Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Kyaka'

Detta är ett examensarbete som handlar om bytet av värmesystem i Glömminge Kyrka på Öland. Glömminge kyrka har bytt ut sitt gamla värmesystem som gick på direktverkande el mot ett mer kostnadseffektivt och miljöanpassat värmesystem. Det nya systemet har brännare med panna för att kunna värma kyrkan med olika sorters miljöbränslen exempelvis rapsfettsyra. I arbetet beskrivs värmesystemet, bränsletyper samt det styrsystem som används för att styra värmesystemet. Examensarbetet handlar även om vilka nivåer av relativ luftfuktighet man bör ha i byggnader med känsliga inventarier och vilka åtgärder man kan vidta för att hålla önskad luftfuktighet.

This thesis explores aspects of what happened to the state Church of Sweden during the rise of the importance of public opinion and the evolution of the democratic nation state. Denmark provides the most well known Nordic example of how an old state Church became a democratic Folk (i.e. National) Church during this general transition. By comparing the Swedish with the Danish case, this study elucidates the less well known Folk Church ideology in Sweden. In Denmark a strong agrarian movement influenced by revivalism managed to take hold of public opinion making the state Church a part of the Danish national identity. Such a movement never appeared in the more industrialised Sweden. Instead a secular working class movement took hold of public and national opinion. The investigation is focused upon Harald Hallén (1884-1967), a pastor and a Social Democratic Member of Parliament. Lacking the revival elements of the Danish nationalism Hallén found that in order to get a Folk Church accepted within the secular Working class movement, it had to rest upon the heritage of the Enlightenment. Hallén regarded the Church as an expression of common ethical values within the Swedish nation. The Folk Church was supposed to strengthen existing ideals for a righteous socialist society by delivering the message of the Kingdom of God. Hallén strove to make the Church more democratic in order to express this ethical folk religion. Social Democratic nationalism became the dominant factor in Swedish political life between 1905 and 1933. The period was characterised by conflicts. First Hallén and those whom he represented fought against the Youth Church movement, which strove to establish another Folk Church ideology, by supporting the Swedish King against the rise of political Democracy. Later on, within his own Social Democratic party, Hallén fought his battle against the Marxist view of the state Church as a simple reflection of the dominant class. Hallén was in line with the political development, which resulted in a period of solid Social Democratic nation building from the 1930s onwards. From that decade on the Folk Church ideology of Hallén was established.

The aim of this essay is to investigate the murals in the church of Arbrå, what they portrait and how they can be linked to medieval typology as described in Biblia Pauperum (BP), the Poor Man’s Bible. The aim is also to find out what the purpose was to paint medieval churches and what the function of the paintings was. Arbrå Church was painted around 1520-1530, and almost all of the motifs from the Old Testament can be directly traced back to BP as can one motif from the New Testament. Together these paintings represent most of the important events which make out the foundation of the Christian Cult. The purpose of painting churches was probably a combination of at least three; People of wealth could pay for different things for their church as a tribute to God, the paintings made people feel closer to God as they became enclosed in the biblical history and the paintings served an educative purpose as people could more easily remember what the priests preached.

Energy efficiency is today more important than ever, mainly due to the high energy prices and the approaching climate changes. Heating of buildings is an essential area within energy efficiency. Many buildings are old and were built at a time when the energy prices were low and the term “energy efficiency” was unheard of. By applying today’s broad range of energy saving actions on these old, and thereby often, heating ineffective buildings, this area has a large potential in reducing energy consumption and costs.

Churches and chapels are generally old buildings with, in many cases, ineffective heating systems and therefore consume much more energy than needed. Significant part of the means of the parish goes to the heating of such a church/chapel, resources that could be used for other purposes instead. Another aspect is that if the heating is not performed properly, it could lead to major damages to the building and its fixtures.

The churches of Laholm and Skummeslöv and the chapels of Skogaby and St. Gertrud are all buildings with heating systems that should be looked into. The buildings belong to Laholm Church Communion and they are a part of Gothenburg Diocese. These churches and the chapels are observed to consume a unnecessary large amount of energy at heating, primary because of that the majority of the heating systems are built up by different types of direct electricity, oil filled electric radiators and immersion heaters acting on a waterborne heating system.

Denna uppsats behandlar diakonalt arbete utifrån yrkesverksamma diakoners erfarenheter och upplevelser, inom ramen för kyrkan i det traditionella sociala arbetets kontext. Uppsatsen beskriver grunderna för det diakonala arbetet och dess utformning. Vidare beskrivs hur beslutet år 2000, då kyrkan fick laglig rätt att ”konkurrera” med staten, har påverkat diakonernas arbete. Studien är uppbyggd utifrån ett kvalitativt perspektiv, där grunden ligger i intervjuer med tre diakoner från olika kommuner. Diakonernas tankar och uppfattningar om eventuella likheter mellan diakoni och traditionellt socialt arbete låg till grund för uppsatsens analys. Resultatet visade att diakonerna upplevde, att deras arbete kan liknas med traditionellt socialt arbete. Diakonerna uppmärksammade dock vissa skillnader, exempelvis tidsperspektivet, lagrummet och hur, var och varför insatser riktas.

Detta examensarbete syftar till att utreda inneklimat- och energisituationen i Lekaryd kyrka. För att göra detta har klimatmätning genomförts, samt simuleringar med datorsimuleringsprogrammet IDA – Klimat och energi. Kyrkan har höga energikostnader och för att få kännedom om energiförlusternas storlek och fördelning, har en kartläggning av kyrkans energiflöden genomförts i syfte att fastställa dess energibalans. Målet är att resultaten från klimatmätningen och datorsimuleringarna ska kunna användas som underlag vid utarbetande av åtgärdsförslag för en lönsammare och ur bevarandesynpunkt skonsammare drift av Lekaryd kyrka. Kyrkan värms intermittent vilket är skonsammare för kyrkan då långvariga variationer i den relativa fuktigheten undviks. Analysen av inneklimatet i kyrkan visar att den relativa fuktigheten ligger inom ett intervall där risk för uttorkningsskador och mögeltillväxt inte bör vara överhängande. De datorsimuleringar som har genomförts, innefattar simulering av kyrkans inomhusklimat och kyrkans energibalans. Vid datorsimulering av en tung stenkyrka är det viktigt att programmet tar hänsyn till väggarnas värmetekniska egenskaper för att ett bra resultat ska erhållas. Byggnadens värmelagrande förmåga tar programmet hänsyn till, men komplikationer uppstår när noggranna värden i relativa fuktigheten önskas. Resultatet från energisimuleringen pekar på att kyrkan dras med stora energiförluster i form av transmission genom byggnadsskalet, samtidigt som det visat sig att det passiva värmetillskottet från sol och intern transmission har en betydande inverkan på kyrkans aktiva uppvärmning.

Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life.Caroline Groth, Department of archaeology and osteology, Gotland University, 2010.Sura Gamla Kyrka – Analysis of pathological and skeletal changes in seven individuals.Seven individuals from Surahammar in Västmanland Sweden are analyzed for the appearance of pathological and skeletal changes. The graves, all from within the walls of a fourteenth century church, are dated from the Viking age to late eighteenth century. The aim of this scientific essay is to find pathological conditions by doing an osteological analyze, x-ray analysis, an osteoporosis measurement and letting orthopedists assess the individuals. The aim is also to say something about the individuals’ general health and how they experience the changes they have in the skeleton. The various types of methods of analysis could confirm and add information to the osteological analysis and in some cases they had different diagnosis. All of the individuals had pathological changes in their upper and/or lower jaw with caries, calculus or apical periodontitis. Among several pathological and skeletal changes three individuals were diagnosed with osteoarthritis in their cervical vertebrae and one in the hip, one had enamel hypoplasia. One individual had both old and new fractures and two individuals had some bone density loss. But despite this their general health was very likely not bad and most of them could live a good life.

This is an analysis of the ethics of the Deutsche Christen, a pro-Nazi christian movement in the Third Reich. The movement was a part of the German protestant church and attracted as much as one third of the church members. They incorporated Nazi symbols in the church activities and aimed to ”cleanse” the church from what they called jewish influenses. It is debated if a group that supports Nazi ideals can be considered ethical, or even christian, but this analysis examines their etchics and raises the question if the ethics of the Deutsche Christen can be compared to other christian ethical models. It also tries to see how the ethical reflection of the Deutsche Christen was made from a christian standpoint. What concepts formed their morals?

The purpose with this report is to illuminate the construction solutions and the deformations that could exist in medieval parish stone churches. But also to increase the writers understanding how activity forces effect the construction of the churches. With help from literature and a practical study, containing three churches the writers have collected the material that the conclusions and discussions are built upon in this report.

The construction of the churches consists of three parts, the wall, the roof and the vault. The construction solutions are similar in the churches disregard of the roof, where the roof trusses are different. The roof trusses are yet typical for the roman style. The deformations that have been found can in most cases be could usual occurring in these old churches the writers chosen to study, the needs to repairmen are today not necessary. Yet the writers think that there are deformations that should be study more thorough, to derive the origin and take suitable measure. The writers think that the deformations that effect the constructions have most of their origin in some rebuilding and lost knowledge of old building engineering.

Våra kyrkor är en viktig del av samhället, och är en kulturskatt som måste vårdas. Kyrkorna använder dock väldigt mycket energi till uppvärmning varje år. Detta beror på att de flesta av dem är gamla och att energieffektivitet ej varit en prioriterad fråga i deras verksamhet. Grinstad kyrka är en kyrka med hög energianvändning som trots att den endast är uppvärmd vid förrättningar använder lika mycket energi som två medelvillor. Kyrkan är från 1200-talet, är byggd i tegel och värms idag upp av en oljepanna i ett vattenburet system samt några elradiatorer. Det finns planer på att byta ut oljepannan mot närvärme.

Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka och ge församlingen en inblick i vart den energi som tillförs kyrkan tar vägen, hur mängden tillförd energi kan minskas genom energieffektiviseringsåtgärder samt vilken miljöpåverkan värmekällan i dagens uppvärmningssystem har jämfört med värmekällan i det planerade närvärmenätet.

Målet var att svara på följande frågor:

•Var sker de största energiförlusterna i kyrkan och hur skall dessa kunna minskas genom energieffektiviseringsåtgärder?

•Hur skall kyrkans värmesystem dimensioneras med avseende på kyrkans värmeeffektbehov?

•Hur skulle miljöpåverkan till följd av kyrkans uppvärmning förändras vid anslutning till det planerade närvärmenätet.

Det värmesystem som ansågs passa Grinstad kyrka bäst var ett vattenburet värmesystem som värmer kyrkan intermittent. Det ansågs även lämpligt att värma upp på 6 timmar från en grundtemperatur av 8°C till en förrättningstemperatur av 18°C. Värmesystemet måste då ha effekten 22,5 kW, vilket är en effekt som är högre än dagens system kan avge. Därför gavs förslaget att komplettera dagens system med kamflänsrör under några av kyrkbänkarna.

De största energiförlusterna i kyrkan visade sig vara genom taket och genom att isolera detta kan förlusterna genom det minskas med 85 %. Grundtemperaturen i kyrkan är idag högre än vad som behövs och genom att sänka den 4ºC kan energianvändningen för grundvärmen minskas med 18 %.

Bytet från en central oljepanna till biobränsleeldad närvärme skulle leda till att utsläppen av koldioxid och svavel att minska, medan utsläppen från stoft, koloxid och svavel kommer att öka.

Our churches are an important part of the community, and a cultural treasure that need to be preserved. The most of the churches are old and energy efficiency has not been prioritized earlier. Because of that the churches uses a lot of energy for heating each year. The church in Grinstad is a church with high energy usage. It is not frequency used, but in spite of that it uses as much energy for heating as two average hoses. The church was built of brick in the 1300th century. The heating system today consists of a couple of electric radiators and an oil furnace connected to a hot water system.

The purpose of this report was to investigate and to give the congregation in Grinstad insights in where the energy supplied to the church disappears, how the amount of energy supplied could be reduced by energy efficiency actions and also which environmental influence the heating system today has compared to the heat source in the planned small district heating system.

The aim was to answer these questions:

•Where do the greatest energy losses in the church occur and how could these be reduced by energy efficient actions?

•How should the heating system in the church be designed depending on the need for effect of heat in the church?

•How would the environmental influence change if the church connects to the planned small district heating system?

The heating system that was considered to be the most suitable for the church in Grinstad was a heat water system that warms up the church intermittent. If the church is heated up from the ground temperature 8°C to the ceremony temperature 18°C in 6 hours the heating system need to have the effect 22,5 kW. This is a higher effect than the system today can emit, and therefore extra radiators need to be installed.

Calculations showed that the greatest energy losses in the church occurred through the roof. By isolating it the losses could be reduced by 85 %. Today the ground temperature is higher than needed. If the ground temperature is decreased with 4ºC, the energy usage for ground heating could be reduced with 18 %.

By changing from the oil furnace to biofuel fired small district heating the emission of carbon dioxide and sulphur will decrease, and the emissions of dust, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds will increase.

The present dissertation examines various aspects of church organization in Sweden during the 17th and 18th centuries. In Sweden, as in many other European countries, the Christian religion and the organization of the Church comprised the dominant ideological power structure. Through the process of state-building and the Protestant Reformation, these structures were charged with new energy. In the present dissertation, the fact that nations were dependent on and exploited ideological power structures in order to control their respective populations and survive the international struggle of the state system has grown to become a central theme.

The fundamental questions of this dissertation concerning how and why social institutions were reproduced, and the theoretical context of these questions, has been based in the fact that both church and state are social institutions whose construction must include structures for a constant recreation of their forms and functions. The contribution of the present author has been to construct and apply a general model for understanding the organization and reproduction of institutional structures from a materialistic and structural basis. From a discussion of Louis Althusser's theory of the oppressive state apparatus and the ideological state apparatus, I have developed fundamental concepts with the purpose of constructing a theoretical model of the reproduction of an ideological state apparatus. I have dubbed this model the "competitive system", designating a system of material and symbolic structures and processes which, through competition between individuals, produces and maintains the functionaries of said state apparatus.

In one subsidiary study, the involvement of the repressive state apparatus in the creation of new church dioceses (so-called "superintendant dioceses") in Sweden during the first half of the 17th century is studied. This study showed that the creation of superintendant dioceses was a government-initiated project whose actual motive was the ambition of the repressive state to conquer and secure borders and central regions in the realm.

In another subsidiary study, some of the structures which reproduced the church and the educational system in Sweden during the 17th and 18th centuries are examined. This study indicated how the system of promotion constructed after the Reformation resulted in an overproduction of clerical labour during the 17th and 18th centuries. At the same time, through the agency of the crown the educational system expanded enormously during the 17th century and, by providing the opportunity for teachers to move into careers in the church, competition in the church apparatus became even keener.

In a final subsidiary study, the reproduction of diocesans (bishops and superintendents) in Sweden during the period 1580-1800 is analyzed. At the beginning of the period under investigation, careers in the normal competitive system of the church comprised the dominant form of qualification. The court and royal chaplain ministries available there were of great significance for recruitment. By the latter half of the 17th century, the role of the educational system in the reproduction of diocesans increased. In accordance with the Swedish central government´s increasing need to formalize its central competitive system, the educational system was expanded and reinforced, which had reprecussions on the competitive system of the ideological state apparatus of the church and its reproduction of diocesans.

Keywords: ideological state apparatus, repressive state apparatus, reproduction, church organization, educational system, competitive system, clergy, superintendent, bishop, superintendant dioceses, state building, 17th century, 18th century, Sweden.

SAMMANFATTNING

Åtta blivande organister har fått ge sina bilder av hur de uppfattar den yrkesroll som de håller på att växa in i, hur de uppfattar musikens roll i kyrkan och vad de har för tankar om framtiden. Undersökningen har gjorts med kvalitativ metod. Hos alla informanterna verkar tron finnas som en självklar komponent i deras syn på musiken i kyrkan och sin uppgift som kyrkomusiker. Om jag skulle ge en sammanfattning av informanternas svar på frågan om vad yrkesrollen kärna är, så är det att få ge vidare musiken och genom musiken peka på att det ”det finns något större här i tillvaron”. Alla de intervjuade har vikarierat i större eller mindre utsträckning alltifrån kortare sommarvikariat under ett par år till heltidstjänstgöring. Det faktum att alla studenterna redan har en stor erfarenhet av att vikariera gör att de redan har en bas av erfarenheter som präglar deras syn på kyrkomusikens roll och sin egen yrkesroll och den påverkar oavsett hur stor erfarenheten är.

När det gäller frågan om vilken musik som passar i gudstjänsten sammanfaller inte alltid kyrkans och individens tolkningsperspektiv. I intervjuerna har det också kommit fram hur studenter när de spelat på begravningar fått kompromissa med kyrkans lära i syfte att tillmötesgå de anhöriga

I intervjuerna har det också kommit fram funderingar om framtiden och sådant som kan betraktas som orosmoln. Det har då varit fråga om kyrkans ekonomi och i förlängningen församlingarnas ekonomi, färre sökande till kyrkomusikutbildningarna, samarbetssvårigheter och ett krympande församlingsunderlag som oroar i första hand.