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1

KLEIN, SAINT-ANDRE REGINE KUGEL G. "CONTRIBUTION EXPERIMENTALE ET THEORIQUE A L'ETUDE DES PROPRIETES STRUCTURALES, DYNAMIQUES ET PHOTOCONDUCTRICES DANS KTAO#3 DOPE AU LI /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1994/Klein.Regine.SMZ9437.pdf.

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2

Gubaev, Airat. "Light-induced absorption changes in ferroelectric crystals SrxBa1-xNb2O6:Ce; KTaO3; KTa1-xNbxO3 /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980219035.

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3

Raji, Aravind. "Exploring the electronic and structural properties of tantalates and infinite-layer nickelates via electron microscopy and x-ray spectroscopy approaches." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP116.

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Les systèmes de matériaux tels que les oxydes de métaux de transition (TMO) présentent des fonctionnalités robustes, fortement liées à leurs degrés de liberté électroniques et structurels. Il est possible de stabiliser de nouvelles structures TMO présentant de nouvelles propriétés en contrôlant ces degrés de liberté, comme c'est le cas des nickelates supraconducteurs à couche infinie (IL), des gaz d'électrons bidimensionnels (2DEG) dans le KTaO₃, etc. Dans cette thèse, une combinaison de techniques complémentaires a été employée, à savoir la microscopie électronique à transmission à balayage (STEM), la spectroscopie de perte d'énergie électronique (EELS), la microscopie électronique à quatre dimensions (4D), la spectroscopie de photoémission de rayons X durs (HAXPES), des calculs ab-initio complémentaires et des expériences de diffusion des rayons X pour élucider les origines de la physique complexe présentée par ces systèmes. Cette thèse commence par explorer les origines des ordres concurrents tels que l'ordre de charge périodique 3a₀ dans les IL-nickelates, observés dans les expériences de diffusion des rayons X. Ici, grâce à une analyse combinée avec STEM-EELS, 4D-STEM et HAXPES, cet ordre particulier s'est avéré provenir d'un ordre {303}pc particulier de vacances d'oxygène dans le film mince de nickelate. Une exploration plus poussée a permis de découvrir une nouvelle phase de nickelate coordonnée à trois composants et ordonnée en valence, de formule A₉B₉O₂₂, qui est un intermédiaire entre la pérovskite mère et le nickelate IL réduit. Compte tenu de la contribution possible de la nanostructure de l'interface de la couche mince du substrat à la supraconductivité, une étude combinée avec STEM-EELS, 4D-STEM, HAXPES et des calculs ab-initio de l'interface a été réalisée. Il a été constaté qu'il existe des interfaces de type n et de type p très différentes dans les échantillons supraconducteurs. Cette non-universalité de la nanostructure de l'interface dans les échantillons supraconducteurs de nickelate d'IL a permis de dissocier l'influence de l'interface et la supraconductivité dans les nickelates d'IL. Cela a suscité l'intérêt pour l'étude d'une interface d'oxyde, où l'interface est supraconductrice, et dans la partie suivante, les 2DEGs supraconducteurs dans AlOₓ/KTaO₃ ont été explorés. L'aspect électronique et structurel de l'interface AlOₓ/KTaO₃ contrôlant les 2DEG a été étudié en utilisant STEM-EELS et HAXPES. Une carte de l'espace réel du 2DEG a été obtenue, ainsi que des indications d'une expansion significative de la cellule unitaire dans cette région. La méthode des ondes stationnaires (SW) résolues en couches a également indiqué un déplacement polaire substantiel pour les atomes de Ta réduits à l'interface. Alors que cette thèse explore les aspects structurels et électroniques de systèmes spécifiques, l'approche combinée utilisant les électrons (STEM-EELS, 4D-STEM) et les rayons X (HAXPES) peut être appliquée à une large gamme de systèmes TMO. Elle permet d'élucider les origines des propriétés complexes qu'ils présentent
Material systems such as transition metal oxides (TMO) exhibits robust functionalities, strongly coupled with its electronic and structural degrees of freedom. One can stabilize novel TMO structures hosting novel properties by controlling these degrees of freedom, as is the case of superconducting infinite-layer (IL) nickelates, two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) in KTaO₃, etc. In this thesis, a combination of complementary techniques has been employed that is the scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)- electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), four dimensional (4D)-STEM, hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES) and complementary ab-initio calculations and X-ray scattering experiments to elucidate the origins of the complex physics exhibited by these systems. This thesis begins by exploring the origins of competing orders such as the 3a₀ periodic charge order in IL-nickelates, observed in X-ray scattering experiments. Here, through a combined analysis with STEM-EELS, 4D-STEM and HAXPES, this particular ordering was found to be originating from a particular {303}pc ordering of oxygen vacancies in the nickelate thin-film. Further exploration resulted in the discovery of a new valence ordered and tri-component coordinated nickelate phase with the formula A₉B₉O₂₂, that is an intermediate between the parent perovskite and reduced IL-nickelate. Considering the possible contribution of the substrate thin film interface nanostructure to the superconductivity, a combined study with STEM-EELS, 4D-STEM, HAXPES and ab-initio calculations of the interface was done. It was found that there are highly different n-type and p-type interfaces exists in superconducting samples. This non-universality of interface nanostructure in superconducting IL-nickelate samples, decoupled the interface influence and superconductivity in IL-nickelates. This generated interest in studying an oxide interface, where the interface is superconducting, and in the followed part, the superconducting 2DEGs in AlOₓ/KTaO₃ was explored. The electronic and structural aspect of the AlOₓ/KTaO₃ interface controlling the 2DEG was studied using STEM-EELS and HAXPES. A real space map of the 2DEG was obtained, along with indications of a significant unit cell expansion in this region. Layer resolved standing wave (SW)-HAXPES also indicated a substantial polar like displacement for the reduced Ta atoms at the interface. While this thesis explores the structural and electronic aspects of specific systems, the combined approach using electrons (STEM-EELS, 4D-STEM) and X-rays (HAXPES) can be applied to a wide range of TMO systems. It can unravel the origins of complex properties exhibited by them
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4

Zukauskas, Andrius. "QPM Devices in KTA and RKTP." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Laserfysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-139475.

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Even though KTiOPO4 (KTP) is considered to be one of the best nonlinear materials for quasi phase matched (QPM) frequency conversion in the visible and the near-infrared spectral regions, its use is often limited by poor material homogeneity, high ionic conductivity, a considerable linear absorption and photochromatic damage. On the other hand, the improved material homogeneity and the lower ionic conductivity of bulk Rb-doped KTP (RKTP) make this material an ideal alternative for fabrication of fine-pitch QPM gratings, while the arsenate isomorph KTiOAsO4 (KTA) promises a better performance in the green spectral region and adds the advantage of a wider transparency window in the infrared. Unfortunately, the available studies on these materials are limited and unable to answer the question whether RKTP and KTA are feasible alternatives to KTP in terms of periodic poling and optical performance. The optical performance of the QPM devices depends on the periodic poling quality, therefore, a detailed comprehension of domain-grating formation in the KTP isomorphs is highly desired. The goals of this thesis were to gain a better understanding of the periodic poling process in the KTP isomorphs, in order to study the specifics of ferroelectric domain engineering in KTA and RKTP, and to evaluate the optical performance of these isomorphs. Fine-pitch periodically poled structures were engineered both in KTA and RKTP crystals. It was demonstrated that QPM gratings with excellent quality and with periods as short as 8.49 μm can be fabricated in KTA crystals. Comparative transmission studies have shown that periodically poled KTA (PPKTA) crystals can be superior to KTP for QPM second harmonic generation in the visible spectral region due to lower linear absorption. It was also demonstrated that RKTP is a superior alternative to KTP for high-quality QPM grating fabrication. A consistent room-temperature periodic poling of 5 mm thick RKTP crystals with a period of 38.86 μm has been achieved. The obtained large aperture periodically poled RKTP (PPRKTP) crystals showed an outstanding QPM grating uniformity and excellent optical performance in optical parametric oscillator (OPO) applications. Moreover, it was shown that RKTP is less susceptible to blue-induced infrared absorption than KTP. Finally, a novel and a relatively simple method for self-assembling quasi-periodic sub-μm scale ferroelectric domain structure in RKTP crystals has been presented. It was shown that, after treatment in aqueous KOH/KNO3 solution, periodic poling of RKTP with planar electrodes resulted in one-dimensional ferroelectric domain structure with an average periodicity of 650±200 nm, extending over the whole 1 mm thick crystal. Such self-assembled structures in RKTP were used to demonstrate 5th order non-collinear QPM backward second harmonic generation.

QC 20140114

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5

Fahri, Emmanuel. "Etude des anomalies paraélectriques quantiques de pérovskites dérivées de KTaO3." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20190.

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Les cristaux paraelectriques quantiques sont des dielectriques qui devraient etre ferroelectriques en dessous d'une temperature de curie-weiss t#c. A basse temperature, les fluctuations ferroelectriques sont controlees par un mode critique de vibration transverse optique (to), dit ferroelectrique qui devient mou au centre de la zone de brillouin lorsque la temperature decroit. Mais pour t < t#q t#c, le fort mouvement quantique de point zero de l'ion central (ta dans ktao#3) empeche la condensation du mode ferroelectrique, dont la frequence #t#o se stabilise a basse energie. La constante dielectrique sature a une tres grande valeur, et un fort couplage avec le mode transverse acoustique devient visible. En 1991, k. A. Muller, d'apres une etude rpe, envisage une transition de phase d'un nouveau type dans ces materiaux. B. Hehlen et e. Courtens s'interessent alors aux proprietes basses frequences du srtio#3 et du ktao#3. Les etudes de diffusion neutronique, mais surtout brillouin, montrent alors, parmi les nombreuses anomalies, une nouvelle excitation tres basse frequence, qu'ils attribuent au second son, la propagation ondulatoire de la chaleur. Ce travail presente des resultats nombreux et originaux obtenus en diffusion neutronique et brillouin a basse temperature (5-300 k) dans ktao#3 pour et dope au sodium. Une parametrisation des nappes de phonons dans ktao#3 a servi de base au calcul de la largeur normale des phonons, de la vitesse theorique du second son, dans le cas ou il serait effectivement observable, et du spectre complet de diffusion brillouin par fluctuations de densite de phonons. La comparaison des simulations avec l'experience montre un bon accord pour le calcul des largeurs et des nappes, et le processus physique observe en spectroscopie brillouin est probablement celui de difference de deux phonons. Les differents aspects de la dynamique des phonons basse frequence peuvent etre unifies au sein d'une theorie de diffusion brillouin au second ordre.
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6

Torgersen, Dale G. "KTO I KUDA? Russia, language, and national identity." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FTorgersen.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Europe and Eurasia))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Tsypkin, Mikhail ; Keyser, Boris. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Russian Language, Language Policy, Russification, Russia, Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Union, Identity, Nationalist, Nationalism, russkie, rossiianne, Baltic States, Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Romanov Dynasty, Bolsheviks, Communist Party, Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Putin. Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-33). Also available in print.
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7

Gutmann, Roland. "Liquid phase epitaxy of para- and ferroelectric KTa₁-xNbxO₃ /." Zürich, 1993. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=10095.

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8

Bareille, Cédric. "Effets d'une brisure de symétrie sur les stuctures électroniques d'URu2Si2 et de KTaO3." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937625.

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L'étude des symétries d'un système peut en révéler de nombreuses propriétés physiques. La brisure, spontanée ou non, d'une de ces symétries implique alors d'importantes conséquences sur le comportement du système. On le voit dans la description actuelle de la physique des particules, avec notamment la création de la masse, ou dans la physique des solides, domaine de cette thèse, avec l'apparition de phases aux propriétés diverses, comme le magnétisme ou la supraconductivité. Le présent travail étudie par spectroscopie de photoémission résolue en angle (ARPES) les effets d'une brisure de symétrie dans deux systèmes différents : le système de fermions lourds URu2Si2 et l'oxyde de métal de transition (TMO) KTaO3. Le cristal d'URu2Si2 passe d'une phase paramagnétique pour T>THO, sujette à la cohérence de Kondo, vers la phase dite d'ordre caché pour T
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9

片山, 郁文. "量子常誘電体KTaO3における光励起キャリアダイナミクス." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144157.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第12073号
理博第2967号
新制||理||1443(附属図書館)
23909
UT51-2006-J68
京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻
(主査)教授 田中 耕一郎, 教授 松田 祐司, 教授 金光 義彦
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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10

Halperin, Dalia-Ruth. "Haʼiywr bamiqrwgrapiyah beyn ktab lmakḥwl : maḥzwr hamiqrwgrapiyah haqatalaniy ktab yad 8°6527 heb bebeyt haspariym halʼwmiy whaʼwniybersiyṭaʼiy biyrwšalayim = the Catalan micrography Mahzor MS Heb 8°6527 in the Jewish national and university library in Jerusalem /." [Jérusalem] : [s.n.], 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41424391n.

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Ḥiybwr lqabalat twʼar dwqṭwr--Piylwswpiyah--Jerusalem--Hebrew university, 2008.
Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Illuminating in micrography between script and brush : the Catalan micrography Mahzor MS Heb 8°6527 in the Jewish national and university library in Jerusalem / by Dalia-Ruth Halperin. P. de titre en anglais. Résumé en anglais.
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11

Klein, Régine. "Contribution expérimentale et théorique à l'étude des propriétés structurales, dynamiques et photoconductrices dans KTaO3 dopé au Li." Metz, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1994/Klein.Regine.SMZ9437.pdf.

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L'objet de la thèse est une étude des propriétés structurales, dynamiques et photoconductrices du système KTaO3 dopé au lithium Li (souvent appelé KTL), appartenant à la famille des pérovskites ABO3 hautement intéressante du point de vue des applications en optique non-linéaire et en photorefractivite. Le rôle de l'introduction du Li sur l'apparition d'un ordre dipolaire à courte voire à longue portée, sur les propriétés structurales (transition de phase, nature, mécanisme) et dynamiques (énergie, amortissement, dispersion des vibrations cristallines) fait encore l'objet de controverses malgré les nombreux travaux existant sur ce sujet. Une contribution à la clarification des questions encore soulevées dans le système KTL est apportée par des mesures de spectroscopie Raman et de diffusion inélastique de neutrons thermiques. Des aspects théoriques de dynamique cristalline sont également développés et appliques modelistiquement dans le but d'interpréter le spectre Raman du second ordre très intense d'une part, et de spécifier le rôle du Li sur le caractère non-linéaire du système d'autre part. L'accroissement de la fréquence du mode mou et la diminution de la contribution non-linéaire a la polarisabilité de l'oxygène lorsque la concentration en Li augmente, montrent que le li réduit la non-linéarité du système. Ce phénomène est interprété par l'apparition a l'échelle microscopique d'amas polaires induits par le Li. Ces amas rendent les chaines O-Ta moins rectilignes et entravent les fortes polarisabilités le long de ces chaines. L'activation dans le spectre Raman de ktl de raies du premier ordre, en principe interdites par symétrie, est interprétée a l'aide d'une théorie tenant compte des fluctuations polaires relaxationnelles induites par les ions Li décentrés et leur interaction avec le réseau cristallin. Une phase polaire avec des microrégions d'extension spatiale dépendant de la concentration en Li et de la température est mise en évidence. Dans le cas des hautes concentrations, les résultats sont caractéristiques d'une transition de phase cubique-quadratique avec installation d'un ordre à plus longue portée. Des mesures de photoconductivité dans KTL, avec une énergie d'illumination inferieure à celle de la bande interdite, révèlent l'existence de photocourants nettement supérieurs à 0. 1 uA pour des températures inferieures à 80K. Leur intensité est du même ordre de grandeur que celle observée dans les semi-conducteurs classiques et est fortement dépendante de la concentration en Li, de la température et du traitement de l'échantillon. Les résultats expérimentaux sont interprétés de façon satisfaisante grâce à un modèle théorique. Le schéma de structure électronique proposé suppose l'existence de niveaux électroniques dus aux déplacements des oxygènes induits par les ions Li décentrés et à des impuretés de fer non contrôlées
The thesis is a study of the structural, dynamic and photoconductive properties of Li doped KTaO3 system (often called KTL) which belongs to the perovskites ABO3 family, highly interesting for their applications in non-linear optics and in photorefractivity. The Li introduction role in the occurence of a short and even a long range dipolar order and in the structural (phase transition, nature, mechanism. . . ) and dynamic (energy, damping, lattice vibration dispersion) properties is still debated in spite of the many studies on this subject. A contribution to the understanding of the questions still open in the KTL system is given by Raman spectroscopy and thermal inelastic neutron diffusion measurements. A lattice dynamic theory is developed and applied in order to interpret the very intense second-order Raman spectrum on one hand and to specify the Li role in the non-linear character of the system on the other hand. The increase of the soft mode frequency and the decrease of the oxygen polarisability non-linearity with Li concentration augmentation show that the Li ions reduce the non-linearities. This phenomenon is interpreted by the occurence, at a microscopic scale, of polar clusters induced by the Li. These clusters are placed on the Ta-O chains and restrict the polarisability along these chains. The first-order Raman lines activation, in principle not allowed by symmetry, is interpreted with a theory taking into account the relaxational polar fluctuations induced by the offcentered Li ions and their interaction with the crystalline lattice. The existence of a polar phase with microregions of spatial extension depending on Li concentration and on temperature is evidenced. For high Li concentrtions, the results are characteristic of a cubic tetragonal phase transition with long-range order. Photoconductivity measurements in KTL, with light energy lower than the bang gap, show the existence of photocurrents higher than 0. 1 uA for temperatures lower than 80K. Thecureents intensities are of the same order as in conventional semi-conductors and are strongly influenced by the Li concentration, the temperature and the sample treatment. Experimental results are satisfactorily interpreted by a theorical model. The proposed electronic structure scheme assumes the existence of electronic levels due to the oxygen displacement induced by the off-centered Li ions and to uncontrolled iron impurities
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12

Mesli, Hocine. "Analyse expérimentale et théorique du spectre Raman dans la phase cubique de la solution solide KTa1-xNbxO3." Metz, 1986. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1986/Mesli.Hocine.SMZ8616.pdf.

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Les propriétés dynamiques de la solution solide KTa1-xNBxO3, présentant une transition de phase structurale pour des concentrations de niobium supérieures à 0. 8% ont été étudiées systématiquement en fonction de la température et de la concentration de niobium. Cette étude a été menée expérimentalement par spectroscopie Raman dans la phase cubique et en fonction de la symétrie. L'intense spectre de diffusion Raman fait apparaître les mêmes structures que dans KTaO3 pur. Il est attribué essentiellement à des diffusions du second ordre, et l'introduction d'ions Nb ne le modifie pas fondamentalement. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été analyses sur la base d'un modèle dynamique cristalline anharmonique. La non linéarité retenue se traite en termes de couplage électrons-phonon du 4ème ordre localisé sur le site des ions oxygène, ce qui revient, en fait, à introduire une polarisabilité non linéaire de ces ions. D'après nos calculs ces couplages, qui expliquent correctement l'amollissement du mode ferroélectrique mou, sont aussi responsables de l'intense spectre Raman du second ordre observé dans la phase cubique. En effet, les différentes structures, leur profil, leur comportement en température, en symétrie et en concentration d'ions niobium sont bien reproduits dans le cadre de ce modèle
The dynamical properties of solid solution KTa1-xNBxO3, presenting a structural phase transition for niobium concentration higher than 0. 8 %, have been studied systematically as a function of temperature and niobium concentration. This study has been carried out experimentally by Raman spectroscopy in the cubic phase and as function of symmetry. The intense Raman spectrum shows the same strucutres than in pur KTaO3. It can be attributed essentially to second order diffusion, and the introduction of niobium ion do not modify it basically. These experimental results have been analysed in the framework of an anharmonic dynamical shell model. The non-linearity is treated in terms of fourth-order electron-phonon coupling, localized on the oxygen ions, which means in fact, a non linear polarisability of these ions. Our calculations show that these couplings which explain accurately the softenning of ferroelectric mode, are also responsible for the strong second order Raman spectrum observed in the cubic phase. Indeed, the various structures, their profile, their behaviour with temperature, symmetry and concentration of niobium ions are well reproduced within the framework of this model
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Moussavou, Arnaud-Gides. "Couches minces ferroélectriques KTa1-x-NbxO3 (KTN) : applications à la reconfigurabilité de dispositifs hyperfréquences et des antennes BIE." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S019.

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Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l’application des matériaux ferroélectriques aux dispositifs hyperfréquences reconfigurables. Après une présentation du matériau KTN et un état de l’art des dispositifs agiles, le chapitre II présente l’étape de l’élaboration du matériau. Les films de KTN sont épitaxiés sur MgO, LaAlO₃ et SrTiO₃ / silicium alors qu’ils sont texturés sur saphir et platine / silicium. Les caractérisations diélectriques sont ensuite mises en relief. Le chapitre III est dédié à l’étude numérique de lignes de transmission et résonateurs à stub, en termes de pertes et d’agilité. Les mesures des dispositifs, présentées au chapitre IV, montrent une agilité supérieure à 20 % pour des résonateurs intégrant des couches de KTN sur saphir, associée à des pertes des films caractérisées par un tanδ supérieur à 0,1. Dans le chapitre V, la simulation électromagnétique d’une antenne BIE à cavité Fabry-Perot a démontré un dépointage de faisceau de 30° et une directivité maximale de 14,5 dB
The present work deals with the application of the ferroelectric material for agile devices. After a presentation of the ferroelectric material KTN and a state of the art of basic ferroelectric thin film agile devices, the chapter II deals with the KTN material elaboration. KTN films on LaAlO₃, MgO and SrTiO₃ / silicon are epitaxial while those on sapphire and platin/silicon are essentially textured. Dielectric characterizations are also presented in this chapter. The chapter III is dedicated to the numerical study of standard microwave devices, transmission lines and stub resonators, in terms of agility and loss. The measurements are discussed in chapter IV. Stub resonators show an agility higher than 20%, with a loss factor tanδ higher than 0. 1. In chapter V, we demonstrate numerically the feasibility of a reconfigurable Fabry-Perot antenna with a 30° beam scanning capability and a maximal directivity of 14,5 dB
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14

Maráky, Daniel. "Kto seje vietor, žne búrku obraz atentátu v hranom filme a ďalšie s úvislosti." Master's thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze.Filmová a televizní fakulta. Knihovna, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-156123.

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15

Cissé, Fatou. "Dispositifs hyperfréquences et antennes périodiques reconfigurables à base de films minces ferroélectriques des systèmes KTN-KNN." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S028/document.

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Ce travail concerne la réalisation et la caractérisation de dispositifs hyperfréquences agiles en fréquence à base du matériau ferroélectrique KTa1-xNbxO3 (KTN) déposé en couche mince. Doté d'une permittivité diélectrique élevée (er = 700 à 10 GHz et Ebias = 0 kV/cm), KTN est un candidat prometteur pour la reconfigurabilité et la miniaturisation des dispositifs hyperfréquences. Ses pertes restent néanmoins conséquentes (tanδr = 0,3 à 10 GHz et Ebias = 0 kV/cm) et sont en partie à l'origine des pertes globales des dispositifs hyperfréquences réalisés. Afin de limiter ces pertes, une double approche a été engagée : (1) réduction des pertes diélectriques par le dopage du matériau KTN par un oxyde à faibles pertes : MgO à 3% et 6% en moles et (2) réduction des pertes globales par le confinement du matériau KTN dopé dans les zones actives des dispositifs hyperfréquences. Les couches minces de KTN non dopé et dopé d'épaisseur ~ 600 nm ont été déposées sur substrats de saphir orienté R par ablation laser pulsé (PLD). Deux compositions différentes (KTa0,5Nb0,5O3 et KTa0,65Nb0,35O3) ont été sélectionnées pour cette étude. Des dispositifs coplanaires imprimés sur les films ferroélectriques ont été réalisés et caractérisés dans la bande d'intérêt 1 GHz-20 GHz. Le dopage à 6% assure le meilleur compromis pertes / agilité avec une réduction significative des pertes globales de 0,73 à 0,20 (facteur ~ 4) du dispositif résonant imprimé sur KTa0,5Nb0,5O3 après son confinement par microgravure laser. Une agilité en fréquence de 8% est obtenue sous Ebias ≈ 75 kV/cm. L'étude d'une antenne à ondes de fuite reconfigurable en bande Ku a ensuite été mise en oeuvre. Les couches minces de KTa0,5Nb0,5O3 d'épaisseur ~ 600 nm ont été déposées par PLD sur substrats de saphir R, puis le matériau ferroélectrique a été localisé par microgravure laser dans les 6 zones actives de l'antenne (constituée de 6 tronçons). L’évolution du coefficient de réflexion sous Ebias ≈ 85 kV/cm montre une agilité en fréquence égale à 2%. Un gain maximal de 6,7 dBi a été mesuré à f = 17 GHz et Ebias = 0 kV/cm, conformément aux résultats de simulation
This work deals with the fabrication and characterization of frequency tunable microwave devices based on ferroelectric KTa1-xNbxO3 (KTN) thin films. KTN material is a promising candidate for the tunability and miniaturization of microwave devices, due to its high dielectric permittivity (er= 700 at 10 GHz and Ebias= 0 kV/cm). Nevertheless its intrinsic loss (tanδr= 0.3 at 10 GHz and Ebias= 0 kV/cm) strongly impacts the global loss of the tunable microwave devices. To reduce this, a twofold solution has been investigated: (1) reduction of the loss tangent by doping KTN material with a low loss oxide, namely MgO (3% and 6% in mol.) and (2) confinement of the doped KTN film in efficient regions of the microwave devices and removal in noncritical areas by laser microetching. The ~ 600 nm-thick undoped and doped KTN films have been grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) on R-plane sapphire substrates. Two different compositions (KTa0.5Nb0.5O3 and KTa0.65Nb0.35O3) were specifically selected for this study. Microwave measurements have been performed on KTN-based coplanar devices from 1 GHz to 20 GHz. Stub resonator printed on confined 6% doped KTa0.5Nb0.5O3 film exhibits the best loss/agility trade-off with a significant global loss reduction from 0.73 to 0.20 (factor ~ 4) with a 8% frequency tunability under Ebias≈ 75 kV/cm.Thereafter, the study of a reconfigurable Ku-band leaky-wave antenna has been carried out. A ~600 nm-thick KTa0.5Nb0.5O3 film was deposited by PLD on R-plane sapphire substrate. The ferroelectric material was localized by laser microetching on 6 specific areas of the antenna (consisted of 6 sections). The variation of the reflection coefficient under biasing (Ebias≈ 85 kV/cm) demonstrates a frequency tunability of 2%. A gain equal to 6.7 dBi has been measured at f= 17 GHz and Ebias= 0 kV/cm, in accordance with the numerical results
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16

Rod, Serge. "Etude par résonance magnétique nucléaire des transitions de phase dans les cristaux KTa₁₋xNbxO₃ faiblement dopés /." Lausanne, 1991. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=927.

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17

Bouziane, El Ghalia. "Etude par spectroscopie Raman de l'ordre polaire et des transitions de phase dans les solutions solides de KTa1-x NbxO3 (KTN)." Metz, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1994/Bouziane.El_Ghalia.SMZ9421.pdf.

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Le travail présente dans ce mémoire concerne une étude expérimentale sur le rôle des défauts dans le déclenchement des transitions de phase, que subissent les solutions solides de KTa1-x NbxO3 (KTN) en fonction de la température. L'objectif est de comprendre les modifications induites par le niobium dans les propriétés du composé KTaO3 pur et le processus de transition de phase. Nous avons effectué des mesures diélectriques, optiques (diffraction et transmission de la lumière) et surtout des expériences de spectroscopie Raman sur des échantillons de KTN de différentes concentrations. Par diffusion de lumière, nous avons étudié en fonction de la température, de la concentration du niobium et de la polarisation de la lumière, à la fois le comportement du pic central, du mode mou (basse fréquence) et des modes durs (haute fréquence), et ce particulièrement au voisinage des transitions structurales mises en évidence par les autres techniques. Les résultats obtenus par les différentes méthodes sont en bonne cohérence et sont interprétés, selon un modèle phénoménologique, en terme de clusters polarisés (ilots ferroélectriques autour de l'impureté), en connexion avec le mécanisme des transitions de phase structurales. L'origine physique des raies Raman additionnelles et la nature des transitions de phase structurales sont discutées. Les expériences Raman réalisées sous champ électrique confirment cette interprétation
This work concerns experimental investigations about the influence of defects on the mechanism of phase transitions in solid solutions of KTa1-x NbxO3 (KTN). The aim is to understand the changes in the properties of the pure sample KTaO3 and the phase transition process which are induced by niobium doping. We have performed dielectric, optical (light diffraction and transmission) measurements and mainly Raman scattering experiments on KTN samples with different niobium concentrations. Simultaneously, the behaviour of the central peak, the soft mode (low frequency) and hard modes (high frequency) have been studied with light scattering as function of the temperature, the niobium concentration and the light polarization, specially in the vicinity of the structural phase transitions which were evidenced by other techniques. The results obtained by the various methods are in good agreement and interpreted, according to a phenomenological model, in terms of polarized clusters (ferroelectic microregions formed around the impurity), in relation with the phase transition mechanism. The physical origin of the additional Raman lines and the nature of the structural phase transitions are discussed. Raman measurements performed under applied electric field confirm this interpretation
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18

Zhang, Ling Yan. "Dispositifs agiles à base de couches minces ferroélectriques de KTa1-xNbxO3 pour les applications hyperfréquences multistandards : contribution à la diminution des pertes diélectriques." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2005.

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Le contexte de ce travail de recherche est lié à la forte augmentation du nombre de standards de communication et la nécessité de pouvoir utiliser l’un ou l’autre de ces standards à partir d’un seul et même front-end RF. Pour atteindre cet objectif il est nécessaire de mettre au point des fonctions agiles telles que les filtres, les déphaseurs,… De nombreux travaux ont montré la possibilité d’introduire une agilité au niveau des fonctions que ce soit par des semi-conducteurs, des MEMs ou des matériaux agiles. Nous nous intéressons aux matériaux ferroélectriques. Ces matériaux, et plus particulièrement le matériau BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST), ont fait l’objet de nombreux travaux ces dernières années. Dans l’esprit de la recherche de nouveaux matériaux ferroélectriques, nous avons décidé de travailler sur la mise en oeuvre de fonctions agiles en hyperfréquence à base de couches minces ferroélectriques de KTa1-xNbxO3 (KTN) développées au sein du laboratoire USC de Rennes et susceptibles d’apporter une alternative au BST. Le point de blocage actuel reste le niveau trop élevé des pertes diélectriques liées à l’utilisation de ce matériau. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons travaillé sur l’amélioration des performances de dispositifs accordables à base de KTN. Pour cela, les solutions suivantes ont été testées dans le but d’optimiser le compromis agilité/pertes : Influence de la composition (KTa50Nb50O3, KTa65Nb35O3,. . . ) Dopage du film mince ferroélectrique Insertion d’une couche tampon de KNbO3 Localisation de la couche de KTN dans le dispositif Utilisation de la méthode de dépôt par voie chimique en solution afin d’améliorer la qualité des dépôts
The scope of this research work is in connection with the strong increase in the number of communication standards and the need to be able to use either standard from a single RF front-end. This aim requires the development of agile fonctions such as filters, phase shifters. . . Many studies have demonstrated the feasibility of introducing agility into functionality by semiconductors, MEMs or agile materials. Ferroelectric materials are a topic of interest for us since they constitute an interesting solution for the realization of frequency agile fonctions. These materials have dielectric properties that can be modified under the action of an electric control, easily integrated in planar devices. In the last years, many studies dealt with these materials, especially the BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) material. In the spirit of search for new ferroelectric materials, we decided to focus on the implementation of microwave agile fonctions based on KTa1-xNbxO3 (KTN) ferroelectric thin-film developed within the USC laboratory (Rennes) and liable to constitute an alternative to BST. The main difficulty, nowadays, is the far too high level of dielectric losses in relation with the use of this material. Within the scope of this thesis work, our investigations were focused on enhancement of the performances displayed by devices based on tunable KTN ferroelectric thin films. It led us to test various solutions aimed at optimizing the tenability/loss compromise: Influence of the composition (KTa50Nb50O3, KTa65Nb35O3,. . . ) Doping of ferroelectric thin-film Insertion of KNbO3 seed layer Position of the KTN film in the device Deposition of a chemical solution for enhancement of the quality of deposits
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19

Foussadier, Laurent. "Etude des fluctuations polaires dans KTa(1-x)NbxO3 (KTN) : approche théorique des résultats de spectroscopies neutronique et Raman." Metz, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994METZ043S.

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L'objet de ce travail est d'interpréter à l'aide de modèles théoriques des résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur le composé dopé KTa(1-x)NbxO3 (KTN). Pour x valant 0, le composé KTaO3 reste cubique jusqu'à ok, alors que pour x valant 1, KNbO3 subit une séquence de trois transitions ferroélectriques. Les solutions solides de KTN se présentent donc comme le prototype idéal pour étudier l'établissement de l'ordre polaire en fonction de la température et de la concentration. Le premier chapitre consiste en une revue bibliographique des résultats antérieurs sur le système KTN. Les bases théoriques nécessaires à l'étude des transitions de phase sont rappelées dans le second chapitre. Les chapitres 3 et 4 sont consacrés à l'interprétation des résultats de diffusion de neutronique et Raman. Les courbes de dispersion sont obtenues pour des KTN de concentrations 0. 8% et 1. 2%. Des calculs de dynamique cristalline basés sur le modèle de la coquille anisotrope mettent en évidence un échange de vecteurs propres entre les deux branches transverses les plus basses en énergie à même d'expliquer la dépendance en température anormale du Ta. Nous avons également avancé une explication possible de la dispersion caractéristique du mode mou en centre de zone (comportement en goutte d'eau). Un modèle théorique est développé pour expliquer l'évolution en température des spectres de diffusion Raman et des intensités intégrées. Les deux régions t inferieures à Tc (spectres Raman de premier ordre) et T supérieur à Tc (raies prémonitoires) sont étudiées. Après avoir insisté sur les approximations du modèle, la longueur de corrélation de l'ordre précurseur est déterminée. Dans un dernier chapitre en forme de conclusion, le mécanisme général de la transition de phase dans les KTN est discuté
This work is devoted to the interpretation of experimental results by theoretical models in the doped system KTa(1-x)NbxO3 (KTN). Potassium tantalate is a well known compound which remains cubic down to 0K. At the opposite of phase diagram, pure KNbO3 shows a sequence of three ferroelectric phase transitions. Solid solutions of KTN are then a prototype to study the occurence of phase transitions versus temperature and concentration. Previous results available in literature are reminded in the first chapter. In the second one, we recall the fundamental aspects for the theoretical study of phase transitions. Chapter3 and 4 are devoted to the interpretation of neutron and Raman scattering results. Dispersion curves are obtained for KTN with concentrations 0. 8% and 1. 2%. To describe these curves, we have applied dynamical calculations based on the anisotropic shell model. In this model, the anomalous temperature dependance of the TA phonon becomes from an exchange of eigenvectors between the two lowest transverse phonons. A possible explanation of the characteristic dispersion of the soft mode close to zone centre is also given (the "drop like" behaviour). A theoretical model is developed to explain the temperature dependance of both Raman spectra and integrated intensities at temperatures above and below phase transition (precursor order and first order Raman scattering). We especially point the approximations of this model. Finally, the correlation length of the precursor order is calculated in paraelectric phase. In the last chapter we summarise all results and we discuss the general mechanism of phase transitions in KTN
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20

FOUSSADIER, LAURENT FONTANA M. "ETUDE DES FLUCTUATIONS POLAIRES DANS KTA#1#-#XNB#XO#3 (KTN). APPROCHE THEORIQUE DES RESULTATS DE SPECTROSCOPIES NEUTRONIQUE ET RAMAN /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1994/Foussadier.Laurent.SMZ9443.pdf.

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21

MESLI, HOCINE Kugel Godefroy. "ANALYSE EXPERIMENTALE ET THEORIQUE DU SPECTRE RAMAN DANS LA PHASE CUBIQUE DE LA SOLUTION SOLIDE KTA#1#-#XNB#XO#3 /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1986. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1986/Mesli.Hocine.SMZ8616.pdf.

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22

Le, Henaff Claudie. "Contribution à l'étude de la distribution de densité de charge par diffraction X dans les matériaux optiquement non linéaires : application à LiB₃O₅ et KTiO(AsO₄)." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10313.

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Le présent travail s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'étude des matériaux dotés de propriétés remarquables en optique non linéaire, et en particulier des matériaux utilisés pour le doublage de fréquence de radiations lasers. Nous nous sommes intéressés à deux de ces matériaux. Le premier, l'arséniate de potassium et de titanyl KTiOAsO₄ (KTA) est isotype du phosphate de potassium et de titanyl KTiOPO₄ (KTP), qui est une référence dans le domaine. Le second composé est le triborate de lithium LiB₃O₅ (LBO), présentant un intérêt particulier du fait de sa large fenêtre de transparence, permettant d'étendre le spectre des radiations utilisables. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer de manière précise la distribution de densité électronique de valence, à partir de mesures de diffraction aux rayons X à haute résolution, afin de mettre en évidence les systèmes d'électrons responsables des propriétés non linéaires de ces matériaux. Nous avons également réalisé une approche par calcul ab-initio d'un modèle du triborate de lithium LBO, nous permettant la comparaison des densités électroniques de déformation expérimentale et théorique. Dans cette approche, nous avons également mené une tentative de détermination des coefficients du tenseur de susceptibilité électrique du second ordre.
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23

市川, 雄貴. "量子常誘電体KTaO3の不純物誘起緩慢相転移における秩序過程." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/124362.

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24

Rousseau, Isabelle. "Non-linéarité cubique et dommage photochromique de KTP : métrologie des propriétés optiques paramétriques quadratiques appliquée aux isotypes arseniates KTA, RTA, CTA." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS040.

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La finalité de ce travail est d'améliorer la métrologie des propriétés optiques paramétriques cristallines et d'optimiser les dispositifs optiques. Dans une première partie, nous réalisons la première expérience de génération de tierce harmonique directe dans KTP et déterminons la valeur absolue et le signe de X( 3 ) 1 6 et Χ ( 3 ) 2 4, les deux éléments du tenseur Χ ( 3 ) gouvernant les interactions a 4 ondes efficaces dans KTP. Cette étude nécessite la prise en compte des interactions quadratiques en cascade Χ ( 2 ): ( 2 ), le calcul complet des puissances générées, ainsi que le calcul des tenseurs Χ ( 2 ) et Χ ( 3 ) par le modèle de charge de liaison. La deuxième partie concerne l'extension de la méthode de la sphère, initialement appliquée en situation de génération de second harmonique, aux interactions de somme et différence de fréquences. Avec le nouveau banc de mesure, nous déterminons les directions d'accord de phase de KTA, RTA ET CTA, en particulier pour la génération entre 3 μm et 5 μm (bande II de transparence de l'atmosphère) ; nous établissons également leurs équations de Sellmeier, qui sont les plus fiables a l'heure actuelle. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, nous étudions l'influence du dommage photochromique sur les propriétés optiques de KTP : nous mesurons l'augmentation photoinduite des coefficients d'absorption et mettons en évidence l'importance de l'axe polaire ainsi qu'une modification éventuelle de la surface des cristaux. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que le degré du dommage photochromique n'augmente pas au-delà d'une certaine intensité laser et qu'il diminue en fonction de la température.
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25

Simon, Quentin. "Croissance et caractérisations de couches minces ferroélectriques de KTa₁₋ₓNbₓO₃ pour des applications hyperfréquences : contribution à la diminution des pertes diélectriques." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S097.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est l’optimisation des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de couches minces ferroélectriques de tantalate niobate de potassium pour améliorer leurs propriétés diélectriques en vue de les intégrer dans des dispositifs agiles en hyperfréquences. Après avoir étudié l’influence du substrat sur les propriétés des films déposés par ablation laser, différentes voies de dopages ont été explorées : par ajout d’oxyde de magnésium, ce qui a permis une nette diminution des pertes diélectriques, ou par substitution du tantale par le titane permettant une amélioration de la permittivité diélectrique et de l’agilité des couches sans augmenter leurs pertes. En parallèle, une méthode de dépôt par voie chimique en solution a été développée pour synthétiser des couches de tantalate niobate de potassium dès 600°C à partir de procédés simples tels que le spin-coating, avec une qualité cristalline comparable à celles des couches déposées par ablation laser
The works realised in this thesis have for purpose to improve the dielectric properties of potassium tantalite niobate ferroelectric thin films, via the optimization of their chemical and structural properties, in order to integrate it in tunable microwaves devices. Firstly, the studies were focused on the influence of substrate on pulsed laser deposited films physical, chemical and dielectric characteristics. Secondly, different routes of doping have been explored: the addition of magnesium oxide decreases the dielectrics losses and the substitution of tantalum by titanium led to an improvement of the films dielectric permittivity and tunability without increasing their dielectric losses. Finally, in parallel, a chemical solution deposition method has been developed to synthesis potassium tantalite niobate thin films at 600°C with a simple process as spin-coating, and with crystalline quality closed to the one obtained on pulsed laser deposited films
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BOUZIANE, ELGHALIA Fontana Marc. "ETUDE PAR SPECTROSCOPIE RAMAN DE L'ORDRE POLAIRE ET DES TRANSITIONS DE PHASE DANS LES SOLUTIONS SOLIDES DE KTA#L#-#XNB#XO#3 (KTN) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1994/Bouziane.El_Ghalia.SMZ9421.pdf.

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27

FARHI, Emmanuel. "Etude des anomalies paraelectriques quantiques de perovskites derivees de KTaO_3." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003038.

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Les cristaux para'electriques quantiques sont des
di'electriques qui devraient ?etre ferro'electriques
en dessous de la temp'erature de Curie­Weiss Tc .
Que se passe­t­il ? A basse temp'erature, les
fluctuations ferro'electriques sont contr?ol'ees par
un mode de vibration transverse optique (TO),
dit ferro'electrique qui devient mou (sa fr'equence
diminue) au centre de la zone de Brillouin lorsque
la temp'erature d'ecro?it. Mais pour T ! T q ¸ Tc ,
le fort mouvement quantique de point z'ero de l'ion
central (Ta dans KTaO3) emp?eche la condensation
du mode ferro'electrique, dont la fr'equence se sta­
bilise `a basse 'energie. La constante di'electrique
ffl sature `a une tr`es grande valeur, et un fort cou­
plage avec le mode transverse acoustique devient
visible.
En 1991, K.A. M¨uller, d'apr`es une 'etude RPE,
envisage une transition de phase d'un nouveau
type dans ces mat'eriaux. B. Hehlen et E.
Courtens s'int'eressent alors aux propri'et'es basses
fr'equences du SrTiO3 et du KTaO3 . Les 'etudes
de diffusion neutronique, mais surtout Brillouin,
montrent alors, parmi les nombreuses anomalies,
une nouvelle excitation tr`es basse fr'equence, qu'ils
attribuent au second son, la propagation ondula­
toire de la chaleur.
Ce travail pr'esente des r'esultats originaux
obtenus en diffusion neutronique et Brillouin `a
basse temp'erature (5­300 K). Une param'etrisation
des nappes de phonons dans KTaO3 a servi de
base au calcul de la largeur normale des phonons,
de la vitesse th'eorique du second son, dans le cas
o`u il serait effectivement observable, et du spectre
complet de diffusion Brillouin par des processus de
diff'erence de deux phonons. La comparaison des
simulations avec l'exp'erience montre un bon ac­
cord pour le calcul des largeurs et des nappes, et le
processus physique observ'e en spectroscopie Bril­
louin est probablement celui de diff'erence de deux
phonons. Les diff'erents aspects de la dynamique
des phonons basse fr'equence peuvent ?etre unifi'es
au sein d'une th'eorie de diffusion Brillouin au sec­
ond ordre.
Mots clefs : phonons, para'electriques quan­
tiques, second son, anharmonicit'e, diffusion neu­
tronique, spectroscopie Brillouin, mod'elisation et
simulation num'erique, KTaO3 , SrTiO3 .
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28

Mondelain, Didier. "Lidar linéaire et non linéaire dans l'infrarouge moyen." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00396346.

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Les aérosols sont une composante essentielle de la pollution urbaine et de la physico-chimie de l'atmosphère. Il est primordial de disposer de cartographies 3D de leur concentration par méthode lidar.
Une méthode originale, à une longueur d'onde, a été développée. Elle est basée sur l'impaction et l'étude de filtres permettant d'obtenir des informations complémentaires sur la distribution de taille des aérosols et sur leur composition. Les résultats, obtenus dans l'UV montrent que la distribution a un mode pour les petites tailles (~100 nm) et un mode pour les particules plus grosses (~1 μm). Notre lidar a aussi permis de mesurer la concentration en aérosols, l'évolution et la stratification de la couche limite. Mais cette méthode reste lourde à cause de l'étude des filtres et utilise comme hypothèse forte que l'atmosphère est homogène verticalement.
Pour distinguer entre les modes des particules et obtenir un diagnostique « tout-optique », nous avons étendu dans l'IR, plus sensible aux aérosols de la taille du micron, le système lidar UV existant, plus sensible aux petites tailles.
Cette extension est basée sur des oscillateurs paramétriques optiques (OPO). Les différents cristaux susceptibles de produire efficacement de l'IR moyen ont été testés. Ces cristaux sont le KTiOPO4, le KTiAsO4 et le KNbO3. Puis, un de ces OPO a été implanté dans notre système lidar. Les mesures lidar préliminaires de concentration dans l'IR, ont été obtenues pour des gouttelettes d'eau lors d'un épisode de brume. Parallèlement aux systèmes lidar linéaires précédents, un projet de lidar non-linéaire (projet Teramobile), a vu le jour. Une source de lumière blanche provenant des filaments, générés dans l'air lors de la propagation d'un faisceau laser térawatt, est utilisée pour faire du lidar aérosols multispectral. Avec cette source allant de l'UV à l'IR moyen, des mesures de concentration en aérosols seront possibles sans aucune hypothèse a priori contrairement aux méthodes précédentes.
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29

Laroche, Guillaume. "Modules de codage par compétition et suppression de l'information de compétition pour le codage de séquences vidéo." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005379.

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Cette thèse est dédiée à l'amélioration de la compression de séquences vidéo. Le but est de concevoir des méthodes suffisamment efficaces et réalistes pour être proposées aux organismes de normalisation de standard vidéo. Les approches choisies sont l'ajout de nouveaux modules de codage par compétition et la suppression de l'information de compétition. Un module de codage par compétition de prédicteurs de vecteurs mouvement, intégré dans le KTA, exploite, au sens du critère débit-distorsion, les redondances spatiales et temporelles des champs de vecteurs. De plus, une sélection automatique d'ensembles de prédicteurs orientée contenu est aussi proposée. Enfin, un nouveau mode de codage Intra basé sur un partitionnement 1D du macrobloc, réduisant la distance spatiale entre le signal de référence et la partition courante, est ajouté aux modes Intra bloc. Le standard de compression H.264/AVC, offre un nombre de compétitions plus élevé que celui de ses prédécesseurs. Pour réduire le débit lié à cette information de compétition, une partie de l'intelligence du codeur a été transférée au décodeur. Les indices des prédicteurs de vecteurs mouvement implicites, sont ainsi éliminés. Des prédicteurs Intra sont aussi supprimés en tenant compte du processus de quantification et du signal de référence. Enfin, en considérant que l'information de mouvement est une information de compétition, une estimation de mouvement au décodeur est mise en place. L'ensemble des méthodes développées offre des réductions de débit significatives par rapport à la référence. La combinaison d'une partie de ces méthodes obtient un gain moyen de 20% par rapport au standard pour un ensemble de séquences HD.
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30

Złotnik, Sebastian Czesław. "Functional alkali tantalate 2D structures for microelectronics and related applications." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15893.

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Doutoramento em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais
Alkali tantalates and niobates, including K(Ta / Nb)O3, Li(Ta / Nb)O3 and Na(Ta / Nb)O3, are a very promising ferroic family of lead-free compounds with perovskite-like structures. Their versatile properties make them potentially interesting for current and future application in microelectronics, photocatalysis, energy and biomedics. Among them potassium tantalate, KTaO3 (KTO), has been raising interest as an alternative for the well-known strontium titanate, SrTiO3 (STO). KTO is a perovskite oxide with a quantum paraelectric behaviour when electrically stimulated and a highly polarizable lattice, giving opportunity to tailor its properties via external or internal stimuli. However problems related with the fabrication of either bulk or 2D nanostructures makes KTO not yet a viable alternative to STO. Within this context and to contribute scientifically to the leverage tantalate based compounds applications, the main goals of this thesis are: i) to produce and characterise thin films of alkali tantalates by chemical solution deposition on rigid Si based substrates, at reduced temperatures to be compatible with Si technology, ii) to fulfil scientific knowledge gaps in these relevant functional materials related to their energetics and ii) to exploit alternative applications for alkali tantalates, as photocatalysis. In what concerns the synthesis attention was given to the understanding of the phase formation in potassium tantalate synthesized via distinct routes, to control the crystallization of desired perovskite structure and to avoid low temperature pyrochlore or K-deficient phases. The phase formation process in alkali tantalates is far from being deeply analysed, as in the case of Pb-containing perovskites, therefore the work was initially focused on the process-phase relationship to identify the driving forces responsible to regulate the synthesis. Comparison of phase formation paths in conventional solid-state reaction and sol-gel method was conducted. The structural analyses revealed that intermediate pyrochlore K2Ta2O6 structure is not formed at any stage of the reaction using conventional solid-state reaction. On the other hand in the solution based processes, as alkoxide-based route, the crystallization of the perovskite occurs through the intermediate pyrochlore phase; at low temperatures pyrochlore is dominant and it is transformed to perovskite at >800 °C. The kinetic analysis carried out by using Johnson-MehlAvrami-Kolmogorow model and quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that in sol-gel derived powders the crystallization occurs in two stages: i) at early stage of the reaction dominated by primary nucleation, the mechanism is phase-boundary controlled, and ii) at the second stage the low value of Avrami exponent, n ~ 0.3, does not follow any reported category, thus not permitting an easy identification of the mechanism. Then, in collaboration with Prof. Alexandra Navrotsky group from the University of California at Davis (USA), thermodynamic studies were conducted, using high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation of three structures: pyrochlore, perovskite and tetragonal tungsten bronze K6Ta10.8O30 (TTB) were calculated. The enthalpies of formation from corresponding oxides, ∆Hfox, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -203.63 ± 2.84 kJ/mol, - 358.02 ± 3.74 kJ/mol, and -1252.34 ± 10.10 kJ/mol, respectively, whereas from elements, ∆Hfel, for KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 and K6Ta10.8O30 are -1408.96 ± 3.73 kJ/mol, -2790.82 ± 6.06 kJ/mol, and -13393.04 ± 31.15 kJ/mol, respectively. The possible decomposition reactions of K-deficient KTa2.2O6 pyrochlore to KTaO3 perovskite and Ta2O5 (reaction 1) or to TTB K6Ta10.8O30 and Ta2O5 (reaction 2) were proposed, and the enthalpies were calculated to be 308.79 ± 4.41 kJ/mol and 895.79 ± 8.64 kJ/mol for reaction 1 and reaction 2, respectively. The reactions are strongly endothermic, indicating that these decompositions are energetically unfavourable, since it is unlikely that any entropy term could override such a large positive enthalpy. The energetic studies prove that pyrochlore is energetically more stable phase than perovskite at low temperature. Thus, the local order of the amorphous precipitates drives the crystallization into the most favourable structure that is the pyrochlore one with similar local organization; the distance between nearest neighbours in the amorphous or short-range ordered phase is very close to that in pyrochlore. Taking into account the stoichiometric deviation in KTO system, the selection of the most appropriate fabrication / deposition technique in thin films technology is a key issue, especially concerning complex ferroelectric oxides. Chemical solution deposition has been widely reported as a processing method to growth KTO thin films, but classical alkoxide route allows to crystallize perovskite phase at temperatures >800 °C, while the temperature endurance of platinized Si wafers is ~700 °C. Therefore, alternative diol-based routes, with distinct potassium carboxylate precursors, was developed aiming to stabilize the precursor solution, to avoid using toxic solvents and to decrease the crystallization temperature of the perovskite phase. Studies on powders revealed that in the case of KTOac (solution based on potassium acetate), a mixture of perovskite and pyrochlore phases is detected at temperature as low as 450 °C, and gradual transformation into monophasic perovskite structure occurs as temperature increases up to 750 °C, however the desired monophasic KTaO3 perovskite phase is not achieved. In the case of KTOacac (solution with potassium acetylacetonate), a broad peak is detected at temperatures <650 °C, characteristic of amorphous structures, while at higher temperatures diffraction lines from pyrochlore and perovskite phases are visible and a monophasic perovskite KTaO3 is formed at >700 °C. Infrared analysis indicated that the differences are due to a strong deformation of the carbonate-based structures upon heating. A series of thin films of alkali tantalates were spin-coated onto Si-based substrates using diol-based routes. Interestingly, monophasic perovskite KTaO3 films deposited using KTOacac solution were obtained at temperature as low as 650 °C; films were annealed in rapid thermal furnace in oxygen atmosphere for 5 min with heating rate 30 °C/sec. Other compositions of the tantalum based system as LiTaO3 (LTO) and NaTaO3 (NTO), were successfully derived as well, onto Si substrates at 650 °C as well. The ferroelectric character of LTO at room temperature was proved. Some of dielectric properties of KTO could not be measured in parallel capacitor configuration due to either substrate-film or filmelectrode interfaces. Thus, further studies have to be conducted to overcome this issue. Application-oriented studies have also been conducted; two case studies: i) photocatalytic activity of alkali tantalates and niobates for decomposition of pollutant, and ii) bioactivity of alkali tantalate ferroelectric films as functional coatings for bone regeneration. Much attention has been recently paid to develop new type of photocatalytic materials, and tantalum and niobium oxide based compositions have demonstrated to be active photocatalysts for water splitting due to high potential of the conduction bands. Thus, various powders of alkali tantalates and niobates families were tested as catalysts for methylene blue degradation. Results showed promising activities for some of the tested compounds, and KNbO3 is the most active among them, reaching over 50 % degradation of the dye after 7 h under UVA exposure. However further modifications of powders can improve the performance. In the context of bone regeneration, it is important to have platforms that with appropriate stimuli can support the attachment and direct the growth, proliferation and differentiation of the cells. In lieu of this here we exploited an alternative strategy for bone implants or repairs, based on charged mediating signals for bone regeneration. This strategy includes coating metallic 316L-type stainless steel (316L-SST) substrates with charged, functionalized via electrical charging or UV-light irradiation, ferroelectric LiTaO3 layers. It was demonstrated that the formation of surface calcium phosphates and protein adsorption is considerably enhanced for 316L-SST functionalized ferroelectric coatings. Our approach can be viewed as a set of guidelines for the development of platforms electrically functionalized that can stimulate tissue regeneration promoting direct integration of the implant in the host tissue by bone ingrowth and, hence contributing ultimately to reduce implant failure.
Tantalatos e niobatos alcalinos, como K(Ta / Nb)O3, Li(Ta / Nb)O3 and Na(Ta / Nb)O3, são uma família atrativa de compostos ferroeléctricos livres de chumbo com estrutura perosvquítica. As suas propriedades versáteis fazem destes potencialmente interessantes para aplicações em microelectrónica, foto catálise, energia e biomédica. Entre os compostos acima citados, os compostos de tantalato de potássio, KTaO3 (KTO), tem atraído bastante atenção como substitutos para o amplamente conhecido titanato de estrôncio, SrTiO3 (STO). KTO é um óxido perovsquítico com comportamento paraelétrico quântico, quando eletricamente estimulado, e elevada polaribilidade tornando viável engenhar as suas propriedades através de estímulos internos e externos. No entanto os problemas na sua produção, quer em macroescala quer em nanoestruturas 2D, tornam estes compostos numa alternativa pouco viável para a substituir o STO. Consequentemente, e de forma a contribuir cientificamente para aumentar o conhecimento sobre as aplicações dos tantalatos, os principais objectivos desta tese são: i) produzir e caracterizar filmes finos de tantalatos alcalinos através de deposição de solução química em substratos rígidos, à base de silício, e a baixas temperaturas de forma a serem compatíveis com a tecnologia de silício; ii) complementar o conhecimento científico sobre estes materiais funcionais relativamente às suas características termodinâmicas; iii) explorar aplicações alternativas para os tantalatos alcalinos, como a foto catálise. No que diz respeito à síntese, foi focalizada no entendimento da formação de fase no tantalato de potássio sintetizado por diferentes métodos, de modo a controlar a cristalização da estrutura perovsquítica desejada e evitar a formação da fase pirocloro a baixas temperaturas e fases deficientes em potássio. Em tantalatos alcalinos o processo de formação da fase desejada está longe de estar plenamente analisado, como é o caso das perovsquites que contêm chumbo, consequentemente o trabalho foi inicialmente focado na compreensão da relação processo-fase para identificar as forças motrizes responsáveis por regular o processo de síntese. Foi realizada um estudo comparativo da formação de fase via método convencional de reação do estado sólido e via método de sol-gel. A análise estrutural revelou que a estrutura piroclórica intermédia K2Ta2O6 não foi formada em nenhuma etapa da reação via método do estado sólido. Por outro lado em processos baseados em solução, como os baseados em alcóxidos, a cristalização perovsquítica ocorre através da indesejada fase pirocloro intermédia; a baixas temperaturas a fase pirocloro é dominante e sofre a transformação para perovsquite a >800 °C. A análise cinética efectuada usando o modelo Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorow e a difração de raio-X quantitativa (DRX), demonstraram que nos pós obtidos pelo método sol-gel, a cristalização ocorre em duas etapas: i) no estágio inicial a reação é denominada por nucleação primária, o mecanismo é controlado por fronteira de fase, e ii) no segundo estágio, o baixo valor do expoente de Avrami, n ~ 0.3, não segue nenhuma categoria reportada impossibilitando assim uma clara identificação do mecanismo. Posteriormente, e em colaboração com o grupo da Professora Alexandra Navrostky da Universidade da Califórnia, Davis, foram realizados estudos de termodinâmica, usando calorimetria de solução de óxidos fundidos a alta temperatura. Foram calculadas as entalpias de formação das três estruturas: pirocloro, perovsquite e tetragonal tungsténio bronze K6Ta10.8O30 (TTB). As entalpias de formação relativas aos óxidos correspondentes, ∆Hfox, para KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 e K6Ta10.8O30, são -203.63 ± 2.84 kJ/mol, 358.02 ± 3.74 kJ/mol e -1252.34 ± 10.10 kJ/mol, respectivamente; enquanto que as relativas aos elementos, ∆Hfel, para KTaO3, KTa2.2O6 e K6Ta10.8O30 são 1408.96 ± 3.73 kJ/mol, -2790.82 ± 6.06 kJ/mol e -13393.04 ± 31.15 kJ/mol, respectivamente. As possíveis reações de decomposição, de KTa2.2O6 para KTaO3 e Ta2O5 (reação 1) ou para K6Ta10.8O30 e Ta2O5 (reação 2), foram propostas e o cálculo das entalpias resultou em 308.79 ± 4.41 kJ/mol e 895.79 ± 8.64 kJ/mol, respectivamente. As reações são fortemente endotérmicas, indicando que estas decomposições são energeticamente desfavoráveis, uma vez que é improvável que qualquer termo de entropia possa sobrepor-se a uma entalpia tão positiva. Os estudos termodinâmicos provaram que o pirocloro é energeticamente mais estável que a perovsquite para temperaturas baixas. Assim, a organização local dos precipitados amorfos canaliza a cristalização para a estrutura mais favorável, que é a pirocloro com uma organização local similar; a distância entre os vizinhos mais próximos na fase amorfa, ou na fase ordenada a baixo alcance, é similar à do pirocloro. Tendo em conta a derivação estequiométrica no sistema KTO, selecionar a técnica de fabricação / deposição de filmes finos mais apropriada é uma questão-chave, especialmente no que concerne aos óxidos ferroeléctricos complexos. A deposição por solução química tem sido o método de processamento mais reportado, para crescimento de filmes finos de KTO, mas o método clássico de alcóxidos permite cristalizar a fase perovsquite a temperaturas >800 °C enquanto que a temperatura máxima de estabilidade para os substratos de silício platinizado é ~700 °C. Portanto, foi usado um processo alternativo baseado em dióis, com precursores carboxilados de potássio, com o objectivo de estabilizar os precursores em solução, evitando assim o uso de solventes tóxicos e diminuindo a temperatura de cristalização da fase perovsquite. A análise dos pós revelou que no caso de KTOac (solução baseada em acetato de potássio), uma mistura de fase perovsquite e pirocloro foi detectada a uma temperatura de apenas 450 °C, e a transformação gradual em estrutura perovsquítica monofásica ocorre quando as temperaturas sobem acima de 750 °C, no entanto a fase KTaO3 monofásica não é obtida. No caso do KTOacac (solução com acetil-acetona de potássio, cadeia alquílica longa carboxilato de metal), um amplo pico é detectado a temperaturas <650 °C, característico de estruturas amorfas, enquanto que a elevadas temperaturas, os planos de difração das fases pirocloro e perovsquite são visíveis e a perovsquite KTaO3 monofásica é conseguida a temperaturas >700 °C. A análise de infravermelhos mostrou que estas diferenças acontecem devido à deformação da estrutura base dos carbonatos sob aquecimento. Uma série de filmes finos de tantalatos alcalinos foram depositados por spincoating em substratos de silício, usando a metodologia baseada em dióis. Filmes monofásicos de perovsquite KTaO3 depositados usando solução de KTOacac foram obtidos a uma temperatura de apenas 550 °C; os filmes foram recristralizados em fornos de aquecimento rápido em atmosfera de oxigénio durante 5 minutos com taxa de aquecimento de 30 °C/seg. Outras composições, LiTaO3 (LTO) e NaTaO3 (NTO), foram depositados com sucesso em substratos de silício a 650 °C. O carácter ferroeléctrico do LTO à temperatura ambiente foi provado. Infelizmente, não foi possível medir as propriedades eléctricas do KTO no condensador paralelo devido às interfaces filme-substrato ou filme-eléctrodo. Assim sendo, estudos futuros são necessários para compreender esta questão. Foram também conduzidos estudos com vista às possíveis aplicações; dois casos de estudo: i) estudo da atividade fotocatalítica de tantalatos e niobatos alcalinos para decomposição de poluentes, e ii) estudo de bioatividade de filmes ferroelétricos de tantalatos alcalinos como revestimento funcional para regeneração óssea. Recentemente, tem sido dedicada muita atenção ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais fotocatalíticos, e as composições à base de óxido de tântalo e nióbio tem demonstrado capacidade de fotocatálise na reação de separação da água devido ao elevado potencial das bandas de condução. Assim, várias composições das famílias dos tantalatos e niobatos alcalinos foram testadas como catalisadores para degradação do azul de metileno. Os resultados mostram valores de atividade promissores para alguns dos compostos, sendo o KNbO3 o mais ativo de entre os testados, alcançando valores acima de 50 % na degradação do pigmento após 7 h sob exposição a UVA. No entanto algumas modificações nas composições dos pós podem melhorar a sua performance. No que concerne à regeneração óssea, é importante obter plataformas que através de estímulos apropriados consigam assegurar a adesão e direcionar o crescimento, a proliferação e a diferenciação celular. Neste contexto, foi aqui explorada uma estratégia alternativa para revestimento de implantes ósseos, baseada na regeneração óssea mediada por sinais elétricos. Esta estratégia implica revestir substratos metálicos de aço inoxidável tipo 316L (316L-SST), com camadas de LiTaO3 ferroeléctrico, funcionalizadas através de polarização elétrica ou de irradiação com luz UV. Foi demonstrado que a formação de fosfato de cálcio na superfície e a adsorção de proteínas é consideravelmente melhorada quando o 316L-SST é revestido com filmes ferroelétricos funcionalizados. Esta estratégia pode ser encarada como um conjunto de orientações para o desenvolvimento de plataformas eletricamente funcionalizadas, capazes de estimular a regeneração de tecidos, promovendo a associação direta do implante com os tecidos hospedeiros, contribuindo assim para a redução de falhas na reabilitação com implantes ósseos.
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31

Melkonian, Jean-Michel. "Mise en forme spectrale et temporelle de sources optiques infrarouges par mélange non-linéaire à trois ondes." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00318682.

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Pour certaines applications, les lasers offrent un choix trop restreint de longueurs d'ondes, et une faible accordabilité. Ces limitations viennent du fait que l'effet laser utilise des résonances atomiques. L'optique non-linéaire permet de s'en affranchir c'est un phénomène non résonnant, donc peu sélectif en longueur d'onde. Néanmoins elle présente des caractéristiques particulières : trois fréquences différentes mises en jeu, l'absence de stockage d'énergie, et le rôle primordial de la phase relative entre les ondes. Dans ce travail nous mettons à profit ces specificités pour mettre en forme spectralement ou temporellement l'émission de lumière dans des sources infrarouges. La première source réalisée est un oscillateur paramétrique optique (OPO) à 3 μm utilisant deux cristaux de KTA. Ses performances sont discutées en régime nanoseconde. Puis nous réalisons un OPO à cristal de PPLN générant des impulsions courtes sous pompage continu par modulation active des pertes. Nous proposons ensuite d'utiliser un absorbant saturable pour verrouiller passivement les modes d'un OPO continu présentant un fort désaccord de vitesse de groupe entre la pompe et le signal. Enfin, nous considérons le cas des sources intégrant à la fois un milieu laser et un dispositif non-linéaire. Nous présentons d'abord un miroir non-linéaire à base de PPLN intégré dans un laser Cr:ZnSe, permettant de produire des impulsions picosecondes accordables autour de 2,5 μm. Nous proposons ensuite de généraliser ce principe en intégrant un OPO dans un laser afin de réaliser une source ultrabrève compacte et accordable.
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32

Mendes, Ana de Jesus Pereira Barreira. "O papel dos sistemas de informação, como referencial de cooperação, na transferência de conhecimento das instituições de ensino superior para o sistema empresarial: o caso das oficinas de transferência de tecnologia e de conhecimento." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/17913.

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Esta tese de doutoramento focaliza-se no papel dos Sistemas de Informação (SI) como suporte às práticas de cooperação no processo de transferência de conhecimento, onde o Sistema Empresarial (SE), as Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e as Instituições Públicas actuam em conjunto, através da intermediação das Oficinas de Transferência de Tecnologia e de Conhecimento (OTIC). Apresenta-se um referencial de arquitectura de SI, enquanto modelo de cooperação, como forma de potenciar e integrar o ciclo de transferência de conhecimento e aprendizagem, através da utilização de um SI inter-organizacional, extrapolando assim para uma Rede Nacional de OTIC enquanto centro dinamizador de uma estratégia de transferência de conhecimento, em Portugal, na relação entre as IES e o SE. Esta tese apresenta ainda uma caracterização da implementação da iniciativa OTIC, através dos resultados de um inquérito promovido para identificar o modelo, o valor da iniciativa, e ainda a realização de entrevistas com o intuito de suportar o desenho do referencial de arquitectura proposta; ABSTRACT: This doctoral thesis focuses on the information systems role to support the cooperation practices in the knowledge transfer process, where the Enterprise System (ES), the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Public Institutions acts through an intermediary – the Oficinas de Transferência de Tecnologia e Conhecimento (OTIC) – Knowledge Transfer Offices (KTO). An Information Systems reference architecture, as a cooperation model, is presented in order to maximize and integrate the knowledge transfer cycle and learning through the using of an IS inter-organizational; extrapolating to an OTIC/KTO National Network as a stimulator centre for knowledge transfer strategy in the relationship between HEI and ES, in Portugal. This thesis also presents a characterization of the OTIC/KTO initiative implementation, through results achieved by a survey, to identify the model and the initiative value, and still the conducting interviews in order to support the design of the proposed reference architecture.
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33

Ramona, Mathieu. "Classification automatique de flux radiophoniques par machines à vecteurs de support." Phd thesis, Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00529331.

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Nous présentons ici un système de classification audio parole/musique tirant parti des excellentes propriétés statistiques des Machines à Vecteurs de Support. Ce problème pose les trois questions suivantes : comment exploiter efficacement les SVM, méthode d'essence discriminatoire, sur un problème à plus de deux classes, comment caractériser un signal audio de manière pertinente, et enfin comment traiter l'aspect temporel du problème ? Nous proposons un système hybride de classification multi-classes tirant parti des approches un-contre-un et par dendogramme, et permettant l'estimation de probabilités a posteriori. Ces dernières sont exploitées pour l'application de méthodes de post-traitement prenant en compte les interdépendances entre trames voisines. Nous proposons ainsi une méthode de classification par l'application de Modèles de Markov Cachés (HMM) sur les probabilités a posteriori, ainsi qu'une approche basée sur la détection de rupture entre segments au contenu acoustique "homogène". Par ailleurs, la caractérisation du signal audio étant opérée par une grande collection des descripteurs audio, nous proposons de nouveaux algorithmes de sélection de descripteurs basés sur le récent critère d'Alignement du noyau ; critère que nous avons également exploité pour la sélection de noyau dans le processus de classification. Les algorithmes proposés sont comparés aux méthodes les plus efficaces de l'état de l'art auxquelles elles constituent une alternative pertinente en termes de coût de calcul et de stockage. Le système construit sur ces contributions a fait l'objet d'une participation à la campagne d'évaluation ESTER 2, que nous présentons, accompagnée de nos résultats
We present here a system for speech/music audio classification, that relies on the excellent statistical properties of Support Vector Machines. This problems raises three questions : how can the SVM, by essence discriminative, be used effeciently on a problem involving more than two classes, how can an audio signal be characterized in a relevant way, and how can the temporel issue be adressed ? We propose a hybrid system for multi-class classification, based on a combination of One-vs-One and dendogram-based approaches, and allowing the estimation of posterior probabilities. The latter are used for the application of post-processing methods that take into account the neighboring frames' inter-dependancies. We thus propose a classification scheme based on the application of Hidden Markov Models on the posterior probabilities, along with an approach based on change detection between segments with "homogeneous" acoustic content. Concerning the audio signal characterization, since it involves a great amount of audio descriptors, we propose new algorithms for feature selection, based on the recent Kernel Alignement criterion. This criterion is also used for the kernel selection step in the classification process. The proposed algorithms are compared to the state-of-the-art, and constitute a relevant alternative in terms of computational cost and storage. The system built from these contributions has been used for a participation to the ESTER 2 evaluation campaign, that we present, along with our results
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34

Ramona, Mathieu. "Classification automatique de flux radiophoniques par Machines à Vecteurs de Support." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00529331.

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Nous présentons ici un système de classification audio parole/musique tirant parti des excellentes propriétés statistiques des Machines à Vecteurs de Support. Ce problème pose les trois questions suivantes : comment exploiter efficacement les SVM, méthode d'essence discriminatoire, sur un problème à plus de deux classes, comment caractériser un signal audio de manière pertinente, et enfin comment traiter l'aspect temporel du problème ? Nous proposons un système hybride de classification multi-classes tirant parti des approches un-contre-un et par dendogramme, et permettant l'estimation de probabilités a posteriori. Ces dernières sont exploitées pour l'application de méthodes de post-traitement prenant en compte les interdépendances entre trames voisines. Nous proposons ainsi une méthode de classification par l'application de Modèles de Markov Cachés (HMM) sur les probabilités a posteriori, ainsi qu'une approche basée sur la détection de rupture entre segments au contenu acoustique "homogène". Par ailleurs, la caractérisation du signal audio étant opérée par une grande collection des descripteurs audio, nous proposons de nouveaux algorithmes de sélection de descripteurs basés sur le récent critère d'Alignement du noyau ; critère que nous avons également exploité pour la sélection de noyau dans le processus de classification. Les algorithmes proposés sont comparés aux méthodes les plus efficaces de l'état de l'art auxquelles elles constituent une alternative pertinente en termes de coût de calcul et de stockage. Le système construit sur ces contributions a fait l'objet d'une participation à la campagne d'évaluation ESTER 2, que nous présentons, accompagnée de nos résultats.
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35

Paulauskas, Irene Elizabeth. "A study of the photoelectrochemical properties of KTaO₃ and ZnO in alkaline electrolytes." 2009. http://etd.utk.edu/2009/Spring2009Dissertations/PaulauskasIreneElizabeth.pdf.

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36

Yang, Shu-Hao, and 楊舒皓. "Photocatalysis Activity and structure Properties of KTaO Series Photocatalytic Powders Prepared by Hydrothermal Method." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/pw9r9p.

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碩士
國立東華大學
材料科學與工程學系
96
Potassium tantalum oxide photocatalyst powders were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and UV-visible spectrometer. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by photo-degradation methylene blue under UV-C light irradiation. Furthermore, study the properties of KTaO series photocatalyst powders by washed it before annealing or not, different temperature, different KOH concentration and annealing time and so on. The diffraction pattern will influenced by annealing temperatue of powder. The K2Ta4O11 crystal structure will be formed, if the powder is deficient the potassium ion in the surface and annealed to 700℃. The KTaO3 crystal structure will be formed at 900℃ and increased with the annealing temperature obviously. The KTaO3 single phase will be produced under sufficient potassium ion surrounding the powders surface. The results revealed that the KTaO series photocatalyst powders will phase transformation from one phase to two phase under annealing reaction. The photocatalyst powders will be enhanced the photocatalytic activity under two phase coexist compared with one phase. In this research, the photocatalytic activity of powders will be strongly influence by the reaction annealing temperature. The high annealing temperature will induce the grain growth of photocatalyst and reduce the specific surface area.
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37

Gubaev, Airat. "Light-induced absorption changes in ferroelectric crystals:SrxBa1-xNb2O6:Ce; KTaO3; KTa1-xNbxO3." Doctoral thesis, 2005. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2005122011.

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The aim of the current work was to investigate the photo-induced charge transport at low temperatures, allowing more sensitive, detailed measurements of the first steps in the build-up of space charge fields, which modify the refractive index, leading to modern applications like volume holographic storage. We investigated the light-induced properties of SBN:Ce, KTO and KTN materials like origin of trapping centers which are involved in the charge transport process, characterization of trapping centers, like temperature dependence, illumination intensity dependence, evolution with time, spectral response, activation energies, the basic properties of the electronic excitations and photo-carriers localization based on results of absorption, light-induced absorption, photoluminescence, and photocurrent. The main contributions of this dissertation are summarized as follows: The experimental intensity dependence, temperature dependence, and decay process of the light-induced polaron (NIR) and VIS center absorption can be fitted with the help of a simplified charge transfer model (for SBN). The decay observed of the NIR polaron and the VIS centers is present due to the Fourier spectrometer light. The dissociation of the VIS centers into NIR centers under red light was observed. The model proposed for the VIS-centers in SBN is a triad structure related to the simultaneous bonding of two hole polarons and one electronic polaron.In KTN the emergence of the UV-light induced wide absorption bands in the NIR region with maxima at 0.69 0.8 eV at low temperatures is treated as a manifestation of the localization of photo-induced electrons and the formation of small electron polarons in close-neighbor Nb-Nb pair centers. Also, these properties in KTN can be fitted with the help of the simplified charge transfer model.
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38

Gubaev, Airat [Verfasser]. "Light-induced absorption changes in ferroelectric crystals : SrxBa1-xNb2O6:Ce; KTaO3; KTa1-xNbxO3 / von Airat Gubaev." 2005. http://d-nb.info/980219035/34.

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39

Shih, Yen-Yu, and 施彥宇. "The luminescence properties of erbium doped KTa1-xNbxO3 polycrystalline." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76665224361506378898.

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碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
93
KTN crystal is an attractive material which exhibits high dielectric constants, spontaneous polarization, pyroelectric, quadratic electrooptic effect and nonlinear optical. The Curie point (Tc) of KTN can be adjusted by the variation of Nb content. Therefore, KTN has three kinds of crystal structures which are cubic (x<0.4), tetragonal (0.4≦x≦0.57) and orthorhombic (x>0.57) at room temperature. In this paper, we investigates the luminescence properties of erbium doped Potassium tantalate niobate ceramics, which are prepared by the solid state synthesized method. In this work, we tried to raise the efficiency of luminescence by adjusting host content, concentration of erbium and sintering temperature. The experiments showed that the Er3+ ion can be dispersed in host completely by substitution for K+ ion site. In concentration study, as KTN doped with 2 mol% Er2O3 has the strongest fluorescence intensity due to Er3+ 4f energy level transitions. We also find that the fluorescence intensity increasing gradually because Ta5+ ion substitutes Nb5+ ion. The material characteristics were also analyzed by using XRD, SEM and Raman spectrometer.
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40

Kuchar, Martha. ""Kto vinovat?" composition and rhetorical structure /." 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32731288.html.

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41

Faust, Bernd [Verfasser]. "ODMR-Untersuchungen an Terbium-Gallium-Granat (Tb3Ga5O12) und Kaliumtantalat(KTaO3) / von Bernd Faust." 1997. http://d-nb.info/96164141X/34.

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42

Hancinová, Sabína. "Kto chytá v žite a Deň ako stvorený pre banánové rybičky - analýza motívov." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353627.

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The thesis Catcher in the Rye and A Perfect Day for Bananafish - Motif analysis deals with motif analysis of these two literary works by J. D. Salinger. Analysis of the basic motifs of these works reveals the symbolism of Salinger's literary world, where the main themes are childhood, growing up and alienation. Essential role when presenting motifs goes to the main characters, who in these works are very distinctive, therefore they also need to be analyzed. In question of theory, the thesis is based on Boris Tomashevskyˈs concept of motif and narratological perspective of Tomáš Kubíček or Lubomír Doležel. Apart of the analysis itself the theses deals with questions of the relevance in the genre classification of the novel Catcher in the Rye as a Bildungsroman and whether Salinger idealizes childhood in his works or not.
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43

Kang, Changwoo. "Pressure Drop in a Pebble Bed Reactor." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-08-8214.

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Pressure drops over a packed bed of pebble bed reactor type are investigated. Measurement of porosity and pressure drop over the bed were carried out in a cylindrical packed bed facility. Air and water were used for working fluids. There are several parameters of the pressure drop in packed beds. One of the most important factors is wall effect. The inhomogeneous porosity distribution in the bed and the additional wetted surface introduced by the wall cause the variation of pressure drop. The importance of the wall effects and porosity can be explained by using different bed-to-particle diameter ratios. Four different bed-to-particle ratios were used in these experiments (D/dp = 19, 9.5, 6.33 and 3.65). A comparison is made between the predictions by a number of empirical correlations including the Ergun equation (1952) and KTA (by the Nuclear Safety Commission of Germany) (1981) in the literature. Analysis of the data indicated the importance of the bed-to-particle size ratios on the pressure drop. The comparison between the present and the existing correlations showed that the pressure drop of large bed-to-particle diameter ratios (D/dp = 19, 9.5and 6.33) matched very well with the original KTA correlation. However the published correlations cannot be expected to predict accurate pressure drop for certain conditions, especially for pebble bed with D/dp (bed-to-particle diameter ratio)
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44

LIN, CHIN-YEN, and 林金燕. "An Action Research on Enhancing the Effectiveness of Preschool Education in Science Arts— The Application of KTAV Learning Recipe." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4t59zb.

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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
教育經營與管理學系
107
Abstract The purpose of this study is to develop and implement “KTAV Learning Recipe - Six Scientific Aesthetic Concepts” in a kindergarten with five-year-old children through action research. This study observes and analyzes the children’s improvements in scientific knowledge, technology, ability, and value after they have received “KTAV Learning Recipe for Scientific Aesthetic Education”. The teachers’ reflection and growth of implementing action research are included. Action research method was adopted in this study. Five-year-old kindergarteners are taken as research subjects for a six-week course with a total of 12 classes. The course design is based on the Intelligence Maker KTAV Learning Recipes. With six scientific aesthetic principles, "chromatics, light reflection, magnet and magnetism, center of gravity, visual persistence, Bernoulli principle" as the unit themes, children are able to learn the concept of Science Aesthetics Knowledge, explore expression techniques of Scientific Aesthetic, build up the real creative ability, and carry out value discussion through the operation of Scientific Aesthetic works. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Break through the bottleneck to improve quality: Using Scientific Aesthetics KTAV Learning Recipes to cope with the difficulties of the implementation, teachers can systematically review and find solutions to the problems and break through the constraints to improve the quality of teaching. 2. Empower organizations by collaboration: In the process of implementing Scientific Aesthetic Education KTAV Learning Recipes in teaching, collaborative work, harmonious cooperation, and proactive attitude have a shocking enlightenment to researchers. 3. The appropriate adjustment between sensibility and rationality: Scientific Aesthetic Education KTAV Learning Recipes can enhance the overall learning effect through the development and implementation of action research, the feedback of process review and the re-evolution of the learning recipe content, and timely adjustment of the proportion rationality. 4. Reorganize knowledge and capabilities to achieve balanced presentation: Scientific Aesthetic Education KTAV Learning Recipes teaching can gradually lead children to the balanced development and build a new knowledge module. 5. Systematic instruction has achieved remarkable results: After the Scientific Aesthetic Education KTAV Learning Recipes are systematically taught, the children's scientific knowledge, techniques, abilities and values are significantly improved. 6. Objective inspection and teaching improvement: Through the verification from teachers, students, and parents, the high feasibility of the curriculum implementation of KTAV Learning Recipes with Scientific Aesthetic Education in our kindergarten is confirmed. 7. Innovative value of Intelligence Maker: Maker Education is implemented in combination with intelligence education and value education. It is confirmed that Scientific Aesthetics and Intelligence Maker can be practiced through KTAV Learning Recipes. 8. Integrate Scientific Aesthetic Education with life: Scientific Aesthetic Education KTAV Learning Recipes must be integrated with the children's life activities. Children's life as the core, can better cause learning resonance. 9. Maker Education is happy learning: Scientific Aesthetic Education KTAV Learning Recipes can help young children to carry out the most valuable learning, which is to build up children's confidence in learning.
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45

Lu, Ying Ying, and 呂盈瑩. "An Action Research Study of Applying Intelligent Makers Education KTAV Learning Recipeon for Fifth Graders to Enhance English Teaching." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fg234u.

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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
教育經營與管理學系
106
The purpose of the study was to develop the Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes , and by using these recipes as teaching materials to improve the effectiveness and motivation of English learning for fifth grade students in elementary school through the Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipe Teaching Method. The results of the study indicated the reflection and growth of the researcher. Action research method was used to accomplish the study. The study lasted for fifteen weeks. With six English learning themes of the KTAV Learning Recipes which designed by the researcher, students learned theme knowledge concepts, applied English knowledge in daily lives, built up English communicative abilities, enjoyed interacting and sharing, expressed and discussed values and appreciation of English learning. The major conclusions of the study were summarized as followed. (1) Knowledge, technique, ability, value and practice of the Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes could build teachers up with abilities of being creative, productive, innovative, and be makers. (2) The Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes Teaching Method help students complete knowledge, technique, ability, and value--four aspects at the same time. (3) The Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes Teaching Method can improve the learning effectiveness and motivation in English. (4) The Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes Teaching Method makes students increase positive attitudes for English learning, and have more confidence applying their abilities in daily lives. (5) The Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes Teaching Method was verified the process of knowledge transfer, and the new method is beneficial to the effectiveness of learning and teaching. According to the conclusions of the study, the following suggestions are for the teachers who would like to apply for the teaching method, and future related research. (1) For the teachers who apply for the teaching method 1. For the purpose of constructing new knowledge modules, teachers designed themes of knowledge, techniques, ability, value - four aspects at the same time. 2. The Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes Teaching Method can be extended to other learning fields. 3. The implementation of the Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes Teaching Method could combine using the mobile devices to extend the learning to the family. (2) For the future related researcher 1. The Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes Teaching Method can be extended to other subjects. 2. The Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipes Teaching Method can be extended to other grades in elementary school. 3. Become a school of The Intelligent Maker Education.
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46

Chang, Hsuan-Wei, and 張軒瑋. "An Action Study of Developing Core Technique with Sport Events of Elementary School-A Case of KTAV Lesson Learning Menu." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54pf7h.

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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
教育經營與管理學系
105
The purpose of the study was to explore the implementation of intelligent Maker education. According to the implementation results by Intelligent product supporting teaching and innovativing teaching with developing core technique, the study affords a new reference teaching in the future. Action research method was used to accomplish the study result. Process had the four dimension of intelligent Maker education: Knowledge, Technique, Ability, Value teaching the core Technique with KTAV learning menu. From the analysis and discussion in the teaching field of film recording teaching process and the results obtained from the conclusion, the study provide educational administration authorities, physical education teachers teaching methods, and future research reference. This study constructs research theory and research architecture through literature analysis and weaves "The core Technique of the eight elementary school sport events item". A total of 20 core Technique in the elementary school sports teacher teaching field to teach. The study summarizes the following conclusions according to the core Technique system and demonstration teaching results, and participate in the study of teaching teachers to write and discuss the results. 1. Knee-tuck Type Start, Accelerate Running style and Obstacle Running points construct the core Technique establishing the goal of the student to run the project. 2. High Jump, Tread Board and Long jump points construct the core Technique guiding students to support each other and experience the operation of the body center of gravity. 3. Distance Start, Baton Handing points construct the core Technique improving students' learning outcomes. 4. Three Legs Competition and Tug-of-war points construct the core Technique making teaching has a goal to guide students exploring the experience. 5. Rope Skipping point constructs the core Technique establishing students rhyme project to sum up learning steps, enhance the body rhythm. 6. Gesture, Step Shape and Stature movement points construct the core Technique establishing teachers in the martial arts project adaptiving knowledge management skills, students self-learning and rich freedom of the show. 7. Pass the ball, the center of gravity control and Stature movement points construct the core Technique making students control the action more accurately. 8. Snorkeling, Rowing and Ventilation points construct the core Technique making teachers teach each student to learn to swim. 9. KTAV learning menu can be used to build the QR-Code learning software of the sport events items. 10. Intelligent Maker education: KTAV learning menu enhances the value of educational performance value in the field fitness.
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47

Fatema, Rifat. "Helium atom scattering study of the surface structure and dynamics of KCl(001) and potassium tantalate (KTaO3) doped with lithium and niobium." 2009. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04132009-104547/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2009.
Advisor: David H. Van Winkle, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Physics. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed August 3, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 117 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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48

Yu, Chieh-An, and 游傑安. "Action Research on Enhancing the Effectiveness of Elementary Aesthetic Education in Visual Arts—A Case Study of Intelligent Makers Education KTAV Learning Recipe." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6zhnwf.

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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
教育經營與管理學系
105
The purpose of the study was to improve the effectiveness of aesthetic education in visual arts for senior graders in elementary school through the Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipe Teaching Method. The study analyzed students' learning effectiveness in four different aspects— aesthetic knowledge, aesthetic technique, aesthetic ability, and aesthetic value. The result of the study indicated the reflection and growth of teachers who implemented action teaching in their classes. Action research method was used to accomplish the study. Fifth graders in the elementary school were taken as research subjects. The research lasted for 13 weeks; a total of 28 classes. With the themes of the six principles of aesthetic perception— gradient, repetition, rhythm, symmetry, contrast and equilibrium, students can learn aesthetic knowledge concepts, explore expression techniques and have value discussion through aesthetic appreciation. The major results of the study were summarized as followed: (1)Course structures based on KTAV Learning Recipe Teaching Method include— knowledge, technique, ability and value—¬¬ four aspects at the same time. New knowledge modules can be constructed instead of fragmented learning. (2)Knowledge, technique, ability, value and practice of the Intelligent Maker KTAV aesthetic courses can not only build up clear teaching objectives and educational criteria but also achieve the curriculum goals of expression, appreciation and practice in artistic field. (3)The Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipe Teaching Method is able to break through the dilemma and give new strength to the aesthetic education in Taiwan. (4)The Intelligent Maker KTAV aesthetic courses integrate subject-oriented DBAE, children-centered education and social-oriented artistic education. (5)The Intelligent Maker KTAV aesthetic courses combine constructive education with aesthetic education. (6)The Intelligent Maker KTAV aesthetic courses are holistic education integrated, which are consistent with the sequence, continuity and integration of course organization. (7)The Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipe Teaching Method is feasible, which can improve the learning effectiveness of aesthetic knowledge, technique, ability and value. (8)In response to the new trend of "Art is Life" in the new era, teaching materials are chosen based on students' life experience and the design of all the lessons are depended on students' daily lives. (9)Students react positively toward the courses designed according to KTAV Learning Recipe Teaching Method. The students are confident in using what they've learnt from aesthetic courses in their daily lives. (10)Teaching activities are designed to make good use of group cooperation. The students are inspired to show various expressions and explore their advantages through group sharing process. (11)Teachers who prepare lessons based on KTAV Learning Recipe instead of writing lesson plans are able to grasp the key points of the courses comprehensively. (12)The implementation of the Intelligent Maker KTAV Learning Recipe Teaching Method is helpful for getting familiar with the process of knowledge transfer, which is beneficial to the effectiveness of learning and teaching. According to the results of the study, the following suggestions are made as reference for the researchers, teachers, and future related research on visual arts: (1)Main aesthetic knowledge should be chosen according to students' level and ability to learn and operate certain technique. (2)Aesthetic expression techniques should be explored pluralistically but be learnt specifically. (3)Planning the main themes of knowledge, technique, ability and value by analyzing new knowledge modules of artwork. (4)Discussion, sharing and aesthetic appreciation are beneficial for developing learning value. (5)It is recommended that under the theme of aesthetic principles, aesthetic lessons can be extended to other grades and fields. (6)Based on different themes of visual arts, it is suggested that researchers in the field of visual arts can develop different KTAV Unit-learning Recipes that are suitable for various groups of teachers and students. (7)It is recommended that KTAV Learning Recipe Teaching Method and KTAV Unit-learning Recipes can be used in different fields to design developmental courses.
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Kuo, Hsiang-Li, and 郭相利. "A Study of the School Wisdom Maker in Marine Education:A Case of Using KTAV Learning Recipes in Pitoues Elementary School, New Taipei City." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m5e2mb.

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Abstract:
碩士
國立臺北教育大學
教育經營與管理學系
105
The purpose of this study is to explore teaching effectiveness of the practical total, i.e. KTAV Learning Recipes, of the intelligent education applied, and analysis its value.Based on adopting case study method, we study the efficiency of marine education of senior students in Pitoues Elementary School, Ruifang area, New Taipei City by collecting feedback information from student, peer class teacher observation records, and data processing. The study is to evaluate the value of the KTAV learning recipe applying in marine education. The research seperates into four stages. Each stage has two classes, and eight classes in total. Third to sixth grade as an example by Pitoues Elementary School. Finally, conclusions and suggestions summarize the future implementation of the ocean-related the KTAV learning recipe as reference. This study suggests that: 1.KTAV unit learning recipes help students to acquire useful knowledge. 2.KTAV unit learning recipes can effectively decode from the subject knowledge to the operative technology for students. 3.KTAV teaching can lead students have abilities to accomplish actual works. 4.Using KTAV teaching can lead students to gradually build a new knowledge module. 5.KTAV teaching can help students to carry out a valuable learning. 6.KTAV teaching model helps students studying the four-in-one, "knowledge, technology, ability, value", wisdom education, the four-in-one, "creative, able to create, and then innovation, do a pioneer" maker education. 7.KTAV teaching model of the wisdom and the innovation validates the existence and application of "knowledge transfer theory". 8.KTAV unit learning recipes can effectively guide the teaching and the learning of marine education. Additionally, based on the results, we propose advices to people, who is educationist of the KTAV learning recipe and applies wisdom education to schools, as a reference for future related researches.
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50

Черновол, Вікторія Дмитрівна. "Аналіз процесів утилізації відхідних газів котла ПТВМ-30М в кліматичних умовах м. Запоріжжя." Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/2156.

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Черновол В. Д. Дослідження процесів утилізації відхідних газів котла ПТВМ-30М в кліматичних умовах м. Запоріжжя : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 144 "Теплоенергетика" / наук. керівник А. О. Чейлитко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 99 с.
UA : Робота викладена на 99 сторінок друкованого тексту, містить 15 таблиць, 5 рисунків. Перелік посилань включає 40 джерел з них на іноземній мові 0. Здійснено тепловий перевірочний розрахунок котлоагрегату з метою перевірки температури відхідних газів при номінальній теплопродуктивності, яку гарантує завод – виробник.
EN : The work is presented on 99 pages of printed text, contains 15 tables, 5 figures. The list of references includes 40 sources, 0 of them in foreign language. The heat testing of the boiler is made to check the temperature of the waste gases at the nominal heat output, which is guaranteed by the manufacturer - the manufacturer.
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