Journal articles on the topic 'Kraft, inc'

When the United States-based Kraft Foods, Inc. (KFI) acquired the United Kingdom-based Cadbury plc, KFI got entry into the Indian market. KFI CEO, Irene Rosenfeld had targeted the developing markets as key for the company to achieve a 5% organic growth rate and the strong position of Cadbury India augured well for expanding KFI's presence in that market. However, after nearly a year since the acquisition, KFI was moving slowly in India and appeared content to consolidate Cadbury's market presence. Anand Kripalu, President of KFI South Asia and Indo-China and Managing Director of Cadbury India was to meet his superiors to present his strategic plan for the India operations. He had a critical decision to make regarding whether to continue consolidating the Cadbury brand in India or use Cadbury's strong market presence to launch brands from KFI's global portfolio.

Le 26 juillet 2007, dans l’affaire Euro-Excellence Inc. c. Kraft Canada Inc., la Cour suprême du Canada a jugé que le détenteur d’une licence exclusive de droit d’auteur sur les logos figurant sur des emballages de tablettes de chocolat ne pouvait pas invoquer la Loi sur le droit d’auteur pour empêcher l’importation parallèle et la distribution des marchandises portant ces logos. La décision est fort complexe puisque quatre juges ont rédigé des motifs largement divergents sur la question. Cette affaire illustre deux problèmes qui perturbent le régime canadien de propriété intellectuelle. La Loi sur le droit d’auteur est un texte de loi alambiqué, qui renferme des concepts nébuleux comme celui de « concession par licence d’un intérêt dans ce droit d’auteur ». Compte tenu de la nature évasive des dispositions législatives, il n’est pas surprenant que les juges soient parvenus à des conclusions discordantes sur les droits d’action du licencié exclusif. L’affaire met aussi en lumière un des aspects de la « Tragedy of the Anticommons » qui survient lorsque trop de titulaires détiennent des droits exclusifs. Lorsque plusieurs formes de propriété intellectuelle se chevauchent et protègent simultanément différents éléments du même produit, les règles applicables à l’une des formes de protection peuvent contrecarrer les politiques législatives élaborées pour un autre droit de propriété intellectuelle. Pour cette raison, une étude plus globale des répercussions du cumul des droits de propriété intellectuelle et une rédaction plus cohérente des lois seraient souhaitables.

The author presents a response to a review by Jacoby and Szybillo (1995) of two empirical studies offered as evidence in Federal Trade Commission v. Kraft, Inc. (1991). He reviews the rationale for the design of the Federal Trade Commission research and responds to specific criticisms offered by Jacoby and Szybillo. The author also examines the Kraft materiality survey and concludes that it did not address the question of the materiality of claims. Finally, the author raises some general issues related to the use of survey research in litigation and the need for standards for extrinsic research in cases involving implied claims.

The Cadbury takeover by Kraft Foods Inc. early this year has fuelled a fierce debate in the United Kingdom about the need to introduce a long-term sustainability test into takeover regulation, against the backdrop of restated Directors’ duties. This article considers the manner in which these duties were applied in the context of the said takeover and their consequences for stakeholders.

The author discusses the more general lessons that can be learned from Jacoby and Szybillo's (1995) and Stewart's (1995) articles on the Federal Trade Commission v. Kraft, Inc. (1991) case. The lessons relate to issues of materiality, definitions of the universe, context effects, and questionnaire wording. Because of the complexity of questionnaire design, it is not surprising that experts will disagree, and such disagreements need not lead to reductions in public confidence about consumer surveys.

The authors review the principal surveys offered as evidence in FTC v. Kraft, Inc. (1991). The authors explain that the FTC's survey (Stewart 1987) is flawed in universe definition, question wording, experimental design, and analyses, and argue that though Kraft's survey (Jacoby 1988) employed generally recognized and accepted scientific practices, especially as applied in surveys conducted for litigated matters, the FTC Commissioners relied on the survey proffered by the FTC Staff. In addition, they dismissed Kraft's main findings and only relied on it for the one uncontested finding that supported the FTC's position. The authors discuss the implications of such actions and also respond to Stewart's (1995) article, which presents contrasting analyses.

In light of the reform of the UK Takeover Rules in September 2011, the article will discuss whether the law should 'step in' to safeguard Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices set in place by the target firm post a successful takeover and if so, whether alterations should be made to the EU Takeover Directive's current provisions.

The paper is dedicated to the investigation of the impact of the Global Sustainable Development Goals on the strategic planning of transnational corporations and their competitiveness. The object of the paper is transnational corporations in the sector of fast-moving consumer goods, particularly: Danone S.A., Kraft Heinz, PepsiCo Inc., the Coca Cola company, Unilever PLC, P&G, Johnson& Johnson, Mondelez International, Nestle S.A., Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco. The article focuses on analysis of fast-moving consumer goods’ sector and examines the relevance of the companies’ activities to the Global Sustainable Development Goals. The role of “green” investments for competitiveness of transnational corporations has been identified. The information base of the paper is the United Nations’ information materials, Forbes information resources, the statistical data of NASDAQ, publications of famous audit and consulting companies (Deloitte, KPMG, PwC), transnational companies’ official reports, and scientific papers of Ukrainian and foreign researches. A rank of scientific research methods was applied in the paper: descriptive method - for general analysis of transnational companies’ strategic planning; analytical method and comparative method - for evaluation and analysis of transnational corporations’ stock prices and market capitalization in the fast-moving consumer goods’ sector; system analysis - for identification of the key characteristics of strategic planning of transnational corporations in the context of the Global Sustainable Development Goals. The authors propose recommendations that can be used while creating strategies for the development of international companies, including transnational corporations, as well as while analyzing the compliance of existing companies' strategies with the Global Sustainable Development Goals. Keywords: fast-moving consumer goods’ market, Global Report Initiative, Global Sustainable Development Goals, strategic planning, transnational corporations.

Abstract Background The gastrointestinal microbiota is the first line of defense against colonization with antimicrobial resistant (AR) bacteria, particularly in vulnerable hosts with frequent antibiotic exposure. In a double-blind Phase 3 trial of rCDI patients, SER-109, an orally formulated consortia of purified Firmicutes spores, was superior to placebo in reducing CDI recurrence at week 8 post clinical resolution on standard-of-care (SoC) antibiotics. Overall recurrence rates were lower in SER-109 vs placebo (12.4% vs 39.8%, respectively) relative risk, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.18–0.58; p< 0.001 for RR< 1.0; p< 0.001 for RR< 0.833]. This is a post-hoc analysis examining the impact of SER-109 on antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) abundance in the intestinal microbiota compared to placebo. Methods Subjects with rCDI received SoC antibiotics, then were randomized 1:1 to SER-109 or placebo at baseline. Of 182 subjects, 140 who had paired stool samples at baseline and 1-week post-treatment were included in this analysis. ARG abundances and taxonomic profiles were generated from whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing. t-tests were used to compare changes in ARG abundance from baseline; mixed linear models were used to associate ARG and taxon abundances across time points. Results ARG abundance was reduced overall by week 1, with a significantly greater decrease in SER-109 subjects vs. placebo at week 1 (Fig. 1). Proteobacteria relative abundance were positively correlated with ARG abundance across all samples (Fig. 2), with the Enterobacteriaceae family associated with the abundance of 95 ARGs (all p < 0.05). Enterococcaceae relative abundance was associated with glycopeptide AR abundance (p < 0.001). At week 1, Proteobacteria relative abundance was significantly decreased from baseline in SER-109 subjects vs. placebo (p < 0.001). Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae relative abundances were also decreased from baseline in SER-109 subjects vs. placebo (p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively). Figure 1. Significant reduction in ARG abundance at week 1 from baseline in SER-109 treatment compared to placebo. Figure 2. Total ARG abundance is associated with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in SER-109 and placebo subjects at baseline and week 1. Conclusion SER-109 was associated with significantly greater reduction of ARGs and AR bacteria abundances compared to placebo at 1 week post treatment. These findings support a potential role of microbiome therapeutics in rapid decolonization of AR bacteria with implications for infection prevention. Disclosures Timothy J. Straub, MS, Seres Therapeutics (Employee) Liyang Diao, PhD, Seres Therapeutics (Employee) Christopher Ford, PhD, Seres Therapeutics (Employee, Shareholder) Matthew Sims, MD, PhD, Astra Zeneca (Independent Contractor)Diasorin Molecular (Independent Contractor)Epigenomics Inc (Independent Contractor)Finch (Independent Contractor)Genentech (Independent Contractor)Janssen Pharmaceuticals NV (Independent Contractor)Kinevant Sciences gmBH (Independent Contractor)Leonard-Meron Biosciences (Independent Contractor)Merck and Co (Independent Contractor)OpGen (Independent Contractor)Prenosis (Independent Contractor)Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc (Independent Contractor)Seres Therapeutics Inc (Independent Contractor)Shire (Independent Contractor)Summit Therapeutics (Independent Contractor) Thomas J. Louie, MD, Artugen (Advisor or Review Panel member)Crestone (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Da Volterra (Advisor or Review Panel member)Finch Therapeutics (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)MGB Biopharma (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)Rebiotix (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Seres Therapeutics (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Summit PLC (Grant/Research Support)Vedanta (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member) Colleen S. Kraft, MD, MSc, Rebiotix (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Advisor or Review Panel member Stuart H. Cohen, MD, Seres (Research Grant or Support) Stuart H. Cohen, MD, Nothing to disclose Mary-Jane Lombardo, PhD, Seres Therapeutics (Employee, Shareholder) Barbara McGovern, MD, Seres Therapeutics (Employee, Shareholder) Lisa von Moltke, MD, Seres Therapeutics (Employee, Shareholder) Matt Henn, PhD, Seres Therapeutics (Employee, Shareholder)

CME/CNE Information Activity Available Online: To access the article, post-test, and evaluation online, go to http://www.cmscscholar.org. Target Audience: The target audience for this activity is physicians, physician assistants, nursing professionals, and other health-care providers involved in the management of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Learning Objectives: Accreditation Statement: This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the accreditation requirements and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) through the joint providership of the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC), Nurse Practitioner Alternatives (NPA), and Delaware Media Group. The CMSC is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The CMSC designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Nurse Practitioner Alternatives (NPA) is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. NPA designates this enduring material for 1.0 Continuing Nursing Education credit (none in the area of pharmacology). Laurie Scudder, DNP, NP, has served as Nurse Planner for this activity. She has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Disclosures: Editor in Chief of the International Journal of MS Care (IJMSC), has served as Physician Planner for this activity. He has received consulting fees from Acorda Therapeutics and Atlas5D and has received research support from Acorda Therapeutics and Atlas5D.Francois Bethoux, MD, has served as Nurse Planner for this activity. She has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Laurie Scudder, DNP, NP, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Marcia Aparecida Ciol, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Patricia Noritake Matsuda, PT, PhD, DPT, has received consulting fees from Mallinckrodt and has received research support from Mallinckrodt and Medtronics.Seema Rani Khurana, DO, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Melissa Jaclyn Cline, MD, has received research support from MC10, Inc, and Perimobile, Inc, and has an ownership interest in Intelliwheels, Inc.Jacob Jonathan Sosnoff, PhD, is a member of the Axon Council, Acorda Pharmaceuticals.George Howard Kraft, MD, MS, The anonymous peer reviewer for the IJMSC has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. The staff at the IJMSC, CMSC, NPA, and Delaware Media Group who are in a position to influence content have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Method of Participation: Release Date: August 1, 2017 Valid for Credit Through: August 1, 2018 In order to receive CME/CNE credit, participants must: Statements of Credit are awarded upon successful completion of the post-test with a passing score of >70% and the evaluation. There is no fee to participate in this activity. Disclosure of Unlabeled Use: This CME/CNE activity may contain discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not approved by the FDA. CMSC, NPA, and Delaware Media Group do not recommend the use of any agent outside of the labeled indications. The opinions expressed in the educational activity are those of the faculty and do not necessarily represent the views of CMSC, NPA, or Delaware Media Group. Disclaimer: Participants have an implied responsibility to use the newly acquired information to enhance patient outcomes and their own professional development. The information presented in this activity is not meant to serve as a guideline for patient management. Any medications, diagnostic procedures, or treatments discussed in this publication should not be used by clinicians or other health-care professionals without first evaluating their patients' conditions, considering possible contraindications or risks, reviewing any applicable manufacturer's product information, and comparing any therapeutic approach with the recommendations of other authorities.

Abstract Kraft pulps at the κ number level of 15 obtained from Acer saccharum (sugar maple) and Eucalyptus globulus prepared with and without hot water extraction (HWE) were analyzed by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In the case of A. saccharum pulps, the dispersive component of the surface energy (γsd) at 40°C determined by IGC was 39.8 mJ m-2 (control pulp without HWE) and 36.7 mJ m-2 (HWE pulp). Eucalyptus globulus pulps resulted in γsd values of 30.8 mJ m-2 (control) and 34.9 mJ m-2 (HWE). The higher values of γsd for sugar maple pulps were interpreted as the influence of lower amounts of extractives or lignin at their surface, as revealed by XPS. It is also discussed why the acid-base character of the sugar maple pulp surface was slightly reduced with previous HWE, whereas, for E. globulus, it was greatly enhanced.

Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate effects of different storage conditions on the castor bean seed cultivar IAC-226 quality, stored for 12 months. For this purpose, seeds were stored in different environment and packaging conditions: in a cold chamber and conventional storage, using multiwall Kraft paper and in no vacuum and vacuum plastic packages at 1 atm; as well as under cryopreservation storage (-196 °C). Seed quality was evaluated before and after 4, 8 and 12 months of storage by germination tests, first count of germination, emergence percentage, emergence speed index and determination of changes in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme systems. Cryopreservation (-196 °C) is efficient in maintaining the physiological quality of castor bean cultivar IAC-226 for 12 months. The enzyme catalase stands out as a marker of castor seed deterioration during storage.

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A synthesis and kinetic study of the urea controlled-release composite material based on isolated Na-lignosulfonate, Na-alginate and tapioca was carried out. This experiment’s aims were to isolate Na-lignosulfonate from wood sawdust and to applicate this isolated Na-lignosulfonate, along with tapioca and Na-alginate as urea control release composite material. A kinetic study of urea released from the composite materials was also conducted. Na-lignosulfonate was isolated by Kraft lignin method to give a brown solid yield of 16.92% and was characterized by FT-IR spectrophotometer and SEM-EDX. The composite materials were synthesized by blending urea as the active compound with composite material as the carrier compound. Three types of material were prepared: complete material (A), low-concentration Na-lignosulfonate material (B) and material without tapioca (C). The composite material had a spherical form with 0.79 mm radius and 2.16 mm swollen radius. Urea content inside material was 40.425 mg urea/g material. The urea diffusivity coefficient for material A, B, and C were 7.27 x 10–6; 15.50 x 10–6 and 0.94 x 10–6 m2 h–1, respectively. Modelling analysis showed the experiment obeyed around only 15% of the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, but there was good correlation (80%) with the unsteady-state diffusion model.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different storage conditions on the physiological and sanitary quality and oil content of castor bean (Ricinus communis) seeds. Seeds of castor bean plants of the Guarani, and IAC-80 cultivars were stored in two environments (cold room, and room conditions), using three package types (multifoliate Kraft paper bag, and polyethylene bag, and polyethylene bag with vacuum at 1 atm). In addition, another storage condition was evaluated: cryopreservation (-196 °C) in foil paper bags. Seed quality was evaluated before storage and at 4, 8, and 12 months after storage by testing their 7-day and 14-day germination, emergence, health, water content, and oil content. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with 7×4 factorial arrangement consisting of seven storage conditions and four evaluation times. Cryopreservation is the ideal condition for maintaining the seed physiological quality of the Ricinus communis cultivars used throughout storage. The oil content of the R. communis seeds decreases, and the incidence of Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. fungi increases throughout storage, regardless of the storage conditions.

O crescente interesse pelo uso de combustíveis renováveis nos últimos anos fez com que culturas oleaginosas, como a mamona, se tornassem importante objeto de estudo. No entanto, para a instalação de campos desta cultura, é imprescindível o uso de sementes de alta qualidade. O objetivo da pesquisa contida neste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência do teste de raios X na avaliação da qualidade de sementes de mamona após a colheita e armazenamento. Três lotes de sementes da cv. 'IAC-2028' (provenientes, respectivamente, dos racemos primário, secundário e terciário) e dois lotes da cv. 'Guarani' (lotes comerciais com sementes de todos os racemos misturados) foram avaliados de acordo com a morfologia interna pelo teste de raios X, na intensidade de 20 kV por 60 segundos de exposição. Posteriormente, as sementes radiografadas foram submetidas ao teste de germinação de modo a relacionar a morfologia interna das sementes com as respectivas plântulas normais, anormais ou sementes mortas. Após seis meses de armazenamento acondicionadas em sacos de papel Kraft, em condições não controladas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, amostras dessas sementes foram novamente avaliadas pelo teste de raios X. O teste de raios X é eficiente para avaliar a morfologia interna das sementes e seus reflexos no potencial fisiológico.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Bisherige experimentelle Ansätze zur Messung der Lidschlusskraft wiesen eine hohe Fehleranfälligkeit auf oder waren durch einen technisch komplexen Versuchsaufbau unpraktikabel. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer Messmethode der Lidschlusskraft mittels Videoanalyse, die möglichst untersucherunabhängig und einfach anzuwenden ist. Material/Methoden 50 gesunde Probanden wurden eingeschlossen. Für die Messung wurde ein verformbarer Single-Use-Lidsperrer nach Barraquer verwendet. Der forcierte maximale Lidschluss wurde mittels Videospaltlampe aufgezeichnet. Die Auswertung des Videomaterials erfolgte softwarebasiert durch einen Tracking-Algorithmus, mit dessen Hilfe die Bewegungsstrecke des Lidsperrers ermittelt wurde. Die Federsteifigkeit wurde separat geprüft. So konnte der Bewegungsstrecke eine definierte Kraft in N zugeordnet werden. Für die statistische Untersuchung von Einflussgrößen auf die Lidschlusskraft (Alter und Geschlecht) wurde der Korrelationskoeffizient nach Pearson ermittelt. Für die Ermittlung der Reliabilität der Methode wurden die Wiederholungsmessungen mittels Intraklassenkoeffizient (ICC) ausgewertet. Ergebnisse In je 3 Wiederholungsmessungen an 9 Probanden wurde ein ICC von α = 0,91 nachgewiesen. Bei 50 gesunden Probanden ergab sich eine Streubreite der Lidschlusskräfte zwischen 0,62 und 4,72 N. Es konnte keine Korrelation zwischen dem Alter der Probanden und der Lidschlusskraft ermittelt werden (Korrelationskoeffizient nach Pearson = 0,054). Eine geringe Korrelation zeigte sich zwischen dem Geschlecht und der Lidschlusskraft. Tendenziell ergaben sich bei Männern etwas höhere Lidschlusskräfte. Der Mittelwert x̄ bei Frauen betrug 1,82 N, bei Männern 2,58 N (Korrelationskoeffizient nach Pearson = 0,428). Schlussfolgerung Bei 50 gesunden Probanden zeigte sich eine große Varianz der ermittelten Lidschlusskraft. Die genauen Einflussfaktoren, welche die individuelle Lidschlusskraft bestimmen, sind derzeit noch nicht bekannt. Die große Streubreite der Messwerte macht eine klare Distinktion zwischen pathologischen und physiologischen Lidkräften schwierig. Somit sind mögliche klinische Anwendungsgebiete der Lidkraftmessung eher in individuellen Verlaufskontrollen bekannter Lidpathologien wie z. B. Fazialisparese oder Myasthenia gravis zu sehen.

Ganzkörper-EMS (WB-EMS) eine relativ neue Trainingstechnologie deutschen Ursprungs, wurde etwa 2006 kommerziell verbreitet und erfreut sich aktuell in ca. 2700 kommerziellen nicht-medizinischen Einrichtungen (zur Hälfte spezialisierte Mikrostudios) 1 ansteigender Beliebtheit. Nicht zuletzt durch diese frühe Markteinführung und die schiere Präsenz seiner kommerziellen Anwendung zeigen sich Probleme und Entwicklung dieser Trainingstechnologie oft zunächst in Deutschland. Nach Publikation erster Einzelfallstudien 2 3 4 und Medienberichten zu negativen gesundheitlichen Effekten (u. a. Spiegel online 2015, 4 5) in Deutschland und Israel wurden 2016 erste Forderungen nach einer offiziellen Regulierung durch die zuständigen Behörden veröffentlicht („its time to regulate whole-body electromyostimulation“ 4). Obgleich die DIN 33961-5 6 sowie die Empfehlungen 7 und Kontraindikationen 8 des Fachkreises WB-EMS, Aspekte wie Sicherheit, Effektivität, Überwachung und Dokumentation eingehend adressieren, gingen diese Normen dem Gesetzgeber nachvollziehbarerweise nicht weit genug. Im Jahr 2019 veröffentlichte das deutsche „Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU)“ die zu erwartende novellierte Strahlenschutzverordnung, die unter Artikel 4 neben Ultraschall- und Lasergeräte, auch die nichtmedizinischen Anwendungen im Bereich EMF und damit auch WB-EMS einschließt („Anwendungen nichtionisierender Strahlung am Menschen“; NiSV)9. Die im Januar 2021 in Kraft getretene NiSV regelte damit mehrere Aspekte der kommerziellen WB-EMS-Anwendung. Der erste Aspekt der NiSV konzentrierte sich überwiegend auf die obligatorische Meldung und Registrierung bei/durch der/die örtliche(n) Aufsichtsbehörde und enthält Hinweise auf die ordnungsgemäße Einrichtung des Geräts und Einweisungen durch den Hersteller, die erforderlichen Kenntnisse für Inspektion und Wartung sowie die Funktionsprüfung vor jedem Einsatz. Der zweite Aspekt der NISV legte den Fokus auf die Aufklärung der Kunden und umfasste Informationen zu Anwendung und Wirkung von WB-EMS, Risiken und mögliche unerwünschte Effekte. Im Gegensatz zur DIN 33961–5 6 bleibt die NiSV insbesondere bei der WB-EMS Anwendung vage, so bleiben zentrale Kriterien von Sicherheit und Effektivität wie Betreuungsschlüssel, Überwachung und Interaktion 12 in der NiSV unerwähnt. Der dritte Aspekt der NiSV bezieht sich auf die „Dokumentation“, nicht nur in Bezug auf Installation, Wartung, Störungen und Schäden des Gerätes, Einweisung und Qualifikation des Personals, sondern (Anlage 2, NiSV) ebenfalls auf die individuelle WB-EMS-Anwendung. Letzteres beinhaltet sowohl die Dokumentation der WB-EMS-Spezifikationen wie Impulsfrequenz, -intensität und Expositionsdauer, als auch die Dokumentation der Langzeitanwendung (Trainingsplan, Trainingshäufigkeit, Progression) inklusive unerwünschte Wirkungen, deren Ursache, Folgen und Maßnahmen zu deren Beseitigung. In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass die derzeitige Generation von WB-EMS-Geräten die entsprechende Spezifikation speichern und übertragen, bleibt der Aufwand für die Anlagen und Anwender jedoch akzeptabel. Die wichtigste Neuerung der NiSV ist schließlich die verpflichtende Zertifizierung („Fachkunde“) der WB-EMS Trainer, durch anerkannte Schulungsträger . Im Bereich des WB-EMS ist die Voraussetzung für die Fachkunde-Ausbildung eine Übungsleiter- bzw. Trainerlizenz oder eine vergleichbare Ausbildung mit einem Schulungsumfang von mindestens 120 Lerneinheiten (à 45 Minuten). Die Inhalte und Vorgaben der zusätzlichen WB-EMS-Fachkunde-Ausbildung mit einem Schulungsumfang von 24 Lerneinheiten werden vom NiSV detailliert vorgeschrieben, unterscheiden sich aber bis auf wenige Ausnahmen nicht vom bisherigen Curriculum der anerkannten Bildungsträger. Dem Umstand der enormen Anzahl an nicht oder nicht ausreichend zertifizierten WB-EMS-Trainern geschuldet, wird der NiSV-Aspekt der Fachkunde nicht vor Januar 2022 in Kraft treten. Inwieweit dieser Zeitraum ausreichend ist, einen regulären Betrieb der kommerziellen Einrichtungen zu gewährleisten, bleibt fraglich. Neben der schieren Anzahl an benötigten Zertifizierungen kollidiert ein weiterer formaler Aspekt mit der Verfügbarkeit von vorsichtig geschätzten 5000 WB-EMS-Trainern, die „der Markt“ im Jahr 2022 benötigt. Obgleich die formale Akkreditierung einer Personenzertifizierungsstelle nach DIN EN-ISO/IEC 17024 6 durch die amtlich bestellte Stelle (Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle, DAkkS) derzeit (noch) nicht verpflichtend ist, sichert sie die Konformitätsannahme mit der DIN EN-ISO/IEC 17024 durch die Aufsichtsbehörden, die ansonsten die entsprechende Konformität des Zertifikats bezweifeln und letztlich nicht anerkennen können. Die Akkreditierung nach DIN EN-ISO/IEC 17024 6 ist allerdings ein aufwändiger, sehr strenger und kostenpflichtiger Prozess – mit Blick auf den deutschen Markt ist zu vermuten, dass nur eine Handvoll Bildungseinrichtungen die Kriterien der Akkreditierung erfüllen können. Neben dieser strukturellen Problematik der Bereitstellung einer ausreichenden Anzahl von zertifizierten Trainern steht die weitere Entwicklung des WB-EMS-Marktes (nicht nur) in Deutschland vor großen Herausforderungen. Im Zusammenhang mit der verschärften Regulierung der NISV und deren Kosten, der COVID-19 induzierten Schließung von WB-EMS-Einrichtungen in Deutschland und dem „Peleton“-Phänomen fokussieren sich neue Geschäftsmodelle auf die nicht-supervisierte WB-EMS-Anwendung zu Hause.

Disciplinary behavior increases children's responsibility and self-control skills by encouraging mental, emotional and social growth. This behavior is also related to school readiness and future academic achievement. This study aims to look at read aloud with the media of large books in improving disciplinary behavior during early childhood. Participants were 20 children aged 5-6 years. By using qualitative methods as a classroom action research, data collection was carried out by observation, field notes, and documentation. The results of pre-cycle data showed that the discipline behavior of children increased to 42.6%. In the first cycle of intervention learning with ledger media, the percentage of children's discipline behavior increased to 67.05%, and in the second cycle, it increased again to 80.05%. Field notes found an increase in disciplinary behavior because children liked the media which was not like books in general. However, another key to successful behavior of the big book media story. Another important finding is the teacher's ability to tell stories to students or read books in a style that fascinates children. The hope of this intervention is that children can express ideas, insights, and be able to apply disciplinary behavior in their environment. Keywords: Early Discipline Behavior, Read aloud, Big Book Media References Aksoy, P. (2020). The challenging behaviors faced by the preschool teachers in their classrooms, and the strategies and discipline approaches used against these behaviors: The sample of United States. Participatory Educational Research, 7(3), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.20.36.7.3 Anderson, K. L., Weimer, M., & Fuhs, M. W. (2020). Teacher fidelity to Conscious Discipline and children’s executive function skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 51, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.08.003 Andriana, E., Syachruroji, A., Alamsyah, T. P., & Sumirat, F. 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Discipline and rules in four Hong Kong kindergarten classrooms : a qualitative case study. International Journal of Early Years Education, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2017.1316242 Hoffman, L. L., Hutchinson, C. J., & Reiss, E. (2005). Training teachers in classroom management: Evidence of positive effects on the behavior of difficult children. In The Journal of the Southeastern Regional Association of Teacher Educators (Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 36–43). Iraklis, G. (2020). Classroom (in) discipline: behaviour management practices of Greek early childhood educators. Education 3-13, 0(0), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2020.1817966 Kalb, G., & van Ours, J. C. (2014). Reading to young children: A head-start in life? Economics of Education Review, 40, 1–24. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2014.01.002 Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (1988). The action research planner (3rd ed.). Deakin University Press. Ledger, S., & Merga, M. K. (2018). Reading aloud: Children’s attitudes toward being read to at home and at school. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 43(3), 124–139. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v43n3.8 Longstreth, S., Brady, S., & Kay, A. (2015). Discipline Policies in Early Childhood Care and Education Programs : Building an Infrastructure for Social and Academic Success Discipline Policies in Early Childhood Care and Education Programs : Building an Infrastructure. Early Education and Development, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2011.647608 Mahayanti, N. W. S., Padmadewi, N. N., & Wijayanti, L. P. A. (2017). Coping With Big Classes: Effect of Big Book in Fourth Grade Students Reading Comprehension. International Journal of Language and Literature, 1(4), 203. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijll.v1i4.12583 Martha Efirlin, Fadillah, M. (2012). Penanaman Perilaku Disiplin Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun di TK Primanda Untan Pontianak. Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 1–10. Merga, Margaret K. (2017). Becoming a reader: Significant social influences on avid book readers. School Library Research, 20(Liu 2004). Merga, Margaret Kristin. (2015). “She knows what I like”: Student-generated best-practice statements for encouraging recreational book reading in adolescents. Australian Journal of Education, 59(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004944114565115 Merga, Margaret Kristin. (2017). Interactive reading opportunities beyond the early years: What educators need to consider. Australian Journal of Education, 61(3), 328–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004944117727749 Milles;, M. B., & Huberman, M. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis. Sage Publications. Moberly, D. A., Waddle, J. L., & Duff, R. E. (2014). Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education The use of rewards and punishment in early childhood classrooms The use of rewards and punishment in early childhood classrooms. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/1090102050250410 Mol, S. E., & Bus, A. G. (2011). To Read or Not to Read: A Meta-Analysis of Print Exposure From Infancy to Early Adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 137(2), 267–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021890 Pegg, L. A., & Bartelheim, F. J. (2011). Effects of daily read-alouds on students’ sustained silent reading. Current Issues in Education, 14(2), 1–8. Penno, J. F., Wilkinson, I. A. G., & Moore, D. W. (2002). Vocabulary acquisition from teacher explanation and repeated listening to stories: Do they overcome the Matthew effect? Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.1.23 Septyaningrum, A., & Mas’udah. (2015). Pengaruh metode bercerita berbasis dongeng terhadap kedisiplinan anak. Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan, 1–5. Swanson, E., Vaughn, S., Wanzek, J., Petscher, Y., Heckert, J., Cavanaugh, C., Kraft, G., & Tackett, K. (2011). A synthesis of read-aloud interventions on early reading outcomes among preschool through third graders at risk for reading difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44(3), 258–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219410378444 Turan, F., & Ulutas, I. (2016). Using storybooks as a character education tools. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(15), 169–176. Turuini Ernawati, Rasdi Eko Siswoyo, Wahyu Hardyanto, T. J. R. (2018). Local- Wisdom-Based Character Education Management In Early Childhood Education. The Journal Of Educational Development. Westbrook, J., Sutherland, J., Oakhill, J., & Sullivan, S. (2019). ‘Just reading’: the impact of a faster pace of reading narratives on the comprehension of poorer adolescent readers in English classrooms. Literacy, 53(2), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12141 Yılmaz, S., Temiz, Z., & Karaarslan Semiz, G. (2020). Children’s understanding of human–nature interaction after a folk storytelling session. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 19(1), 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2018.1517062 Zachos, D. T., Delaveridou, A., & Gkontzou, A. (2016). Teachers and School “Discipline” in Greece: A Case Study. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v7i1.p8-19

BackgroundGastric cancer is the sixth most common cancer and second-leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide.1 The heterogenous and genetically complex nature of this disease underlies the challenges in developing effective therapies for metastatic gastric cancer. In the majority of cases, stomach tumors evolve from intestinal metaplasia resulting in ectopic expression of the enterocyte differentiation antigen guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) by ~50% of primary and metastatic gastric cancers.2–4 In the context of the efficacy of GUCY2C-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells against metastatic colorectal cancer in animal models,5,6 we hypothesized that this adoptive cell therapy may be effective against metastatic gastric cancer.MethodsHere, we explored the efficacy of GUCY2C-directed CAR-T cells for gastric cancer in a patient derived xenograft (PDX) tumor model. Also, we interrogated translational GUCY2C biomarker assays using RT-qPCR, immunoblot analysis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the intended purpose of identifying patients whose tumors express GUCY2C and could benefit from GUCY2C-directed CAR-T cell therapy.ResultsGUCY2C-directed CAR-T cells significantly reduced subcutaneous T84 colorectal tumor growth, producing a 5-fold reduction in tumor volume, compared to control treated tumors. GUCY2C-directed CAR-T cells produced no response in tumors produced from the GUCY2C-deficient colorectal cancer cell line, SW480. Importantly, GUCY2C-directed CAR-T cells controlled gastric cancer PDX growth, maintaining a >12-fold reduction in tumor volume compared to control and in some cases produced complete tumor elimination. Furthermore, IHC based assays, indicate that antibodies developed in our laboratory may be suitable for development of a companion diagnostic for GUCY2C-directed CAR-T cells. Indeed, the commercial polyclonal antibody demonstrated robust, non-specific staining regardless of tissue type or GUCY2C mRNA profile, while novel monoclonal antibodies produced in our laboratory primarily detected protein localized to the membrane of glandular epithelial cells, demonstrating antigen specificity, and indicating their potential for further development in diagnostic companion assays to identify gastric cancer patients who may benefit from GUCY2C-directed CAR-T cell therapy.ConclusionsGUCY2C-directed CAR-T cells prevented the growth of, and at times eliminated, a subcutaneous gastric cancer PDX model. In the context of previously established safety in mouse models, additional studies defining the efficacy of GUCY2C-directed CAR-T cells in gastric cancer models may allow future translation of this therapy to patients with advanced gastric cancers. Concurrent development of a novel companion diagnostic IHC assay would permit identification of the ~50% of gastric cancer patients whose tumors express GUCY2C and could benefit from this therapy.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by a DeGregorio Family Foundation Award and by the Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (W81XWH-17-1-0299, W81XWH-191-0263, and W81XWH-19-1-0067) to AES. SAW is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01 CA204881, R01 CA206026, and P30 CA56036), the Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program W81XWH-17-PRCRP-TTSA, and Targeted Diagnostic & Therapeutics. SAW and AES were also supported by a grant from The Courtney Ann Diacont Memorial Foundation. SAW is the Samuel M.V. Hamilton Professor of Thomas Jefferson University. AZ was supported by NIH institutional award T32 GM008562 for Postdoctoral Training in Clinical Pharmacology.The authors thank the NCI Patient-Derived Models Repository for their support and resources to make this research possible. The authors also thank the Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Translational Research & Pathology Core Facility, and the Office of Animal Resources at Thomas Jefferson University for their continued technical assistance and support in this research.Ethics ApprovalThis study was approved by the Thomas Jefferson University Institutional Review Board (#14.0204) and the Instituational Animal Care and Use Commitee (Protocol #01529).ReferencesBray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin2018;68:394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492.Park J, Schulz S, Haaf J, Kairys JC, Waldman SA. Ectopic expression of guanylyl cyclase C in adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and stomach. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:739–44.Birbe R, Palazzo JP, Walters R, Weinberg D, Schulz S, Waldman SA. Guanylyl cyclase C is a marker of intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:170–9. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.12.002.Mathur D, Root AR, Bugaj-Gaweda B, Bisulco S, Tan X, Fang W, et al. A Novel GUCY2C-CD3 T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Construct (PF-07062119) for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2020;26:2188–202. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-3275.Magee MS, Kraft CL, Abraham TS, Baybutt TR, Marszalowicz GP, Li P, et al. GUCY2C-directed CAR-T cells oppose colorectal cancer metastases without autoimmunity. Oncoimmunology 2016;5:e1227897. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2016.1227897.Magee MS, Abraham TS, Baybutt TR, Flickinger JC, Ridge NA, Marszalowicz GP, et al. Human GUCY2C-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-Expressing T Cells Eliminate Colorectal Cancer Metastases. Cancer Immunol Res 2018;6:509–16. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0362.

Abstract Introduction It is well established that von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels increase with age among healthy adults. Recently, there is emerging research demonstrating this may also occur in patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD), particularly type 1 VWD, and may be related to comorbidities. Despite increasing VWF levels, it remains unclear as to whether or not this alters bleeding phenotype. It is also unclear why this occurs most commonly in patients with type 1 VWD, but VWF mutation status may play a role. Older patients commonly undergo invasive procedures, and all VWD patients require periprocedural VWD-specific therapy to ensure appropriate hemostasis. If older type 1 VWD patients have experienced normalization of VWF levels, and no longer have an increased risk of bleeding, VWD-specific therapy may increase thrombosis risk, especially among patients with underlying cardiovascular disease or related risk factors, subject the patient to other adverse reactions such as hyponatremia, and is unnecessarily costly. For these reasons, investigation into the effect of age on VWF levels and bleeding risk in type 1 VWD patients is sorely needed. Methods This is an NHLBI-funded K23 multicenter, cross-sectional study to determine the effect of age on VWF levels and bleeding risk in patients with type 1 VWD, and to determine if pathogenic VWF mutations alter this effect.Individuals with a new or historical diagnosis of type 1 VWD (defined as clinical symptoms consistent with VWD and VWF antigen level or ristocetin cofactor activity <0.50 IU/mL) and age 18 or older are enrolled during routine clinic visits at participating Hemophilia Treatment Centers (HTCs). Following enrollment, pertinent medical history is obtained; the condensed MCMDM-1 VWD Bleeding Assessment Tool is administered, with bleeding history based on bleeding symptoms during the past 5 years; and blood samples are collected for the following: VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) level, VWF ristocetin cofactor activity, factor VIII activity, blood type, and VWF gene sequencing. We hypothesize age is associated with increased VWF:Ag levels and lower condensed MCMDM-1 VWD bleeding scores in patients with type 1 VWD, and this association is weaker among those with a pathogenic VWF mutation. In addition, we hypothesize multimorbidity partially explains the association between age and VWF:Ag levels, and VWF:Ag levels partially explain the association between age and condensed MCMDM-1 VWD bleeding scores in patients with type 1 VWD. A sample size of 250 participants provides 90% power to detect an effect size of Beta=±0.032 points per year of age, which is much smaller than the observed effect size, Beta=-0.080, from preliminary data. The primary analyses will be based on multivariable linear regression models with adjustment for blood type O, exogenous estrogen therapy, multimorbidity (defined as 2 or more of the core set of 20 chronic conditions, i.e., cancer, hypertension, stroke, etc., as selected by the United States Department of Health and Human Services), and medications (aspirin, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and anticoagulants). In the regression models, two-sided t-tests will be used with an alpha=0.05. Results This multicenter, cross-sectional study consists of seven HTCs: Hemophilia Center of Western Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, Mary M. Gooley Hemophilia Center, Ohio State University, Bleeding & Clotting Disorders Institute, Mayo Clinic, and University of California, San Diego. During the first year of the study, site initiation visits were conducted, regulatory approval obtained, and contracts executed. Delays in these activities occurred in large part due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As the first year of the study concludes, all sites are now active and enrolling participants. Thus far, 43 participants have been enrolled (Table 1). No barriers to enrollment have been encountered and very few patients have declined study participation. Discussion In conclusion, this ongoing multicenter, cross-section study seeks to determine the effect age has on VWF levels and bleeding risk in patients with type 1 VWD while exploring the role of VWF mutations and multimorbidity in this process. The results will be used to justify a longitudinal study, which is the ideal approach to research the effects of aging in this population. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Seaman: Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria; HEMA Biologics: Consultancy, Honoraria. Ragni: Bioverativ (Sanofi): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Spark Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alnylam (Sanofi): Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; University of Pittsburgh: Research Funding; BioMarin Pharmaceutical: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Kraut: Uniqure: Consultancy. Pruthi: CSL Behring: Honoraria; Bayer Healthcare AG: Honoraria; Instrumentation Laboratory: Honoraria; Genentech: Honoraria; HEMA Biologics: Honoraria; Merck: Honoraria. Raffini: CSL Behring: Consultancy; HEMA Biologics: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; XaTek: Consultancy. Roberts: Takeda; Speakers Bureau: Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Sanofi, Takeda.: Research Funding; Genentech, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, uniQure: Consultancy. von Drygalski: Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; uniQure: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Biomarin: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; CSL Behring: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Hematherix, Inc: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties: Super FVa.

BackgroundRecurring cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains an area of high unmet medical need. While anti-PD-1 antibodies are now approved for this diagnosis, more than half the patients will need more effective treatments, supporting the development of new or combination regimens. Weekly cetuximab targets EGFR and has anti-tumor immunogenic properties that could complement anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Cetuximab is being evaluated in combination clinical trials. Panitumumab also targets EGFR but is felt to function as a signal transduction inhibitor with weaker anti-tumor immunogenic properties; however, this medication is dosed every two weeks rather than weekly and has a relatively favorable toxicity profile.MethodsTwo consecutive elderly patients with significant comorbidities presented with a performance status of ECOG 3 and rapidly progressive recurrent cutaneous SCC of the face. The patients were presented treatment with an anti-PD-1 antibody, with an option - were there an inadequate palliative response - to include an EGFR antibody provided tolerance was adequate and molecular markets supported so doing. Each patient signed consent for treatment and consent for photographs. Dosing was per package insert, starting conservatively with pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg or nivolumab 3 mg/kg, respectively, escalating in both cases to flat dosing once it was apparent that tolerance was acceptable. The first cycle of panitumumab (6 mg/kg), when needed to be invoked, was administered solo between two cycles of PD-1 inhibitor, then every two weeks while the PD-1 inhibitor continued every two - four weeks.ResultsA 78 year old women with significant cardiac disease and a St Jude tissue aortic valve, had undergone prior surgeries and radiation therapy for her recurring SCC of the face followed then by major resection, parotidectomy, flap reconstruction, and supraomohyoid neck dissection; only two weeks after the latter surgery, she presented with over 20 new in-radiation field metastases (see photo below). A 90 year old woman with emphysema on home oxygen and living in a facility presented with diffuse local recurrence 4 months after orbital exenteration, parotidectomy, neck dissection, and flap. Both patients‘ tumors were characterized: PDL1 (clone E1L3N) 2% and 10%, respectively; scant peritumoral or intratumoral lymphocytes; tumor mutation burden high (33 and 30 mutations per megabase, respectively); epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) high 3+ by IHC, but with no gene mutations detected in EGFR, kras or nras; microsatellite stable. In the 78 yo woman, after two cycles of pembrolizumab, the ~ 5 mm pink nodules grew further to up to 3 cm with facial erythema, edema, sealing the eye closed. Only by criteria was this not considered pseudoprogression, Panitumumab was integrated between cycles 2 and 3, resulting in a dramatic abrupt response: the masses became centrally necrotic, flaking, pouring off her face with prompt resolution in edema and complete response (CR) within 2 months - now lasting over 18 months - a period during which pembrolizumab and panitumumab were continued for 27 and 26 cycles respectively). Her major toxicity was diffuse erythema involving ~ 30% of her torso; this resolved early on with triamcinolone 0.1% cream. She also developed scabs in her uninvolved scalp - some where other squamous and basal carcinomas had previously been resected and these all healed slowly (see photo), suggesting we were preventing similar future cancers from emerging in these areas. Similarly, the 90 yo woman achieved only a mixed response to nivolumab over 3 months with shrinking level V neck node but continued stubborn diffuse disease over her face and into the exenteration field. When panitumumab was added, however, there was clear improvement (See photo). With each of eight cycles, prolific crusting/scabbing would occur, shed, and reoccur, some in areas of the face without visible tumor, Mild acneiform rash and mild hypomagnesemia were readily managed. Her performance status and appetite improved and she gained back 14 pounds. After only 6 months, with pathologically confirmed CR, treatment had to be held because she was restricted to her assisted living facility in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Now after a year, the remaining scabs are largely gone (see photo).Abstract 467 Figure 1Panitumumab + pembrolizumab for metastatic cutaneous SCC #1Dramatic durable response in 22 metastases on face and also scabbing then healing on scalp where there was no evidence of tumor but history of prior resected.squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas, suggesting effective prevention of future such lesionsAbstract 467 Figure 2Panitumumab + pembrolizumab for metastatic cutaneous SCC #2Durable response lasting a year after 6 months of treatment in a 90 yo womanConclusionsThe excellent tolerance of multiple cycles of out-patient combination treatment in these two consecutive patients with the same diagnosis, coupled with the observed durable anti-tumor clinical activity lasting now over a year - all support further exploration of panitumumab in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody treatment. A randomized trial would be needed to establish whether outcomes are truly better with the combination. Deciding on hyperprogression v pseudoprogression while getting anti-PD-1 antibody treatment remains a challenge. Laboratory studies would evaluate how such specific signal transduction inhibition by panitumumab might interfere with immune suppressive mechanisms in metastases, rendering them more sensitive to an induced anti-tumor cellular immune response by an anti-PD-1 antibody. Finally such combination treatment should help reduce the need for increasingly cosmetically and functionally altering surgeries.Ethics Approval‘Per our Hartford Health Care IRB, case series of three or less patients does not constitute research.’ConsentWritten informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this abstract and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.ReferencesChen A1,2, Ali N3,4, Boasberg P5,6, Ho AS7,8. Clinical Remission of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Auricle with Cetuximab and Nivolumab. J Clin Med 2018 Jan 10;7(1). pii: E10.Foote MC, McGrath M, Guminski A, Hughes BG, Meakin J, Thomson D, Zarate D, Simpson F, Porceddu SV Phase II study of single-agent panitumumab in patients with incurable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2014 Oct;25(10):2047–52.Ferris RL, Gillison ML, Harris J, et al. Safety evaluation of nivolumab concomitant with cetuximab-radiotherapy for intermediate and high-risk local-regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): RTOG 3504. Oral presentation at: 2018 ASCO Annual Meeting; June 1–5, 2018; Chicago, IL.Jong Chul Park, Lori J. Wirth, Keith Flaherty, Donald P. Lawrence, Shadmehr Demehri, Stefan Kraft, Immune checkpoint inhibition in advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Clinical response and correlative biomarker analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology36, no. 15_suppl (May 20 2018) 9564.FDA approves pembrolizumab for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. FDA website. Published June 24, 2020. fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-cutaneous-squamous-cell-carcinoma.Edith Borcoman, MD, Amara Nandikolla, MD, Georgina Long, BSc, PhD, MBBS, FRACP, Sanjay Goel, MD, and Christophe Le Tourneau, MD, PhD. Patterns of Response and Progression to Immunotherapy American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book 38 (May 23, 2018) 169–1787.Migden MR, Rischin D, Schmults CD, Guminski A, Hauschild A, Lewis KD, Chung CH, Hernandez-Aya L, Lim AM, Chang ALS, Rabinowits G, Thai AA, Dunn LA, Hughes BGM, Khushalani NI, Modi B, Schadendorf D, Gao B, Seebach F, Li S, Li J, Mathias M, Booth J, Mohan K, Stankevich E, Babiker HM, Brana I, Gil-Martin M, Homsi J, Johnson ML, Moreno V, Niu J, Owonikoko TK, Papadopoulos KP, Yancopoulos GD, Lowy I, Fury MG. PD-1 Blockade with Cemiplimab in Advanced Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2018 Jul 26;379(4):341–351.Eve Maubec, Marouane Boubaya, Peter Petrow, Nicole Basset-Seguin, Jean-Jacques Grob, Brigitte Dreno,. Pembrolizumab as first line therapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Interim results of the phase 2 CARSKIN trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 15_suppl (May 20 2018) 9534.Burtness B, et al. First-line pembrolizumab a new standard for recurrent, metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Abstract LBA8_PR. Presented at: European Society for Medical Oncology Congress; Oct. 19–23, 2018; Munich. 10. Teruki Yanagi,* Shinya Kitamura, and Hiroo Hata. Novel Therapeutic Targets in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8: 79.

Abstract Background Patients with multiple recurrences of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) have longer hospital stays and lower quality of life. Recent changes in therapies and strains of CDI make understanding recurrent CDI in the general population critical as these patients may benefit from microbiota restoring therapies rather than antibiotics alone. Methods Georgia’s Emerging Infections Program (supported by CDC) conducts CDI surveillance in 8 counties around metropolitan Atlanta, GA (population ∼4 million). CDI is defined as any C. difficile-positive specimen with no positive test in the prior 2 weeks. We evaluated CDI between Jan 2015 through Dec 2019 and captured recurrent CDI (CDI test date 2-52 weeks following previous CDI) for 2016-2019 which were categorized as single episode only, recurrent (2 episodes ≤ 1 year) or multiple recurrent (>2 episodes ≤ 1 year). Year was attributed to date of final episode. Census data was used to determine crude and age-specific incidence. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds for multiple recurrent compared to single recurrent CDI with demographic, comorbidity and treatment related covariates. Results Over 4 years 13,745 patients had at least one episode of CDI, 2,930 (20%) had ≥ 1 recurrence and 916 (30%) of these progressed to multiple recurrence. Between 2016 to 2019, incidence of single CDI decreased 25% from 93/100,000 to 69/100,000 (P< 0.01). Multiple recurrent CDI decreased 45% from 9/100,000 to 5/100,000) (P< 0.01); incidence in the 80+ age group was highest and where decreased incidence was most dramatic during the study period (Figures). Time between 1st and 2nd episode was longer among patients with single recurrent than multiple recurrent CDI (median 12 weeks vs. 9 weeks, P< 0.01).. Independent predictors of multiple recurrence were fewer days (< 90) between episodes (aOR: 1.87 P< 0.01) and chronic renal disease (aOR: 1.59 , P< 0.01). Figure 1:Annual Incidence of CDI by age group. A) Incidence of CDI among patients with only a single episode of CDI within 365 days. B) Incidence of CDI among patients with three or more episodes (two or more recurrence) within 365 days. RR documented compares 2016 to 2018 incidence in the 80+ age group Conclusion Time between 1st and 2nd CDI most strongly predicts likelihood of progression to multiple recurrences. Of all measured comorbid conditions, renal disease was most predictive. These findings may help to identify patients at high risk for progression for advanced interventions such as microbiota modifying therapies. Disclosures Scott Fridkin, MD, Pfizer: Grant/Research Support Colleen Kraft, MD MS, Rebiotix Inc: Advisor/Consultant|SERES: Advisor/Consultant.

Inculturation emerged as a result of paradigm shifts in the missionary outlook of the Church necessitated by a heightened sense of culture, especially the plurality of cultures. This outlook saw culture as a tool for the transmission of the Gospel message to different frontiers. In view of this, dialogue with culture has passed from being an exception to the rule to becoming normative. Inculturation is a complex process, which must be undertaken gradually and critically. Overall, it aims to incarnate the Gospel in every culture by maintaining a healthy balance between tradition and progress. In this paper, the method of inculturation that is highlighted is the one developed by Charles Kraft and Anscar Chupungco known as “dynamic equivalence,” which seeks to build a “communicational bridge” between the Gospel message and human experience. This paper, therefore, embarks upon the discussion of faith-culture dialogue, keeping in mind Church’s efforts to proclaim the message of the Gospel: first, by first tracing the historical development of Inculturation, highlighting the Church’s disposition towards faith culture dialogue; second, by discussing the nature and dynamics of inculturation, focusing on its essential characteristics; and lastly, delineating the process of inculturation, which underscores dynamic equivalence as method. References Acevedo, Marcelo S.J., Inculturation and the Challenge of Modernity. Rome: Pontifical Gregorian University, 1982. Alberigo, Giuseppe “The Announcement of the Council: From Security of the Fortress to the Lure of Quest,” in History of Vatican II, 1 Announcing and Preparing Vatican II: Toward a New Era in Catholicism, ed. Giuseppe Alberigo and Joseph A. Komonchak. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis. 1-54. Aleaz, K.P. “The Theology of Inculturation Re-Examined,” Asia Journal of Theology 25, 2 (2011):232. Amalorpavadass, D.S. “Indian Culture. Integrating Cultural Elements into Spirituality” in Indian Christian Spirituality ed. By D.S. Amalorpvadass, Bangalore: NBCLC, 1982, 100. Arbuckle, Gerard A. “Christianity, Identity, and Cultures: A Case Study” The Australasian Catholic Report (January, 2013): 41-43. Arbuckle, Gerard Earthing the Gospel: An Inculturation Handbook for the Pastoral Worker. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1990. Arevalo, Catalino “Inculturation in the Church: The Asian Context,” Landas 25 (2011): 83-134. Arrupe, P. 1978, “Letter to the Whole Society on Inculturation” Aixala (ed.) 3, 172-181. Barnes, Michael SJ, Theology and the Dialogue of Religions. Cambridge: Cambridge Unviersity Press, 2002. Bevans, Stephen SVD. “Revisiting Mission as Vatican II: Theology and Practice for Today’s Mission Church” Theological Studies 74 (2013): 26. Chupungco, Anscar. “Two Methods of Liturgical Inculturation: Creative Assimilation and Dynamic Equivalence” in Liturgy for the Filipino Church: A Collection of Talks of Anscar J. Chupungco, OSB given at the National Meeting of Diocesan Directors of Liturgy (1986-2004), ed. Josefina M. Manabat, SLD. Mendiola. Manila: San Beda College, Graduate School of Liturgy, 2004. 18-33. Chupungco, Anscar Liturgies of the Future: the Process and Methods of Inculturation. Collegeville Minnesota: A Pueblo Book, 1989. Chupungco, Anscar. “Liturgy and Inculturation,” East Asian Pastoral Review 18 (1981): 264. Costa R.O. (ed.) One Faith, Many Cultures: Inculturation, Indigenization, and Contextualization. Maryknoll: NY Orbis, 1988. Chupungco, Anscar in “Liturgy and Inculturation,” East Asian Pastoral Review 18 (1981): 264. De la Rosa, Rolando V. Beginnings of the Filipino Dominicans: History of the Filipinization of the Religious Orders in the Philippines, Revised Edition. Manila: UST Publishing House, 1990. De Mesa, Jose M. Why Theology is Never Far from Home. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc., 2003. Eilers, Franz-Josef. Communicating Between Cultures: An Introduction to Intercultural Communication. Fourth Updated Edition. Manila: Logos, Divine Word Publication, 2012. Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences, Resource Manual for Catholics in Asia: Dialogue. Thailand: FABC-OEIA, 2001. Follo, Francesco “Inculturation and Interculturality in John Paul II and Benedict XVI.” Retrieved 5 February 2014 from http://www.oasiscenter.eu/articles/interreligious-dialogue/2010/03/29/inculturation-and-interculturality-in-john-paul-ii-and-benedict-xvi quoting Ratzinger’s speech during the 25th anniversary of the John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family, 11 May 2006. Genero, Bartolome. ed. Inculturazione della fede: Sagi Interdisciplinarii. Naple: Edizioni ehoniane, 1981. Gorski, John F. M.M., “Christology, Inculturation, and Their Missiological Implications: A Latin American Perspective,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 28, 2 (2004): 61, Javier, Edgar G. SVD, Dialogue: Our Mission Today. Quezon City: Claretian Publication and ICLA Publications, 2006. Jeremiah, Anderson “Inculturation: A Sub-Altern Critique of K.P. Aleaz’ ‘Indian Christian Vedanta,’ The Asia Journal of Theology 21, 2. (October 2007): 398-411. Kraft, Charles H. Christianity in Culture: A Study in Biblical Theologizing in Cross-Cultural Perspective. New York: Orbis Books, 1980. Kroeger, James, H., “The Faith-Culture Dialogue in Asia: Ten FABC Insights on Inculturation,” oletin Eclesiastico de Filipinas 85, 870 (2009): 7-28. Masson, Joseph ‘L Église ouverte ser le monde’in NRT, 84 (1962) 1038. Mercado, Leonardo N. Inculturation and Filipino Theology, Asia Pacific Missiological Series 2. Manila: Divine Word Publication, 1992. Mercado, Leonardo N. Elements of Filipino Theology. Tacloban City, Philippines: Divine Word University, 1975. Mitchell, Nathan “Culture, Inculturation, and Sacrosanctum Concilium,” Worship 77, 2 (March 2003): 171-181. Pietrzak, Daniel Interculturality and Internationality: A Utopia or a Constructive Tension for a Franciscan Missiology? Retrieved September 9, 2014 from http://www2.ofmconv.pcn.net/docs/en/general/miscon06_india/Interculturality%20and%20Internationality%20%20a%20utopia%20or%20a%20constructive%20tension%20for%20a%20Franciscan%20Missiology.pdf Radcliffe, Timothy. “Inculturation,” Review for Religious (Sept – Oct 1994): 646-657. Schreiter, Robert. “The Legacy of St. Francis Xavier: Inculturation of the Gospel Then and Now” East Asian Pastoral Review 44 (2007): 17-31. Schreiter, Robert J. Constructing Local Theologies. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1993. Shorter, Aylward Toward a Theology of Inculturation. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1999. Stanley, Brian. “Inculturation: Historical Background, Theological Foundations and Contemporary Questions,” Transformation 24, 1 (January 2007): 21-27. Timoner, Gerard F. “Intercultural Theology as a Way of Doing Theology” in Philippiniana Sacra XLI, 121 (January-April, 2006): 75-46. Timoner, Gerard. “Theology of Inculturation: A Critical Appraisal,” Philippiniana Sacra XL no. 119 (2005): 322-325. Ustorf, Werner “The Cultural Origins of Intercultural Theology” Mission Studies 25 (2008): 229-251. Wijsen, Frans “Intercultural Theology” Exchange 30, 3 (2001): 222-230.

I det här dubbelnumret av Sociologisk Forskning fördjupar vi ett tema som vi berörde i det förra numret: de protester världen över som var en reaktion på att den 46-årige svarta mannen George Floyd dödades av en vit polis i USA. I detta nummer har vi ett samtal mellan tre samhällsvetenskapliga forskare verksamma i Sverige och USA om Black Lives Matter, antirasistiska rörelsemobiliseringar, antisvart rasism samt polisiärt dödliga våld mot svarta människor. De medverkande forskarna är statsvetaren Jan Jämte, sociologen Jasmine Kelekay och kriminologen Leandro Schclarek Mulinari. Frågor om rasism, ras och etnicitet i Sverige samt afroamerikaners situation i USA är också centrala teman i två av detta nummers forskningsartiklar. I artikeln ”Importing American racial reasoning to social science research in Sweden” diskuterar Andrea Voyer och Anna Lund den sociala ojämlikhet och exkludering i Sverige som är grundad i kategoriseringar baserade på ras och etnicitet. Även om rasism och rasifiering under lång tid undersökts av samhällsvetenskapliga forskare i Sverige menar de att mycket forskning fortfarande präglas av ett motstånd mot att analysera dessa frågor utifrån kategoriseringar baserade på ras. Peter Ehrström och Magnus Dahlstedt skriver om den afroamerikanske filmkaraktären Shaft i artikeln ”Mitt namn är Shaft. En populärkulturell ikon i tre olika skepnader”. Genom att analysera tre Shaft-filmer från 1971, 2000 och 2019 belyser de hur afroamerikaners villkor och samhället i stort har förändrats. Numrets övriga fyra forskningsartiklar berör andra teman. I artikeln ”En stum värld? Om resonans, social responsivitet och utbrändhet” diskuterar Christian Ståhl Hartmut Rosas teori om resonans i relation till Johan Asplunds teori om social responsivitet. Ståhl menar att dessa teoretiker bidrar till ett sociologiskt synsätt på utbrändhet som skiljer sig från de gängse genom att förskjuta diskussionen om detta fenomen från det ”individuella psykiska måendet till sociala strukturer”. Gabriella Scaramuzzino diskuterar i sin artikel ”Workplace violence. A threat to autonomy and professional discretion” hat, hot och trakasserier mot tre yrkesgrupper som alla har demokratibärande roller: socialarbetare, lärare och journalister. Hennes undersökning visar att hela 40 procent av respondenterna har övervägt att sluta arbeta med ett socialt problem, ett ämne eller en viss grupp av rädsla för att bli utsatt för arbetsrelaterat våld. I artikeln ”Att förhålla sig till ändligheten i livet och strategier för ’framgångsrikt döende’” skriver Janicke Andersson om hur äldre personer förhåller sig till den ökade sannolikheten att livet ska ta slut och känslan av att döden är nära. En slutsats är att intervjupersonerna uttryckte osäkerhet och rädsla inför ovissheten i framtiden samtidigt som de sade sig vilja att ta kontroll över såväl åldrandet som döden. Zlatan Ibrahimovićs, Patrik Sjöbergs och Leif G.W. Perssons självbiografier analyseras i artikeln ”Underdogs, rebels, and heroes. Crime narratives as a resource for doing masculinity in autobiographies” av Monica Skrinjar och Tove Pettersson. Deras analys visar hur berömda och socialt etablerade män använder beskrivningar av kriminella handlingar för att konstruera en viss typ av maskulinitet, trots att dessa handlingar sällan beskrivs som kriminella i deras berättelser. Den amerikanska sociologen Jeffrey C. Alexander var en av de planerade huvudtalarna vid 2020 års Sociologidagarna, som med kort varsel fick ställas in på grund av coronapandemin. I det här numret publicerar vi en reviderad version av den keynote-föreläsning som han skulle hållit under Sociologidagarna. I denna föreläsning, som har titeln ”The performativity of objects”, introducerar Alexander en ny kultursociologisk teori om materialitet som bland annat undersöker den sociala betydelsen av det estetiskt utformade objektets yta. I numret presenterar vi även sju recensioner av nyutkomna böcker. Magnus Granberg framhåller i sin recension av Johan Alfonssons Alienation och arbete. Unga behovsanställdas villkor i den flexibla kapitalismen (2020) att denna avhandling är ”originell just i kraft av hur den är gedigen”. Pernilla Ouis recenserar Johan Rosquist avhandling Moral i rätten. Utredningar av hedersrelaterat våld i Sverige 1997–2017 (2020) och menar att den visar på ”vilka fallgropar och utmaningar som finns i ett samhälle som alltmer högljutt kräver speciell lagstiftning och särskilda straff gällande hedersbrott”. I sin recension av Stefan Svallfors The inner world of research. On academic labor (2020) noterar Margareta Hallberg gillande att det är ”ovanligt att möta forskarens blick på både sig själv och andra på ett för läsaren lärande sätt”. Stefan Svallfors konstaterar i sin recension av Erik Bengtssons Världens jämlikaste land? (2020) att det är ”en mycket läsvärd bok: inte bara baserad på omsorgsfullt framtagen empiri utan dessutom flyhänt skriven och djupt engagerande”. Ina Hallström recenserar Maria Törnqvists Merleaus mamma (2020) och framhåller att boken kan ses som ”en erinran om fenomenologins potential som metod för att beskriva det som bara kan ses när man möter det för första gången eller som om det var första gången.” I sin recension av Markus Arvidsson och Bengt Starrins Socialpsykologiska Experiment (2019) menar Lars-Erik Berg att det är en bok som ”förtjänar att uppmärksamhet i undervisning och vardagsliv av just skälet synas för att finnas”. Karl Malmqvist menar i sin recension av Eva Österbergs Fina och fula känslor? Historiska essäer (2020) att boken ger ”högintressanta inblickar i nordisk medeltida och tidigmodern emotionshistoria” samtidigt som den väcker viktiga frågor om ”behandling av etik, samhällsteori och samtidsanalys”. Vi vill även uppmana er att sända oss era artikelmanus, förslag på recensioner och idéer för framtida temanummer. Sociologisk Forskning publicerar bidrag på svenska och övriga skandinaviska språk samt på engelska. Sociologisk Forskning tillämpar anonymiserad kollegial granskning (double blind peer review) och alla artiklar publiceras med omedelbar öppen tillgång (open access) på tidskriftens hemsida. Lena Sohl och Magnus WennerhagRedaktörer för Sociologisk Forskning

Introduction Cookbooks are more than recipes. They are valuable historical artifacts containing information about the food, culture and society that produced and used them (Driver, Theophano, Wheaton). This story is based on my first and failed attempt at using an old recipe to make a cheddar cheese. It examines the effect of changed technology on artisanal cooking practices (Supski, Giard) and how recipe writing has had to adapt to changed culinary technology. In the absence of the generational—mother to daughter—handing down of cooking practices, and an inherited understanding of traditional cooking techniques gained through practice over time, today’s recipes rely on clear written instructions, illustrations and demonstration for their success. Luce Giard’s discussion of women’s domestic work, and what she refers to as “memory of apprenticeship” (157), and the technological changes that interrupted artisanal food making, underpin the story. Using creative nonfiction this story invites the reader to appreciate how food and cooking are connected to our lives—from the local to the global, connecting food to remembering (Berzok), nostalgia (Duruz), and family relationships (Giard, Supski).My Cheddar CheeseWith their high degree of ritualization and their strong affective investment, culinary activities are for many women of all ages a place of happiness pleasure and discovery. Such life activities demand as much intelligence, imagination and memory as those traditionally held as superior, such as music and weaving (Giard 151). My first attempt at making a cheddar cheese started out as a culinary adventure—part nostalgia, part challenge and part boast. I had in mind the cloth wrapped cheddar cheese of my childhood. We called it mouse’s cheese, as even the mice preferred it to the Kraft cheddar cheese that came wrapped in foil and packaged in a box. My father would peel the cloth away from the round of cheese before cutting out a wedge from it. Then he would slice it, and lay it on buttered toast and grill it until it melted. Bubbles of cheesy oil slid off the sides of the toast, onto the bottom of the grill pan, where cold and crisp afterwards, I would pick them off and eat them. I think that it was this memory that drove my anticipation of the joy of actually making a cheese. The process not only connected me to this memory but also would give me the satisfaction of saying, “I made it myself.” Giard understood this pleasure, connecting it to the lives we lead today:when for so many people nothing remains at the end of the day except for the bitter wear and tear of so many dull hours, the preparation of a meal furnishes that rare joy of producing something oneself, of fashioning a ferment of reality, of knowing the joys of demiurgic miniaturization, all the while securing the gratitude of those who will consume it by way of pleasant and innocent seductions (158). The recipe came from a Country Women’s Association (CWA) cookbook first published in 1936 but republished with minor changes in 1982. It looked simple enough, and the fact that it was there, in amongst recipes for fresh cheeses and butter, gave me the confidence to simply follow the recipe. I would include it in a blog I had started about cooking from old recipe books. Making a cheese gave me the perfect opportunity to follow one recipe and report on its development over its six-week maturation. My followers, I thought, could come on this culinary journey with me. Day One: The Boast I am making a cheddar cheese from a CWA (Country Women’s Association) cookbook. This book, first published in 1936 has chapters on invalid cooking, household hints and a section called ‘Hints to Temper the Temper’. In the butter and cheese making section there is a recipe for a cheddar cheese. It looks so easy. Just a few ingredients: milk, rennet, salt and food colouring, and a few lines of instruction. A friend has fashioned a sort of cheese press for me—based on a picture of one we found on the internet. Yesterday I bought eight litres of organic milk and set to. The recipe is very simple: 1) Heat the milk to blood temperature, add nine rennet tablets and a teaspoon of cheese colouring. Leave it to set and harden and once that is done cut it into the curd and drain the whey off. 2) Once it is dry, add salt and turn it into a cheese press—lined with muslin—to start pressing all the excess moisture out by applying a bit more pressure each day. 3) Once all the moisture is pressed out it wrap it in waxed cheese cloth, set it in a cool place and turn it each day for six weeks.I am at the first stage and the whey is draining away. I think it will be another couple of days before I can start pressing it.In six weeks, I will have a cheese (Adams).Mary Shearer wrote in the foreword of this new 1982 edition of the original text, that the needs of the community had changed in fifty years of CWA service and this included a significant change to meet these needs, namely, a conversion of the recipes from imperial measurements to the metric system. But she expressed confidence that, with the tried recipes of many country women, “the universal appeal enjoyed since the first edition will be retained” (Foreword). Marjorie Maughan, who also wrote a message in the foreword, felt that “with the adaptability of women, the use of metric measures will be accomplished with ease and this edition will be as popular as ever.”Until I started, I had not considered failure. The recipe was included in a reliable cookery book that promised to have universal appeal and where the only possible challenge for cooks of its day would be its metric, rather than imperial, measurements. I was familiar with both metric and imperial—the only challenge mentioned in the foreword—and seduced by the simplicity of both the instructions and the ingredient list. I was soon to discover that my CWA recipe was full of omissions, assumptions, and errors.Cheese was traditionally made in many country kitchens as a way of preserving milk. The skill needed to make it was acquired through years of watching and learning. A written recipe was more of an aide memoire consisting of a list of ingredients and a few lines of simple instruction. To write recipes for today’s cooks, recipe writers usually work from test-kitchens and must include precise detail: their words are tested and edited until they are foolproof. Old recipes are full of assumed knowledge. They often lack details, leave out ingredients, do not provide measurements (or use measurements that are no longer in common usage, like a peck), and use equipment and ingredients that are no longer available or now have a different name. But as Giard writes, women are practiced at dealing with culinary challenges, “each meal demands the invention of an alternative mini-strategy when one ingredient or the appropriate utensil is lacking” (158). I soon found problems with the recipe. It called for eight litres (two gallons) new milk, a two and a half kilogram (five pound) jam tin (which would hold the cheese from six gallons of milk), salt, a teaspoon of cheese colouring, and one dessertspoon of rennet (or nine rennet tablets). What was new milk? What is cheese colouring? Where can I get rennet tablets? The recipe was imprecise: two and a half kilograms does not equate to five pounds. Where do I get a jam tin? I remember big tins of jam from my childhood but I was not sure jam was even packaged in tins these days. Why did I need a tin that would hold six gallons of milk when I only needed two gallons for this cheese? Yellow food colouring would be fine—perhaps with a drop of red to give a more orange tint to the finished cheese—and I found rennet tablets in the supermarket, but I was still unsure about the quantity of salt needed. My previously-quite-simple-recipe now had layers of complexity. There was no one I could ask, and I did not have Giard’s “memory of apprenticeship”:Yet, from the minute one becomes interested in the process of culinary production, one notices that it requires a multiple memory: a memory of apprenticeship, of witnessed gestures, and of consistencies, in order, for example, to identify the exact moment when the custard has begun to coat the back of a spoon and thus must be taken off the stove to prevent it from separating (157–58). I reasoned that if I just did exactly what the instructions said, it had to work: Warm the cheese to blood heat, add the cheese colouring and rennet and stir well. Cover with a cloth to keep in the heat. When the curd is set and firm, cut through and through with a large knife to release the whey. Dip the whey off with a saucer, pressing the curd while doing so. Drain off all the whey and when fairly dry crumble the curd and add salt to taste—about 2 teaspoons should be about sufficient (CWA 342).How hot is blood heat and do I need a thermometer? How much cheese colouring do I need? How firm is firm? How many “through and through” cuts should I make? How dry is “fairly dry”? With my cheese now doomed to fail, I searched for The Australian Dairy Board on the Internet looking for some answers. In a modern cheese factory, to ensure the cheese composition is uniform, milk is standardised: stripped then re-made with all its fats and proteins adjusted to the right proportion, although some small cheese makers do not standardise their milk. Then this milk is pasteurised to destroy all disease making micro-organisms, make the cheese safe to eat, and improve its quality. Cheese starter cultures are used (there was no mention of these in my CWA recipe) and once the milk coagulates and is cut to release the whey, it has to be stirred to release more whey. The length of time the curds are stirred is important in the process as it influences the type of cheese that was made.The women who followed my CWA recipe would have dipped a finger into the milk to test its temperature, tasted the curds for salt, and known when the colour was right. They would have just known when the cheese was pressed enough to wrap in the waxed cloth. They would have covered their day clothes with an apron—protecting their clothes from spills—rather than protecting the cheese from contamination. There would be no sterile gloves, white coats, hairnets, or thermometers in their kitchens. If I had been able to ask them questions their answer would have been, “it is done this way because it has always been done more or less like that” (Giard 171).My cheese was both lacking in salt and very pale. Perhaps, I thought, the flavour would intensify and it would darken during the maturation process. If it stayed this colour it would be the same creamy white as an English Wensleydale cheddar rather than the eggnog-coloured mouse cheeses of my childhood. The cheese press was my inspired “mini-strategy” and one step away from being experimental. It was made from 1) the back of a plastic clipboard with holes drilled into it, 2) a piece of agricultural pipe, 3) a flat circular disk of metal the same diameter as the inside of the agricultural pipe attached to a long screw, to add pressure to the cheese and, 4) a handle which allowed me to screw the piece of metal onto the top of the cheese to apply pressure and weight. I was excited to try it and I pushed on: "Line a cheese press with the cheesecloth, pack the curd into it and fold the cloth over the top. Put on a lid—a saucer that will fit in the tin will do very well—place a 3 kg (6 lb.) weight on top and press for 12 hours" (CWA: 343).I had more questions. Should I put the weighted cheese in the refrigerator for the twelve hours whilst it drained or would it be fine on the bench overnight? Three kilograms does not equal six pounds but this probably didn’t matter as I was using a press and not weights. Somewhat intuitively, I decided to leave it overnight on the bench. It was winter after all and the house would be cold once the heating went off automatically at 10.00 pm. I crossed my fingers, wrote about it in my blog and posted some pictures.Day Three: Emerging DoubtsI have just salted the cheese and put it into the press for seven days. Each day I have to increase the weight and change the cheesecloth. It’s a bit smelly …I sourced wax for the next stage and it arrived in the post today. I will keep rewrapping and pressing until the weekend then I will wax it and put it away until it matures.I am a little worried that I did not salt it enough. The recipe said two teaspoons and I wonder if it meant tablespoons. Time will tell (Adams). At this point things started to go very wrong. The cheese smelled off. Perhaps I had ruined my cheese right at the start when I left it out on the bench for its first overnight pressing. Maybe it should have been in the refrigerator. I should have added more salt. There was nothing to do but to keep going and see what happened. I could learn from mistakes, reflect on the process, and try again if it did not work. There was still the possibility that it would work; although the smell in the ’fridge suggested otherwise. Once it was coated in wax, I reasoned, it could not smell.After seven days of pressing, the cheese was now ready to be wiped well, dried, wrapped in buttered muslin, and stored in a cool place for two weeks, and turned every day. I used cheese wax instead of buttered muslin and put it in the refrigerator.The final words from CWA were: "The cheese will be ready in about six weeks, but is better if kept for three months. (A press may be made out of [the] jam tin. The bottom must be punctured, and holes punched around the tin). A wooden press is best" (342).My final words were, "Day-Seven: Failure" (Adams).I was a tad impatient and very concerned about the smell so I waxed the cheese a couple of days early and it is now stashed away in the fridge. (Sealing it in wax should stop it stinking out the fridge!) I have to turn it each day for two weeks then leave it for six. My cheese is either slowly maturing or rotting. The wax has sprung leaks and the clear liquid coming out does not smell good … but I will keep turning it daily for another four weeks (Adams).The Dairy Board instructions dictated that maturation takes place in temperature controlled cool rooms and that cheddar requires a temperature of between 8 and 10˚C for three to twenty-four months. During maturation the enzymes in the cheese break down the fats and proteins allowing the textural and flavour characteristics of the cheese to develop. My cheese sat in the refrigerator (I have no idea what the temperature is set at), where I duly turned it every day. After five weeks the stench in the refrigerator was no longer bearable as the smelly liquid had started to ooze out of the wax. I took it out and cut into it. Beneath its wax-coating my cheese had matured into a stinking mass of soft, oyster-coloured crumbly curds. I binned it, without so much as a taste. Final Post: Know Your Limitations I did make a little goat cheese and that was pretty delicious. I used the same method but I pressed it lightly for a day then wrapped it in greaseproof paper and left it in the fridge. We ate it fresh the next day (Adams).This experiment helped me realise that today’s recipe books contain detailed instructions because the knowledge of cookbook writers, including how to utilise the available technology, has to be conveyed to the reader following their recipes. Such clear instructions are necessary now, whereas in the past, cooks were drawing on skills and knowledge they either had, or could draw on other knowledge sources and networks to gain. I have not given up on making cheddar cheese. I still have the cheese press and some wax, and the cheesecloth I used is washed and folded in the cupboard. Before I do try again, however, I will consult a modern cookbook or book myself into a cheesemaking course and learn from someone who has the skills I need.References Adams. Jill. First Catch a Chicken. 2011. 1 May 2013 ‹http://firstcatchachicken.wordpress.com›.Berzok, Linda Murray. Storied Dishes: What Our Family Recipes Tell Us About Who We Are and Where We’ve Been. Oxford: Praeger, 2011.Country Women’s Association Western Australia Inc. The C.W.A. Cookery Book and Household Hints. 36th ed. Perth: Wigg, 1982.Dairy Australia. “Cheesmaking.” 2013. 20 Jan. 2013 ‹http://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/Dairy-food-and-recipes/Dairy-Products/Cheese/Cheesemaking.aspx›.De Certeau, Giard, Luce, and Mayol, Pierre. The Practice of Everyday Life Vol. 2: Living and Cooking. 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