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Krugliak, M., and N. Bohach. "STEREOTYPES OF THE IMAGE OF THE “COLOR” POPULATION IN AMERICAN MOVIES OF THE XX – FIRST QUARTER OF THE XXI CENTURY." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(53) (July 8, 2022): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.1(53).261097.
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The article considers the peculiarities of the stereotypical image of the “color” population in the US film industry of the XX – first quarter of the XXI century as one of the manifestations of racism; the reasons for the transfer of “ethnic stereotypes” in cinema have been identified. The brightest ethnic stereotypes in film and television are presented in the form of so-called “tropes”. The heroes of films of Asian descent were endowed with excessive militancy and the ability to master martial arts (tropes “All Asians know martial arts”, “All Chinese people know kung-fu”); Asian women were portrayed as defenseless as opposed to a strong white man (“Mighty Whitey and Mellow Yellow” trope); to describe the black hero took the trails “Humble Servant” (“Mammy”), “African-American criminal” (“Blaxploitation”), “White Savior”, “Magic Negro”, “Black Best Friend”. Latin American heroes are physically perfect, sexual and romantic (tropes “Latin Lover”, “Spicy Latina”). In 2010–2020, the “color” population in Hollywood movies is portrayed from a new angle. The main “non-white” heroes show absolute equality with whites, and sometimes dominance over them. This is a social film about problems of general scale and their perception in society, in particular homosexuality (“Moonlight”); a movie with a black superhero (“Black Panther”); a thriller about the confrontation of a black guy with a group of white killers (“Get Out”). Films of this genre are focused on the “color” spectator. The catalysts for changes in Hollywood policy were the #OscarsSoWhite (2016) and Black Lives Matter (2020) movements. As a result, there was a review of the composition of film production teams with an approximation to the proportion typical of the national population of the United States – 40 % (2020, the share of “color” actors in films was 39. %, directors – 25.4 %, writers – 25.9 %); implementation of new requirements for the Oscar (“Best Film” nomination, from 2024) with quotas on gender and racial composition of the production team, etc.
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Park, SoHye, Zachary Urdang, Julie Barta, Kuang-Yi Wen, Joseph Curry, and Hee-Soon Juon. "Abstract A023: Racial differences in lung cancer burden: A retrospective analysis of TriNetX data." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): A023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-a023.
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Abstract Background. Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. and many other countries. Lung cancer incidence and mortality rates have decreased for all races over the past 20 years, in part because of decreased tobacco use. Yet, there have been few clinical studies of lung cancer morbidity and mortality by race. The purpose of this study is to examine racial differences in lung cancer mortality in the U.S. using the electronic health records (EHR) database, TriNetX. Method. This retrospective cohort study was conducted based on the data from US Collaborative Network in TriNetX, a real-time, EHR database providing 42.7-million patient data from 49 health care organizations (HCOs). The cohort of interest was lung cancer patients in the U.S., which were identified using the ICD-10 code of C34 with an index diagnosis date of January 1, 2010. Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank chi-square statistics, and hazard ratio (HR) were compared among different racial groups in the EHR data. Results. Of 42.7-million patients in the U.S., the majority (60.3%) were people who are non-Hispanic white (NHW) followed by people who are Black/African American (15.4%), Hispanic (7.2%), Asian (4.6%), and others (Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 0.5%). 394,560 lung cancer patients were identified. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that Asians had the highest survival probability with median overall survival (OS) from the initial lung cancer diagnosis of 127.3 months, compared to 92.1 months for Hispanic, 69.1 months for African American/Black, 61.4 months for others, and 53.8 months for NHW. The HR was highest among NHW (HR=1.71, 95% CI=1.62-1.81), others (HR=1.62, 95% CI=1.41-1.85), African American/Black (HR=1.52, 95% CI=1.43-1.61), and Hispanic patients (HR=1.40, 95% CI=1.30-1.52) compared to Asian patients Conclusion. These findings suggest racial disparities in lung cancer survival, with NHW having the lowest and Asians having the highest median survival. These findings are inconsistent with the results from the Multiethnic Cohort study (prospective population based study), which reported blacks having the lowest median survival. It indicates that there are different racial burdens of lung cancer from clinical data and population data. Further analyses are needed to adjust potential confounders such as smoking status and stage of diagnosis. Citation Format: SoHye Park, Zachary Urdang, Julie Barta, Kuang-Yi Wen, Joseph Curry, Hee-Soon Juon. Racial differences in lung cancer burden: A retrospective analysis of TriNetX data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A023.
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Read, Dwight W. "Emergent Properties in Small-Scale Societies." Artificial Life 9, no. 4 (October 2003): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454603322694852.
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A multi-agent simulation is used to explore the relationship between the micro and the macro levels in small-scale societies. The simulation demonstrates, using an African hunter-gatherer group (the !Kung san) as a case study, the way in which population stability may arise from culturally framed, micro-level decision making by women about spacing of births. According to the simulation, population stability as an emergent property has different implications, depending on resource density. Data on Australian hunter-gatherer groups are presented that support the implications of the simulation. !Kung san micro-level cultural rules on incestuous marriages are shown to have macro-level consequences in the form of marriages between residential camps. Between-camp marriages have significant implications for access to resources and thereby for population dynamics of the group as a whole.
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Keech, Ken, Betty Routhouska, and Nicole L. Fonger. "People, Place, and Population Predictions." Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12 115, no. 8 (August 2022): 566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtlt.2021.0120.
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Nesic, Milica J., and Nadja P. Maric. "Population-based differences in immune system response contribute to an increased risk of schizophrenia in African migrants?" Reviews in the Neurosciences 29, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0037.
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AbstractAmong the highest incidences of schizophrenia is the one documented in second-generation migrants of African descent in the Western countries. Interestingly, people of African and European ancestry demonstrate significant genetic-based differences in immune system regulation and response. As a result, the pro-inflammatory phenotype is more pronounced in people of African descent than it is in Europeans. At the same time, the role of the immune system in the etiology of schizophrenia is gaining increased recognition. Here, we propose that the population-specific genetic variation within the immune system interacts with unfavourable environments to contribute to a higher risk of schizophrenia in people of African ancestry. Our hypothesis is supported by recent findings from two separate fields of research−population genetics and psychoneuroimmunology. Moreover, we highlight the need to include African populations in genetic studies of schizophrenia.
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Gbessemehlan, A., M. Guerchet, C. Adou, J. P. Clément, B. Ndamba-Bandzouzi, P. Mbelesso, D. Houinato, and P. M. Preux. "Depression and anxiety among older people in central africa: Epidemca population-based study." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S238—S239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.639.
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IntroductionThe burden of depression and anxiety is poorly documented in Central African populations.ObjectivesTo present the epidemiology of depressive and anxiety disorders among older people in two Central African countries.MethodsA cross-sectional population-based study was carried out in Republic of Congo (ROC) and Central African Republic (CAR) between 2011 - 2012 among people aged ≥ 65 years (EPIDEMCA study). Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and participants underwent a brief physical examination. Depression and anxiety symptoms were ascertained using a community version of the Geriatric Mental State (GMS-B3). Probable cases were defined as having a GMS-AGECAT score ≥ 3. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between potential risk factors collected and presence of at least one of both symptoms.ResultsOverall 2002 participants were included in the EPIDEMCA study. Median age of the participants was 72 years [interquartile range: 68 – 78 years] and 61.8% were females. Prevalence was 38.1% (95% Confidence Interval: 35.9% - 40.2%) for depression, 7.7% (95% CI: 6.5% - 8.9%) for anxiety. In total 40.1% had least one of both symptoms. In multivariable models, the following factors were associated with the presence of at least one of both symptoms: female sex, residence area, frailty, cognitive disorders, a high happiness score (protective) and hypertension (adjusted Odds Ratios from 1.3 to 1.7; p<0.01).ConclusionsIn light of the high prevalence of both psychiatric symptoms among Central African older people, evidence on their epidemiology is important for better management and policy planning.
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Ilozue, C., B. Howe, S. Shaw, K. Haigh, J. Hussey, DA Price, and DR Chadwick. "Obesity in the HIV-infected population in Northeast England: a particular issue in Black-African women." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 3 (July 10, 2016): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416649131.
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People living with HIV are surviving longer on successful antiretroviral therapy and obesity rates are increasing. We sought to determine the prevalence of being overweight or obese in a regional population of people living with HIV and to explore the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with obesity or being overweight. Data on patients attending three Northeast England clinics were collected including body mass index and demographics. The prevalence of being overweight (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) or obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) was determined and compared with regional population data. Associations between being overweight or obese and demographic and other data were further explored using logistic regression models. In 560 patients studied (median age 45 years, 26% Black-African and 69% male), 65% were overweight/obese and 26% obese, which is similar to the local population. However, 83% and 48% of Black-African women were overweight/obese or obese, respectively, with 11% being morbidly obese (body mass index > 40 kg/m2). In the multivariate analyses, the only factors significantly associated with obesity were Black-African race (adjusted odds ratio 2.78, 95% confidence interval 1.60–4.85) and type 2 diabetes (adjusted odds ratio 4.23, 95% confidence interval 1.81–9.91). Levels of obesity and overweight in people living with HIV are now comparable to the levels in the local population of Northeast England; however, the prevalence is significantly higher in Black-African women. Given the additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease inherent in people living with HIV, better strategies to prevent, identify and manage obesity in this population are needed.
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Harrison, Glynn, Shazad Amin, Swaran P. Singh, Tim Croudace, and Peter Jones. "Outcome of psychosis in people of African–Caribbean family origin." British Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 1 (July 1999): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.1.43.
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BackgroundAn increased incidence of psychotic disorders has repeatedly been reported among African–Caribbeans in the UK.AimsTo test whether the increased incidence of psychotic disorders in first-and second-generation African–Caribbeans in the UK could be caused by a relative excess of affective-related psychoses with good prognosis.MethodThirty-three patients of African–Caribbean family origin identified in a population-based study of first-episode psychoses were compared with the remaining cases. Three-year outcomes and patterns of course were compared.ResultsThere was a trend for better outcomes in African–Caribbean patients for symptoms and social disability, but patterns of course were similar (odds ratio=0.9 (–0.50 to –2.00)). Pattern of course improved after adjustment for confounding by gender, social class, age, diagnosis and duration of untreated illness (odds ratio=0.59 (–0.21 to –1.66)). Diagnostic profiles were similar, with no evidence of greater diagnostic instability in the African–Caribbean group.ConclusionPattern of course of psychosis did not differ significantly by ethnic family background. An excess of good-prognosis affective psychoses is an unlikely explanation for increased rates of psychosis in African–Caribbeans.
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Adelman, Simon, Martin Blanchard, Greta Rait, Gerard Leavey, and Gill Livingston. "Prevalence of dementia in African–Caribbean compared with UK-born White older people: two-stage cross-sectional study." British Journal of Psychiatry 199, no. 2 (August 2011): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.086405.
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BackgroundPreliminary studies in the UK, all using screening instruments of unknown cultural validity, indicate that there may be an increased prevalence of dementia in African–Caribbean people, possibly related to vascular risk factors and potentially amenable to preventative measures.AimsTo determine the prevalence of dementia in older people of African–Caribbean country of birth compared with their White UK-born counterparts.MethodA total of 218 people of African–Caribbean country of birth and 218 White UK-born people aged ⩾60 years were recruited from five general practices in North London. Those who screened positive for cognitive impairment using a culturally valid instrument were offered a standardised diagnostic interview. Two independent assessors diagnosed dementia according to standard operationalised criteria.ResultsAfrican–Caribbean participants were 2 years younger, and those with dementia nearly 8 years younger than their White counterparts. The prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in the African–Caribbean (9.6%) than the White group (6.9%) after adjustment for the confounders age and socioeconomic status (odds ratio (OR) = 3.1, 95%CI 1.3–7.3, P = 0.012).ConclusionsThere is an increased prevalence of dementia in older people of African–Caribbean country of birth in the UK and at younger ages than in the indigenous White population. These findings have implications for service provision and preventive interventions. Further research is needed to explore the role of vascular risk factors and social adversity in the excess of dementia in this population.
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Krivonogov, Victor P. "African migrants in Cabo Verde." Asia and Africa Today, no. 7 (2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750015800-2.
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This article outlines the results of study among main migrant groups of Cabo Verde, nationals of Africa. Ethnographic expedition for studying contemporary ethnic processes worked on the archipelago in December 2019 - January 2020. A comprehensive research method was used, along with examination of written and statistical sources. Interviews with informants and experts and mass-survey of African migrants using representative sample was carried out.It turned out that before XX century there were no African migrants on the archipelago, and up to 98-99% of the population were Cabo Verdeans(creole) - descendants of African slaves that were brought on the islands up to the middle of XIX century. Modern migration from African countries started only in the beginning of XXI century, but migrants viewed Cabo Verde as a staging point for further resettling into Western Europe and Northern America. In 2010, total number of African settlers achieved 10 thousand people. In the mid-2010s, government passed new laws that heavily restricted migration and the stream of new people from Africa drastically declined. Now African immigrants make up less than 2% of the total population. This study allowed to find out the age and gender composition of immigrants, language processes, degree of adaptation to local culture, social and educational level of migrants, the degree of development of integration and assimilatory processes and other questions allowing to draw conclusion about the subsequent development of immigrant groups in the country.
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Nur, Idris M. "Current Extent of Disasters in Africa." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, no. 2 (June 1999): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00027308.
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AbstractThe people oFf Africa are exposed to a wide range of disasters that seriously have aggravated the Continent's economic situation. Economic losses and human sufferings from drought, desertification, locust infestation, infectious diseases, epidemics, and armed conflicts are the dominant disasters that the people in the African countries face, and they have rendered the population utterly vulnerable. Disasters have aggravated Africa's economic situation. The cumulative effect of disasters include loss of property, injury, death, mounting food import bills, health hazards, environmental degradation, backward economic development, displaced people, refugees, and nutritional deficiency.Today, 175 million Africans out of a total population of 744 million people (23.5%) are suffering from chronic hunger; this is an increase of 50% from 25years ago. In many African countries, up to half of the population suffers from absolute poverty. It is projected that Africa will be the only Continent to continue with the current level of poverty for another decade.
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Were, Gertrude. "Why African nations must consider poverty reduction as a priority agenda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 6 (October 19, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.54.ed047.
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The African continent continues to grapple with chronic poverty with its consequent implications on increased hunger and child nutrition. According to the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), out of the world population of 7 billion people, there are an estimated 925 million hungry people, thus 13% or 1 in every 7 people are hungry [1]. Poverty and hunger are closely intertwined, causing a spiraling effect on child under nutrition
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Prapiadou, Savvina, Stacie L. Demel, and Hyacinth I. Hyacinth. "Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology of Stroke in People of African Ancestry." Genes 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12111825.
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Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide and places a significant burden on healthcare systems. There are significant racial/ethnic differences in the incidence, subtype, and prognosis of stroke, between people of European and African ancestry, of which only about 50% can be explained by traditional stroke risk facts. However, only a small number of genetic studies include individuals of African descent, leaving many gaps in our understanding of stroke genetics among this population. This review article highlights the need for and significance of including African-ancestry individuals in stroke genetic studies and points to the efforts that have been made towards this direction. Additionally, we discuss the caveats, opportunities, and next steps in African stroke genetics—a field still in its infancy but with great potential for expanding our understanding of stroke biology and for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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del Pino, Sandra, Sol Beatriz Sánchez-Montoya, José Milton Guzmán, Oscar J. Mújica, Juan Gómez-Salgado, and Carlos Ruiz-Frutos. "Health Inequalities amongst People of African Descent in the Americas, 2005–2017: A Systematic Review of the Literature." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 8, 2019): 3302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183302.
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Ethnic inequalities are often associated with social determinants of health. This study seeks to identify the latest scientific evidence on inequalities in the health of people of African descent in the Americas. For this, a systematic review of the literature on health and people of African descent in the Americas was carried out in the LILACS, PubMed, MEDLINE, and IBECS databases. Institutional and academic repositories were also consulted. Evidence was obtained on the presence and persistence of health inequalities in the population of African descent in the Americas from the identification of five types of quantitative and qualitative evidence: (1) ethnic/racial concept and variables; (2) relations with other social determinants; (3) health risks; (4) barriers and inequalities in health services; and, (5) morbi-mortality from chronic diseases. Studies with qualitative methods revealed invisibility, stereotypes, and rejection or exclusion as main factors of inequality. This review evidenced the existence of health inequalities, its interconnection with other adverse social determinants and risk factors, and its generation and perpetuation by discrimination, marginalization, and social disadvantage. These conditions make people of African descent a priority population group for action on equity, as demanded by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
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Mutombo, Cedrick S., Salvius A. Bakari, Vianney N. Ntabaza, Amandine Nachtergael, Jean-Baptiste S. Lumbu, Pierre Duez, and Joh B. Kahumba. "Perceptions and use of traditional African medicine in Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga province (DR Congo): A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): e0276325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276325.
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In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the desire of the Ministry of Health to integrate Traditional African Medicine into the Official Health System remains limited by the lack of reliable data on several aspects of this medicine. This study aims to determine the perceptions of the Lubumbashi population towards Traditional African Medicine and the contexts of recourse to these therapeutic modalities. We conducted semi-structured interviews of population samples in each of the 7 Lubumbashi municipalities, which were semi-randomly selected in proportions to each population size, from January to June 2017 and from February to July 2018. A total of 4278 people (average age, 32.1 ± 10.4 years; 36.5% of women) have been surveyed. Among them, 75.8% define "Traditional African Medicine" as "herbal-based treatments"; 79.4% have resorted to traditional medicine, for several pathologies and social problems. This medicine was preferred for efficiency, speed of healing and low cost, as well as the presence of the diseases against which it would be the only one used. Most, (52.1%) have started with Conventional Medicine, then resorted to Traditional African Medicine, 34.7% started directly with Traditional African Medicine, while 13.2% combined these two medicines. From those who have resorted to Traditional African Medicine (n = 3396), 55% declare no concern towards traditional medicine, while 42.5% fear looseness, overdose, intoxication, and lack of hygiene; from those who have not resorted to Traditional African Medicine (n = 882), 78% are fearful of fear looseness, witchcraft, and fetishism. Traditional African Medicine remains an important health care resource for the Lubumbashi people. It is essential that decision-makers consider the importance of this health sector for the population, but also the reported fears and hindrances, and work towards the regulation, sanitization, and control of this medicine to ensure its safe use.
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Niehaus, Dana, Esme Jordaan, Riana Laubscher, Taryn Sutherland, Liezl Koen, and Felix Potocnik. "Do South African Xhosa-Speaking People with Schizophrenia Really Fare Better?" GeroPsych 33, no. 1 (March 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000217.
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Abstract. Objectives: Results from multinational WHO studies suggest that schizophrenia patients in developing countries may have more favorable prognoses and morbidity outcomes than those in developed settings. This study serves to establish whether mortality outcomes in South African Xhosa-speaking schizophrenia patients are more favorable than in the general South African population. Methods: We recruited a group of 981 patients from September 1997 to March 2005 as part of a genetic study in the Western, Southern, and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. For this substudy, participants were included when they reached the age of 60 years during the study period (8–15 years). We examined factors associated with the probability of dying and computed survival times using national census data as reference. Results: At the time of follow-up, 73 individuals were 60 years or older (21.9% could not be traced); some 40% of the sample had died at the time of the follow-up assessment (mean age at death = 60.12 years, SD = 4.97). Univariate survival analysis, using duration of disorder, revealed that the number of hospitalizations and psychotic episodes impacted survival time. Compared to the age-specific death rates of the general South African population, the death rate in the Xhosa-speaking schizophrenia sample was higher than expected in the 60–69 years category, but lower than expected in the 70+ years category. Conclusion: This study suggests that increased exposure to inpatient mental healthcare (expressed as number of hospitalizations) at baseline, and number of psychotic episodes, improve survival probability in a group of older South African Xhosa-speaking schizophrenia patients.
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Okonta, Patrick, and Kaushik V. Pandya. "Entrepreneurial potentials of African‐Caribbeans in the United Kingdom." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 14, no. 4 (October 30, 2007): 702–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626000710832785.
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PurposeMany researchers attribute poor performance of African‐Caribbean business people down to their ethnic backgrounds and traits. The purpose of this research was to investigate if African‐Caribbean business people possess entrepreneurial quality.Design/methodology/approachA sample population of 400 (with 150 contributing) African‐Caribbean business owners in London was surveyed using a questionnaire. Selected business owners were also interviewed.FindingsThe analysis and tests carried out conclusively disproved the hypothesis that African‐Caribbeans are devoid of entrepreneurial attributes.Research limitations/implicationsThe data collection was limited to African‐Caribbean business owners in London. A generalisation should not be attempted to reflect on all African‐Caribbean business owners. Further research is planned in the near future.Practical implicationsThe results of this research show that African‐Caribbean business owners have entrepreneurial tendencies, and that financial institutions and authorities at national and regional levels may want to consider this in their business approaches.Originality/valueThe African‐Caribbean businesspersons were subjected to a “litmus test” in order to discover whether they are entrepreneurial. The authors developed an ANN and the E‐Factor models and both models offer the originality.
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Hudson, Karen, Barb Hamilton-Hinch, Mary Jane Harkins, Zhanna Barchuk, and Diana Seselja. "Exploring an Africentric High School Cohort from the Parents’ Perspectives." Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l'éducation 47, no. 2 (July 11, 2024): 562–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53967/cje-rce.6187.
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In Canada, the Black population is the third-largest racially visible group, yet students of African descent continue to face inequities in Canadian school systems. Students of African descent can benefit from learning from an Africentric perspective that cultivates their well-being and achievement while centring their lived experience as a person of African descent. As research demonstrates the significance of parental involvement in Africentric education, the purpose of this study was to explore an Africentric High School Cohort from the perspective of parents of the students of African descent in this Cohort. Based on the conceptual framework of Nguzo Saba, the theoretical framework of Africentric education, and critical race theory, a thematic analysis of the findings was conducted. The findings are discussed under the themes of parental engagement, positive youth development, and addressing challenges. Recommendations are suggested for future Africentric cohorts. Keywords: Africentric cohort, Africentric education, Nguzo Saba, critical race theory, people of African descent, Black people, African Nova Scotians, parents’ perspectives
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Eveline Akem Phd, Maformba. "MIGRATION AND CULTURAL DISSONANCE IN SELECTED AFRICAN NOVELS." EPH - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v4i2.84.
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Migration has become a very hot issue all over the world today with a lot of cultural challenges involved. People from the former European colonies in Africa who migrated to the metropolis after independence formed a cultural society. Because of equality in the metropolis, the migrants had a problem of integrating themselves in to the society. Despite what appears to be a large population movement, Gary Younge noted some time ago that people are not able to move as freely as commodities. There are always restrictions being put on people’s movements. Damian (2013) in ‘’African Culture and International Understanding’’, states that, too often a gloomy picture is painted of the future of African culture given the battering it is presently taking from the incursion of western ideas and culture.(p.15).
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Eveline Akem, Maformba. "MIGRATION AND CULTURAL DISSONANCE IN SELECTED AFRICAN NOVELS." EPH - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijhss.v4i2.82.
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Migration has become a very hot issue all over the world today with a lot of cultural challenges involved. People from the former European colonies in Africa who migrated to the metropolis after independence formed a cultural society. Because of equality in the metropolis, the migrants had a problem of integrating themselves in to the society. Despite what appears to be a large population movement, Gary Younge noted some time ago that people are not able to move as freely as commodities. There are always restrictions being put on people’s movements. Damian (2013) in ‘’African Culture and International Understanding’’, states that, too often a gloomy picture is painted of the future of African culture given the battering it is presently taking from the incursion of western ideas and culture.(p.15).
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Veney, Cassandra R. "The Ties That Bind: The Historic African Diaspora and Africa." African Issues 30, no. 1 (2002): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006223.
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As we all know, the historic African diaspora in the United States is the result of the European slave trade, which resulted in millions of people being taken from Africa. Dei and Asgharzadeh correctly point out in this issue that this population and its descendents constitute a portion of the original African brain drain. Often, consideration of the causes of, problems of, and solutions to the African brain drain ignore this population and place most of the emphasis and research on the contemporary African diaspora. This may have to do with conclusions in some of the research contending that this historic diaspora lost all linkages to Africa. However, there is a vast body of literature that supports the claim that the institution of slavery did not totally sever social, cultural, economic, and political linkages.
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Kagola, Frieda, and William Abur. "Leveraging Ubuntu values and principles as cultural strength to overcome mental health and emotional wellbeing issues." African Journal of Social Work 13, no. 6 (December 30, 2023): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v13i6.5.
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There is a need for African people living in Australia to consider leveraging Ubuntu values as a cultural strength to address mental health and emotional wellbeing issues. for African people living in Australia. This paper is a systematic review research which employed key terms such as mental health, emotional wellbeing, African Australian, Young people. There were no participants involved, however the research articles that were reviewed in the study only focused on the African Australian community. Mental health issues among African Australian youth need to be better understood, as studies have shown they are at a higher risk for mental health, yet there has been insufficient research on the topic. In this study, most articles we employed highlighted that the extensive research on that reported migrants to be at ten times higher risk of experiencing mental health issues compared to the general population. Many studies carried out in the African Australian community have drawn more attention to the African Australian culture. This raises the need for research to be conducted on African Australian young people aged 15-29 years which is the Australian age range of a young person, to sensitize the African Australian community on mental health issues, and factors leading to young people's mental health problems in African Australian society. The aim of the study was to raise awareness about mental health issues facing the African, Australian young people and suggesting ways forward to support young people. The finding of the study demonstrates significance and values to address mental health issues in African-Australian Community groups. Research asserted that young immigrants are at greater risk of developing mental illness due to resettlement, cultural transition, and separation from extended family members. Young people lacking a secure base for emotional support from their families are more likely to face mental health issues in their lives. Mental health issues in the African context may not be categorized as a vast problem, but instead identified as life circumstances that every individual encounter. Since mental health subject is a taboo in the African culture, the study encouraged young people to pair up with other African youths to create awareness and advocate to access mental health services should need arise. This study encourages young people and their families from African heritage to leverage Ubuntu values and principles as their cultural strengths in dealing with challenging issues such as mental health and emotional wellbeing issues. How to reference using ASWNet style: Kagola F. & Abur W. (2023). Leverage Ubuntu values and principles as cultural strength to overcome mental health and emotional well-being issues. African Journal of Social Work, 13(6), 312-324. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v13i6.5 Visit journal website: https://ajsw.africasocialwork.net
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Soboyejo, Wole, and Lynnette D. Madsen. "Strengthening diversity and cooperation through international collaborations: A focus on Africa, South America, and the Caribbean." MRS Bulletin 43, no. 7 (July 2018): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2018.166.
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Africa is the second largest continent in terms of size and population.1,2 With approximately 1.256 billion people (about 15% of the world’s population) and a land area of 30.3 million square kilometers (including adjacent islands), it occupies about 20.4% of the earth’s total land area.1 A significant fraction of the people in the Caribbean* and South America are of African descent, and there are many historical and cultural links among the people of these regions.3 South America has 422.5 million people, and the Caribbean has about 39.12 million people;1 hence, the total population of all three areas represents about 20% of the world’s population.1,2 Similarities in climate also mean that common approaches can be explored for establishing sustainable building materials, and the range of development indices offer unique opportunities for collaborations in research and education that can facilitate human development.4
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Balatska, L. V., A. V. Hakman, L. I. Timchuk, and I. Yu Nakonechnу. "Health and recreational motional activity of elderly people in different countries of the world." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 7(138) (July 27, 2021): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.7(138).04.
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The article considers and collects material from both international research and domestic sources that reflect the health and recreational physical activity of the elderly in Europe and the whole world as well as the motives for involvement in this age group. The results of the analysis of the questionnaire, which assessed the involvement of the elderly showed low health and recreational physical activity in different countries, ranging from 10 to 80%, and the activity of men is higher than women.
About 40% of the population of the Netherlands and Germany are engaged in physical activity, and as for Belgium, France, Sweden, the indicator is less than 20%. In Spain, Finland, Canada, and the United Kingdom, government programs implemented in 13 pilot regions of the country over four years indicated a threefold increase in the number of seniors who regularly attend group exercise classes. In the United States, the population that is systematically engaged in physical activity is dominated by the population of Euros and Latinos, but African Americans are less active - up to 6%. In African countries physical activity is being decreased among the adult population. The main reasons for that include lack of knowledge of citizens about classes, poor promotion of programs among the population. The survey of the Chinese population on regular exercise during the week of the elderly in the range of 60-69 years showed 11.8%. According to research in Ukraine, only 17% of people of retirement age go in for exercise or sports
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Bucciferro, Justin R. "A Forced Hand: Natives, Africans, and the Population of Brazil, 1545-1850." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, no. 2 (July 3, 2013): 285–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000104.
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ABSTRACTThe settlement and expansion of the Portuguese colonies in South America were made possible by slave labour; however, the historical size of enslaved Native and African groups is largely unknown. This investigation compiles extant statistics on the population of «Brazil» by race and state for the pre-census period from 1545 to 1850, complementing them with headcount estimates based on sugar, gold, and coffee production; pre-contact indigenous populations; and trans-Atlantic slave voyages. The resulting panel of demographic data illustrates national and regional racial transitions encompassing the colonial era. Brazil's population was of Native descent but became predominantly African in the 18th century; people of European ancestry remained a minority for another 200 years.
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Ikwu, Amanze Nkemjika, David Chinasa Igwe, Sixtus Ezenwa Nwawudu, and Adeyemi Samuel Adebayo. "The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Africa's Healthcare System and Psychosocial Life." European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences 4, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/527dif34w.
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The ravaging Corona virus caused many countries of the world to impose partial or total lockdown, African nations inclusive. Most African countries are low-income countries, with most of the population being non-office workers. With the continued spread and rise of COVID-19 in many African nations, the people had no choice but to keep working for their daily survival. Moreover, the current health system in most African countries is weak and unable to tackle the emerging COVID-19 pandemic. The extra burden of the COVID-19 pandemic exposed these gaps and weaknesses. In addition to the effect of the pandemic on Africa's healthcare system, there is an equal and parallel debilitating effect of the virus on the psychosocial lives of Africans. Regardless of the several challenges that African nations face; Is there any way forward? African leaders may be able to unite and reduce their dependency on the international community for aids during health crises. They may also collectively take proactive decisions on strengthening their health systems as they work on educating their people.
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Pino, Sandra del, Juan Gómez-Salgado, José Andrés Domínguez-Gómez, and Carlos Ruiz-Frutos. "People of African Descent of the Americas, Racial Discrimination, and Quality of the Health Services." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 6930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176930.
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The WHO urges countries to consider the link between racial discrimination and health and, in particular, the need for further research to study the links between health outcomes and racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, and related intolerance. This article is carried out within the framework of approximation work towards health-related ethnic inequalities among the population of African descent of the Americas. A qualitative methodology was used to conduct 20 in-depth interviews with a group of key informants composed of leaders of African descent, officials from the ministries of health, international health agencies, and international technicians specialised in African descent health and interculturality from six different countries. The extracted data were categorised and encoded, generating quotations and concept maps with Atlas.ti v.8.2. The concurrency coefficients made it possible to link the codes of each subcategory with the central analytical category. The racial discrimination experienced by people of African descent and the quality of health services received poses a problem. Discrimination is faced in all countries, affecting access to services and the quality of health care, and greater discrimination against women is also detected. This shows the need for an activistpolicy and for the inclusion of specific variables in surveys, censuses, and records in order that they may be researched. Claims are made about the complementary role that traditional medicine may play and the fact that the intercultural approach may be a useful strategy for addressing inequalities. The interviewees agree with the reference theory on the existence of racial discrimination and segregation regarding the African descent population of the Americas and how this translates into ethnic inequities in the field of health. Proposals have been put forward both on how to deepen research and how to contribute to the reduction of ethnic inequalities in health issues.
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Shipton, Parker, and Mitzi Goheen. "Introduction. Understanding African Land-Holding: Power, Wealth, and Meaning." Africa 62, no. 3 (July 1992): 307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159746.
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Africa is the region with the sparsest overall population, but to infer that Africa has no problems of rural land shortage would be quite wrong. The continent has the highest and fastest-rising rate of population growth—lately over 3 per cent annually—and the distribution of people across the continent is quite uneven. At least as far as rain-fed lands are concerned, some of its local densities already count among the world's highest. Several of its nations—for instance Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria—encompass within their borders a full spectrum from range land or desert with fewer than five per square kilometre to better-watered settlements of over 500 per square kilometre, where domestic groups have space for little more than kitchen gardens.
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Worku, Zeleke. "The Strategic Benefits Of Rehabilitation Of The Prison Population Of The City Of Tshwane." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 36, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v36i6.10364.
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There are 158, 111 prisoners in South Africa. This figure includes pre-trial detainees or remand prisoners. Foreign prisoners account for about 7.5% of the South African prison population. There are 243 prison facilities in South Africa. The official capacity of South African prisons is 119, 134. There is a severe shortage of prison facilities in South Africa. Several studies have shown the need for rehabilitation programmes based on international best practice. A survey was conducted by collecting data from 408 residents of the City of Tshwane in South Africa in order to identify factors that affect the perception of people living in the City about the rehabilitation of prison inmates back into society. Multivariate methods of data analyses were used for data analyses. The results showed that 83.33% of respondents support the rehabilitation of South African prison inmates, whereas the remaining 16.67% do not support the rehabilitation of South African prison inmates. The results identified 3 influential factors. These 3 factors were the gender of respondents, the ages of respondents and the level of education of respondents.
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Jimenez, Albert M., and Jeralynn S. Cossman. "WHEN PEOPLE DIED: AN EXAMINATION OF SEASONALITY OF MORTALITY USING AN HISTORIC AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION." Sociological Spectrum 26, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 149–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732170500444601.
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Sadikov, A. V. "African Element in Cuban Culture." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 11, no. 4 (December 27, 2023): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2023-11-4-124-143.
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Cuba is one of those countries of the Western Hemisphere whose culture has been, throughout all of their history, and still is at present, under the influence of a potent factor: that of the African origin of a large portion of their population. This factor has been most active in all main domains of the spiritual life of Cuban people: in religion, in the intense functioning of the Abakuá cult and other mystical cults of African origin; in music, in dozens of genres of dance and song among which the Cuban son is most conspicuous, and, particularly, in the creative works of A. García Caturla, A. Roldán and other composers that transplanted African rhythms and melodies into the realm of classical music. And, finally, the African element is vividly reflected in Cuban prose and poetry, in the works of A. Carpentier, N. Guillén and their followers.
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Stelger, Gail, Judith Samkoff, and Judy Karoullas. "A program of Interventions Designed to Imcrease Mammography Rates in Women Ages 50 Years and Older for an Underserved Racial Minority." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 26, no. 3 (September 2003): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390302600306.
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Although breast cancer mortality rates have declined among white women nationally, rates have increased among African-American women. In an effort to increase the use of screening mammography in African-American women in Philadelphia, intervention strategies were developed to target this segment of the population which included an educational program delivered by members of the community with a video as the core component; educational mailings with a prepaid return postcard; posters with tear-off, prepaid postcards; and publilc service messages. The educational program with the video was delivered at 77 sites in Philadelphia attended by 4,481 people. Postcards validated by mammography centers were returned by 454 women in the targeted population. It was difficult to obtain feedback from members of the targeted population who either presented or attended and educational session but the small sample that responded specified that they appreciated having African-Americans featured in the video.
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Hossein, Caroline Shenaz. "The Legacy of Cooperatives among the African Diaspora." National Review of Black Politics 2, no. 3-4 (July 2021): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nrbp.2021.2.3-4.171.
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According to the International Co-operative Alliance, more than 12 percent of the global population belong to the world’s three million cooperatives. The African diaspora has contributed to this legacy. Many Caribbean people view cooperatives as trustworthy because these institutions put people’s local needs first. Both Haiti and Grenada have deeply embedded cooperative values and identities that are rooted in the ancient African systems of Sol and Susu. The African diaspora has a strong history of organizing solidarity financial economies to counter exclusion in business and society. This article draws on interviews with 138 direct users of cooperative institutions, bankers, and experts. Based on the findings, it argues that the African diaspora has had a key role in cooperative development and that Susu and Sol are the preferred financial institutions because they give people a way to help each other in times of adversity. This research uses the theory of the Black Social Economy to analyze Caribbean cooperators and their use of informal and formal cooperatives to stymie exclusion in business and society. Documenting the Haitian and Grenadian people’s cooperative legacy reveals that the choice of the people of the Black diaspora to politicize their economic solidarity, and this has been a major contribution to the global cooperative movement.
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Magnussen, Anne. "New People, New Historical Narratives." Diálogos Latinoamericanos 10, no. 16 (January 1, 2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dl.v10i16.113575.
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At the turn of the 20th century, the small central Texas town ofGonzales saw an impressive population increase consisting primarilyof Anglo Americans from other parts of the United States and ofMexican Americans. The latter constituted a new ethnic community ina town of Anglo Americans and African Americans. The powerrelationship between these two communities followed the norms andpractices of a southern racial hierarchy, and at least to some extent, thearrival of the Mexican Americans questioned the power logics of thisrelationship. The author argues that the activation in the first decadesof the 20th century of a series of historical references to Texas’independence in public space was part of an Anglo American effort tomaintain its economic, social and political power by integrating thenewly arrived Anglo Americans and efficiently excluding the MexicanAmerican community.
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Thorogood, Margaret, Myles D. Connor, Gillian Lewando Hundt, and Stephen M. Tollman. "Understanding and managing hypertension in an African sub-district: A multidisciplinary approach1." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35, no. 69_suppl (August 2007): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034950701355411.
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Aims: To use a multidisciplinary approach to describe the prevalence, lay beliefs, health impact, and treatment of hypertension in the Agincourt sub-district. Methods: A multidisciplinary team used a range of methods including a cross-sectional random sample survey of vascular risk factors in adults aged 35 years and older, and rapid ethnographic assessment. People who had suffered a stroke were identified by a screening questionnaire followed by a detailed history and examination by a clinician to confirm the likely diagnosis of stroke. Workshops were held for nurses working in the local clinics and an audit of blood pressure measuring devices was carried out. Results: Some 43% of the population 35 and over had hypertension. There was no relationship with gender but a strong positive relationship with age. Illnesses were classified by the population as being either African, with personal or social causes, or White/Western, with physical causes. The causes of hypertension were stated to be both physical and social. Main sources of treatment were the clinics and hospitals but people also sought help from churches and traditional healers. Some 84% of stroke survivors had evidence of hypertension. Few people received treatment for hypertension, although good levels of control were achieved in some. Barriers to providing effective treatment included unreliable drug supply and unreliable equipment to measure blood pressure. Conclusions: Hypertension is a major problem among older people in Agincourt. There is potential for effective secondary prevention. The potential for primary prevention is less clear. Further information on diet is required.
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Tchekounteu, Joseph Soh, Armand Gilbert Noula, and Louis de Berquin Eyike Mbongo. "Empirical Analysis of the Role of Population Mutations on Agricultural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa." South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 20, no. 3 (September 25, 2023): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2023/v20i3718.
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This paper aims to analyze the role of population growth in the explanation of agricultural productivity in the context of Sub-Saharan African countries. Based on available data, we collected data on a sample of 24 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 2000-2018. The empirical method consists of estimating an agricultural production function in turn by Generalized Least Squares (GMM) estimators on panel data and Generalized Moments (GLS) estimators in system. The results suggest that pesticide use is positively and significantly correlated (at the 1% threshold) with agricultural productivity in SSA. They also show that life expectancy at birth positively and significantly explain agricultural productivity in SSA. This means that the larger the population, the more important agricultural productivity is. The rural population is negatively correlated with agricultural productivity, reducing agricultural employment as rural populations migrate in search of better living conditions. We therefore suggest that African governments step up financial support programs for young people to limit the brain drain and encourage agricultural employment.
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Lu, Wan-An, and Cheng-Deng Kuo. "Comparison of the Effects of Tai Chi Chuan and Wai Tan Kung Exercises on Autonomic Nervous System Modulation and on Hemodynamics in Elder Adults." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 34, no. 06 (January 2006): 959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x06004430.
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The health of the middle-aged and elderly people is a major concern given the rapid aging population and rising costs of medical care. Low-impact exercise on a regular basis is ideal for maintaining the well-being of an aging population. Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is the most well-known and most widely practiced form of low-impact martial arts therapy and has been shown to have positive health effects. A lesser-known form of martial arts therapy is Wai Tan Kung (WTK), which our previous study found to have positive health effects as well. The present study compares the effects of TCC and WTK on autonomic nervous system modulation and on hemodynamics in adults among non-exercising control (30), TCC practitioners (30) and WTK practitioners (30). Our study found that in a short-term, WTK and TCC exercises enhanced the vagal modulation, lowered the sympathetic modulation and lowered arterial blood pressures in the practitioners. It was also observed that the forced vital capacity of TCC practitioners was significantly higher than that of WTK practitioners before exercise. There were no significant differences in the percentage changes in HRV measures and hemodynamics between WTK and TCC practitioners 30 and 60 min after exercise, indicating that the effects of WTK and TCC were similar in magnitude. In conclusion, TCC and WTK are comparable to each other in terms of their effects on autonomic nervous system modulation and hemodynamics, thus suggesting that WTK can be just as beneficial as TCC as a form of low-impact exercise for elderly adults.
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Mahy, George E., Rosemarie Mallett, Julian Leff, and Dinesh Bhugra. "First-contact incidence rate of schizophrenia on Barbados." British Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 1 (July 1999): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.1.28.
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BackgroundThe incidence rate for broad schizophrenia among second-generation African–Caribbean people in the United Kingdom has been reported as high. Ethnicity, migration and psychosocial stressors have been suggested as causal factors.AimsTo determine the incidence of schizophrenia for the whole population of Barbados using an identical methodology to two previous studies in Trinidad (Bhugra et al, 1996) and London (Bhugra et al, 1997)MethodA12-month study of all persons in the 18–54-year age group presenting with a psychosis for the first time was carried out on the population of Barbados. Information was collected using World Health Organization screening and measurement instruments.ResultsOn an island of just over a quarter of a million, 40 out of the 53 patients that met the inclusion criteria were categorised as S+ (narrow) schizophrenia, giving an incidence rate of 2.8/10 000 (95% CI 1.97–3.7). The incidence rate for broad schizophrenia was calculated at 3.2/10 000 (95% CI 2.3–4.1), which is significantly lower than the comparable rate for London's African–Caribbeans of 6.6/10000 (95% CI 4.5–8.7)ConclusionsThe very high rate for broad schizophrenia among African–Caribbean people in the UK is probably due to environmental factors.
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Ibrahim, Fausat Motunrayo. "Rethinking the African Value of High Fertility: The Yorùbá Farmers’ Example." Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society 8, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/modafr.v8i1.308.
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African culture is implicated in the population dynamics of sub-Saharan Africa which is distinctly pro-fertile. However, there is a dearth of emic African demographic perspectives. In this light, the present article is a representation of demographic motivations of Yorùbá farmers’ who are largely rural residents and “more traditional” in orientation. Their articulations underscore themes cum bases of challenging the African value of high fertility, including the burdensome conceptualisation of high fertility; an appreciation of negative effects of high fertility on individuals and society; and the construction of high fertility as a threat to reaping “child food” (oúnje ọmọ), among others. In the current social climate, traditional culture is altered, manipulated or reconstructed to suit changing realities, thereby vindicating the “culture by the people” as opposed to “culture for the people” approach to cultural understanding.
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Mugeere, Anthony, Anna Barford, and Paul Magimbi. "Climate Change and Young People in Uganda: A Literature Review." Journal of Environment & Development 30, no. 4 (October 3, 2021): 344–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10704965211047159.
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The disruptions of anthropogenic climate change are increasingly severe. People living in sub-Saharan Africa are especially exposed to these risks, and amongst them young people. It is well established that climate disruptions have the potential to halt education, displace populations, and wreck infrastructure. This rigorous literature review focuses on climate change in the landlocked East African country of Uganda, demographically the world’s third youngest country, where young people struggle to get by due to insufficient work opportunities. Extended to other countries in the Eastern and Central African region, the review considers what is known about the intersection of youth livelihoods and climate change; young people’s susceptibility to climate disruption due to limited resources and livelihood options; and the constraints around their responses. The review findings suggest the need for substantial youth informed interventions to bolster young people’s economic resilience and adaptive capacity given the worsening climate change and prolonged population growth.
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Guerchet, Maëlenn, Antoine Gbessemehlan, Caroline Adou, Jean-Pierre Clément, Bébène Ndamba-Bandzouzi, Pascal Mbelesso, and Dismand Houinato. "330 - Depression and Anxiety among Older people in Central Africa: Results of the EPIDEMCA population-based study." International Psychogeriatrics 32, S1 (October 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220002306.
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Introduction:Depression and anxiety are two very common psychiatric disorders in late-life. They are markers of poor quality of life and are strongly associated with death among older people. Yet, few studies on these comorbidities have been conducted in the African population. This study aims to present the epidemiology of depression and anxiety among older people in Central Africa.Method:A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out in Republic of Congo (ROC) and Central African Republic (CAR) between 2011 - 2012 among older people aged ? 65 years (EPIDEMCA study). Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and participants underwent a brief physical examination. Depression and anxiety symptoms were ascertained using a community version of the Geriatric Mental State (GMS-B3) and the Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy diagnostic system (AGECAT), probable cases were defined as having a GMS-AGECAT level of 3 or more. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between potential risk factors collected and each symptom.Results:Overall 2002 participants were included in the EPIDEMCA study (500 in Brazzaville and 529 in Gamboma in ROC, 500 in Bangui and 473 in Nola (473) in CAR). Median age of the participants was 72 years [interquartile range: 68 – 78 years] and females were mostly represented (61.8%). Prevalence was 38.1% (95% Confidence Interval: 35.9% - 40.2%) for depression, 7.7% (95% CI: 6.5% - 8.9%) for anxiety and 5.7% (95% CI: 4.6% - 6.7%) for the co-occurrence of both disorders. For all three outcomes, prevalence was significantly higher among females and in rural areas. Only depression increased with age. Preliminary analyses showed that female sex, living in a rural area, and living without a partner were associated with the three outcomes (Odds Ratios from 1.59 to 3.27; p<0.01). In-depth results regarding correlates of depression, anxiety and the co-occurrence of both will be presented.Conclusion:The prevalence of depression and anxiety was high among Central African older people. Evidence on the epidemiology of these common psychiatric symptoms are of importance for care management and also emphasize the need to maintain and/or strengthen social support around older people in the region.
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Adeyeye, Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan, Abiodun Omowonuola Adebayo-Oyetoro, and Hussaina Kehinde Tiamiyu. "Poverty and malnutrition in Africa: a conceptual analysis." Nutrition & Food Science 47, no. 6 (November 13, 2017): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-02-2017-0027.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the concept of poverty and malnutrition in Africa, implications and the way out. Design/methodology/approach Several literatures were reviewed on the causes, modes, implications and solutions to the contemporary challenges of poverty and malnutrition in Africa. Findings Poverty and malnutrition are two sides of a coin that are ravaging the African continent. These were as a result of underdevelopment, maladministration and lack of focus and vision by the generations of leaders saddled with administration in different African countries. Poverty in Africa embraces lack of basic human needs faced by people in African society. Many African nations are very poor, and their income per capita or gross domestic product per capita fall toward the bottom of list of nations of the world, despite a wealth of natural resources. In 2009, according to United Nations (UN), 22 of 24 nations identified as having “Low Human Development” on the UN’s Human Development Index were in sub-Saharan Africa and 34 of the 50 nations on the UN list of least developed countries are in Africa. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 233 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were hungry/undernourished in 2014-2016 (its most recent estimate). In total, 795 million people were hungry worldwide. According to the World Bank, sub-Saharan Africa was the area with the second largest number of hungry people, as Asia had 512 million, mainly due to the much larger population of Asia when compared to sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank also reported in 2012 that sub-Saharan Africa Poverty and Equity Data was 501 million people, or 47 per cent Poverty has also been reported as the principal cause of hunger in Africa and the principal causes of poverty have been found to be harmful economic systems, conflict, environmental factors such as drought and climate change and population growth. Originality/value This study examined the concept of poverty and malnutrition in Africa, the implications and the way out.
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Saiz, María, Christian Haarkötter, Luis Javier Martinez-Gonzalez, Juan Carlos Alvarez, and Jose Antonio Lorente. "Genetic Population Flows of Southeast Spain Revealed by STR Analysis." Genealogy 7, no. 2 (April 25, 2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7020029.
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The former Kingdom of Granada, comprising the provinces of Granada, Málaga, and Almería (GMA), was once inhabited for over 700 years (711–1492 AD) by a North African population, which influenced its creation and establishment. The genetic data on 15 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) in 245 unrelated donor residents were examined in order to assess any possible admixture. As the two surnames in Spain follow an inheritance similar to the Y chromosome, both surnames of all 245 unrelated individuals were queried and annotated. The Spanish Statistics Office website was consulted to determine the regions with the highest frequency of individuals born bearing each surname. Further, several heraldry and lineage pages were examined to determine the historical origin of the surnames. By AMOVA and STRUCTURE analysis, the populations of the three provinces can be treated genetically as a single population. The analysis of allele frequencies and genetic distance demonstrated that the GMA population lay in the Spanish population group but was slightly more similar to the North African populations than the remainder of the Spanish populations. In addition, the surnames of most individuals originated in Northern and Central Spain, whereas most surnames had higher frequencies in Southern Spain. These results confirm that the GMA population shows no characteristics that reflect a greater genetic influence of North African people than the rest of the populations of the Iberian Peninsula. This feature is consistent with the historical data that African inhabitants were expelled or isolated during the repopulation of the region with Spaniards from Northern Spain. The knowledge of present populations and their genetic history is essential for better statistical results in kinship analyses.
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Carrillo Vigueras, Jesús, Manuel Gómez López, and Gregorio Vicente Nicolás. "Mejora de la calidad de vida de los mayores a través del Tai Chi y Chi Kung (Quality of live improving in elderly people through Tai Chi and Qigong)." Retos, no. 16 (March 28, 2015): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i16.34981.
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El continuo crecimiento de la población mayor junto al mantenimiento de la calidad de vida, hacen de la actividad física un aspecto fundamental en el tratamiento integral de los efectos negativos que el paso de los años tiene en nuestra salud, aumentando la esperanza de vida y sobre todo mejorando la calidad de la misma. El Tai Chi y el Chi Kung son modalidades de actividad física muy recomendadas para este grupo poblacional, debido a sus características, a su bajo impacto, posibilidad de practicarlo sin necesidad de instalaciones, materiales o equipamientos especiales, pudiendo practicarse en lugares al aire libre (plazas, parques y jardines), lo que añade igualmente un disfrute del medio ambiente a través del contacto con la naturaleza. Todo esto la hace una práctica ideal para el fomento y promoción de la actividad física en los mayores.Abstract: The continuous growth of elderly people and the high standards of their quality of life, makes the physical activity an important element in the integral treatment of the age negative effects, in order to length the life expectancy and improve the quality of it. The Tai Chi and the Qigong are modalities of physical activity very suitable for this population group, due to their characteristics, to his low impact, not needing facilities, nor material or special equipment for their practice, being able to practice in outdoors spaces (squares, parks and gardens), which also entails to enjoy environment and the nature contact. All this makes an ideal practice for the encouragement and promotion of the physical activity in elderly people.
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Kanyengo, Christine Wamunyima. "The Digital Age and African Studies Scholarship: Promoting access and visibility of information resources." African Research & Documentation 118 (2012): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00020549.
Full textAbstract:
Africa is a region made up of different countries; occupied by people of different ethnicities and cultures with a rapidly growing population. “Africa's population has been growing 2.3 per cent per year, a rate more than double that of Asia's population (1 per cent per year). The population of Africa first surpassed a billion in 2009 and is expected to add another billion in just 35 years (by 2044)”. It is also a region whose countries are at different levels of development; politically, socially and economically. Politically, at least since the 1990s, most of the countries are moving away from one party forms of governance and military dictatorships to multiparty political dispensations. Socially it has been affected and afflicted by poverty, diseases and internal conflicts that have brought a lot of suffering to its peoples.
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Kanyengo, Christine Wamunyima. "The Digital Age and African Studies Scholarship: Promoting access and visibility of information resources." African Research & Documentation 118 (2012): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00020549.
Full textAbstract:
Africa is a region made up of different countries; occupied by people of different ethnicities and cultures with a rapidly growing population. “Africa's population has been growing 2.3 per cent per year, a rate more than double that of Asia's population (1 per cent per year). The population of Africa first surpassed a billion in 2009 and is expected to add another billion in just 35 years (by 2044)”. It is also a region whose countries are at different levels of development; politically, socially and economically. Politically, at least since the 1990s, most of the countries are moving away from one party forms of governance and military dictatorships to multiparty political dispensations. Socially it has been affected and afflicted by poverty, diseases and internal conflicts that have brought a lot of suffering to its peoples.
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De Gregori, Thomas R., and William Darity. "Surplus People and Expendable Children: The Structure of Apartheid and the Mortality Crisis in South Africa." Review of Black Political Economy 15, no. 4 (March 1987): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903729.
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South Africa's apartheid scheme is considered as a paradigm case for the creation and maltreatment of a putatively surplus population. Both active and passive policies are identified that are utilized to contain the numbers of the black population of the nation. Of particular significance is a strategy of neglect that has led to exceptionally high infant and child mortality rates in the “homelands.” In addition, the South African authorities’ efforts to destabilize neighboring regimes in Angola and Mozambique has had similarly adverse repercussions on mortality rates there.
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Bello, Bashir, Felix Amadi, and Bello Salmanu Batsari. "Weakening the weak: A political economy of COVID-19 in Africa." Forum for Economic and Financial Studies 1, no. 1 (November 23, 2023): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.59400/fefs.v1i1.242.
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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which began in China at the end of 2019, is said to have infected over seven million people and has been responsible for the deaths of almost 600,000 people. It became a global emergency with its impact on the political, social, and economic lives of the entire world population. The International Monetary Fund and other sources have predicted that the effect of COVID-19 would include recession, and experts have claimed it would be orchestrated by commodity plummet, drops in tourism, inconsistent supply and demand, etc. Importantly, as COVID-19 advances in Africa, it is pertinent to address the peculiar nature of its impact on the African countries’ social, political, and economic atmosphere. The whole impact of COVID-19 seems to be weakening the weak African countries, considering the conspicuous challenges individual African countries are confronted with. This paper explores and explicates the political economy of COVID-19 in African countries. The paper was a desktop approach analysis of the political economy of COVID-19 and relevant materials were used from textbooks, the internet, and other journals.
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Greenwood, Jeremy, Philipp Kircher, Cezar Santos, and Michèle Tertilt. "An Equilibrium Model of the African HIV/AIDS Epidemic." Econometrica 87, no. 4 (2019): 1081–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta11530.
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Twelve percent of the Malawian population is HIV infected. Eighteen percent of sexual encounters are casual. A condom is used a third of the time. To analyze the Malawian epidemic, a choice‐theoretic general equilibrium search model is constructed. In the developed framework, people select between different sexual practices while knowing the inherent risk. The calibrated model is used to study several policy interventions, namely, ART, circumcision, better condoms, and the treatment of other STDs. The efficacy of public policy depends upon the induced behavioral changes and equilibrium effects. The framework complements the insights from epidemiological studies and small‐scale field experiments.
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Sacheli, Rosalie, Saadia Harag, Florence Dehavay, Séverine Evrard, Danielle Rousseaux, Akole Adjetey, Laurence Seidel, Kim Laffineur, Katrien Lagrou, and Marie-Pierre Hayette. "Belgian National Survey on Tinea Capitis: Epidemiological Considerations and Highlight of Terbinafine-Resistant T. mentagrophytes with a Mutation on SQLE Gene." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040195.
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Background: In this last decade, a huge increase in African anthropophilic strains causing tinea capitis has been observed in Europe. The Belgian National Reference Center for Mycosis (NRC) conducted a surveillance study on tinea capitis in 2018 to learn the profile of circulating dermatophytes. Methods: Belgian laboratories were invited to send all dermatophyte strains isolated from the scalp with epidemiological information. Strain identification was confirmed by ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequencing. Mutation in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene was screened by PCR. Results: The main population affected by tinea capitis was children from 5–9 years. Males were more affected than females. The majority of the strains were collected in the Brussels area followed by the Liege area. Among known ethnic origins, African people were more affected by tinea capitis than European people. The major aetiological agent was Microsporum audouinii, followed by Trichophyton soudanense. One strain of Trichophyton mentagrophytes has been characterized to have a mutation on the squalene epoxidase gene and to be resistant to terbinafine. Conclusions: African anthropophilic dermatophytes are mainly responsible for tinea capitis in Belgium. People of African origin are most affected by tinea capitis. The monitoring of terbinafine resistance among dermatophytes seems necessary as we have demonstrated the emergence of resistance in T. mentagrophytes.