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1
Harrison, Hope M. "The Berlin Wall after Fifty Years: Introduction." German Politics and Society 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2011.290201.
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Fifty years ago on 13 August 1961, the East Germans sealed the east-westborder in Berlin, beginning to build what would become known as theBerlin Wall. Located 110 miles/177 kilometers from the border with WestGermany and deep inside of East Germany, West Berlin had remained the“last loophole” for East Germans to escape from the communist GermanDemocratic Republic (GDR) to the western Federal Republic of Germany(FRG, West Germany). West Berlin was an island of capitalism and democracywithin the GDR, and it enticed increasing numbers of dissatisfied EastGermans to flee to the West. This was particularly the case after the borderbetween the GDR and FRG was closed in 1952, leaving Berlin as the onlyplace in Germany where people could move freely between east and west.By the summer of 1961, over 1,000 East Germans were fleeing westwardsevery day, threatening to bring down the GDR. To put a stop to this, EastGermany’s leaders, with backing from their Soviet ally, slammed shut this“escape hatch.”
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TONYALI, Zeynep. "Sanat Bağlamında Berlin Duvarı’nın İzleri." International Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 34 (June 9, 2024): 458–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.8.34.26.
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Germany was the place where the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union took place, planning to establish an ideological domination over the world. After the end of the Second World War, although the city of Berlin remained within the borders of East Germany, as per an agreement between the Soviets and the Western bloc countries. divided. In order to prevent their escape to East and West Germany, the German administration began to build a wall around East Berlin on August 13, 1961, closing all passages to the western part, telling its citizens that they had a freer and more prosperous life. Hundreds of people lost their lives trying to escape to West Berlin by crossing the Berlin Wall until it collapsed on November 9, 1989. The walls of the public space create a political language and a space used against the system. The aim of this study was investigated in the context of the division of Germany, represented by the wreckage of the Berlin Wall, on a social and political plane. The resistance and political discourse function of graffiti in public spaces is examined through the example of the Berlin Wall. Artistic traces with a predominant protest aspect were investigated through literature review and visual concepts. Keywords: Public art, Berlin Wall, War, Graffiti, Politics, Street Art
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Anderson, Ben. "Three Germanies: West Germany, East Germany and the Berlin Republic." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 19, no. 4 (August 2012): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2012.702067.
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Crandall Hollick, Julian. "W. Berlin: Forty Years After." Worldview 28, no. 6 (June 1985): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0084255900046957.
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If you want to understand West Berlin's history and present political reality, take the train from Hanover or Hamburg. The border crossing from West to East Germany gives the first clue. Barbed wire and high fences line the track; police line the station platform. The few East German civilians who are waiting for their own trains seem to look right through you as though you were invisible—a ghost train heading for Berlin.
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Plum, Catherine. "Contested Namesakes: East Berlin School Names under Communism and in Reunified Germany." History of Education Quarterly 45, no. 4 (2005): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00059.x.
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Within weeks and months of the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, numerous busts and portraits of school namesakes disappeared from the foyers, hallways, and “tradition rooms” (Traditionszimmer) of East Berlin schools and were relegated to trash bins. In 1990 municipal authorities formalized this spontaneous purge of school identities by eliminating the names of all schools in eastern Berlin. Over the course of the 1990s administrators, teachers, and students in the newly restructured schools began to discuss a wide range of new school identities.
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Choi, Jae-Ho. "Berlin during the Cold War: A space as an “Island of Freedom”." Korean Society For German History 51 (November 30, 2022): 59–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17995/kjgs.2022.11.51.59.
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This study deals with the history of Berlin during the Cold War from 1945 to the late 1960s. After World War II, Germany was divided into four regions and governed by the Allied Powers. Shortly after, with the onset of the Cold War, Germany was divided into East and West. Berlin, the capital, was also destined for the same fate. The western part of the city was placed in a special situation as a Western area located in the middle of East Germany. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as West and East Germany, frequently clashed over West Berlin. The city was regarded as a bastion of Western liberalism and a representative location symbolizing the Cold War. Above all, the image of an “Island of Freedom” was imprinted.
This study focuses on the spatial specificity created in West Berlin during the Cold War. Specifically, the influence that space had on the residents and result it produced is examined. To this end, the period was divided into four phases, focusing on the keywords “correction, exhibition, tension, and reorientation,” and the formation and change of the space and the people who lived in the city investigated. Right after the war, Berlin was considered the heart of Nazi Germany and became a place of correction where intensive de-Naziization and re-education of citizens took place. However, with the onset of the Cold War in 1947/1948, the situation changed. A favorable mood toward the West was rooted in West Berlin citizens who experienced the First Berlin Crisis (the Berlin Blockade). Afterwards, the city, which was heavily reliant on the support of the US and West Germany, took on the function of exhibiting the superiority of the liberal system by competing with the communist system.
As the Second Berlin Crisis began in 1958; West Berlin citizens felt the fear of war and doubts about the city's survival. The heightened tension caused by the construction of the Berlin Wall brought about changes in citizens’ consciousness. It led to the public's expression of anxiety. On the one hand, there were those who relied more on the US. On the other, those seeking change appeared. In particular, the younger generation sought a new path through resistance and deviation, breaking away from the existing Cold War thinking. This was expressed as conflicts within the city in the late 1960s. Since then, the city has been transformed into a space that exhibits more international and open character and diversity.
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ZAIDAN, Mohammed Ahmed. "THE DIVIDED BERLIN: A STUDY OF THE NATURE OF WEST BERLIN'S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 1949 -1969." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 04, no. 04 (July 1, 2022): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.18.7.
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The significance of the research come from the truth that Berlin formed one of the important hotbeds of controversy in the clash between the Soviet Union and the Western allies in the context of the Cold War. As a result, the Quadruple administration of the city that has been approved in 1944 has scattered. This is the matter that drive it to enter in the tunnel of its first crisis for the period (1998-1999) and the subsequent division of Germany and the emergence of the two Germans in 1949, so both countries claimed the ownership of Berlin to it. The Federal Republic of Germany specified in Article 23 of its Constitution issued in 1949, that the city is part of the Federal Republic of Germany, while Article Two of the Constitution of the German Democratic Republic issued in 1949 set Berlin as its capital. Therefore, Berlin was divided as a result into two sectors, eastern under the administration of the German Democratic Republic, which took East Berlin as its capital, and a western sector under the administration of the Allied powers, which were not willing to integrate Berlin into the Federal Republic of Germany as an original state. However, it did not object that West Berlin being linked administratively and financially, as well as the application of the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany after the approval of the city's parliament. The aims of the research are represent to identify the aims of the Allied powers behind the isolation of Berlin from Germany and the nature of the relationship that links Berlin with the Federal Republic of Germany. As for the problematic, it stemmed from the nature of the controversy surrounding the legality of the measurements taken by the Federal Republic of Germany in applying its legislation and laws to the western part of Berlin and the political, economic and social effects that they had. The research had divided into an introduction, four pivots and a number of conclusions. The first pivot concerns with the basic legal position of Berlin, the second pivot included the representation of Berlin in the federal government, and the third topic sheds light on the application of legislation and treaties held by the Federal Republic of Germany to Berlin, and the fourth pivots concluded with administrative and financial relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin.
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Steinman, Jessica Hoai Thuong. "From North-South to East-West: The Demarcation and Reunification of the Vietnamese Migrant Community in Berlin." Journal of Migration History 7, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00702002.
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Abstract In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, marking the breakdown of the East-West demarcation and the reunification of the German Democratic Republic (gdr) and Federal Republic of Germany (frg). Consequently, thousands of predominantly Northern Vietnamese contract workers, who came to East Berlin under the bilateral agreement between the gdr and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (srv), stayed in the reunified Germany alongside thousands of Vietnamese thuyền nhân from South Vietnam, who were settled in West Berlin by the frg. Therefore, Berlin became the host of two Vietnamese communities. To this day, significant tension exists between the two Vietnamese communities in Berlin due to the geographical and ideological divisions linked to the deterritorialisation and consequently reterritorialisation of the imagined homeland and host-land within the diaspora. This tension is further exacerbated by the socioeconomic segregation in the Vietnamese diaspora due to the differences in settlement policies and reception by the host land. This article focuses on the migration paths, policies, and subsequent development of the Vietnamese diaspora in Berlin. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Berlin from 2016 to 2018, I argue that the differences in policies before and after reunification regarding two different groups of Vietnamese migrants ultimately shape the experiences and reinforce the pre-existing cleavages between them.
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Landwehrmeyer, Richard. "The Berlin State Library/Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: A Library in Transition." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 5, no. 1 (April 1993): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909300500104.
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The division of Germany after the war led to the former Preussischer Staatsbibliothek (PSB) being split between the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek (DSB) in East Berlin and the Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz (SBPK) in West Berlin. Following the country's unification, the collections are being reunified in one institution, the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, which will be the biggest library in Germany. Both buildings will continue to be used, since neither is large enough to hold the entire collection, both are architecturally significant, and a new building is out of the question. Reintegrating the post-war collections is much less of a problem than the treatment of post-war acquisitions of the two libraries. Large numbers of books (many of them lacking in other major Germany libraries) are duplicated, and it is difficult to achieve a sensible allocation of materials between the buildings. It has been decided to use the older building (DSB) for holdings up to 1955, for consultation only, while the other building (SBPK), which dates from 1978, will house material from 1956 and serve as a lending library. The catalogue sittuation is equally complex. The DSB had a complete record of the pre-war collection of printed books, but the major part of the collection was either in West Berlin or lost; on the other hand, in the west, where 1.7m. volumes of PSB's holdings were concentrated, the SBPK had to start without any catalogue at all. The aim is now to carry out a complete retrospective conversion of all the varied existing catalogues within the next seven years. To add to these complications, the entire older building is being restored to acceptable standards and the former central reading room is being reconstructed; during the lengthy process a storage building is having to be rented. The greatest challenge of all, however, is the integration of staff.
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Gerstenberger, Katharina. "Reading the Writings on the Walls— Remembering East Berlin." German Politics and Society 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780979994.
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Between the end of the Cold War in 1989 and the sixtieth anniversary of the end of World War II more than fifteen years later, Germany witnessed not only a proliferation of events and experiences to be remembered but also of traditions of memory. Before the fall of the wall, remembrance of the past in West Germany meant, above all, commemoration of the Nazi past and the memory of the Holocaust. Germany's unification had a significant impact on cultural memory not only because the fall of the wall itself was an event of memorable significance but also because it gave new impulses to debates about the politics of memory.
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Cooling, N. J. "Psychiatry in the German Democratic Republic." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 10 (October 1989): 536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.10.536.
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The London-Berlin (GDR) Committee was established in June 1986, with the aim of encouraging cultural exchanges between Britain and the German Democratic Republic. This Committee organised a study tour of East Berlin for British health care workers in October 1988. This was the first exchange of this kind since the Second World War and the subsequent foundation of the modern Republic of East Germany.
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Sunseri, Thaddeus. "The Moravian, Berlin, and Leipzig Mission Archives in Eastern Germany." History in Africa 26 (January 1999): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172152.
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The reunification of the Germanies in 1990 has opened up research opportunities for historians of Africa. While research in East German archives was possible for Western scholars during the Cold War, conditions for research were not as easy or affordable as they currently are. Intent on obtaining foreign exchange, East German authorities channeled Western researchers to expensive hotels and limited the number of files a researcher could see in a day in order to prolong the process. Visas had to be obtained well in advance of research trips, and for prescribed durations, curtailing the flexibility one needed if archival materials proved to be especially rich. From the Western side, while the Federal Republic was generous in allocating funds for research in its archives (particularly through DAAD—German Academic Exchange Service—research grants), it prohibited use of those funds for research undertaken in East Germany. Today it is possible to use DAAD funds for travel and research throughout reunited Germany.While federal and state archives in eastern Germany offer valuable resources for researchers interested in the former German colonies, mission archives located in the East have not been widely used by historians of Africa. For the most part these have been content to use published mission histories and newspapers as their sources of information, neglecting diaries, station reports, and correspondence which offer more nuanced and detailed pictures of African life.
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Cocor, Ștefania Teodora. "The estimates of the Central Intelligence Agency during the second Berlin Crisis." Euro-Atlantic Studies, no. 4 (2021): 61–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/eas.2021.4.3.
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After the Second World War, the city of Berlin, like Germany, was divided into four zones of occupation, with the Allied powers taking the west part of the city and the Soviets taking the eastern section. Located 177 kilometers from the border with West Germany and deep inside of East Germany, the western sector of Berlin became an island of capitalism and democracy within the communist German Democratic Republic. Holding an important strategic role, Berlin had been a constant source of tension in East-West relations during the Cold War. After the leader of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, tried to blockade the Western occupied sectors by closing off all the land routes into the city, his successor, Nikita Khrushchev, started a new crisis over Berlin by forcing the West to transform West Berlin into a demilitarized „free city” and recognize the GDR. This paper examines the CIA’s view of the events during the Berlin Crisis that culminated with the building of the Wall, highlighting how the US intelligence agency analyzed Soviet behavior. The estimates of the CIA provided a new perspective on the Berlin question, the anticipation by the CIA of the possible tactics that the communist regime could carry out in Berlin offering new details about the West’s perception of the Soviets. The US intelligence agency was not only a secret service of a state whose role was to collect information but, moreover, it was an essential part of the US political apparatus at a time when a good knowledge of the opponent’s intentions could radically change future political decisions. anticipation by the CIA of the possible tactics that the communist regime could carry out in Berlin offering new details about the West’s perception of the Soviets. The US intelligence agency was not only a secret service of a state whose role was to collect information but, moreover, it was an essential part of the US political apparatus at a time when a good knowledge of the opponent’s intentions could radically change future political decisions.
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Earnest, Steve. "The East/West Dialectic in German Actor Training." New Theatre Quarterly 26, no. 1 (February 2010): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x10000096.
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In this article Steve Earnest discusses contemporary approaches to performance training in Germany, comparing the content and methods of selected programmes from the former Federal Republic of Germany to those of the former German Democratic Republic. The Hochschule für Musik und Theater Rostock and the University of the Arts in Berlin are here utilized as primary sources, while reference is also made to the Bayerische Theater-akademie ‘August Everding’ Prinzregententheater in Munich, the Hochschule für Musik und Theater ‘Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy’ in Leipzig, and Justus Leibig Universität in Giessen. The aim is to provide insight into theatre-training processes in Germany and to explore how these relate to the national characteristics that have emerged since reunification. Steve Earnest is Associate Professor of Theatre at Coastal Carolina University in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. His publications include The State Acting Academy of East Berlin (Mellen Press, 1999) and articles in Performer Training (Harwood Publishers, 2001), New Theatre Quarterly, Theatre Journal, and Western European Stages.
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Wizisla, Erdmut. "Editorial Principles in the Berlin and Frankfurt Edition of Bertolt Brecht's Works." TDR/The Drama Review 43, no. 4 (December 1999): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105420499760263480.
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ROHRSCHNEIDER, ROBERT. "Cultural Transmission Versus Perceptions of the Economy." Comparative Political Studies 29, no. 1 (February 1996): 78–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414096029001004.
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The formal division of Germany in 1949 and the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 demarcate a monumental quasi-experiment. Whereas the political culture aspects of this experiment have been studied extensively, the implications of these events for the economic culture in West and East Germany have received less attention. This article attempts to fill this gap in scholarship by examining the basic economic values of parliamentarians in East and West Germany. To this end, I interviewed 168 parliamentarians from the united Parliament in Berlin (79 from the East, 89 from the West). The study finds that the socialist order successfully imbued East MPs with socialist economic values—especially among the postwar cohort—independent of MPs' evaluation of contemporary economic conditions. In contrast, West MPs' economic values reflect the social market system of the West German economy. These results suggest that basic institutional arrangements, once put into place, have a substantial influence on individuals' ideological predispositions.
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Oliver, Tim. "Book Review: Europe: Three Germanies: West Germany, East Germany and the Berlin Republic." Political Studies Review 12, no. 2 (April 7, 2014): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12053_117.
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Wu, Zhiqing. "Analyzes in effects of 1990 German reunification in economic, political and cultural perspective." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2369.
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After the fall of Berlin Wall, the East and West Germany faced a series of problems brought by the reunification. It was surprising to witness the unification of east socialist regime with west capitalism for the theorists. East Germany relied on subsidies from the government and investments from west Germany due to its low living standard and productivity level. The forty years of separation in culture values, political community, and economic systems generates great obstacles for the union of the two Germanie.
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HB. "Karl Leonhard, Emeritus Professor, Nervenklinik Charite, Berlin, East Germany (Corresponding Fellow)." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 7 (July 1989): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.7.394.
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Prowe, D. "Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the Frontiers of Power." German History 28, no. 4 (August 30, 2010): 605–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghq104.
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Fulbrook, Mary. "Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the frontiers of power." Cold War History 11, no. 3 (August 2011): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2011.599983.
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KASSEM, HADI SHAKEEB. "The Sixties in Berlin and in Hollywood: City with a Wall in Its Center—The Attempt to Erase the German Past." Advances in Politics and Economics 4, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): p49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v4n3p49.
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Berlin was the location in which most of the intelligence operations in Europe have taken place in the first twenty years of the conquest and the Cold War. In November 27, 1958, Khrushchev issued a formal letter to the Allies, demanding that the western Allies evacuate Berlin and enable the establishment of an independent political unit, a free city. He threatened that if the West would not comply with this, the soviets would hand over to the East Germany’s government the control over the roads to Berlin. In the coming months Moscow conducted a war of nerves as the last date of the end of the ultimatum, May 27, 1959, came close. Finally the Soviets retreated as a result of the determination of the West. This event reconfirmed the claims of the West that “the US, Britain and France have legal rights to stay in Berlin.” According to Halle: “These rights derive from the fact that Germany surrendered as a result of our common struggle against Nazi Germany.” (Note 2) The Russians have done many attempts to change Berlin’s status. In 1961 Berlin Wall was constructed, almost without response on the part of the West, and by so doing, the Soviets perpetuated the status quo that had been since 1948. In July 25, 1961 Kennedy addressed the Americans on television, saying that “West Berlin is not as it had ever been, the location of the biggest test of the courage and the will power of the West.” (Note 3) On June 26, 1963, Kennedy went out to Berlin, which was divided by the wall, torn between east and west, in order to announce his message. In his speech outside the city council of West Berlin, Kennedy won the hearts of the Berliners as well as those of the world when he said: “Ich bin ein Berliner”, I’m a Berliner. The sixties were years of heating of the conflict with the Soviet Block. In 1961 the Berlin Wall was constructed. Then Kennedy came into power, there was the movement for human rights and the political tension between whites and blacks in America. The conflict increase as the Korean War started, and afterwards when America intervened in Vietnam. There was also the crisis in the Bay of Pigs in Cuba, which almost pushed the whole world into a nuclear war and catastrophe. During the 28 years of the Berlin Wall, 13.8.61-9.11.89, this was notorious as an example of a political border that marked the seclusion and freezing more than freedom of movement, communication and change. At the same time there was the most obvious sign of the division of Germany after WWII and the division of Europe to East and West by the Iron Curtain. The wall was the background of stories by writers from east and west. The writers of espionage thrillers were fascinated by the global conflict between east and west and the Cold War with Berlin as the setting of the divided city. Berlin presented a permanent conflict that was perceived as endless, or as Mews defined it: “Berlin is perfect, a romantic past, tragic present, secluded in the heart of East Germany.” (Note 4) The city presented the writers with a situation that demanded a reassessment of the genres and the ideological and aesthetic perceptions of this type of writing. This was the reason that the genre of espionage books blossomed in the sixties, mainly those with the wall. The wall was not just a symbol of a political failure, as East Germany could not stop the flow of people escaping from it. The city was ugly, dirty, and full of wires and lit by a yellow light, like a concentration camp. A West German policeman says: “If the Allies were not here, there would not have been a wall. He expressed the acknowledgment that the Western powers had also an interest in the wall as a tool for preventing the unification of Germany. But his colleague answers: If they were not here, the wall would not have been, but the same applies for Berlin. (Note 5) Berlin was the world capital of the Cold War. The wall threatened and created risks and was known as one of the big justifications for the mentality of the Cold War. The construction of the wall in August 1961 strengthened Berlin’s status as the frontline of the Cold War and as a political microcosmos, which reflected topographical as well as the ideological global struggle between east and west. It made Berlin a focus of interest, and this focus in turn caused an incentive for the espionage literature with the rise of neorealism with the anti-hero, as it also ended the era of romanticism. (Note 6) The works of le Carré and Deighton are the best examples of this change in literature. Both of them use the wall as the arena of events and a symbol in their works. Only at the end of the fifties, upon the final withdrawal of McCarthyism and the relative weakening of the Cold War, there started have to appear films with new images about the position and nature of the Germans and the representations of Nazism in the new history. The films of the Cold War presented the communists as enemies or saboteurs. Together with this view about the Soviets, developed the rehabilitation of the German image. Each part of the German society was rehabilitated and become a victim instead of an assistant of the Nazis. The critic Dwight MacDonald was impressed by the way in which the German population” has changed from a fearful assistant of one totalitarian regime to the hero opponent of another totalitarian regime”. (Note 7) This approach has to be examined, and how it influenced the development of the German representation, since many films I have investigated demonstrate a different approach of the German representation.
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Ahonen, Pertti. "The Berlin Wall and the Battle for Legitimacy in Divided Germany." German Politics and Society 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2011.290204.
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The Berlin Wall was a key site of contestation between the Federal Republic and the German Democratic Republic in their Cold War struggle over political legitimacy. On both sides, the Wall became a tool in intense publicity battles aimed at building legitimacy and collective identity at home, and undermining them in the other Germany. The public perceptions and politicized uses of the barrier evolved through stages that reflected the relative fortunes of the two German states, moving gradually from extensive East-West parallels in the early 1960s toward a growing divergence by the 1970s and 1980s, which became increasingly indicative of East Germany's weakness.
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Tumanova, E. E. O. "Linguistic representation of the concept BERLIN WALL in German eonyms." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 30, no. 1 (April 22, 2024): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2024-30-1-149-160.
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The article is devoted to the study of linguistic representation of the concept BERLIN WALL in modern German. The main goal of the article is to identify and describe eonyms (key words of the epoch) that preserve the historical memory of the Berlin Wall in modern German. The material of the study was eonyms selected from the rating lists of the linguistic action of the German Language Society (Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache e. V.) «Word of the Year» for the period from 1978 to 2020, verbalizing the concept BERLIN WALL. The application of comparative-historical and descriptive methods made it possible to identify eonyms representing the result of linguistic reflection of the most important political phenomenon in modern German history. The article provides a linguocultural analysis of the selected eonyms in synchronic and diachronic aspects. The author describes the influence of the BERLIN WALL concept on the perception of East and West German citizens of each other, analyses the linguistic reflection of changes in political and social life in Germany in the critical era after German reunification. The description of the socio-historical contexts of the emergence of eonyms as representatives of the BERLIN WALL concept allows us to characterise the existing linguistic stereotypes in the German language. The analysis highlights the eonyms and their derivatives, which appear with certain cyclicity, linking historical events with each other and characterising the dynamic development of society and language. The unfolding of the meanings projected in the eonyms allows us to identify the most significant historical events reflected in the concept of BERLIN WALL, to interpret the differences in communicative behaviour between the inhabitants of East and West Germany.
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Burchardi, Konrad B., and Tarek A. Hassan. "The Economic Impact of Social Ties: Evidence from German Reunification*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 3 (July 4, 2013): 1219–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt009.
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Abstract We use the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 to show that personal relationships which individuals maintain for noneconomic reasons can be an important determinant of regional economic growth. We show that West German households who had social ties to East Germany in 1989 experienced a persistent rise in their personal incomes after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Moreover, the presence of these households significantly affects economic performance at the regional level: it increases the returns to entrepreneurial activity, the share of households who become entrepreneurs, and the likelihood that firms based within a given West German region invest in East Germany. As a result, West German regions that (for idiosyncratic reasons) have a high concentration of households with social ties to the East exhibit substantially higher growth in income per capita in the early 1990s. A one standard deviation rise in the share of households with social ties to East Germany in 1989 is associated with a 4.7 percentage point rise in income per capita over six years. We interpret our findings as evidence of a causal link between social ties and regional economic development.
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Figus, Alessandro, Andrea Pisaniello, and Stefano Mustica. "Multiculturalism and Ostalgie." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2018-0002.
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Abstract “Ostalgie” is coming from a German word referring to nostalgia for aspects of life in East Germany, and not only. It is a new multipurpose and new expression related the German terms “Nostalgie” (nostalgia in Italian) and Ost (East). Its anglicised equivalent, ostalgia, it is rhyming with “nostalgia” and it is also sometimes used. The collapse of Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall destruction, was the concept protected concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from ‘61 to ’89, It especially divided West and East European countries, the wall cut off West Berlin from almost all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989. Formally its demolition began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992 and coincides in some generation from the Warsaw Pact countries, legally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation with the “Mutual Assistance” URSS of the birth of “ostalgie”, that it goes against with modern principle of multicultural society and globalisation of the world. At the eighth congress of the communist party Lenin recognized the right to self-determination of the populations of the empire and promised them significant concessions, although its final intent was to reach the true dictatorship of the proletariat which would have rendered the ethnic-national distinctions useless. The Soviet Union became the incubator of new nations with the dissolving of the Russian nation in the Soviet state. Does the “ostalgie” refer to the USSR, is this compatible with multiculturalism? Is it compatible with that plurality of tending different cultures that coexists in mutual respect and which implies the preservation of their specific traits by rejecting any type of homologation or fusion in the dominant culture?
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Harjes, Kirsten. "Stumbling Stones: Holocaust Memorials, National Identity, and Democratic Inclusion in Berlin." German Politics and Society 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780889237.
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In 1997, Hinrich Seeba offered a graduate seminar on Berlin at the University of California, Berkeley. He called it: "Cityscape: Berlin as Cultural Artifact in Literature, Art, Architecture, Academia." It was a true German studies course in its interdisciplinary and cultural anthropological approach to the topic: Berlin, to be analyzed as a "scape," a "view or picture of a scene," subject to the predilections of visual perception in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This course inspired my research on contemporary German history as represented in Berlin's Holocaust memorials. The number and diversity of these memorials has made this city into a laboratory of collective memory. Since the unification of East and West Germany in 1990, memorials in Berlin have become means to shape a new national identity via the history shared by both Germanys. In this article, I explore two particular memorials to show the tension between creating a collective, national identity, and representing the cultural and historical diversity of today's Germany. I compare the Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas (Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe, or "national Holocaust memorial") which opened in central Berlin on May 10, 2005, to the lesser known, privately sponsored, decentralized "stumbling stone" project by artist Gunter Demnig.
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Kamkin, Alexander. "MIDDLE-EASTERN VECTOR OF GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY (2010-2022)." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 4 (2022): 188–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.04.08.
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The article examines the development of German foreign policy in the Middle East. Among the reasons for its intensification in this region, the events of the «Arab Spring» stand out, which changed the political landscape of the Middle East and created the prerequisites for a possible violation of the territorial integrity of some countries in this region. This, in turn, led to a large-scale migrant crisis in the EU in 2015-2016, the consequences of which affected Germany to the greatest extent. It is noted that the most striking example of more active German diplomacy in the Middle East was an agreement with Turkey to finance its efforts to create camps for Syrian refugees. The continuity of Germany’s foreign policy is shown: with regard to Iran, Germany consistently advocates a return to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (the so-called «nuclear deal»); with regard to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, Berlin has been advocating for the security of Israel and the peaceful settlement of the conflict for decades. It is emphasized that the share of the Middle East module in the foreign policy of Germany is constantly growing and that Germany is becoming one of the influential players in the region. The contacts of official Berlin with the monarchies of the Arabian Peninsula are considered. The conclusion is made about the multi-vector foreign policy of Germany in the Middle East.
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Limbach, Eric H. "Provisional State, Reluctant Institutions: West Berlin's Refugee Service and Refugee Commissions, 1949–1952." Central European History 47, no. 4 (December 2014): 822–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938914001915.
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In May 1951, the Hamburger Freie Presse published an article on the alleged experiences of Hans Schmidt, an East German police officer (Volkspolizist) who had sought to register earlier that year for political asylum in West Berlin. The newspaper profile followed the twenty-one-year-old Schmidt from his unit's barracks in the northern city of Rostock, across the still undefended border between Brandenburg and West Berlin, to a police station in the northwestern district of Spandau, where he announced his intention to flee to West Germany.
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Kumagai, Hidehiko. "At Berlin, after 10years of the Unification of East and West Germany." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 6, no. 5 (2001): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.6.5_68.
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KELLY, ELAINE. "Autonomous and Between Worlds: Musical Manifestos for Anti-Capitalist Futures in Post-Wall East Berlin." Twentieth-Century Music 20, no. 1 (February 2023): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572222000469.
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AbstractThe opening of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 provided a spectacular climax for Samuel Huntington's third wave of democracy. It represented the triumph not only of a people over their oppressive regime but also, ultimately, of Western economic liberalism; the post-socialist democracy of German reunification was a singular one with consumerism at its core. In the early 1990s, many East German reform socialists resisted this inevitability, and exploited the temporary political and bureaucratic void that emerged in East Berlin as a space in which to imagine alternative democratic futures from the socialist past. In this article I explore the attempts by two very different East Berlin musical communities to incubate anti-capitalist worlds from the legacies – both official and unofficial – of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). First, I reflect on the autonomous musical worlds that were created by members of the GDR's alternative bands in occupied buildings in Prenzlauer Berg and Mitte. Second, I consider the articulation by the ZwischenWelt-Festival, a reincarnation of the GDR's Festival of Political Song, of a more outward-looking future for East Germany, based on the ideals of international solidarity.
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Gielen, Albert. "De muur van meer dan beton. De narratives van Cees Nooteboom in Berlijnse notities." Neerlandica Wratislaviensia 29 (April 15, 2020): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-0716.29.4.
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Cees Nooteboom reports in Berlijnse notities (Berlin notes) about the events that took place in the period from the beginning of 1989 to June 1990 in West and East Berlin. Nooteboom went to West Germany and did not foresee that the Wall would fall (1989) and that East Berlin would become freely accessible to him. I examine whether it is possible to analyse Berlijnse notities based on the model of Edward M. Bruner. Bruner presented his model in the article “The role of narrative in tourism” (2005) in which he distinguishes pre-tour, on-tour and post-tour narratives. The starting point for him are the narratives that tourists develop before, during and after their trip. The question in this article is whether this model can also be used for a literary journey like Berlijnse notities. Although it produces useful results, Berlijnse notities are too different from the narratives for which Bruner developed his model. A term which Bruner applies, dialogic narration, needs to be studied further.
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LÜTHI, LORENZ M. "How Udo Wanted to Save the World in ‘Erich's Lamp Shop’: Lindenberg's Concert in Honecker's East Berlin, the NATO Double-Track Decision and Communist Economic Woes." Contemporary European History 24, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777314000435.
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AbstractThe concert given by the West German rock star Udo Lindenberg in East Berlin on 25 October 1983 links cultural, political, diplomatic and economic history. The East German regime had banned performances by the anti-nuclear peace activist and musician since the 1970s, but eventually allowed a concert, hoping to prevent the deployment of American nuclear missiles in West Germany. In allowing this event, however, East Germany neither prevented the implementation of the NATO double-track decision of 1979 nor succeeded in controlling the political messages of the impertinent musician. Desperate for economic aid from the West, East Germany decided to cancel a promised Lindenberg tour in 1984, causing widespread disillusionment among his fans in the country.
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KÖLBL-EBERT, MARTINA. "CLOSING THE IRON CURTAIN: HOW GEOLOGISTS IN BERLIN EXPERIENCED THE COLD WAR ERA." Earth Sciences History 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 94–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-38.1.94.
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ABSTRACT After World War II, the geological community in Germany was severely disrupted. Nevertheless, there were also first attempts to mend severed professional ties by contacting colleagues within Germany and outside. As far as logistically possible under the difficult circumstances of the time, publications and maps, paleontological specimens and geological information were exchanged, e.g., between East-Berlin (Soviet Sector of the divided city) and Hannover (within the British Occupation Area) or Tübingen (within the French Occupation Area), and vice versa. Over the next couple of years, however, matters of logistics did not become easier—to the contrary. Berlin colleagues reported increasing political pressure and many left eastern Germany to seek employment in the west. Those that remained were forced to abandon professional bonds with the western zones. Whereas it seemed comparatively harmless, when one had sent a few fossil corals from Berlin on loan to Tübingen, those that had sent information on petroleum and ore deposits suddenly found themselves charged with espionage and high treason, facing imprisonment and potentially worse. As a consequence, letters crossing the border became less and less frequent and geologists like everybody else settled into two different worlds separated by the ‘Iron Curtain’.
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Spirina, Marina. "Governance, Markets and Institutions: Russia and Germany Compared 27 September — 10 October 2015, Institute for East European Studies,Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany." Journal of Economic Sociology 16, no. 5 (2015): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2015-5-150-156.
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Cary, Noel D. "From Yalta to Berlin: The Cold War Struggle over Germany." Central European History 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906350066.
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The Berlin Republic of the twenty-first century, writes W. R. Smyser, is destined to be unlike all previous German states. A status quo power and a stable democracy, it is neither the battleground of others nor dominant over them, neither reticent like Bonn nor arrogant like the Berlin of the late Hohenzollerns. The Cold War was “the essential incubator” of this “new Germany” (p. 402). It provided Germany with the tools of change—a role through which to overcome its past, and time to overcome old wounds. Aiding the incubation were contradictory Communist policies, astute Western statesmanship, and bravely pursued Eastern popular aspirations. Two Germans and two Americans, Smyser avers, stand at the heart of the eventual Communist defeat: East German leader Walter Ulbricht, West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, President Ronald Reagan, and Smyser’s onetime mentor, General Lucius Clay. Mighty assists go to British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Mikhail Gorbachev, and the inspirational Polish Pope. Further down this idiosyncratic hierarchy stand Chancellors Adenauer and Kohl and U.S. President George H. W. Bush.
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Seidler, Christoph. "East goes West — West goes East: border crossing and development." Group Analysis 52, no. 2 (January 11, 2019): 172–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316418819957.
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In the aftermath of the Nazi era and the Second World War the ‘Bloodlands’ of Eastern Europe including Germany were left with a pervasive and significant loss of empathy. Robi Friedman speaks of the ‘Soldier’s Matrix’ (2015), in which dehumanizing dissociation increases, and empathy, guilt and shame disappear. In the GDR (German Democratic Republic)—under totalitarian and authoritarian conditions—this state of emotional deficit persisted for longer than in the Federal Republic (BRD). Gradually, but only after reunification, could change in the whole of Germany become possible. In the following text I will review the fragmented state of psychoanalysis in the battered city of Berlin after the Second World War. I describe the predicament of psychoanalysts, who are hopelessly entangled in adaptation processes, fearing the new rulers and dreading their own conscience. Despite their weakened sense of courage, they were however able to create space for freedom of thought. I intend to convey the trajectory of that process. The GDR history, despite the experience of confinement, is also a story of opening. Specific developments within the borders enabled the preservation as well as the transportation of psychoanalytic thought: some examples can be seen in inpatient forms of psychotherapy, individual psychodynamic therapy and especially the Intended Dynamic Group Psychotherapy (IDG). The opening of the ‘Wall’ made profound psychoanalytic post-qualification possible, but it came at a cost to the specific developments of the health system in the East. Within this system group therapists took their own particular path. After several years of cautious rapprochement the founding of BIG (Berlin Institute for Group Analysis) could be negotiated and established in 2003, supported by all Institutes of Berlin belonging to the umbrella organization of the DGPT (German Society for Psychoanalyse, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatic). Nine years later the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gruppenanalyse und Gruppenpsychotherapie (D3G) consolidated in the merger of several individual groups resulting in a continuous and refreshingly pluralistic cooperation today. This article will therefore describe a series of societal shifts, transitions, internal and external attempts to heal, that are well reflected within the parallel process visible in the development of group analysis and its practitioners. One example to consider would be the asymmetry between psychoanalytic ‘teachers’ (West) and ‘students’ (East) and the dynamics experienced during professional encounters, which were very particular and rather complicated. However, that is a chapter in itself and will be considered separately.
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Brothers, Eric. "Issues Surrounding the Development of the Neo-Nazi Scene in East Berlin." European Judaism 33, no. 2 (September 1, 2000): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2000.330206.
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The rise of neo-Nazism in the capital of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) was not inspired by a desire to recreate Hitler's Reich, but by youthful rebellion against the political and social culture of the GDR's Communist regime. This is detailed in Fuehrer-Ex: Memoirs of a Former Neo-Naxi by Ingo Hasselbach with Tom Reiss (Random House, New York, 1996). This movement, however, eventually worked towards returning Germany to its former 'glory' under the Third Reich under the guidance of 'professional' Nazis.
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Nam, Il-Woo. "Propaganda North Korea’s in Germany and Persuasive Communication of the East Berlin Affair." Zeitschrift der Koreanisch-Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Sozialwissenschaften 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19032/zkdgs.2015.06.25.2.91.
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Lee, Jeong-Min. "The Press Reports about East–Berlin Incident in South Korea and West Germany." Historical Journal 69 (July 31, 2019): 267–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20457/sha.69.9.
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Bruce, Gary. "Patrick Major, Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the Frontiers of Power,." Journal of Contemporary History 49, no. 2 (April 2014): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009413515382e.
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Duranović, Amir. "Identity Transformation of Migrants from Bosnia and Herzegovina in post-1960s Germany." Journal of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo (History, History of Art, Archeology) / Radovi (Historija, Historija umjetnosti, Arheologija), ISSN 2303-6974 on-line 7, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46352/23036974.2020.2.249.
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Results presented in this paper are part of an extensive research in BiH
emigration of the second half of the 20th century conducted during a field trip in Berlin,
Germany. This paper aims at presenting the foundations from which the emigration
originated after the Second World War and then changes which occurred during the
1960s when a large number of people from Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina left
for temporary employment in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and other Western European
countries, as well as to look into models and reasons for the transformation of identity of
BiH migrants in Germany after the 1960s. With the aim to identify the pattern according
to which the workers with temporary employment abroad created their identities, this
paper dedicates special attention to the transformation of identity, i.e. it indicates how
identity transformed under the changed circumstances and in an altered context. However,
research focuses on a part of BiH emigration in Germany, West Berlin in particular, since it
stands out as a special case, an enclave in East Germany. Therefore, the presented examples
of identity transformations of BiH workers in Berlin that were followed by changes in their
native country, Yugoslavia, i.e. Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also by the changes Germany
experienced the end of the 1980s. Finally, the paper aims to show the multi-layered identities
and their changes from the working, religious, social to the national identity
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Clinefelter, Joan L. "Can You Spare 5 Minutes? Cold War Women’s Radio on RIAS Berlin." Resonance 1, no. 3 (2020): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/res.2020.1.3.279.
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Throughout the 1950s, the American propaganda radio station RIAS Berlin transformed women’s radio into an anti-communist medium designed to enlist German housewives into the Cold War. Based in West Berlin, RIAS—Radio in the American Sector—broadcast a full array of shows deep inside East Germany as part of the U.S. psychological war against communism. One of its key target audiences was German homemakers. Drawing upon scripts held in the German Radio Archives in Potsdam, Germany, this article analyzes the program Can You Spare 5 Minutes? (Haben Sie 5 Minuten Zeit?). It explores how RIAS inscribed the international contest between democracy and communism onto the domestic lives of women. The show built a sense of solidarity by treating typical “female” topics such as cosmetics, childcare, and recipes. In this way it forged a bond between its listeners that provided an opening for political messaging. Programs contrasted access to food, marriage rights, and educational policy in the rival Germanies to demonstrate the benefits of democracy and the need to resist the East German state. Women’s radio on RIAS, far from offering mere fluff, provided its female audience a political education.
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Howell-Ardila, Deborah. "Berlin's Search for a "Democratic" Architecture: Post-World War II and Post-unification." German Politics and Society 16, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503098782487130.
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Berlin 1948 and the longest airlift in history simultaneously usheredin the Cold War, with a divided Berlin its best-known symbol, andtransformed West Berliners in the eyes of the Allied world fromNazis to victims of Soviet aggression. By 1950, with Germany officiallydivided, political elites of the East (GDR) and West (FRG)took up the task of convincing their citizens and each other of thelegitimacy of their own governments. In spite of the primacy ofCold War rhetoric in the media of the day, however, the mostpressing challenge of postwar society for both sides lay in redefining—in perception, if not in fact—political and social institutions inopposition to the Nazi past.
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Hüwelmeier, Gertrud. "Bazaar Pagodas – Transnational Religion, Postsocialist Marketplaces and Vietnamese Migrant Women in Berlin." Religion and Gender 3, no. 1 (February 19, 2013): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18785417-00301006.
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After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the breakdown of the East German Socialist government, thousands of former contract workers from Vietnam stayed in the then reunified Germany. Due to their resulting precarious economic situation, a large number of these migrants became engaged in small business and petty trade. Some of them, women in particular, have become successful entrepreneurs and wholesalers in recently built bazaars in the eastern parts of Berlin. Most interestingly, parts of these urban spaces, former industrial areas on the periphery of Germany’s capital, have been transformed into religious places. This article explores the formation of female Vietnamese Buddhist networks on the grounds of Asian wholesale markets. It argues that transnational mobilities in a post-socialist setting encourage border-crossing religious activities, linking people and places to various former socialist countries as well as to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Further, by considering political tensions between Vietnamese in the eastern and western part of Berlin, this contribution illustrates the negotiation of political sensitivities among diasporic Vietnamese in reunited Germany. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among female lay Buddhists, it focuses on entrepreneurship and investigates the relationship between business, migration and religious practices.
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Rodríguez-Farré, Eduardo, Marcel Roberfroid, and Giovanni N. Fracchia. "Research and Development of In Vitro Pharmacotoxicology: A European Perspective." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 21, no. 2 (April 1993): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299302100224.
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The experts taking part in the Workshop were: E. Rodríguez-Farré ( Coordinator); G.N. Fracchia, (Secretary); M. Adolphe, École des Hautes Études, Paris, France); P.H. Bach (University of East London, UK); M. Baeder (Hoechst Ltd, Hattersheira, Germany); R. Bass (BGA, Berlin, Germany); H.G. Baumgarten (Frei Universität, Berlin, Germany); H. Bazin (DGXII, CEC, Brussels, Belgium); P. Bentley (Ciba-Geigy, Basle, Switzerland); A. Boobis (Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, UK); J. Castell (Hospital La Fé, Valencia, Spain); J.P. Contzen (DGXII, CEC, Brussels, Belgium); A. Cordier (Sandoz Pharma Ltd, Basle, Switzerland); J. Diezi (Université de Lausanne, Switzerland); L. Dubertret (INSERM U-312, Creteil, France); P.M. Fasella (DGXII, CEC, Brussels, Belgium); J.H. Fentem (FRAME, Nottingham, UK); A. Guillouzo (INSERM U-49, Rennes, France); I. Kimber (Zeneca, Macclesfield, UK); T. Krieg (Universität zu Koln, Germany); A. Mantovani (Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy); K. Miller (BIBRA, Carshalton, UK); J.P. Morin (INSERM U-295, Rouen, France); D. Paul (Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Aerosolforschung, Hannover, Germany); P.W.J. Peters (Riijkinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene, Bilthoven, The Netherlands); J. Picard (Faculté des Sciences, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium); D. Poggiolini (Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy); C.M. Regan (University College, Dublin, Ireland); C.A. Reinhardt (SIAT, Zurich, Switzerland); B. Robaire (McGill University, Montreal, Canada); M. Roberfroid (Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium); V. Rogiers (Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium); J. Rueff (Istituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal); H. Spielmann (ZEBET, Berlin, Germany); H. Stolte (Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany); J. van Noordwijk (European Pharmacopeia Commission, Bosch en Duin, The Netherlands); E. Walum (University of Stockholm, Sweden); D.C. Williams (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland); and M. Yaniv (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France), and their contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
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Schaefer, Sagi. "Hidden Behind the Wall: West German State Building and the Emergence of the Iron Curtain." Central European History 44, no. 3 (September 2011): 506–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938911000410.
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It is widely accepted that the inter-German border was constructed by East German authorities to halt the emigration to the west, which had damaged the East German economy and undermined the East German state agencies' power. This article argues that this is an inaccurate understanding, which mistakenly treats perceptions and insights gained from studying the Berlin Wall as representative of the mostly rural border between East and West Germany. It emphasizes crucial transformations of frontier society during the 1950s, highlighting the important role of western as well as eastern policy in shaping them.
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Patzelt, Werner J. "Die Gründergeneration des ostdeutschen Parlamentarismus . Teil 1: Persönlicher Hintergrund und Amtsverständnis." Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 51, no. 3 (2020): 509–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0340-1758-2020-3-509.
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What were the central characteristics of those members of parliament who rebuilt parliamentarism in Eastern Germany after reunification? A detailed picture emerges from surveys conducted in 1991/92 and in 1994 . All East German MPs were included in a paper-and-pencil interview, and in-depth-interviews were conducted with a random sample of MPs from Eastern Germany, West Berlin and West Germany . The results not only revealed similarities and dissimilarities between East and West German MPs but also changes in the role patterns of East German MPs during their first legislative term . In the first part of the analysis, published here, the focus lies on the political and vocational background of the first generation of East German MPs, their parliamentary learning processes, and their role orientations as well as their loyalty ties to their most important political “role partners” .
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Shreffler, Anne C. "Berlin Walls: Dahlhaus Knepler, and Ideologies of Music History." Journal of Musicology 20, no. 4 (2003): 498–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2003.20.4.498.
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As exemplified in writings by Carl Dahlhaus and Georg Knepler, a debate about music historiography took place in East and West Germany in the 1960s and 1970s. A comparison between two books, Dahlhaus's Grundlagen der Musikgeschichte (Foundations of Music History) and Knepler's Geschichte als Weg zum Musikverstäändnis (History as a Means of Understanding Music), both published in 1977, is instructive as a measure of the two poles of the Methodenstreit: the one centered around music as autonomous work, the other around music as a human activity. The central questions raised prove uncannily current. The two scholars, who knew each other and respected each other's work, were both based in Berlin; but with Dahlhaus in the West and Knepler in the East, they represented the two different political systems that existed in the divided city between 1945 and 1989. In their work, and especially in these two books, Dahlhaus and Knepler defended their own positions and sought to point out weaknesses in the other side. While Dahlhaus's work is well known in English-speaking musicology, Knepler's is not. His contribution to music history and historiography was comparable to Dahlhaus's in importance, however, and his ideas anticipate many tenets of the "new musicology."
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Trunov, F. "The Evolution of Germany`S Political and Military Influence in the Near East." World Economy and International Relations 68, no. 6 (2024): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-6-108-118.
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The situation in the Near East is important for each power, especially for the rising one. Germany belongs to the last category. The article tries to explore the forms, features and results of the FRG`s usage of political and military tools in the Near East by the mid‑2020s. For two decades, Germany was trying to become security and stability provider for regional actors, to ensure strategic influence in the zones of armed conflicts. But in Iraq and especially in Syria, the results of Berlin’s participation in the struggle against the “Islamic state” (Terrorist organization banned in Russia) were rather modest. Hence, the Bundeswehr was forced to short its presence in Iraq and to reduce it to zero in Syria by the early 2020s. Rather important for Germany was the critical lack of opportunities to influence over growing strategic activity of the key regional actors. The FRG has faced the fact of distancing with Turkey which demonstrated its special position from other Western democracies on many regional issues. In 2010s, Germany made significant efforts to relieve tensions around Iran (because of its nuclear program and the confrontation with Saudi Arabia), but in the early 2020s, Berlin turned to the containment of this country. There has been also the disruption of the previous balance in the development of Germany’s partnership with Israel, Jordan, Palestinian National Authority, and Lebanon (official Beirut). Berlin starts to see the relations with Tel-Aviv as the highest priority. All the tendencies have received noticeable development during the war in the Gaza Strip since October 2023.