verstärkt auf nationalstaatlicher und transnationaler
Ebene erfolgen.
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Ovsyannikov, D. "The kyoto protocol and climate change - background information." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26709.
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Ovcharova, T. "Prospects of ratifying the Kyoto protocol in Ukraine." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/23134.
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Cocco, Stefano <1991>. "Climate Change: the Kyoto Protocol and the deforestation problem." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8021.
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Climate change is one of the top priorities of our generation. The sustainability of the present economic order is questioned by the negative impact that the industrialised society has generated from the XVII century onward. My work is motivated by the consideration that the awareness on how important and irreparable the consequences of climate change are is still insufficient, as well as the answers that the international community has provided. Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere are constantly growing, and global temperature has already increased by 1° C above pre-industrial levels, with an expectation to grow from 3.7 °C to 4.8 °C within the century under a business-as-usual path, with catastrophic consequences.
The first global response to the challenges of climate change came with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the non-binding agreement that was signed on the issue in 1992, and with its Kyoto Protocol in 1997. My work, through the analysis of the Protocol and of its evolution hitherto, has the objective of highlighting the weaknesses and the strengths of the international process on climate change action, with a particular focus on the deforestation problem, and to offer, more than an occasion to reflect, a motivation to act. Drawing data from the IPCC, the World Bank, and the UNFCCC documentations, and from the rich climate change literature and journals, what emerges overall is the inadequacy of the “Kyoto process” to provide the necessary results on global GHG reduction. Different visions and priorities between developed and developing countries have slowed the UNFCCC negotiations, as well as its effectiveness. It was known from the start that the implementation of the Protocol was only a first step in climate change mitigation, but progresses have missed the expectations of stakeholders and civil society. Moreover, chances to enhance forests as GHG removal sinks, in particular through the REDD+ process, have been behindhand.
The new Paris Agreement of December 2015 is virtually the last occasion to realise a globally coordinated effort to fight climate change, and its provisions on mitigation and adaptation to climate change have to be strengthened and embraced by all the UNFCCC’s member States to have a chance of reducing emissions. Currently, considerable gap exists between national and international purposes and actions to reduce emissions and the actual level required to keep average global temperatures rising no more than 2° C above their pre-industrial level, above which science shows that there is a much higher risk of very serious climate impacts. Responding to the climate threat requires strong government action at all levels, in a complex process that should include close cooperation between governments, the private sector, NGOs, and civil society. This challenge implies the construction of a new paradigm, which starts from the bottom, from the principles of equity, cooperation and awareness.
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Yang, Haoyuan, and Qian Zhang. "How Effective is the Kyoto Protocol in Impelling Emission Reduction." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15762.
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The Kyoto Protocol is one of the most important international climate change treaties aimed at fighting global warming. On January 1st 2005, the protocol was enforced with its first commitment period 2008-2012. However, the effectiveness of reducing CO2 emission has long been debated. The purpose of this thesis is to empirically as-sess the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on carbon dioxide reduction across countries, whether the protocol led significant difference after entering force in 2005. The data used in this thesis cover 37 Annex B countries and 148 non-annex B countries from 1990 to 2007. The models are constructed on the basis of the various contributing fac-tors to CO2 emissions and the Environmental Kuznets Curve model. The main find-ing is contrary against the result expected. The insignificant dummy variable cannot indicate that there is a “structural break” of CO2 emissions reduction after the Kyoto Protocol was implemented. The conclusion is that political agreements such as Kyoto Protocol cannot show critical effects on reducing carbon dioxide. The underlying main driving factors of CO2 emission are energy use, electricity from coal source, fossil fuel burning, in other words, industrialization. And the technology develop-ments cannot keep in pace with finding a new energy source and effectively control-ling CO2 emissions in the short run.
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Paltsev, Sergey, John M. Reilly, Henry D. Jacoby, and Kok Hou Tay. "The Cost of Kyoto Protocol Targets: The Case of Japan." MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/5425.
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This paper applies the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model to analysis of the cost of the Kyoto Protocol targets, with a special focus on Japan. The analysis demonstrates the implications of the use of different measures of cost, and explains the apparent paradox that the relative carbon price among Kyoto parties may not be an accurate measure of their relative welfare costs. Attention is given to the role of relative emissions intensity and various distortions, in the form of fuel and other taxes, in determining the burden of a climate policy. Also, effects of climate policy on welfare through an influence on the terms of trade are explored. We consider the cases of the EU, Japan, and Canada, each meeting their Kyoto targets, and the US meeting the Bush Administration’s intensity target. For a country with a low emissions intensity as in Japan, the absolute reduction in tons is small relative to the macroeconomy, and this reduces its welfare loss as a share of total national welfare. Low emissions intensity (high energy efficiency) also means the economy has few options to reduce emissions still further, resulting in a higher carbon price. Energy efficiency thus pushes in both directions, lowering the number tons that need to be reduced but raising the direct cost per ton. But other factors also are important in explaining costs differences. Existing fuel taxes are very high in Japan and Europe, increasing the economic cost of a greenhouse gas emissions reduction policy. For these regions, the extra cost due to these distortions is several times the direct cost of the emissions mitigation policy itself. In contrast, fuels taxes are low in the US and relatively low in Canada. The US, EU, and Japan gain somewhat from reductions in world prices of oil and other fuels because they are net importers. Canada, in contrast, is a significant net energy exporter, and its policy costs rise considerably because of lost energy export revenue. This effect on Canada is due mostly to implementation of the policy in the other regions rather than to domestic implementation. Canada is also the most emissions intensive of these regions, a factor that contributes to its cost of control.Abstract in HTML and technical report in PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/).
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Rock, Joachim. "Klimaschutz und Kohlenstoff in Holz : Vergleich verschiedener Strategien." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1753/.
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Wälder haben im Bezug zum Klimawandel mehrere Rollen: Sie sind Kohlenstoffspeicher, -senken, sowie Lieferanten von Holz als Rohstoff für die Kohlenstoffspeicher in Produkten und für Substitution fossiler Energieträger. Unter Klimaschutzgesichtspunkten ist es wünschenswert, die Kohlenstoffbindung im
Gesamtsystem aus Senken, Speichern und Substitution zu maximieren und
zu entscheiden, welche Maßnahme an welchem Ort und unter welchen Rahmenbedingungen den größten positiven Effekt auf die CO2-Bilanz hat.
Um die Speicherung in den verschiedenen Kompartimenten erfassen zu können
müssen geeignete Inventurverfahren zur Verfügung stehen. Die IPCC –
GPG benennen die Speicher und geben zum Teil Anforderungen an die zu
erreichende Inventurgenauigkeit. Aus der klassischen Forsteinrichtung stehen
genügend Methoden zur Verfügung, um das oberirdische Volumen sehr genau
zu erheben. Um den Anforderungen an ein umfassendes Kohlenstoffmonitoring
genügen zu können, müssen diese Verfahren in den Bereichen Erfassung
von Störungsfolgen, Totholzdynamik, Boden und der Berechnung
von Gesamt-Kohlenstoffvorräten aus dem Holzvolumen ergänzt werden. Zusätzlich
bietet sich an, Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen entsprechend zu erfassen,
um ihre Auswirkung auf die Kohlenstoffdynamik ebenfalls feststellen zu
können. Dies ist für die Berichterstattung zwischen Inventuren sowie für die
Herausrechnung von nicht-menschenverursachter erhöhter Kohlenstoffspeicherung
(„factoring out“ im Sinne des KP) wünschenswert. Wenn Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen
unterschieden werden können und ihre Auswirkungen auf
C-Vorräte bestimmbar sind, ist eine Verifizierung erhöhter Speicherung auch
z. B. für Projekte nach Art. 3.4 des KP durchführbar. Diese Arbeiten stecken
jedoch noch in der Anfangsphase. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die erste
verfügbare qualitative Übersicht zu dieser Thematik erstellt.
Die Optimierung der Wald-Holz-Option wird durch die im Kyoto-Protokoll (und
den zugehörigen Folgeabkommen) vereinbarten Regelungen erschwert, da
einerseits zwischen Wald und Produkten eine Trennung besteht und andererseits
die Maßnahmenverantwortlichem im Wald nicht direkt durch das KP angesprochen
werden. Eingeschlagenes Holz wird im Wald als Emission betrachtet
und dem entsprechenden Sektor zugerechnet, was jedoch keine
Auswirkungen auf den Forstbetrieb hat. Dieser profitiert im Gegenteil derzeit
von der durch die – auch von KP Regelungen beeinflussten – Holzpreise und
erhöht die Nutzungen, was zu Vorratsabsenkungen im Wald führt. Ob diese
Absenkungen durch die Substitutionseffekte des geernteten Holzes kompensiert
werden ist derzeit noch nicht geklärt. Um die Trennung zwischen Wald
und Produktpool aufzuweichen bietet es sich an, die Waldbesitzer am Emissionsrechtehandel teilhaben zu lassen, damit nicht nur die Ernte sondern auch der Ernteverzicht finanziell bewertbar sind.
Sozio-ökonomische Szenarien zur künftigen Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft
zeigen große Flächenpotentiale, die für die Nahrungs- und Futtermittelproduktion
nicht mehr benötigt werden oder nicht mehr rentabel sein werden. Eine
mögliche Nutzung in Zukunft sind Energieholzplantagen. Informationen zu
möglichen Erträgen sind zur Zeit noch unzureichend und Analysen zur Nachhaltigkeit dieser Erträge unter Klimawandel sind nicht vorhanden. In dieser
Arbeit wurde mit dem ökophysiologischen Waldwachstumsmodell 4C an Beispielsstandorten in Brandenburg das Wachstum von Energieholzplantagen
unter derzeitigem Klima und unter verschiedenen regionalisierten Klimawandelszenarien bis 2055 simuliert. Ertragspotentiale liegen derzeit auf der Mehrzahl der Standorte im positiven Bereich, auf einigen Standorten ist jedoch nur begrenzt mit positiven Deckungsbeiträgen zu rechnen. Bis 2055 ist in allen Szenarien mit einem leichten Rückgang der Erträge und einer deutlicheren
Verringerung der Grundwasserneubildung unter Energieholzplantagen zu
rechnen. Die Unterschiede zwischen Standorten sind jedoch derzeit und unter
zukünftig möglichem Klima stärker als klimabedingte Änderungen.
Bei der großflächigen Anlage von Energieholzplantagen können negative
Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität und andere Naturschutzbelange eintreten.
Eine diese Effekte abmildernde Flächengestaltung, die trotzdem Erträge auf
dem Niveau heutiger Vollerwerbslandwirtschaft erreicht, ist möglich.
Insgesamt lässt sich für die Optimierung der Wald-Holz-Option feststellen,
dass eine Nicht-Nutzung bestehender Waldflächen unter Klimaschutzgesichtspunkten
negativ ist. Der Substitutionseffekt geernteten Holzes beträgt
zusätzliche ca. 70 Prozent Kohlenstoff, die in dieser Form in nicht bewirtschafteten mitteleuropäischen Wäldern nicht zusätzlich gespeichert werden. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass sich durch die Berücksichtigung von Substitutionseffekten andere – wahrscheinlich kürzere – als die heute üblichen Produktionszeiten ergeben.
Auf bisher waldfreien Flächen ist die Anlage von Energieholzplantagen positiver zu werten als eine normale Aufforstung.Forests are important for climate protection: They sequester and store carbon, and provide timber for wood products and fossil fuel substitution. These functions interact in a complex way. From a climate protection point of view it is desirable to optimize these interactions, i.e. to maximize the amount of carbon stored in the whole system (called „forest-timber-option“) and to analyse what impact a management decision at the local level has with regard to the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Inventory methods to estimate the total amount of carbon in a forest are needed. Classical forest inventories assess above-ground tree volume. To estimate total car-bon in accordance with the requirements of the Kyoto-Protocol, these inventories need to be expanded with regard to the assessment of disturbances, dead wood de-composition, soil carbon, and the estimation of carbon from volume. Methods in-vented here can also be used to assess local-level management activities, or to “fac-tor out” non-human-induced changes in carbon pools. The optimization of the „forest-timber-option“ is restricted due to regulations of the Kyoto-Protocol, because forest-related measures are accounted for under other sec-tors than wood and timber use. Harvested timber is estimated as an “emission” from the forest, and forest owners have no benefit from the use of wood for industrial pur-poses. Here, an inclusion of forestry in emission trading schemes can be advanta-geous. Alternative ways to produce wood are short-rotation coppice plantations on agricul-tural soils. Information about growth and yield potentials are scarce for the regions where land availability is high. Aspen (P. tremula, P. tremuloides) was parameterized in an eco-physiological forest growth model (“4C”) to assess these potentials on sites in Eastern Germany under current and under changing climatic conditions. The re-sults indicate that growth potentials are more sensitive to soil quality than to climatic conditions. Potential yields allow for incomes comparable to standard agriculture, but biodiversity and groundwater recharge may be negatively affected by large-scale plantations. An optimization of the „forest-timber-option“ requests the use of timber from forests. Harvested timber substitutes additional 70 % of carbon from fossil fuels. Forests un-der total protection do store more carbon than managed forest, but not equivalent to the substitution effects. Total protection of forests is thus no viable means for climate protection under Central European conditions.
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MORAES, LUIZ A. G. de. "Contribuição ao estudo do valor, das perspectivas e da efetividade do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo no protocolo de Kyoto." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11688.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Karlsson, Matilda. "EU:s normativa makt inom miljöområdet : En fallstudie om EU:s roll i det globala klimatarbetet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-34928.
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Over the past twenty years, the cooperation within the European Union (EU) has strengthened and expanded with both more number of Member States and stronger influence on international politics. The unique character of the Union and its ability to enforce peace and humanitarian intervention has attracted attention in political science. This prominent position of the Union is perceived by many scholars who often hold this derived from the Union's influence in international relations. Various terms have been used to define the powers of the Union. The British researcher Ian Manners states that the unique identity of the Union in the international arena is formed by its normative power. An important policy area within the Union is the environmental cooperation. It is essential to have a global understanding that an increasing cooperation within the environmental policy area is necessary in order to combat environmental degradation and climate change. In this study I have therefore chosen to examine if the Union can be considered a normative power in the area of environmental policy. To fulfill the purpose of my study I choose to examine the Kyoto protocol (2008- 2012). The Kyoto Protocol is an extension of the United Nations Framework on Climate Change and is the dominant global initiative in global environmental activities. After studying the way towards global cooperation in the battle against climate change I would say that it is obvious that the EU has guided a number of stages of key importance. In international cooperation, states are usually not willing to accept the costs they may incur from taking on greater responsibilities than other parties. The Union’s imprint as a leading party in the global fight against climate change is in many ways tangible.
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Patenauden, Geneviève. "Quantifying forest carbon stocks and changes in support of the Kyoto Protocol." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d69355d-db71-45a6-b0e7-7f9673f1118b.
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This thesis brings together research conducted on field based, remote sensing and modelling approaches to meet reporting requirements set by the Kyoto Protocol. Parties are given the option to meet part of their greenhouse gases reduction requirements through the conservation and enhancement of the carbon stored in forest ecosystems. Two contrasting forests (Monks Wood, UK, 52°24' N, 0°14' W and Thetford UK, 52°30' N, 0°30' E) were selected for the development and assessment of the selected methods. Field-based measurements were used to quantify carbon stocks in Monks Wood, providing the first exhaustive assessment of the carbon content held in a UK semi-natural woodland. The total carbon content of the stands varied from 346 to 616 tonnes per hectare (t ha-1) and highlighted the importance of broadleaved woodlands as carbon stores in the UK. A quantitative appraisal of remote sensing methods was also provided. For land cover discrimination, both optical and radar remote sensing have been successful. For forest carbon stock estimation, LiDAR approaches may provide the only viable remote sensing tool for this purpose. As a result, a LiDAR-based method was developed and the results compared to field-based estimates. At the stand level, the agreement between the field-based and the LiDAR estimates was r=0.85. At the woodland level, due to the enhanced capability of LiDAR to monitor the natural variability of carbon across the woodland, the estimates were nearly 24% lower than those from the ground. Remote sensing of field-based approaches are unsuitable alone for quantifying below-ground carbon content and can be resource intensive. Process-based models enable an estimation of below-ground components to be made. Much uncertainty however arises from the lack of information available on model parameter values. The 3-PG model was used to simulate forest production in Thetford forest and a Bayesian calibration was applied. The results showed that this statistical approach could provide an overall framework for integrating and quantifying the uncertainty in the combined field based, remote sensing and modelling datasets, a result highly relevant in the context of the Kyoto Protocol.
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Tachecí, Petra. "Globální environmentální smlouvy a jejich efektivita." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10936.
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This diploma thesis deals with global environmental agreements and their effectiveness. Its aim is to disclose the causes of success of some agreements and, on the contrary, the motives of failure of other agreements. In the theoretical part, the specialities of the environmental problems are illustrated, followed by the introduction to the international environmental law and agreements. In the practical part, two well-known international agreements concerned with atmosphere are compared. They deal with similar problem, but they achieved very different results. The objective of step-by-step comparison of diverse aspects of both agreements is to discover what factors caused the great success of the Montreal Protocol in protecting the ozone layer and why the similarly conceived Kyoto Protocol failed in the combat against climate change. Last chapter concludes this comparison and defines key characteristics which are essential for the effectiveness of the global environmental agreements.
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Perglerová, Eva. "Obchodování s emisními povolenkami: analýza dosavadních efektů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74452.
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This Master thesis analyses the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The aim is to analyse this instrument and its achievements. Emission allowances represent a new market instrument of the European Union's policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to combat the climate change. The first part of the thesis focuses on international climate negotiations, in particular on the Kyoto Protocol, which triggered the establishment of the EU ETS. The second part focuses on the system functioning and its achievements. The third part deals with the functioning of the EU ETS in the Czech Republic.
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Jónsdóttir, Helga. "The Kyoto Protocol compliance system : is the system effective enough to ensure compliance?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96172.
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Depledge, Joanna Jane. "The organization of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations : lessons for global environmental decision making." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249683.
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Низовой, Д. "Аспекты практической реализации положений Киотского протокола в Украине." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61063.
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Проблема изменения климата возникла на политической арене в середине 80-х годов прошлого столетия. Мировым сообществом была предпринята инициатива по разработке и введению в силу двух международных соглашений: Рамочная Конвенция ООН об изменении климата (Рио-де-Жанейро, 1992 г.) и Киотский протокол (16 марта 1998 г. – 15 марта 1999 г.).The problem of climate change arose in the political arena in the mid-80's of the last century. The international community has taken the initiative to develop and enter into force two international agreements: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) and the Kyoto Protocol (March 16, 1998 - March 15, 1999).
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Melo, Gianpaolo Machado Lage de. "A TRIBUTAÇÃO DIRETA E INDIRETA BRASILEIRA E A DUPLA TRIBUTAÇÃO DIRETA INTERNACIONAL SOBRE O CRÉDITO DE CARBONO NAS EMPRESAS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2010. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2775.
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-19The Contemporary Society came upon with the global climate changes such as, increasing of the global temperature, natural phenomana which happened with less intensity in the past, increasing of sea s level, earthquakes, overflowings and tornatos in the end of 70 s where of the First Convention on Climate Change. In the end of 1980 s, the United Nations and the World Meteorological Organization created the Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change to discuss these changes, and the most important agenda is the Kyoto s Protocol, which establish that the developed contries, related in the Anex I from this protocol, have do reduce between 2008 and 2012 the level of emisson of greenhouse smoke in 5,2% compared to the levels in 1990. Using this reduction by the implementation and the acceptance of the Clean Mecanism of Delevopment are created the Certified Emission Reductions (CER) which will be negociated between the Brazilian companies and the companies settled in the nations included in the Protocol. However, it is contoversy the judicial classification given to the CER in Brazil and, consequently, the accouting treatment used to tax directly and indirectly the Carbon Credits and what are the possibilities to avoid its the Double Taxation. And, by these reality, this is the challange that it will pretend to solve.
A sociedade contemporânea se deparou com as alterações no clima global tais como, elevação da temperatura mundial, fenômenos naturais que aconteciam com menos intensidade, elevação do nível dos mares, terremotos, enchentes e tornados a partir do final da década de 1970 a partir da Primeira Convenção Climática Mundial. Logo, as Nações Unidas e a Organização Meteorológica Mundial, no final da década de 1980, criaram o Painel Intergovernamental em Mudanças Climáticas para discutir essas mudanças, sendo que o documento mais importante, atualmente, é o Protocolo de Kyoto que determinou que os países industrializados, relacionados no Anexo I do mesmo, têm de reduzir entre 2008 e 2012 o nível de emissão de GEEs na média de 5,2% em relação aos níveis medidos em 1990. Por meio desta redução mediante a implementação e aprovação do Projeto de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo MDL são gerados os créditos de carbono que serão negociados entre as empresas brasileiras e as empresas instaladas nos países constantes do Anexo I do Protocolo de Kyoto. Contudo, é polêmica a classificação jurídica que deve ser dada ao crédito de carbono no Brasil e, conseqüentemente, o tratamento contábil que deve ser dado a este no momento de tributá-lo diretamente e indiretamente e quais são as possibilidades de se evitar uma dupla tributação do crédito de carbono. E, diante desta realidade, este é o desafio que tentará ser solucionado.
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Crossen, Teall. "Responding to global warming a legitimacy critique of the proposed Kyoto Protocol compliance regime /." Montréal, QC : University of Calgary, 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=813798011&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=78006&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Allouis, Tristan. "Spécification de paramètres techniques et stratégie d'échantillonnage pour la conception de nouveaux capteurs lidars dédiés à la cartographie de forêts." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0086/document.
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Les forestiers ont besoin d'outils permettant de cartographier les essences, la hauteur, la structure ou la biomasse des peuplements. Même si le lidar aéroporté (light detection and ranging, détection et télémétrie par laser) ne permet pas de mesurer l'ensemble de ces variables, il permet d'accéder aux hauteurs et à la biomasse de manière rapide, précise et surtout spatialisée sur de grandes surfaces. Cependant, les lidars aujourd'hui utilisés en forêts n'ont pas été conçus spécifiquement pour étudier la végétation, et l'ajustement de leurs caractéristiques techniques est supposé permettre d'améliorer la précision des mesures. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer des configurations de capteurs lidars dédiés à l'étude de la végétation forestière, et de proposer des méthodes d'extraction de paramètres forestiers adaptés aux différentes configurations. La capacité de différentes résolutions (taille d'empreinte et échantillonnage spatial), longueurs d'onde et modes d'enregistrement du signal retour à mesurer des paramètres forestiers (hauteurs et densité d'arbres, taille des couronnes et indirectement volume et biomasse) a été évaluée. Les études ont été menées de l'échelle de l'arbre jusqu'à celle du peuplement, sur des données expérimentales ou simulées. Dans une première partie, des méthodes de traitement de données lidars aéroportés classiques (scanneur, largeur du faisceau décimétrique, 5 mesures/m², laser proche infrarouge) ont été développées pour estimation la biomasse d'arbres individuels. Dans cette étude, l'apport de nouvelles données dites "full-waveform" (enregistrement du signal complet) a été démontré par rapport aux traditionnelles données multiéchos (extraction des échos les plus significatifs). Dans une seconde partie, une expérimentation avec un prototype lidar du Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) embarqué sur un ULM a été réalisée (profileur, largeur de faisceau de 2,4 m, espacement de 2,4 m entre deux mesures successives le long de la ligne de vol, laser ultraviolet). Sans permettre des mesures d'arbres individuels, cette configuration de capteur a permis d'étudier les variations de la structure des arbres à l'intérieur d'une placette forestière (30 m de diamètre). En validant l'utilisation d'un laser ultraviolet pour l'étude de la végétation, les résultats de cette expérience permettent d'envisager le développement de capteurs bifonctions atmosphère/végétation. Dans une troisième partie, des signaux lidars à larges empreintes (plusieurs dizaines de mètres au sol) ont été simulés par agrégation de signaux lidars aéroportés classiques. Une méthode de modélisation permettant d'étudier la dynamique supposée d'un signal lidar satellitaire dans différents types de forêts a été proposée. Elle apporte des informations utiles à la calibration de l'énergie à émettre pour une future mission satellitaire dédiée à la cartographie de forêts. Le principal problème avec les données à larges d'empreintes est la forte influence de la topographie sur la précision des mesures de hauteurs d'arbres en zones pentues. En conséquence, une méthode de correction de cet effet a été élaborée, permettant ainsi de mesurer les hauteurs d'arbres avec une précision jusqu'alors inenvisageable. Cette méthode a de plus ouvert de nouvelles perspectives dans l'estimation de la topographie sous la forêt, à partir de données lidars à larges empreintesForesters need tools to map the tree species, tree heights, stand structure and biomass. Although the airborne lidar (Light detection and ranging) technology does not give access to all these variables, it can provide quick, accurate and spatially explicit measurements of tree heights and biomass over large surfaces. However, lidar systems currently used have not been specially designed to performed vegetation studies. The adjustment of the technical characteristics of such systems is expected to improve the accuracy of retrieved forest parameters. Consequently, the objective of this thesis is to determine configurations of lidar sensors dedicated to the study of forest vegetation, and to propose methods designed to extract forest parameters depending on the different configurations. The ability of different resolutions (footprint size and spatial sampling), wavelengths and sampling modes of the backscattered signal to measure forest parameters (canopy height and density, crown size and also volume and biomass) was evaluated. The studies were conducted from tree to stand level, on experimental or simulated data. In a first part, we developed methods to process classic airborne lidar data (scanner system, tens of centimeter footprint, 5 measurements/m², near-infrared laser) for the estimation of the biomass of individual trees. In this study, we demonstrated the contribution of new data called "Full-waveform" (recording the entire signal) compared to traditional multi-echoes data (extraction of the most significant echoes). In a second part, we performed an experiment using a Comissariat of Energy Atomique (CEA)'s lidar prototype onboard an ultra-light aircraft (profiler system, 2.4 m footprint, 2.4 m spacing between two measurements along the flight line, ultraviolet laser). Such a configuration did not allow to measure individual trees, but we were able to study variations in forest structure at the plot level (30 m diameter). Having demonstrated the ability of an ultraviolet lidar to perform vegetation studies, this sensor opens the way to the development of bi-functional lidar for both atmosphere and vegetation remote sensing. In a third part, large footprint lidar signals (tens of meters on the ground) were simulated from the aggregation of classical airborne lidar signals. We proposed a method for modeling the signal dynamics of satellite lidars in different forest types, in order to calibrate the energy to emit for a future space-borne mission. The main problem with large-footprint size is the strong influence of topography on accurate measurements of tree heights in steep areas. We consequently developed a method to correct this effect, thus increasing the accuracy of tree height retrieval. This approach also opened new perspectives in topography assessment from large-footprint data in forest environments
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Souza, Gleice Donini de. "Aplicação do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo: o caso Novagerar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-28012008-114705/.
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A Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas, que tem como objetivo final a estabilização das concentrações de gases de efeito estufa em um nível que impeça a interferência humana perigosa no sistema climático, estabeleceu o Protocolo de Kyoto. O Protocolo é um instrumento que permite aos Países do Anexo I (aqueles historicamente responsáveis pelas emissões de GEE) os meios de atingirem suas metas de redução de emissões de Carbono. Para que as metas sejam atingidas, o Protocolo instituiu mecanismos de flexibilização, dos quais destacamos o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). O MDL prevê financiamentos de Países do Anexo I em atividade que resultem em reduções/seqüestro de Carbono em países Não Anexo I. O primeiro projeto de MDL registrado no Comitê Executivo no mundo é o brasileiro NovaGerar, objeto deste estudo. O propósito deste trabalho é discutir o Protocolo de Kyoto, o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo e verificar suas oportunidades a partir do projeto NovaGerar.The United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has as final target to establish the greenhouse gases concentration on the atmosphere in one level that impedes the dangerous human interference on the climatic system. The UNFCCC established the Kyoto Protocol, one tool which allows Annex I Countries (that ones historically responsible for greenhouse gas emissions) to achieve their reduction targets. The Protocol put in place flexibility mechanisms - to help Annex I Countries to achieve their reduction targets - among them we highlight the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM foresees Annex I Countries financings to activities which result in reduction/sequestration of Carbon in non Annex I Countries. The first CDM project registered in the Executive Committee was the Brazilian NovaGerar, subject of this study. The purpose of this text is to discuss the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism and verify its opportunities based on NovaGerar project.
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Van, Rooyen Annelize. "Speculating WTO coverage and classification of emmission allowances created and generated by the Kyoto Protocol." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6593_1255613854.
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The study is based on the views of different world authorities on the Kyoto protocol. The current legal status regarding the different opinions and arguments are also considered. This study is limited to defining what allocation of allowances, units and credits as created by the Kyoto protocol can be defined as goods, products, services or subsidies under WTO body of rules .
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Schmidt, Robert. "What's Really Keeping the US from Joining the Kyoto Protocol. A Game Theoretic Empirical Analysis." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/994.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Business Administration
Business Economics
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Destlund, Yekta. "China's position during the global environment meetings in 1997, ending in the Kyoto summit." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10390.
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The aim of this thesis is to study China's position regarding the global climate and the numerous topics discussed in the global meetings held during 1997, ending in the Kyoto summit in the same year. Chinas position during this year was evidently on the side of developing countries. China regarded topics such as technology transfer, emission trading and Commitments for the participating parties as very important topics which had to be considered. Chinas final position regarding these subjects was during 1997:
- Increased funding and technology transfer resources to developing countries.
- Objection to the inclusion of emission trading in the protocol.
- No new commitments of any nature for developing countries.
- National development is Chinas key issue.
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Salassa, Boix Rodolfo Rubén. "La tributación en España de la renta derivada del comercio de derechos de emisión de CO2." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31909.
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La presente tesis estudia la tributación de la renta derivada del comercio de derechos de emisión de CO2. Este mercado fue implantado por el Protocolo de Kioto para facilitar el cumplimiento de sus objetivos ambientales y constituye un fenómeno jurídico-comercial hasta ahora desconocido que, como tal, tiene sus consecuencias tributarias.
El trabajo propone una solución a la compleja cuestión de la tributación de los derechos de emisión de CO2, ya que la normativa vigente resulta insuficiente y desactualizada. Este panorama se complica aún más si se tiene en cuenta el alcance internacional de este mercado. Desde este punto de vista también se estudia en detalle el Convenio de Doble Imposición hispano-argentino e hispano-italiano.
La decisión de elegir este tema se centra en su innegable actualidad. Su carácter novedoso está marcado no sólo por el inicio de su funcionamiento (2008) sino también por las características que lo rodean.The thesis examines the income taxation of the CO2 emission rights trade. This market was adopted by the Kyoto Protocol in order to facilitate the compliance of its environmental objectives and constitutes a legal and commercial phenomenon unknown until recently. As a commercial fact it is subject to taxation The work proposes a solution to the complex issue of the emission rights taxation since the present legislation is insufficient and outdated. This scene is even more complicated because the international implications of this market. In order to that the thesis also studies in detail the Double Taxation Convention between Spain and Argentina and Spain and Italy. The decision to choose this theme focuses on its undeniable current situation. Its innovative character is marked not only by the start of its running (2008) but also by the characteristics that surround it.
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Santin, Claiton. "Considerações sobre o mercado de créditos de carbono: propostas de contabilização." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1497.
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Previous issue date: 2012-06-27Due to the growth of the discussions involving less harmful trade and economic practices to the environment, as well as the use of renewable energy sources, have been increasingly frequent approaches to the Kyoto Protocol and its imposed norms to major economies. Added to these factors the Accounting International Norms in the brazilian scenario, it becomes increasingly important to find ways to clarify the accounting dealings about this question, once it has been responsible for high-value financial turns, currency which need to be properly disclosed in the accounting statements of companies participating in this market. The study performs a qualitative approach, of exploratory feature, aiming a better understanding of the subject, and developed through a literature review. Thus, this study search to analyze the accounting treatment assigned to transactions involving the market of carbon credits, identifying a series of treatments, and the almost complete lack of standardization in the area
Devido à expansão dos debates com o envolvimento de práticas comerciais e econômicas menos agressivas ao meio ambiente, bem como a utilização de fontes de energias renováveis, têm sido cada vez mais frequentes as abordagens sobre o Protocolo de Kyoto e suas normatizações impostas às grandes economias. Em razão de esses fatores e a eles agregada a adesão das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade no cenário brasileiro, torna-se cada vez mais importante buscar formas de elucidar as tratativas contábeis acerca desse assunto, uma vez que tem sido responsável por giros financeiros de alto valor, numerários estes que necessitam estar corretamente evidenciados nas demonstrações contábeis das empresas que participam desse mercado. O estudo realiza uma abordagem qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, para um melhor entendimento do assunto, sendo desenvolvido por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica. Dessa forma, buscou-se nesta pesquisa analisar o tratamento contábil atribuído às operações que envolvem o mercado de créditos de carbono, e, assim, identificou-se uma série de tratamentos e a quase inexistência de normatização para a área.
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Nathan, Ari. "Market mechanisms and cultural values in negotiating multilateral environmental agreements : the case of the Kyoto Protocol /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2000.
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Thesis (Ph.D) -- Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 2000.Adviser: William Moomaw. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 295-309). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Höhne, Niklas. "What is next after the Kyoto Protocol? : assessment of options for international climate policy post 2012 /." Amsterdam : Techne Press, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0735/2007369092-b.html.
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Furlan, Walter. "Modelo de decisão para escolha de tecnologia para o tratamento de resíduos sólidos no âmbito de um município." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-20102007-161243/.
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Recentemente passou a ser aceito por amplos segmentos da sociedade as conclusões de cientistas de que o homem vem provocando a mudança climática global em curso por meio da emissão de gases de efeito estufa. E espera-se, se nada for feito, por um agravamento do aquecimento global, em função do aumento da população mundial e do desenvolvimento econômico, para os próximos anos. O resíduo gerado pela sociedade, quando em decomposição, é forte emissor de metano, um dos gases mais maléficos nesse processo. Organismos internacionais liderados pela ONU participam do esforço de limitar as emissões com a negociação de créditos de carbono do Protocolo de Kyoto, o que pode contribuir para viabilizar a adoção de novas tecnologias de tratamento de resíduos. Esta pesquisa traz aos gestores municipais, e aos empreendedores do setor, um modelo de decisão para escolha estratégica das tecnologias mais recentes para tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Usando a técnica de abordagem sistêmica (system analysis), com o apoio da teoria de ciclo de vida do produto e do conceito de eco-eficiência, foram traçadas tendências. O modelo de decisão usou a técnica do pensamento focado no valor (Value-Focused Thinking) pertencente à teoria da decisão multiatributo. A partir da percepção de importantes formadores de opinião, aponta-se que as tecnologias de aterro sanitário, incineração e de processamento por plasma térmico, acompanhadas da coleta seletiva, da recuperação energética, da separação e da reciclagem, têm cada uma importante parcela de contribuição na solução do problema ambiental. Também é apontado que a combinação da coleta seletiva, seleção do lixo para aumento do seu potencial energético, processamento por plasma térmico acompanhado da geração de energia, é a mais efetiva para ser adotada num município de porte médio do Estado de São Paulo, para os próximos vinte anos. Ao final da pesquisa, as soluções estudadas foram apresentadas a gestores públicos para validação do modelo.Recently it became accepted, by large segments of society, the conclusions of several scientists that man has been causing a global climatic change through the emission of greenhouse gases. If nothing is done, an increase in global warmth is expected in the years to come, due to the growth of world population as well as economic growth. The waste generated by society, while decomposing, is a strong methane emitter, one of the gases that contribute the most to the global warmth. International organisms, led by UN, have joint efforts in order to limit the emissions of greenhouse gases with the negotiation of carbon credits, mechanism created by the Kyoto Protocol, which may turn the adoption of new technologies of waste treatment economically feasible. This research brings to the public managers and entrepreneurs of this sector a decision-making model to strategically choose the most recent technologies for the treatment of municipal solid waste. Using the system analysis technique, supported by product?s life cycle theory and the concept of eco-efficiency, some tendencies of this sector have been mapped. The decision-making model uses the Value-Focused Thinking technique, which belongs to the multi-attribute decision theory. From of the gathering opinions of important stakeholders, some technologies may be pointed as the most important contributors to solving this environmental problem: landfill technologies, incineration and plasma process, accompanied also by energy recovery, waste sorting and recycling. It is also suggested that a solution of waste sorting, a process of generating refused derived fuel, and plasma process followed by energy recovery is the more effective combination to be adopted by a medium-size city in the near future. At the end of the research works, the studied solutions were presented to public managers to validate the model.
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Naujėkaitė, Julija. "The implementation of the Kyoto targets in Lithuania from a perspective of multi-level governance." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20111214_102143-32062.
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International climate change agreements and the European Union legislation have an influence on different levels of governance, including national legal systems and administrative schemes. The following research question is addressed in the doctoral dissertation: “How does Lithuania, specifically the industrial sector, implement GHG reduction requirements under the Kyoto Protocol and the European Union regulations?” Implementation of GHG emission reductions is analyzed from a perspective of multi-level governance and sociology of law. The research is carried out on four levels – supra-state; state; sub-state and societal. These are described as international; national; administrative and industrial arenas in the dissertation. Hence the implementation of climate change legal rules is based on authoritative decision-making across multiple territorial levels. In the dissertation, legal frameworks regarding reductions of GHG emissions are described - and the institutions along with their mandates are identified. There is a hierarchical top-down regulated implementation of legal rules and actors involved at different levels. A perspective based upon Sociology of Law makes it possible to relate the top-down implementation of legal rules to society. In the dissertation the most dominant driving forces and norms affecting actors on each level of implementation are evaluated, by interviewing respondents from state and administrative institutions and industrial companies... [to full text]Tarptautiniai klimato kaitos susitarimai ir Europos Sąjungos teisės aktai veikia skirtingus valdymo lygmenis, įskaitant nacionalines teisės sistemas ir administravimo modelius. Disertacijoje iškeltas tyrimo klausimas – kaip Lietuva, konkrečiai pramonės sektorius, įgyvendina šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų (toliau – ŠESD) emisijų mažinimo reikalavimus, nustatytus Kioto protokolu ir Europos Sąjungos teisės aktais. Reikalavimų mažinti ŠESD emisijas įgyvendinimas yra analizuojamas daugiapakopio valdymo perspektyvoje. Analizuojami keturi lygmenys – viršvalstybinis, valstybinis, subvalstybinis ir visuomeninis, kurie disertacijoje gretinami su tarptautine, nacionaline, administracine ir pramonės plotmėmis. Taigi klimato kaitos teisės aktų įgyvendinimas paremtas valdžios sprendimų priėmimo dispersija skirtinguose lygmenyse. Disertacijoje apibūdintos teisės sistemos, susijusios su ŠESD mažinimu, identifikuojant institucijas ir jų įgaliojimus. Remiantis teisės sociologijos perspektyva, hierarchinis teisės normų įgyvendinimo principas siejamas su teisės poveikiu (ir atsaku) pramonės sektoriuje. Atlikus kokybinį tyrimą imant interviu iš tyrimo dalyvių, kurie dirba valstybės ir administracinėse institucijose ir pramonės įmonėse, išnagrinėti ir įvertinti skatinantys veiksniai ir normos, veikiančios dalyvių elgseną kiekviename tiriamajame lygmenyje. Ištirtas pramonės sektoriaus atsakas politikos įgyvendinimo procese bei pateikti pasiūlymai dėl Kioto protokolo ir Europos Sąjungos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Moraes, Luiz Antonio Grell de. "Contribuição ao estudo do valor, das perspectivas e da efetividade do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo no Protocolo de Kyoto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-21092009-164721/.
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Esta dissertação trata da história e características do Protocolo de Kyoto (PK), seguido do estudo do valor, das perspectivas e da efetividade do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), definido pelo Artigo 12 daquele Protocolo à Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC). Nesse propósito, foram desenvolvidas análises conceituais das pretensões, possibilidades, valor e mesmo das equivocações do MDL. A grande importância desse instrumento acaba demonstrada que não é o seu objetivo primeiro, de auxilio nos compromissos dos países desenvolvidos (PDs), mas sim as diversas vantagens que promove para os países em desenvolvimento (PEDs). Esse instrumento de flexibilização, que foi concebido para auxiliar o cumprimento das obrigações (redução das emissões de CO2) dos países desenvolvidos (PDs) no Protocolo, pode ir muito além, com projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável (social, econômico, étnico, cultural, técnico e ambientalmente) adequados e favorável aos PEDs. Seus projetos podem e deve travar um bom combate à pobreza, o que garante também um avanço correto na perseguição do controle das causas e efeitos das mudanças climáticas. O MDL permeia todas essas questões e constitui o instrumento já presente e de conscientização, para trazer a necessária capacidade financeira e tecnológica do Norte ao encontro do Sul para que todas essas pretensões possam ocorrer.This paper deals with the history and characteristics of the Kyotos Protocol (KP), followed by the values study about the prospects and effectiveness of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as defined by the 12th Article of the Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In this purpose, conceptual analyses were developed about the objectives, possibilities, values and even mistakes of the CDM. The great importance of this instrument had been demonstrated that it is not its first objective to help the commitments of the developed countries, but the many advantages that promotes to the developing countries. This instrument of facility, which was conceived to assist the fulfillment of the obligations (reducing CO2 emissions) of developed countries in the Protocol, can go far beyond, with sustainable development projects (social, economic, ethnic, cultural, technical and environmentally) appropriated and favorable to developing countries. Their projects can and should fight against poverty, which also ensures a correct advance in pursuit of the causes and effects control of the climatic changes. The CDM permeates all these issues and is the instrument already present and of awareness, to bring the necessary financial and technological capacity from the North to the South, allowing these claims occur.
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Cetin, lif. "Energy Analysis of Upplands Väsby municipality. : A study to reduce CO2 emissions in compliance with Kyoto Protocol." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32773.
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In this study, energy analysis of Upplands Väsby municipality was carried out with the aim of reducing the CO2 emissions in compliance with Kyoto Protocol. In order to achieve that the inventory of the current fossil fuel use, analysis of possible energy saving measures, and inventory of current potential for biomass production was studied respectively.The annual energy consumption according to different sectors which are mainly housing,transportation, public activities, construction, agriculture, forestry and fishery wasinvestigated and found as 1000 GWh. Depending on the emission factors for each fuel type,corresponding CO2 emissions were calculated. These calculations showed that 85% of thetotal CO2 emissions are caused by oil and diesel which are mainly used in transportation. The emissions from electricity and district heating came out to be negligible compared to transportation because of renewable energy use in production. Thus, depending on the results of energy analyses, the main priority was set as transportation for CO2 emission reduction measures.The intention of Upplands Väsby municipality is first to implement efficient energy use rather than CO2 reduction or the production of the renewable fuels within the municipality. The possible energy efficiency and conservation opportunities were discussed and identified intwo different perspectives; the tactical perspective that will cover the first 3 to 5 years and thestrategical perspective for a longer period of 25 years. For the first years of energy efficiencyprogram, the main objective was set to be reaching some amounts of energy savings by the easiest changes possible and advertising that to the public to gain their support and cooperation in the long term. On the other side, for the strategical perspective, the mainobjective must be reducing the CO2 emissions as much as possible and establishing a sustainable energy system depending on renewable sources.For the production of renewable fuels, biomass was preferred as the energy source as more than half of the Upplands Väsby municipality is covered with forests and farmlands. In the calculations, only the municipally owned lands were taken into consideration and privately owned lands were excluded. Furthermore, out of the land that the municipality owns, the forest lands were excluded from the biomass calculations with an aim of reserving the forests for recreational and natural conservation purposes. In the preliminary estimation in this study,the possible yields of biomass per hectare and year were used to reach the total amount of bioenergy that can be produced. Since growing different kinds of energy crops will result with different yields of dry biomass per hectare and year, the most appropriate crops for the Svealand region were identified depending on the previous researches. The possible amount of bio energy that can be produced was calculated for willow, straw, ley crop, rapeseed, wheatand reed canary grass. As a result, it is seen that whatever the crop is chosen the average yield that can be obtained from the farmlands is around 30 GWh per year.After the energy balance, efficiency options and biomass estimation; the results from thesethree parts were combined and the possible CO2 reduction values for the next 25-30 years were estimated. In order to do that, different scenarios were considered such as replacing fossil fuels with energy from biomass, increasing energy savings and reducing fuel use in transportation. From the fossil fuel replacement scenarios, replacement of heating oil appearsto be the most feasible option since the amount of energy than can be produced from biomass exactly matches the amount of heating oil used in the municipality and it is much easier thandistrict heating and fuel replacements. From energy saving scenarios, the results for electricitysavings are negligible compared to other options as a result of environmentally friendly electricity production in majority of companies in Sweden. Hence buying electricity from supplier companies with lower CO2 emissions gives more reductions in emissions than energysavings. The last scenario, which is reduction of fuel consumption, appears to be the bestoption among the others, because it results in higher CO2 reductions. Advances in technology and growing attention to environmental issues is likely to simplify the application options interms of changing the transportation patterns of the public by encouraging them to use ratherpublic transport or car polls, environmentally friendly cars, and etc. As a result, combiningdifferent scenarios, the maximum amount of CO2 reduction together with energy savings was calculated to be around 26% for Upplands Väsby municipality.This study revealed the deficiencies in organization and systematic data collection in the municipality levels and the need to establish a methodology for inventory and follow-up ofenergy use, production and related environmental effects.In conclusion, the main target of the Upplands Väsby municipality should be implementing amethodology for systematically collecting data on the energy use and CO2 discharges indifferent sectors of the Upplands Väsby economy, preferably using a life-cycle perspective. A second important aim should be to focus on energy saving measures, especially in the transportation and housing areas. A third interesting possibility is to support initiatives aimingof encouraging municipal and private land owners to contribute to energy production.www.ima.kth.se
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Schneider, Nicholas. "Explaining the variation in commitment to the Kyoto Protocol in Annex-I and non Annex-I countries." Washington, D.C. : University of Guelph, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1306866441&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=78006&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bhardwaj, Asmita. "Responses in India towards the Clean Development Mechanism." Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37133.
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Responses in India towards the Clean Development Mechanism
Asmita Bhardwaj
Recognizing the grave danger that climate change poses to mankind, the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 by 150 nations. Subsequent climate change negotiations were to be guided through the principles of â equity,â â common but differentiated responsibilitiesâ and respective â capabilities,â while developed countries were to take lead in combating climate change. The Kyoto Protocol amended the FCCC in 1997 and set legally binding emission reduction targets for industrialized countries. No such commitments were mandated for the developing countries. The Kyoto Protocol, however, created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which required participation of developing countries as hosts for CDM projects. Though it faced significant opposition at the onset it was adopted by many developing countries later. This paper outlines the responses towards the CDM in India.
Many developed countries, such as the United States, have sought to include participation of developing countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions mainly through binding growth caps on future emissions. Since 1997, this call for â meaningful participationâ has stalled the US ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. In response some scholars have tried to link initiatives like CDM to â meaningful participationâ . This paper suggests that rather than relying on the CDM, this contention regarding commitments can be resolved on a long-term basis if only there is a fair and explicit allocation of GHG emission quotas incorporating â equityâ concerns. Meaningful participation, which might mean quantified commitments, does not take into consideration â equityâ , a key criteria for developing country participation. Full participation can only result when Southern demands are given equal importance.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Jones, Cody. "Post Kyoto Protocol International Frameworks on Greenhouse-Gas Emissions: Does the Presence of Informal Economies Limit their Efficacy?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183384.
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This paper examines the informal economy’s greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions and whether it poses a problem to the effectiveness of international frameworks designed to reduce GHG emissions. With the results of a literature review conducted on the relation between the informal economy and regulations and results on 160 nations’ theoretical informal-economy emissions over time, this paper finds that the informal economy does hinder the ability of governments to manage GHG emissions. This paper then discusses how this aspect of the world’s economy limits the efficacy of international frameworks to reduce GHG emissions. Suggestions are made on how to incorporate this sector into the proposed frameworks. The paper concludes with summarizing the main findings and proposals for further research.
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Garrana, Roxanne Estanqueiro. "Avaliação do êxito do Protocolo de Quioto em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4599.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalVários cientistas, de várias partes do mundo, já chamaram a atenção para a situação crítica do aquecimento global que tem colocado em risco o desenvolvimento sustentável do planeta. Tais peritos nesta matéria afirmam que esse fenómeno catastrófico, resultante da sobreexploração atmosférica, tem sido impulsionado, em mais de noventa por cento, pela acção humana. Logo, cabe aos governos nacionais implementar políticas nacionais de mitigação das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa, a fim de limitar o aumento da temperatura e proporcionar condições sustentáveis de vida na Terra. Visto que este fenómeno tem um cariz global, pois a elevada concentração de gases com efeito de estufa em determinada parte do mundo pode repercutir os seus impactos negativos em outras partes do globo, é necessáro que se estabeleça uma cooperação internacional para fazer face ao problema em questão. Ora, o Protocolo de Quioto tem sido, até ao momento presente, o mais significativo acordo da comunidade internacional no que concerne às alterações climáticas. Aquando das suas negociações, optou-se pelo mecanismo de mercado como o instrumento de incentivo económico mais eficiente para o controlo das emissões. Este estudo serviu, portanto, o propósito de perceber se o Protocolo foi bem sucedido em Portugal e se contribuiu para a real descida de emissões de gases com efeito de estufa nos últimos anos. Tendo sido realizadas algumas análises estatísticas e entrevistas a peritos nesta matéria, constatou-se que o Protocolo será, à partida, bem sucedido em Portugal, não só a nível do cumprimento da quota que lhe foi atribuída, mas também da efectiva mitigação das emissões. Os esforços do seu cumprimento basearam-se, essencialmente, na incorporação de energias renováveis na economia e em ganhos de eficiência energética.
A large number of scientists from all over the world have claimed that the phenomenon of global warming is putting the sustainability of our planet in jeopardy. Those experts have also said that this catastrophic phenomenon, which results from the over-exploitation of the atmosphere, has been driven by human activity, by more than ninety percent. Therefore, it is the national governments' duty to implement national policies concerning the mitigation of the emission of green house gases, in order to limit the rise of temperature levels and to provide sustainable conditions for life in Earth. As this phenomenon has a global nature, since the high concentration of green house gases in some parts of the world may originate negative impacts on other parts of the globe, it is necessary to establish some international co-operation to tackle the problem at hand. So far, the Kyoto Protocol has been the most significant agreement made in the international community in terms of climate change. During its negotiations, the market mechanism was chosen as the most efficient economic incentive instrument to control emissions. In conclusion, the aim of this study was to understand if the Kyoto Protocol has been successful in Portugal, and if it has significantly influenced the decrease in the emissions of green house gases in the last years. Having made some statistical analysis, as well as, interviewing experts in this area, it can be said that the Protocol will most probably be well succeeded in Portugal, in regard to the compliance with the stipulated allowance and the real decrease of emissions. The main efforts of this accomplishment are a result of the incorporation of renewable energies in the economy and gains of energy efficiency.
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Knesplová, Jana. "Analýza vlivu emisního obchodování na investiční rozhodování ve firmě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75495.
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This paper deals with issues in the influence emission trading has on investment decisions. It explains the system of emissions trading and focuses on the emergence and development of European emissions trading and describes its influence on the Czech Republic. It briefly describes questions of investment decisions in a company, in particular the methods and criteria of investment decisions. The main goal of the paper is to analyse the influence of emissions trading on investment decisions. The analysis is made using investment projects in a real company. With the help of economic evaluation of investments, it classifies variations of investment projects when the influence of emission trading is excluded or with different prices of emission allowances. Using this analysis, I will try to prove that emissions trading can disadvantage some investments, which would otherwise be economically effective and feasible.
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Hatalová, Michaela. "Rozvojové krajiny a ich prístup k politike boja proti klimatickým zmenám." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192580.
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This master thesis seeks to explain the approach and position of developing countries in international politics on climate change, focused on specific groups of developing countries within the Group 77. First chapter explain the roots and development of climate change politics, together with the need to combat the climate change. Second chapter lays down the theoretical principles of attributing commitments to developing countries and analysis the position of different groups of developing countries. The last chapter is devoted to the case study of China's stance to international climate change regime and factors that influence its position.
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Duncan, R. "Greenhouse economics: the Australian Government mobilises the numbers in the lead up to Kyoto." Thesis, Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, 1997. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/768/1/front_matter.pdf.
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The Australian Government has not always opposed the setting of targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, in 1992 it was one of only three countries to support the then Toronoto target to stablise emissions by 2000 and reduce them by 20 percent by 2005. This thesis surveys the Australian government's policy and rhetoric on climate change since the endorsement of the Toronto target and in the lead up to the meeting in Kyoto. Using sociology of science theory, the thesis analyses how the environmental reality constructed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was overshadowed in Australia by an economic reality constructed by the Australian Bureau of Resource Economics with its macro-economic model MEGABARE. The thesis documents how the outputs of this model were translated both domestically and internationally and how efforts to tackle climate change that were deemed to have inevitable negative economic implications for the resource sector were effectively avoided.
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Ajao, Saidat Aderonke. "Decision-making processes of African leaders on climate change : a case study of the succession to the Kyoto-Protocol." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7358/.
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The research examines the decision-making processes of African Leaders in the context of a common international issue. The Theory of Bounded Rationality is utilised as theoretical framework. More specifically, the research explores how a group of African Leaders come together to make a common decision known as the Common African Position in relation to the succession to the Kyoto Protocol under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The originality of the research is contributed by decision-making processes utilising the Bounded Rationality Theory in the context of climate change. This is taken further by utilising the model in the decision-making processes of African Leaders as limited research has been conducted in this field in Africa. Researchers have argued that whilst extensive research has been undertaken in the US and UK, only a limited amount has been conducted in other regions (Elbanna and Child 2007). Furthermore, Hoskisson, et. al.,. (2000) argues that research on strategy practice in emerging economies such as China, and Latin America has not been matched with other regions such as, Africa and the Middle East. The originality of the research is also presented by the uniqueness of the case study. The study was conducted during the largest ever political gathering of world leaders – The Fifteen Session of the Conference of the Parties and the Fifth Session of the Meeting of the Parties of the UNFCCC (COP15) in Copenhagen, Denmark in December 2009. COP15 comprised 120 Heads of States and Governments and 193 national delegations including Member States of the continent of Africa. The research design was qualitative in nature. The methods for the primary data collection were Semi-structured Interviews, Focus Groups and Participant-Observation. Participants were Heads of Government, Ministers and other leaders, i.e. Secretary Generals, Ambassadors and Directors. Secondary data in the form of books, speeches, articles, newspapers, briefs and other publications were also utilised. The data was analysed using content analysis. The analyses revealed that the decision-making processes commenced two years before COP15. The decision-making processes were definitive, co-ordinated and structured involving a wide number of strategic organisations to the continent of Africa, i.e. the African Union Commission (AUC). The decision-making processes were largely followed by the group of African Leaders prior to and during the initial week of COP15. However, during the High-level Segment the dis-unity amongst African Member States became apparent. Bi-lateral deals with developed nations outside the African Common Position were at play, especially by South Africa and Ethiopia. The final outcome of COP15, the ‘Copenhagen Accord’ further revealed the decision-making processes and decisions made by African Leaders were irrational. Individual country interests were paramount, resulting in a total failure by the African Group to maintain the Common African Position. The findings also revealed that due to the diverse nature of the impact of climate change on different African regions, the implications of a common decision in addressing climate change in the future should be circumvented. Limitations of the study include the high security level during COP15 due to the attendance of world leaders, the immense size of the event in terms of participants, and the large number of meetings, which made it impossible for the researcher to follow all activities that were pertinent to decision-making. The research makes contributions to academia and to practice. Academically, in the field of strategic decision-making and by the use of Bounded Rationality; and the application of the Theory of Bounded Rationality in the context of the decision-making processes of African Leaders is novel in the literature further contributed by the extraordinary United Nations COP15 Conference. Furthermore, the results support the assumptions of Bounded Rationality in decision-making. In the field of practice, it suggests ways in which the decision-making processes of African Leaders in an international setting can be improved as it relates to climate change. The research concludes with recommendations, areas for further research in the field of strategic decision-making and a reflection of the research journey.
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Moreira, Helena Margarido [UNESP]. "A atuação do Brasil no regime internacional de mudanças climáticas de 1995 a 2004." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93729.
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O regime internacional de mudanças climáticas é um dos mais complexos regimes ambientais, por tratar simultaneamente de questões políticas, econômicas, energéticas, de desenvolvimento e ambientais. Tal regime começou a ser formado com a assinatura da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas, em 1994, e adquiriu importância com a elaboração de diversos documentos para lhe conferir maior eficácia, como o Mandato de Berlim, o Protocolo de Kyoto e os Acordos de Marraqueche. Durante o processo negociador desse regime, várias coalizões de países com interesses diversos se formaram, e dentre estas coalizões, o Grupo dos 77/China. Neste processo, alguns países adquiriram maior proeminência nas negociações, contribuindo de forma substancial para a conformação do regime do clima. Um desses países é o Brasil, um país emergente com características muito particulares e que exerce um papel importante nas negociações ambientais internacionais, e que foi o objeto de análise desta dissertação. A hipótese desta pesquisa é que o Brasil possui certas particularidades, como a maior parte da floresta amazônica e sua matriz energética majoritariamente limpa, e estas ajudaram a definir grande parte da posição assumida pelo país nas negociações do regime internacional de mudanças climáticas. Para provar isso, estudamos e analisamos a posição defendida pelo Brasil nos dois principais tópicos de negociação para os países em desenvolvimento no Protocolo de Kyoto: o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e os compromissos de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa, durante o período de 1995 a 2004. A metodologia utilizada para testar essa hipótese foi uma revisão bibliográfica de artigos e livros, bem como a análise de documentos oficiais e depoimentos de representantes das delegações brasileiras...
International regime of climate change is one of the most complex environmental regimes because it simultaneously addresses political, economic, energetic, environmental and development issues. This regime was launched with the signature of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1994. The impact of the international regime of climate change was increased through the elaboration of several documents intended to make the regime more efficient, such as the Berlin Mandate, the Kyoto Protocol and the Marrakech Accords. Throughout the negotiation process (of the regime or the mandate/protocol/accords), many coalitions of countries with different interests were formed, such as the G77/China. Within this coalition, some countries play a prominent role in the negotiations, contributing substantially to the current climate regime configuration. Brazil is one of these countries and, therefore, it is the subject of this dissertation. The hypothesis of this thesis is that certain particular characteristics of the country, especially the Brazilian Amazon rainforest and its renewable energy resources, greatly affect the country’s position on climate change negotiations. In order to prove this hypothesis, we will analyze Brazil’s position regarding two specific topics of the Kyoto Protocol: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the greenhouse gases emission reduction commitments to developing countries, during the period from 1995 to 2004. The methodology used to conduct this analysis included the bibliographical review of articles and books, and the study of official documents and reports from the Brazilian delegates present at the aforementioned meetings. Finally, we will analyze the way that Brazil’s particular characteristics influence the country’s position on these main two topics and contributed to the current configuration of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Петровська, С. А., and Н. М. Петрушко. "Стан проблеми сталого розвитку в Україні." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11807.
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Сталий розвиток – це нова цивілізаційна модель розвитку. Перехід до сталого розвитку вимагає подолання різних труднощів, одна з яких – це відсутність культури, яка б сприяла сталому розвитку. Світове співтовариство не тільки має усвідомити існування небезпеки для всього людства і необхідності спільно вирішувати глобальні проблеми, але і знайти шляхи їх вирішення. Україна правильно зробила, що приєдналася до концепції сталого розвитку. Це дозволить їй покращити соціальне становище в країні, екологізувати виробництво та зберегти ресурси, а також покращити відносини на міжнародному рівні задля досягнення спільної мети. Але задля досягнення сталого розвитку нам потрібно спочатку подолати економічну та структурну кризи, що розвинулись в період переходу до ринкової економіки та демократичного громадського суспільства.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11807
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Domingos, Nicole de Paula. "O Protocolo de Kyoto : a União Européia na liderança do regime de mudanças climáticas /." Marília : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93735.
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Orientador: Flávia de Campos MelloBanca: Jacques Marcovitch
Banca: Reginaldo Mattar Nasser
O Programa de Pos-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituido em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: Esta pesquisa analisa os fatores que levaram a União Européia a adotar uma estratégia de liderança nas negociações multilaterais sobre mudanças climáticas, principalmente após a recusa dos Estados Unidos em ratificar o Protocolo de Kyoto no ano de 2001. O trabalho aponta que o posicionamento da UE, aparentemente paradoxal, deve ser compreendido a partir de duas dimensões centrais. A primeira discute o cenário econômico-energético do bloco e sugere que esta postura pró-Kyoto sofre influência não só do aprofundamento da integração econômica, mas também da necessidade de garantir segurança energética no continente europeu. A segunda dimensão se utiliza de debates sobre política internacional para mostrar que esta estratégia pode ser interpretada como forma de consolidar a capacidade de atuação internacional dos europeus enquanto bloco. Em particular, deve-se destacar que a liderança da UE tem se consolidado especialmente em áreas onde os norte-americanos têm se desengajado progressivamente
Abstract:This research analyzes the factors that led the European Union to adopt a strategy of leadership during the multilateral negotiations on climate change issues, especially after the United States' refusal to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001. This dissertation points out that the European position should be understood by two central dimensions. The first discusses the economic-energetic context of the bloc and suggests that the pro-Kyoto posture is influenced not only by the deepening economic integration, but also by the necessity of improving the security of energy supply in the European continent. The second dimension makes use of international political debates to demonstrate that this strategy could be perceived as a form to consolidate the Europeans' international capacity to act as a bloc. Particularly, it is remarkable that the European leadership has been taking place especially in areas where the North-Americans have been progressively disengaged
Mestre
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Borella, Marcela Cristina. "Concretização do direito ao desenvolvimento por meio do Mecanismo do Desenvolvimento Limpo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5390.
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Previous issue date: 2010-11-05The development consists on an expansion of human capabilities with respect to increasing the security and life expectancy, education, a dignified life and free citizen. Currently, besides the assurance of economic, social and cultural development, we seek to further that it is environmentally sustainable. The provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol, in particular the Clean Development Mechanism, seeking to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by industrialized countries and promote sustainable development of the developing countries. Measures under the Kyoto Protocol to mitigate the climatic effects caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, should not be considered an obstacle to development, instead, should be seen as a tool for sustainable development in developing countries
O desenvolvimento consiste em uma ampliação das capacidades humanas no que diz respeito ao aumento e à garantia de expectativa de vida, de educação, de uma vida digna, cidadã e livre. Atualmente, além da garantia do desenvolvimento econômico, social e cultural, buscase, ainda, que seja ambientalmente sustentável. As disposições previstas na Convenção- Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima e os respectivos mecanismos previstos no Protocolo de Quioto, em especial o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo, buscam a redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa pelos países industrializados e a promoção de um desenvolvimento sustentável dos países em desenvolvimento. As medidas previstas no Protocolo de Quioto para amenizar os efeitos no clima causados pela emissão de gases de efeito estufa, não devem ser consideradas um entrave ao desenvolvimento, ao contrário, devem ser vistas como uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento sustentável dos países em desenvolvimento
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Oliveira, Jaqueline José Silva. "O PADRÃO DE CERTIFICAÇÃO DO FSC (FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL) PARA O MANEJO DE PLANTAÇÕES DE TECA NO BRASIL Na Perspectiva da Racionalidade Ambiental e do Capitalismo Natural." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2010. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2781.
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Previous issue date: 2010-04-16The environmental problem is characterized essentially by a frenetic search to change the current economic model to a new stage of capitalism, called Natural Capitalism. This presents four principles as indispensable ways of maintaining the Earth and its species, without the naïve vision of non-development, limits to growth and the don quixotic cries to save the Earth from the obvious high global temperatures which provoke climate change. These changes are caused by polluting activities, especially those which increase the greenhouse effect, and by the lack of energetic measures to preserve the environment. A less romantic view of the proposals of Natural Capitalism will be discussed in this study which could lead to the reappropriation of nature, through the sustainable development discourse, which has attracted international agreements to guarantee sustainability (highlighting the Quioto Protocol and CON 15 in Copenhagen). This dissertation, for reasons which will become apparent, focuses on the question of environmental sustainability, based on the tripod (Triple Bottom Line) including economic, social and environmental dimensions. A significant issue that must be observed is the fact that in order to effectively guarantee a permanent adaptation of the new model of development being proposed, it is not sufficient that business leaders assimilate the concept of sustainability and produce without degrading the environment. Consumer awareness must be heightened in order to move towards an ethical market. It is up the consumer to get to know the economic, environmental and social impact of products which s/he rewards by purchase. The identification of products coming from politically correct companies will be carried out through stamps or certification, especially the green stamp, from the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). It aims to justify the guarantee and differentiation which the FSC offers to the investor, in this case, though the plantation Teak on Brazilian land, as compared to different kinds of forest certification around the world and in Brazil.
A presente dissertação objetiva, valendo-se de subsídios multidisciplinares, analisar e demonstrar a importância do Padrão de Certificação do FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) para o manejo de plantações de teca no Brasil, bem como confrontar as questões teóricojurídicas controvertidas que deverão alcançar o âmbito diferenciado deste programa de certificação florestal, comparado aos demais sistemas existentes. O trabalho orienta-se através dos métodos hipotético-dedutivo e comparativo, apropriados ao objeto de estudo, para sanar as questões levantadas e de técnicas de investigação seguras, notadamente histórica e a monográfica. Para tanto, fez-se uso de referenciais teóricos obtidos pelas pesquisas bibliográficas e em websites, dos esquemas de certificação florestal. No transcorrer do desenvolvimento deste trabalho, destaca-se a problemática ambiental, que se caracteriza, primordialmente, pela frenética busca de mudança do modelo econômico atual para uma nova era do capitalismo: o Capitalismo Natural (Natural Capitalism). Este apresenta quatro princípios como via imprescindível na manutenção do globo e suas espécies, sem a ingênua visão (do não-desenvolvimento e dos limites ao crescimento), ofuscada pela ideologia salvacionista do planeta em relação às evidentes elevações da temperatura média global, que ocasionaram alteração climática, provocada pelas atividades poluidoras, sobretudo, as que aumentaram o efeito estufa, somadas à falta de medidas enérgicas, com o propósito de preservação ambiental. A óptica menos romântica da proposta fundamentada nos quatro princípios do capitalismo natural, que serão citados ao longo deste estudo, desemboca na reapropriação da natureza, através do discurso de desenvolvimento sustentável, em que as dificuldades em resguardar o planeta atraíram acordos internacionais (destacando o Protocolo de Quioto e a Convenção 15, em Copenhague), para garantir a sustentabilidade. A abordagem deste tema, por razões que se tornarão evidentes, está voltada para a questão ambiental, no conceito de sustentabilidade, fundamentado no tripé (Triple Bottom Line) que abrange o econômico, o social e o ambiental. Um ponto importante a ser observado consiste no fato de que a garantia de uma efetiva adaptação ao novo modelo de desenvolvimento proposto não se encontra apenas no processo de as lideranças empresariais assimilarem o conceito de sustentabilidade e produzirem sem degradar o meio ambiente, mas, especialmente, na conscientização do consumidor, o qual norteará um mercado ético. Cabe a ele saber qual é o impacto econômico, ambiental e social, que geram os produtos que premia com a sua compra. A identificação dos produtos de empresas politicamente corretas será feita através de selos ou certificações, no caso específico, do selo verde - FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), almejado pelos empreendedores madeireiros, em particular, os de plantio da tectona grandis no Brasil.
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Pinheiro, Isabel Maria Chanoca. "A importância da disciplina de física e química do 3º ciclo do ensino básico na educação para o desenvolvimento sustentável." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15966.
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Neste relatório de atividade profissional, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de um
projeto aplicado na Escola Básica Vale de Milhaços, que se relaciona com a unidade
didática: «Atmosfera e Mudança Global», pertencente ao programa da disciplina de Física
e Química. Esta unidade está destinada ao estudo do fenómeno do efeito de estufa para
o 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico. Utilizando o aquecimento global como tema organizador,
propõem-se uma abordagem didática, explorando conceitos relacionados, quer com a
influência da atividade humana na atmosfera e no clima, quer com a gestão sustentável
dos recursos. Conceitos como mudança climática, uso racional de recursos,
desenvolvimento energético e poluição são abordados, com os alunos de forma a
relacioná-los com o fenómeno desenvolvido neste trabalho.
Os problemas ambientais com dimensão global têm, desde os últimos tempos,
preocupado não apenas as comunidades científicas, mas também um número cada vez
maior dos seus cidadãos. A deterioração progressiva da qualidade do ar, da água e dos
solos, com evidentes implicações em todos os ecossistemas, é cada vez maior,
contribuindo para a perda da qualidade de vida das suas populações.
Este relatório discute a mudança climática e menciona os gases de efeito estufa
como principal causa do aquecimento global. Descreve os efeitos catastróficos que o
aquecimento global pode causar ao planeta, faz referência às metas de redução das suas
emissões de gases de efeito de estufa (GEE) e apresenta os mecanismos de
flexibilização estabelecidos no Protocolo de Quioto. O Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento
Limpo (MDL) é o único mecanismo de flexibilização que permite a participação de países
em desenvolvimento, para que estes reduzam as emissões de GEE por meio de projetos
que atinjam o desenvolvimento sustentável.
Deste modo, o presente trabalho é o relato de um percurso em que a reflexão e a
ação se completam e se legitimam mutuamente. Por um lado, fundamentámos e
interpretámos os resultados de uma intervenção direta, que efetuámos na escola, através
de um trabalho preparado e desenvolvido, (enquanto professora de Física e Química,
com a Agência Municipal de Energia e com os alunos da turma B, ao longo do seu 3º ciclo
de escolaridade) por outro lado, centrámos a nossa reflexão no domínio da
responsabilidade.Pretende-se, com este trabalho, informar, sensibilizar e consciencializar a
comunidade educativa/escolar para a necessidade de implementar medidas de redução
dos consumos de recursos, tais como: a energia, a água e os resíduos, visando a
consequente diminuição das emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2), no Concelho do
Seixal. Procurámos também, incutir o sentido da responsabilidade individual, incentivando
desta forma toda a comunidade educativa a participar nas ações desenvolvidas na
escola; ABSTRACT: In this Professional activity report is presented the development of a Project
implemented in the Escola Básica Vale de Milhaços, which is related with the school
program unit: «Atmosphere and Global Change», belonging to the discipline program of
Physics and Chemistry. This unit is intended to the study of the phenomenon of
greenhouse effect for the third grade of the Portuguese Basic Education. Using global
warming as the aggregation theme we proposed a didactic approach, exploring related
concepts, either to the influence of human activity on the atmosphere and climate, either
with the sustainable management of resources. Concepts as climate change, reasonable
use of resources, energy development and pollution are addressed, with students in order
to relate them to the phenomenon developed in this work.
Environmental problems with global dimension have, since the last times,
concerned not only the scientific community but also an increasing number of its citizens.
The progressive deterioration of air quality, water and soil, with obvious implications in all
ecosystems, is increasing, contributing to the loss of quality of life of their populations
This report discusses climate change and mentions the greenhouse effect gases as
the main cause for global warming. Describes the catastrophic effects that global warming
could cause to the planet, makes reference to reduction targets for reducing their
emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and presents the flexibility mechanisms
established by the Kyoto Protocol. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the only
mechanism that allows the participation of developing countries so that they reduce the
GHG emissions through projects that achieve sustainable development.
Thus, the present work is an account of a journey in which the reflection and the
action complement and legitimize each other. On one hand, we based and interpreted the
results of a direct intervention, which we carried out in school, through a work prepared
and developed, (as teacher of Physics and Chemistry with the Agência Municipal de
Energia and the students of class B, during their 3rd cycle of scholarship) on the other hand, we have focused our thinking in the domain of responsibility. It is intended
with this work, inform, sensitize and raise awareness to the educational/school community
for the need to implement actions to reduce consumption of resources such as: energy,
water and waste, in order to thus reduce emissions carbon dioxide (CO2), in the Concelho
do Seixal. We tried also to instill a sense of individual responsibility, thus encouraging the
entire community to participate in educational activities developed in school.
46
Abbas, José Eduardo. "A problemática econômica e geográfica em que se inserem a gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares e os modernos métodos para sua incineração." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-04072008-113118/.
Full textAbstract:
A destinação final dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD) constitui, em nosso país, um problema de graves proporções. Os impactos ambientais e sociais que representam as práticas de aterramento desses resíduos conjugam-se, nas grandes cidades, com a carência de áreas apropriadas a estas finalidades devido aos elevados (e crescentes) índices de concentração demográfica e de ocupação imobiliária. As práticas de aterramento dos RSD em lixões, aterros controlados ou em aterros sanitários constituem, em nosso país, o método fundamental de destinação final destes resíduos, causando graves alterações no espaço geográfico. Diante disso, existem, em operação há mais de três décadas em países da Europa e em outros locais, tecnologias avançadas de incineração dos RSD, que os transformam em energia térmica e elétrica. As justificativas ao fato de não existirem, ainda, em operação no nosso país essas usinas de incineração dos RSD remetem-se às dúvidas quanto à superioridade de seu desempenho econômico e ambiental em relação aos processos de aterramento destes resíduos. Este trabalho de pesquisa demonstra a superioridade econômica e ambiental dos modernos métodos de incineração dos RSD e questiona as políticas internacionais de transferência de tecnologias para o cuidado de questões ambientais preconizadas sob a égide do conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável. Faz-se uma crítica aos limites da Economia Ambiental, que atém-se aos aspectos de preservação ecológica sem definir horizontes econômicos a serem buscados através das atividades humanas, e demonstra-se alguns efeitos que o mercado internacional dos créditos de carbono, instituído a partir da ratificação do protocolo de Kyoto, vem exercendo na gestão dos RSD num país como o Brasil.The final destination of domiciliar solid residues (DSR) triggers a problem of serious proportions in our country. Social and environmental impacts caused by earthing practices of these residues are combined, in big cities, with the lack of appropriate disposal areas due to escalating levels of demographic concentration and real estate occupation. Earthing practices of DSR in dumping grounds, controlled landfills or sanitary landfills constitute the main final destination method of residues, causing severe changes in the geographic space. Europe and other countries have been using, for more than three decades, advanced DSR incineration technics that transform the waste in thermic and electric energy. Our justification for not using the aforementioned units is due to the fact that there are doubts concerning the superiority of economic and environmental performances when compared to earthing processes. This research work displays the environmental and economic superiority of modern DSR incineration methods, and discusses international policies of transferring technology regarding environmental issues idealized on the concept of the sustainable development. Criticism is also mode towards the limits established by Environmental Economy, which clings to ecological preservation aspects without defining economic horizons to be achieved through the human activity. We finally demonstrate the influence of the carbon credits\' international market on the DSR management in a country like Brazil since the ratification of the Kyoto protocol.
47
Violetti, Daniele <1965>. "Climate change and the tourism sector: the clean development mechanism, a market instrument under the Kyoto Protocol to achieve multiple objectives." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2567/1/Violetti_Daniele_tesi.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this research is to demonstrate that the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), an instrument created under a global international treaty, can achieve multiple objectives beyond those for which it has been established. As such, while being already a powerful tool to contribute to the global fight against climate change, the CDM can also be successful if applied to different sectors not contemplated before. In particular, this research aimed at demonstrating that a wider utilization of the CDM in the tourism sector can represent an innovative way to foster sustainable tourism and generate additional benefits.
The CDM was created by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and represents an innovative tool to reduce greenhouse gases emissions through the implementation of mitigation activities in developing countries which generate certified emission reductions (CERs), each of them equivalent to one ton of CO2 not emitted in the atmosphere. These credits can be used for compliance reasons by industrialized countries in achieving their reduction targets.
The logic path of this research begins with an analysis of the scientific evidences of climate change and its impacts on different economic sectors including tourism and it continues with a focus on the linkages between climate and the tourism sector. Then, it analyses the international responses to the issue of climate change and the peculiar activities in the international arena addressing climate change and the tourism sector. The concluding part of the work presents the objectives and achievements of the CDM and its links to the tourism sector by considering case studies of existing projects which demonstrate that the underlying question can be positively answered. New opportunities for the tourism sector are available.
48
Violetti, Daniele <1965>. "Climate change and the tourism sector: the clean development mechanism, a market instrument under the Kyoto Protocol to achieve multiple objectives." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2567/.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this research is to demonstrate that the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), an instrument created under a global international treaty, can achieve multiple objectives beyond those for which it has been established. As such, while being already a powerful tool to contribute to the global fight against climate change, the CDM can also be successful if applied to different sectors not contemplated before. In particular, this research aimed at demonstrating that a wider utilization of the CDM in the tourism sector can represent an innovative way to foster sustainable tourism and generate additional benefits.
The CDM was created by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and represents an innovative tool to reduce greenhouse gases emissions through the implementation of mitigation activities in developing countries which generate certified emission reductions (CERs), each of them equivalent to one ton of CO2 not emitted in the atmosphere. These credits can be used for compliance reasons by industrialized countries in achieving their reduction targets.
The logic path of this research begins with an analysis of the scientific evidences of climate change and its impacts on different economic sectors including tourism and it continues with a focus on the linkages between climate and the tourism sector. Then, it analyses the international responses to the issue of climate change and the peculiar activities in the international arena addressing climate change and the tourism sector. The concluding part of the work presents the objectives and achievements of the CDM and its links to the tourism sector by considering case studies of existing projects which demonstrate that the underlying question can be positively answered. New opportunities for the tourism sector are available.
49
Овчарова, Т. Н. "Киотский протокол как метод регулирования загрязнения атмосферы на международном уровне." Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/22885.
Full text
50
Knězů, Kristýna. "Legislativní a ekonomické problémy solární energie v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71966.
Full textAbstract:
This work discusses the development of solar energy exploitation in Czech republic and partially in Germany. It contains basic definitions of terms in the area of renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, fotovoltaic powrplants etc. In next part it describes development of solar systems in Czech republic and birth of legislation that regulates it. The main part of the work analyzes status quo of solar systems in Czech republic, especially in relation to continuous development of legislative environment. Equal attention is paid to solar energy evolution in Germany and its simmilarities with Czech environment. Based on these findings potential trends are outlined.