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1

Skibska, Anna Maria. "Dyskretna apologia starości w twórczości Milana Kundery." Slavica Wratislaviensia 163 (March 17, 2017): 567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.163.47.

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A discreet apology of old agein the works of Milan KunderaIn the essay, the titular problem of old age is related to the great literary canon, within which the history of novel is established and developed. The canon itself, in terms of H. Bloom, means a perpetual and creative source of struggle against the literary traditions’ influence, which is also to shape Kundera’s novels and essays. Thus the old age is conceived as abroad metaphor consisting of the great works of the great precursors, who invented us along with our modern world. Furthermore, Kundera allows his readers to associate the old age motif with awide range of often opposite properties alike slowness, carefulness, lightness, triviality, laughter, transparence, non-presence, or non-essence, etc. These properties are rendered by aseries of the writer’s favorite figures, to which belong: irony, ellipsis, and litotes that are to determine the central motif of vis comica inherited by Kundera from his masters, Cervantes, Rabelais, Diderot, and Sterne.Diskrétní apologie stáří v díle Milana Kundery V článku je problematika stáří konfrontována s evropským literárním kánonem, který obsahuje avytváří dějiny evropského románu. Tento kánon, v souladu s teorií Harolda Blooma, tvoří nekonečný tvůrčí zdroj boje s literární tradicí, boje, který se rovněž zrcadlí v románech Milana Kundery. V jeho díle je stáří zobrazeno jako široce chápaná metafora děl velkých spisovatelů, kteří jsou zodpovědni za obraz současného světa. Kundera pracuje s motivem stáří asrovnává ho s celou škálou témat, která ho zajímají, tzn. s retardací, opatrností, lehkostí, triviálností, humorem, průhledností, nepřítomostí, bezvýznamností apod. K zobrazení těchto témat využívá své oblíbené figury: ironii, elipsu alitotésu, které determinují problematiku vis comica, přejatou od oblíbených předchůdců. Jsou mezi nimi Cervantes, Rabelais, Diderot aSterne.
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2

Margala, Miriam. "The Unbearable Torment of Translation: Milan Kundera, Impersonation, and The Joke." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 1, no. 3 (March 18, 2011): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9c62h.

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Milan Kundera, a Czech émigré writer, living in Paris and now writing in French, is (in)famous for his tight and obsessive authorial control. He has said many times that he did not trust translators to translate his works accurately and faithfully. The various translations of his novel Žert (The Joke) exemplify this point. The novel has been translated into English, French, and many other languages more than once, depending on Kundera’s dissatisfaction with a particular translation (which, at first, he would support). Thus, there followed a cascade of translations (namely in French and English) as Kundera would eventually become dissatisfied even with the latest “definitive” translated version. As he famously says in an interview regarding the 1968 French translation of Žert, “rage seized me”. From then on, Kundera showed displeasure at any translator who, however briefly, would impersonate the author and take some license in translating Kundera’s work. Further, Kundera decided that only his full authorial involvement in the process would ascertain “the same authenticity” of his translations as the original Czech works. Kundera thus becomes the omnipresent, omnipotent author, himself impersonating God controlling his own creation. Finally, Kundera takes extreme measures and translates Žert into French himself. The resulting translation surprised many – editing changes are plentiful but apparent only to those who can compare the original Czech text with Kundera’s own translation. Kundera’s stance is conflicting, as he denies creativity to other translators but as the auto-translator, Kundera freely rewrites, rather than just retranslates, his own works. By exploring the convoluted and complex history of translations of Kundera’s works, I will try to illuminate the reasons behind Kundera’s posture. I will support my discussion by analyzing not only well known Kundera’s statements, but also those less quoted which, as I have discovered, are rather crucial to understanding Kundera’s position.
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Bieńczyk, Marek, and Olga Żyminkowska. "“A novel that does not uncover a hitherto unknown segment of existence is immoral”. A Conversation with Marek Bieńczyk on Milan Kundera’s Works (Conducted by Olga Żyminkowska)." Czytanie Literatury. Łódzkie Studia Literaturoznawcze, no. 8 (December 30, 2019): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2299-7458.08.31.

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The interview with Marek Bieńczyk covers, in general, the subject of the philosophy of novel by Milan Kundera and the reception of his works nowadays in Poland and abroad. Marek Bieńczyk – the French translator of Milan Kundera’s novels – talks about the history of his first translations and the beginnings of scientific thinking about Kundera. Moreover, he explains the problems connected with Kundera’s authorial and elaborate philosophy of novel: the conception of narrator, hero and composition. Bieńczyk also narrates his own memories with M. Kundera. What is more, he indicates the inspirations he draws in his own work from innovative prose by Czech novelist, who is celebrating his 91st anniversary this year.
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4

Janiec-Nyttrai, Agnieszka. "Šedá zóna mezi záměrem a činem aneb pár úvah o paradoxnosti lidských plánů v prozaické tvorbě Milana Kundery." Slavia Occidentalis, no. 73/2 (June 14, 2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2016.73.28.

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The aim of the study is to offer a slightly different view of Milan Kundera’s prose and to recall the issues of memory and human activities as the subjects of constant interpretation and reinterpretation. Last but not least, the article examines human identity and the freedom of human decision-making. In the study, the theory of cultural oblivion is used as a strategy for building our own identity and subjectivity. Notably, since the 1960s, Kundera has dealt with these issues, which later became the subject of memory studies. Kundera has overtaken the memory boom which was highly popular for some years. Another important issue analysed in the study is the question of responsibility for one’s own deeds, worlds, actions and the issue of the possibility of dialogue between people. All these issues are examined on the basis of Kundera’s novels.
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5

Rafalska, Dominika. "Jak Milan Kundera został „donosicielem” i co z tego wynikło?" Media Biznes Kultura, no. 2 (15) (December 23, 2023): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25442554.mbk.23.013.19043.

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W 2008 roku czeski tygodnik „Respekt” oskarżył pisarza Milana Kunderę (1929–2023) o to, że w latach 50. XX wieku wydał czechosłowackiej bezpiece Miroslava Dvořáčka – młodego współpracownika amerykańskiego kontrwywiadu. Ofiara donosu została skazana na lata ciężkiego więzienia i cudem uniknęła śmierci. Publikacja, która jednoznacznie ogłosiła winę pisarza, powstała na podstawie jednej odnalezionej w archiwum USTR (czeski odpowiednik IPN) notatki milicyjnej, w której wymieniono nazwisko Milana Kundery. Sprawę szeroko omawiały media zarówno w Czechach, jak i na świecie. Także w Polsce rozpętała się burza. Dziś, gdy świat żegna Milana Kunderę, warto wrócić do tamtej publikacji, przyjrzeć się jej formie, językowi i zabiegom stylistycznym, które mocno podważyły reputację znanego pisarza. Ostatecznie Milanowi Kunderze niczego nie udowodniono, a sam pisarz wydał jedynie lakoniczne oświadczenie, w którym wszystkiemu zaprzeczył. Autorzy artykułu koncentrują się na publikacji „Respektu” z 2008 roku: jego formie i rzetelności przekazu. Jaki obraz, jaką rzeczywistość udało się wykreować autorom tego tekstu? Podjęto próbę spojrzenia na wydarzenia z 2008 roku z dzisiejszej perspektywy. Ważne wydaje się pytanie o to, czy teksty rozliczeniowe w ogóle powinny gościć na łamach prasy, czy lepiej, aby były przedmiotem wyłącznie badań i publikacji naukowych? Jeśli o podobnych sprawach powinna dowiadywać się opinia publiczna z prasy codziennej, jakie podstawowe standardy powinna ona spełniać?
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6

Bradbrook, B. R., and Helena Kosková. "Milan Kundera." World Literature Today 73, no. 2 (1999): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40154792.

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7

Əfqan qızı Umudova, Şəms. ""A creature with unbearable lightness" by Milan Kundera." SCIENTIFIC WORK 77, no. 4 (April 17, 2022): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/77/104-110.

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Milan Kundera əsas müasir yazıçılardan biridir. Həyatı kommunizmin əzabına məruz qalan yazıçı Kundera 1970-ci illərin ortalarında Fransaya sığınmaq üçün Çexoslovakiyanı tərk etdi. Unudulmuş fəlsəfə kimi qələmə verilə bilən romanlaın müəllifi hesab olunur: onların hamısı tarix, siyasət, öz taleyi ilə mübarizə aparan fərdləri təsvir edir. Onun personajlarının qarşılaşdığı əsas çətinlik mənanın yaradılmasındadır: Onun varlığına necə məna vermək olar? Milan Kunderanın yaradıcılığında fəlsəfi təhlilə ən çox məruz qalan, şübhəsiz ki, varlığın Dözülməz yüngüllüyüdür.“Varlığın Dözülməz Yüngüllüğü” ilk növbədə 1960-1970-ci illərdə Praqa həyatına həsr olunmuşdur.O, Praqa baharından 1968-ci ildə işğal olunmuş Sovet İttifaqına qədər kommunist dövründə Çex cəmiyyətinin bədii və intellektual həyatını araşdırır. Əsas personajlar Tomasdır həyat yoldaşı Tereza, ərinin xəyanətindən əziyyət çəkən fotoqraf; Sabina, azad ruhlu rəssam Tomasın məşuqəsi; və Sabinaya aşiq isveçrəli akademik Franz.Bu dörd simvolun hər biri metaforik bir fiqurun təcəssümüdür. Tomas qeyri-müəyyənlikdir, həm ər, həm də dəyişkən məşuqdur, başqa sözlə, Kierkegaard kateqoriyalarından, etikadan və estetikadan istifadə etməkdədir. Tereza ərinə sadiq, saf sevgini müdafiə edən əxlaqlı, sadiq arvaddır. Sabina yüngüllükdür, Kunderanın fikrincə müasirliyi müəyyən edən xüsusiyyətdir. Frans, Tereza kimi, cazibə qüvvəsini təmsil edir. Bu xarakter pis bir evlilikdə ilişib qalıb. O, köhnə dünyanı təcəssüm etdirir. Kundera bütün əsərlərində, o cümlədən bu romanında da özünün həyata keçməyən arzularını qələmə alıb və sözdən sirli-sehrli, əfsunlu bir dünya yaradıb.Kunderanın əsərlərində adi bir zarafat bəzən faicəyə gətirib çıxarır. Açar sözlər: varlıq, heçlik, yüngüllük, sevgi, sadiqlik, cazibə, xarakter, yenilik, saflıq, qeyri müəyyənlik, dəyişkənlik Umudova Shams Afgan "A creature with unbearable lightness" by Milan Kundera Abstract Milan Kundera is one of the main contemporary writers. Writer Kundera, whose life was tormented by communism, left Czechoslovakia in the mid-1970s to seek refuge in France. He is considered the author of a novel that can be written as a forgotten philosophy: all of them describe history, politics, individuals struggling with their own destiny. The main difficulty faced by his characters is in creating meaning: How can his existence be given meaning? The most subjected to philosophical analysis in Milan Kundera's work is undoubtedly the Unbearable Lightness of Being. "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" is primarily dedicated to life in Prague in the 1960s and 1970s. He explores the artistic and intellectual life of Czech society during the communist period, from the Prague Spring to the occupation of the Soviet Union in 1968. The main characters are Thomas, his wife Teresa, a photographer suffering from her husband's infidelity; Sabina, mistress of the free-spirited artist Thomas; and Franz, a Swiss academic in love with Sabina. Each of these four symbols is the embodiment of a metaphorical figure: Thomas is uncertain, both a husband and a changeable lover, in other words, he uses Kierkegaard categories, ethics and aesthetics. Teresa is a moral, loyal wife who is loyal to her husband and defends pure love. Sabina is light, according to Kundera, it is a feature that defines modernity. Frances, like Teresa, represents gravity. This character is stuck in a bad marriage. It embodies the old world. In all his works, including this novel, Kundera wrote about his unfulfilled dreams and created a mysterious, magical world from words. An ordinary joke in Kundera's works sometimes leads to tragedy. Key words :being, non – entity, lightness, love, loyalty, attraction, character, innovation, purity,
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8

YANINA, P. E., and I. V. TOLKACHEVA. "CATEGORIES OF LIFE, DEATH, IMMORTALITY IN MILAN KUNDERA'S NOVEL "IMMORTALITY"." Scientific Notes of Orel State University 100, no. 3 (September 26, 2023): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/1998-2720-2023-100-3-128-134.

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The article analyzes the philosophical categories «life», «death», «immortality»which form the basis of the ideological narrative plan in Milan Kundera’s novel «Immortality», as well as ways of their representation in the text. Using the paradox technique, M. Kundera changes the usual distribution of meanings associated with the concepts of «life» and «death»: life - being, good, death - non-existence, evil. M. Kundera deprives the antinomy of «life-death» of the usual confrontation, demonstrating by the example of his characters that life can contain death, and death can be a return to life. Such an idea of life and death is characteristic of traditional culture and is found in various religious paradigms (Christianity, Buddhism, etc.). In the novel «Immortality» there is a combination of the author’s view of philosophical categories and the approach characteristic of traditional culture, in which the semantic discourses of the concepts of «life», «death» and «immortality» constantly intersect. Traditional ideas about the nature of life and death are combined in the novel with a system ofparadoxes characteristic of the Kundera narrative, the purpose of which is to reveal contradictions within complex existential concepts and phenomena.
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9

UMUDOVA, Ş. Ə. "MİLAN KUNDERA – “GÜLMƏLİ MƏHƏBBƏTLƏR” HEKAYƏSİNDƏ MƏHƏBBƏT İDEYASI." Actual Problems of study of humanities 2, no. 2024 (July 15, 2024): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.62021/0026-0028.2024.2.149.

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Milan Kundera – The Idea of Love in the Story "Laughable Loves" Summary Born in Brno, Czechoslovakia, Milan Kundera was a student when the Czech communist regime was established in 1948, and later worked as a laborer, jazz musician and professor at the Institute for Advanced Cinematographic Studies in Prague. His books were banned after the Russian occupation in August 1968. She and her husband settled in France in 1975, and in 1981 became French citizens. He is the author of the novels "Joke", "Life is Elsewhere", "Goodbye Waltz", "Book of Laughter and Forgetfulness", "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" and "Immortality" and a collection of short stories "Laughable Loves" – all originally in Czech. His most recent novels, Slowness, Personality, and Ignorance, as well as his non-fiction works, Roman Art and Betrayed Will, were first written in French. The core of the themes that the author will work on in his later novels, as well as the original and innovative narrative methods in the development of these themes can be found in Kundera's "Laughable Loves", written with the greatest pleasure and delight. It can be said that the story book, which took ten years to write, is very different in terms of both content and form. In Kundera's stories, men persecute women with their "erotic passions." Married, single, old and young men face social difficulties, accept the loss of time and economic difficulties and try to attract women. Kundera beautifully reflects the universal challenges they face during this marathon. "Laughable Loves" is about raising the power of expression and aesthetics, as well as the successful depiction of this universal event – with humor.
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Mojsieva-Guševa, Jasmina. "NEW OBJECTIFICATION OF REALITY: THE BACKGROUND OF KUNDERA’S UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF BEING." PHILOLOGICAL STUDIES 18, no. 1 (2020): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2020-18-1-199-214.

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This text sheds light on the meaning of the popular phrases "unbearable lightness of being" and "feeling of austerity" in Milan Kundera's novel "The Book of Laughter and Oblivion" and Philip Kaufman's film "Unbearable Lightness of Being", which is based on Kundera's novel of the same name. This explanation is rooted in his subversive magically realistic poetics, which are related to his emigrant life path and the inability to directly write about the burning topics of freedom, terror, morality, human relations, promiscuity, love.Special emphasis is put on the poetics of magical realism, which is explained as the way in which Kundera expresses his artistic ideas. Specifically, many magically realistic elements are present in the above-mentioned works, such as: verbal magic; magical atmosphere; merging the real and the magical; displacement of time, space, identity. The representation of all these magically realistic elements is interpreted as a shield that covers a new objectification of the reality of East and West and of the postmodern world in general, which is characterized, as Kundera sarcastically states, by the phrase "unbearable lightness of being".
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Hattingh, H. "Being and the dialectics of irony: A reading of some of Milan Kundera’s novels." Literator 16, no. 2 (May 2, 1995): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v16i2.615.

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In this essay Milan Kundera is read as an artist who has something to say on the subject of being. He is also read as an ironist in the postmodern vein, an ironist whose writing shatters reader and author alike. The essay thus runs two processes simultaneously: Firstly it is a quasi-theoretical attempt at establishing Kundera’s idea of being. Secondly it will be an attempt at showing how Kundera’s ironising function is manifested in the novels themselves.
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Holmberg, Arthur, and Milan Kundera. "Interview: Milan Kundera." Performing Arts Journal 9, no. 1 (1985): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3247807.

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Cravens, Craig, and Michelle Woods. "Translating Milan Kundera." Slavic and East European Journal 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20459593.

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Fišer, Zbyněk. "Ludvík Kundera stoletý." Bohemica litteraria, no. 1 (2020): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/bl2020-1-10.

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Woods, Michelle. "Elsewhere: Translingual Kundera." Studies in the Novel 48, no. 4 (2016): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sdn.2016.0047.

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Rupnik, Jacques. "Kundera et l’Europe." Commentaire Numéro 184, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.184.0779.

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Estrada Villa, Armando. "Milan Kundera, ensayista." UNAULA: Revista de la Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana, no. 36 (September 30, 2016): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24142/unaula.n36a14.

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Milan Kundera volvió al primer plano. Su última novela, La fiesta de la insignificancia, lo puso de nuevo en el centro de la crítica. Del autor checo se leen, critican y disfrutan sus novelas. Empero, sus ensayos El arte de la novela (1986), Los testamentos traicionados (1993), El telón. Ensayo en siete partes (2005) y Un encuentro (2009), poco se conocen. Escritos con espíritu antidogmático, irreligioso, provocador, asistemático, antiideológico y transgresor, igual que sus relatos, se adentran en la trivialidad de lo cotidiano para explorar los problemas de la existencia humana, y así captar las posibilidades del hombre y de su mundo, para hacernos ver lo que somos y de lo que somos capaces.
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Barcellos, Felipe da Costa. "HISTÓRIA E LITERATURA: CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE O TOTALITARISMO NA OBRA DE MILAN KUNDERA." RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar - ISSN 2675-6218 3, no. 4 (April 24, 2022): e341377. http://dx.doi.org/10.47820/recima21.v3i4.1377.

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Milan Kundera é um escritor tcheco que se notabilizou por escrever romances que mesclam indagações políticas e reflexões filosóficas sobre a condição humana. Por causa do seu ativismo político, e da sua crítica, pela via artística, a elementos que perpassavam a realidade política e social da Tchecoslováquia, Kundera foi censurado pelo governo soviético, que exercia grande influência em seu país. Seus livros foram recolhidos e proibidos, e em 1975 ele se exilou na França. Em 1978, Kundera perdeu a cidadania tcheca, e dois anos depois se tornou um cidadão francês. Permanece morando na França até os dias atuais. Neste artigo, proponho um estudo sobre o olhar de Milan Kundera acerca do cenário político da Tchecoslováquia sob domínio da União Soviética. Para tanto, vou examinar algumas considerações sobre o totalitarismo que estão presentes em dois de seus romances: A insustentável Leveza do Ser e O Livro do Riso e do Esquecimento. Dessa forma, gostaria não somente de contribuir para uma maior compreensão da obra de Kundera, mas também de reafirmar a possibilidade de diálogo entre história e literatura.
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Magain, Céline. "Milan Kundera, Une rencontre." Slavica bruxellensia, no. 4 (October 15, 2009): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/slavica.292.

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Kearney, Richard. "Rushdie, Kundera and Wolfe." Irish Review (1986-), no. 7 (1989): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29735465.

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Parens, Erik. "Kundera, Nietzsche, and Politics." Philosophy Today 37, no. 3 (1993): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtoday199337317.

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Bielecki, Marian. "Literatura światowa widziana z warsztatu Gombrowicza albo Witold Gombrowicz według Milana Kundery." Wielogłos, no. 3 (53) (May 26, 2023): 89–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2084395xwi.22.018.16824.

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World Literature as Seen in Gombrowicz’s Craft, or Witold Gombrowicz according to Milan Kundera The article is a reconstruction of the project of “world literature” as presented in Milan Kundera’s essays. The writings of Witold Gombrowicz have a special place in Kundera’s conceptualisation (alongside those of Kafka, Musil or Broch), and the argumentation follows commentaries on him. The analyses presented here are concerned with three dimensions of Kundera’s project: historical-literary, theoretical-literary, and interpretative. The last of these is implemented not only by means of interpretative remarks on specific works by selected writers scattered throughout the essays, but also in Kundera’s inspirations and borrowings. The article discusses Kundera’s novel Život je jinde (Life is Elsewhere) as an example of dependence considered in terms of Harold Bloom’s “influence” on the writer.
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Wan, Jin. "Le tropisme philosophique de Milan Kundera : Le roman à la recherche de la définition perdue." Labyrinth 22, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v22i2.240.

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The Philosophical Tropism of Milan Kundera: The Novel in Search of the lost Definition(Abstract ) The philosophical tropism of Milan Kundera is manifested in particular by his novels in search of lost definition. The creation and the redefinition of concepts in his novels aiming at elucidating the essence show his ambition to " make philosophy in the way of a novelist". We examine his processes in the invention of concepts and the definition of words, as well as the similarity between his works and phenomenology, particularly Merleau-Ponty's approach. Through the metaphoricity of language and the inseparability between definitions and characters in his novels, Kundera revives a missed rendezvous between philosophy and novel. The definition of concept is no longer the privilege of philosopher. By the tireless pursuit of defining "the indefinable", Kundera transforms the novel into a place of phenomenological description and a field of thought experimentation, despite his ambiguity about this rapprochement.
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Wan, Jin. "Le tropisme philosophique de Milan Kundera : Le roman à la recherche de la définition perdue." Labyrinth 22, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v22i2.246.

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The Philosophical Tropism of Milan Kundera: The Novel in Search of the lost Definition The philosophical tropism of Milan Kundera is manifested in particular by his novels in search of lost definition. The creation and the redefinition of concepts in his novels aiming at elucidating the essence show his ambition to " make philosophy in the way of a novelist". We examine his processes in the invention of concepts and the definition of words, as well as the similarity between his works and phenomenology, particularly Merleau-Ponty's approach. Through the metaphoricity of language and the inseparability between definitions and characters in his novels, Kundera revives a missed rendezvous between philosophy and novel. The definition of concept is no longer the privilege of philosopher. By the tireless pursuit of defining "the indefinable", Kundera transforms the novel into a place of phenomenological description and a field of thought experimentation, despite his ambiguity about this rapprochement.
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Kabir, Shahnewaz. "The Notion of Eternal Return in Milan Kundera’s The Unbearable Lightness of Being." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v3i1.349.

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Milan Kundera, in his most popular and critically acclaimed novel, The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984), contemplates on the idea of eternal return devised by Friedrich Nietzsche and the idea of binary opposition between lightness and weight proposed by Parmenides. The novel sets in motion a set of complicated relationships mostly between Tomas, Tereza and Sabina, which are juxtaposed with the duality of lightness and weight based upon the idea of eternal return. Although Parmenides posits that lightness is positive and weight negative, Milan Kundera, in favor of Nietzsche, observes that the heaviest of weights, such as eternal returns, designates the most intense fulfillment in human life. This paper attempts to show that in spite of the deliberate ambiguity we observe in the novel the attainment of meaning can be compared to weight in the terms of Parmenides. Lightness, the binary opposition of weight, is suggestively denounced by the way the novel is developed along with the narratives, being guided by explanatory digressions. The illustration of Tomas designates a gradual shift from the course of lightness to weight and thus attains the Nietzschean doctrine of human greatness through embracing fate even at the cost of severe sufferings. The portrayal of Sabina in contrast with that of Tomas and Tereza implies Kundera’s denouncement of lightness to make a full circle. This essay presents the philosophical backgrou4d of the idea of eternal recurrence followed by a brief sketch of the story. Then it attempts to show how Kundera explores the Nieatzean ideas through the three central characters and their inter–relationships in The Unbearable Lightness of Being.
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YOMBO, Jean Marie. "Le personnage des temps extrêmes chez Milan Kundera." Revue Mosaïques, Volume 1, Numéro 7 (December 22, 2022): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.5865.

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La forme romanesque des temps extrêmes est, chez Milan Kundera, le lieu d’expression du tragique de l’homme contemporain surplombé par les déterminismes extérieurs, alors qu’il se grisait naguère de posséder le bâton de maréchal lui permettant de dominer la nature. Ainsi, avec Milan Kundera, le réalisme bourgeois ne constitue pas un axe pertinent pour l’analyse de cet « individu problématique » (Goldman 1964 : 23). C’est la raison pour laquelle, récusant la peinture des caractères, il montre, dans ses romans, que la vie intérieure du moi est devenue si insignifiante qu’on ne peut désormais le saisir qu’à partir des situations extérieures qui le surplombent. L’homme ainsi excédé se trouve face à une réalité qui lui échappe et se retourne contre lui. Cette situation montre que Kundera, dans le langage du roman, procède à ce que Foucault (1968 : 323) nomme « l’analytique de la finitude ». Le but de cet article est donc de montrer que les romans de Milan Kundera mettent en scène le tragique d l’homme trahi par le langage, déterminé par l’histoire et perverti par le règne de la technique, dans un monde par la technique.
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Llop Mangas, Iris. "Kundera lector de Broch: la novela como forma de conocimiento." Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_tropelias/tropelias.201953560.

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El propósito del presente estudio consiste en analizar la noción de "ensayo específicamente novelesco" desarrollada por Milan Kundera en sus ensayos. Dicha noción aparece por primera vez en L'art du roman (1986) ligada a la lectura que Kundera propone de Die Schlafwandler de Hermann Broch y se nutre de la concepción de la novela como instrumento de conocimiento del escritor austríaco. Los desplazamientos semánticos y las modificaciones, operadas por Kundera para adaptar la poética de Broch a su idea de novela, dan lugar a una concepción de la función del ensayo en la novela que permite entender este género como una forma de reflexión alternativa al modelo científico o filosófico de pensamiento.
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Silva, Heraldo Aparecido. "Narrativa e educação: algumas reflexões a partir de Benjamin, Kundera e Rorty." Revista Diálogo Educacional 11, no. 33 (July 7, 2011): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/rde.v11i33.4420.

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Este artigo analisa alguns aspectos da noção de narrativa à luz das idéias do filósofo alemão Walter Benjamin (1892-1940), do literato tcheco Milan Kundera (1929-) e do filósofo norte-americano Richard Rorty (1931-2007). A fundamentação teórica de nosso estudo estará centrada, principalmente, no conhecimento advindo a partir de autores como: Benjamin (1975, 1986), Kundera (1988, 1994), Rorty (1990, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000) e Orwell (1996). Assim, a interpretação dos textos dos autores estudados e a posterior confrontação de suas idéias permitirão relacioná-las conceitualmente com a temática proposta. Finalmente, propomos mostrar que, em alguns momentos e a despeito das diferenças teóricas entre Benjamin, Kundera e Rorty, suas vozes ecoam importantes mensagens em comum para a educação.
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Bieńczyk, Marek. "Césure et sublime." Czytanie Literatury. Łódzkie Studia Literaturoznawcze, no. 8 (December 30, 2019): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2299-7458.08.29.

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Having written The Joke, Kundera changed the modus vivendi of the novel’s narrator who, with time, became a separate protagonist. This is connected with the appearance of the ellipsis as the main plot device, which is not yet present in The Joke. This change in the way of narrating represents another and, perhaps, a deeper dividing line in Kundera’s writing than switching to another language (from Czech to French), the change of the setting (from Czechoslovakia to Western countries) and the change of the political system (from communist to ‘imagological’) as an instrument of oppression.
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30

Zapeka, Oksana A., and Lyudmila V. Phenomenova. "Phenomenon of Identity: Culturological Analysis of the Works by P. Ricoeur and M. Kundera." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 70 (2023): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2023-70-153-161.

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Comprehensive study of identity makes observable the very person of researcher and thus switches us from the question ’what?’ onto ‘who?’. Social practices and cultural values find reflection in literature, which serves a perfect source for studying various issues of culture, including the phenomenon of identity. Cultural and philosophical reasonings and ideas of Kundera provide a valuable insight into understanding of multi-faceted nature of identity. Ricoeur, who created the theory of narrative identity, establishes addressing to the literature in terms of the study of human selfhood. Both Kundera and Ricoeur were acutely sensitive towards the issues of modern culture and tried, each in his own way, to solve them — Ricoeur through philosophy, Kundera — by means of the novel, both noting the importance of the fiction in the study of identity. The writer believes that European art and, first and foremost, the novel was instrumental in shaping of man as personality, promoted readers` interest towards the others around and to different views of the world. The notion of narrative identity is, for sure, applicable not only towards the fiction but the culture as a whole, which is woven out of the stories being told and transferred across generations. The works of Ricoeur, on the one hand, act as an important theoretical basis for studying the issue of identity in the work of Kundera and on the other, Kundera`s reflections about the phenomenon of the novel, its structure, functions and poetics may serve a worthy addition and perfect illustration of of Ricoeur`s idea of narrative identity.
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Vibert, Bertrand. "Milan Kundera : la fiction pensive." Les Temps Modernes 629, no. 1 (2005): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ltm.629.0109.

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Bourgois, Hélène. "« L'affaire Kundera », un an après." Esprit Août/septembre, no. 8 (2009): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/espri.0908.0241.

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33

Podhoretz, Norman. "Lettre ouverte à Milan Kundera." Commentaire Numéro36, no. 4 (1986): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.036.0712.

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34

Czerwinski, E. J., and Peter Petro. "Critical Essays on Milan Kundera." World Literature Today 73, no. 4 (1999): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40155210.

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Oțoiu, Marcela-Cristina. "Rescrierea istoriei la Milan Kundera." Buletin Științific. Seria A, fascicula Filologie 28 (December 17, 2019): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/bsff.2019.28.19.

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36

Boisen, Jørn. "Piscines et plages chez Kundera." Revue Romane 42, no. 2 (December 27, 2007): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0811.2007.420204.x.

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37

Plasseraud, Yves. "Milan Kundera et l’Europe centrale." Esprit Juin, no. 6 (June 6, 2024): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/espri.2406.0109.

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Le romancier tchécoslovaque en exil en France est resté un porte-parole de l’Europe centrale, kidnappée par l’Union soviétique, ignorée des Occidentaux et qui n’a que sa culture pour défendre son identité.
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38

Ronæs, Nina, Bengt G. Lorentzen, Pål Silseth, and Line Lervik-Olsen. "Klagehåndtering i norske bedrifter." Magma 19, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/magma.v19.1015.

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Klagehåndtering i norske bedrifter er ikke noe å skryte av. Dette gir seg utslag i lav tilfredshet med klagehåndtering blant kundene, noe tall fra Norsk Kundebarometer tydelig viser. Dette er slett ikke bra for bunnlinjen og framtidsutsikteten for norske bedrifter. Men hva skyldes dette fenomenet egentlig? Er det bedriftene som feiler, eller er det kundene som nekter å snakke? Noe av årsaken er nok at norske kunder av en rekke ulike grunner ikke nødvendigvis klager når de er misfornøyde. En annen grunn er nok at norske bedrifter har langt igjen med hensyn til å fjerne barrierer som kunden måtte oppleve når det gjelder å klage. Også effektive klagehåndteringsstrategier ser ut til å mangle. Svikten fra begge sider fører til en tap–tap-situasjon. Kunden er misfornøyd, og bedriften vet ikke hva de skal foreta seg for å forbedre service­kvaliteten. De bedriftene som imidlertid lykkes i å få kundene i tale, som utvikler gode rutiner for klagehåndtering og lærer opp de ansatte til å ta imot klager med et smil – vil kunne vinne kundenes gunst tilbake. I denne artikkelen belyser vi kunders klagemønster og klagehåndtering i et utvalg bransjer som er representative for norske handlevogner. Vi belyser også tiltak som kan settes i verk for å utvikle effektive systemer for håndtering av klager og tilbakemeldinger fra kundene.
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Rösing, Lilian Munk. "Forklaring eller forklarelse." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 31, no. 95 (April 29, 2003): 132–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v31i95.21181.

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40

Parent, Thierry. "Le hasard à l’oeuvre chez Milan Kundera." Études françaises 41, no. 2 (September 28, 2005): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011382ar.

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Le hasard est un thème omniprésent dans l’oeuvre de Milan Kundera. Depuis La plaisanterie jusqu’à L’identité, le hasard est au coeur de l’écriture de cet auteur. Tantôt énigme à déchiffrer, tantôt facteur responsable de rencontres ou d’accidents, il est autant un ressort narratif qu’un élément central de la démarche ludique de l’auteur. Se concentrant principalement sur trois romans, La valse aux adieux, L’insoutenable légèreté de l’être et L’immortalité (dans lequel l’écrivain propose même une « théorie du hasard »), cette étude se penche sur les fondements et les conséquences du hasard dans le monde romanesque de Kundera. De nature non causale, le hasard contribue à redéfinir les paramètres du roman, surtout en ce qui a trait à la logique de cause à effet et à l’unité d’action. Ce travail permet donc un nouveau regard sur l’oeuvre de Milan Kundera et, par extension, sur le rôle du hasard dans la pratique romanesque contemporaine.
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Sonia, Elvireanu. "The Rewriting of the Homeric Myth in Milan Kundera’s novel “The Ignorance”." Incursions into the Imaginary 6, no. 1 (October 15, 2015): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/inimag.2015.6.7.

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42

Hajji, Abdelouahed. "La réécriture du mythe d'Ulysse dans L'Ignorance de Milan Kundera." Études romanes de Brno, no. 2 (2023): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/erb2023-2-22.

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L'Ignorance de Milan Kundera traite de l'exil et de l'émigration. En particulier, l'auteur repense l'essence de l'émigration à travers l'expérience d'Irena et de Josef, deux protagonistes qui ont quitté leur pays natal lors de l'invasion russe en 1968. Kundera réécrit le mythe homérique pour dédramatiser le statut de l'émigrant tout en montrant les avantages de l'émigration et l'illusion du « grand retour ». De ce point de vue, l'Ulysse d'Homère n'échappe pas à cette illusion si bien qu'il est mécontent dès son arrivée à Ithaque. D'une manière générale, Kundera lutte contre les stéréotypes voyant dans l'émigrant un être de souffrances. Il cherche, en particulier, à dépouiller l'émigration de sa dimension sentimentale, lyrique et politique. De plus, le roman pose le problème de l'altérité dans un contexte d'émigration. L'émigré subit ainsi une ambivalence culturelle telle qu'il n'est pleinement reconnu ni dans son pays d'adoption ni dans sa terre natale. Il incarne en fait la figure de l'être transfrontalier.
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Audet, Noël. "Éva Le Grand, Kundera ou la Mémoire du désir." Études littéraires 28, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/501140ar.

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44

Malmio, Kristina, Risto Turunen, Tarmo Kunnas, Markku Lehtimäki, Kaisa Kurikka, and Tanja Sitomaniemi. "Arvostelut." AVAIN - Kirjallisuudentutkimuksen aikakauslehti, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2005): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30665/av.74643.

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Kristina Malmio Nöyryyden retoriikka — naiskirjailijoiden paikoista 1840-luvun Suomessa Heidi Grönstrand: Naiskirjailija, romaani ja kirjallisuuden merkitys 1840-luvulla Risto Turunen Romaani teorioiden puristuksessa Matti Kuhna: Kahden maailman välissä — Marko Tapion Arktinen hysteria Väinö Linnan haastajana Tarmo Kunnas Moderni Milan Kundera Liisa Saariluoma: Milan Kundera — viimeinen modernisti Markku Lehtimäki Kuvasta ja sanasta sanoin ja kuvin Kai Mikkonen: Kuva ja sana Kaisa Kurikka Lukemisen taito Päivi Kosonen: Elämisen taito Tanja Sitomaniemi Tapaamisia amerikkalaisten identiteettien kanssa Goldblatt, Roy, Nyman, Jopi, and John A. Stotesbury: Close Encounters of an Other Kind
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45

Lupo, Virginie. "Requiem pour une nonne de Camus." Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 52, no. 1 (April 24, 2017): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.52.1.05lup.

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Abstract Unlike other adaptations that he has himself chosen, Requiem for a Nun, which was adapted and staged in 1957, is the fruit of a proposal to which Camus responded positively. That’s why I want to examine Camus’ personal motivation for writing this play. I will analyze it in the light of one of Milan Kundera’s texts: Jacques et son maître, Hommage à Denis Diderot en trois actes – which is an adaptation of Jacques et son maître by Denis Diderot – and I will try to see if it is an adaptation, a variation (term borrowed from the music and from Kundera) or a tribute from Camus to Faulkner.
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46

Tafalla, Marta. "Violence and Memory in Milan Kundera." Enrahonar. Quaderns de filosofia 38 (July 7, 2007): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/enrahonar.331.

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47

Boureau, Alain. "Milan Kundera, historien de la contingence." Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire 112, no. 4 (2011): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/vin.112.0099.

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48

Neginsky, Rosina, and John O'Brien. "Milan Kundera and Feminism: Dangerous Intersections." Slavic and East European Journal 41, no. 2 (1997): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/309770.

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49

Boisen, Jørn. "Le malentendu—Kundera et ses paratextes." Neohelicon 37, no. 1 (March 25, 2010): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11059-010-0064-7.

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50

Hudymač, Aleksandra. "Kunderowskie zmagania z kiczem – raz jeszcze o „Nieznośnej lekkości bytu”." Załącznik Kulturoznawczy, no. 3 (2016): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zk.2016.3.04.

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This paper deals with the Kundera’s most popular novel as a passionate dialogue with kitsch. The Unbearable Lightness of Being is based on the antinomy of lightness and heaviness, as well as kitsch and individuality. The narrator treats his characters as the experimental ego and confronts them with the reality created on the cross-scheme of those key-words mentioned above. Kundera interprets the phenomenon of Kitsch as the tool to create a totalitarian reality and slave human beings, but also as something, that can be recognize and ‘domesticate’, and then comprise an inalienable part of human existence and its relation to the world. Paper also deals with the Kundera’s famous aversion to film his novels. He banned any further film adaptations of his work, having disliked the way The Unbearable Lightness of Being had been adapted by Philip Kaufman in 1988.
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