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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Handfelt, Leo D., Demetrious C. Koutsoftas, and Roger Foott. "Instrumentation for Test Fill in Hong Kong." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 113, no. 2 (February 1987): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1987)113:2(127).

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2

CHNGU, Pak Kwong. "Curl-Up Test: A New Abdominal Muscular Endurance Test." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 1, no. 2 (December 1, 1995): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.11160.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Sit-up is a popular exercise for both athletes and health fitness participants. It is almost universally accepted as an effective training method of abdominal strength and endurance. The 1-minute timed sit-up (modified sit-up) test, modified from the straight-legged sit-up with hands locked behind the head, is widely used in the health fitness testing such as Physical Best of AAHPERD, National Children and Youth Fitness Study (NCYFS & NCYFS II) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and Survey of Health Related Fitness & Lifestyle of Working Population Aged 20-39 in Hong Kong conducted by Hong Kong Physical Fitness Association etc. Although the modified sit-up was assumed to be a safer test than the straight-legged sit-up, researchers are still not satisfied with it. Are there any problems with sit-up test? Is the curl-up test developed by Robertson and Magnusdottir (1987) safer and more valid and reliable than the modified sit-up test? All such queries are being discussed in this article.

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3

Foott, Roger, Demetrious C. Koutsoftas, and Leo D. Handfelt. "Test Fill at Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 113, no. 2 (February 1987): 106–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1987)113:2(106).

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4

Tsoi, Mona M., and Norman D. Sundberg. "Patterns of psychological test use in Hong Kong." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 20, no. 4 (1989): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.20.4.248.

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5

Gerstein, Lawrence H., Yuichung Chan, Ashley Hutchison, Annis Lai-Chu Fung, Rebecca Kinsey, and Heather Jeffers. "The Teenage Nonviolence Test: Applicability in Hong Kong?" Current Psychology 37, no. 1 (October 15, 2016): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9514-3.

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6

SASAKI, Kyoko. "26 Years of Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) in Hong Kong." Nihon Gakkan 13 (April 1, 2010): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32319/gakkan/2010/vol13/sasaki.

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7

Au, S. W. C. "Reversal shear box test for Hong Kong saprolitic soils." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 26, no. 3 (August 1993): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.qjegh.1993.026.003.09.

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8

Chan, Po Wah. "Comparison of Visual Motor Development in Hong Kong and the USA Assessed on the Qualitative Scoring System for the Modified Bender-Gestalt Test." Psychological Reports 88, no. 1 (February 2001): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.1.236.

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This study compared the visuomotor development of young children in Hong Kong and the USA assessed on the Qualitative Scoring System for the Modified Bender-Gestalt test. 744 children aged 4:6 to 8:5 years from 6 kindergartens and 6 primary schools in Hong Kong were administered the Modified Bender-Gestalt test. The Qualitative Scoring System was used to measure the children's visuomotor development. Their visuomotor scores were then compared with norms for children in the USA. Analysis indicated significant differences across all age groups of 4:6 to 8:5 years in 6-mo. units. Consistent with previous research, children in Hong Kong outperformed their western peers. Percentile scores and T scores for children in Hong Kong in each age group were reported.

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9

Lai, Mee Ling. "Exploring Language Stereotypes in Post‑colonial Hong Kong through the Matched-guise Test." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 17, no. 2 (August 10, 2007): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.17.2.05lai.

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After the change of sovereignty in Hong Kong from Britain to China on July 1st, 1997, the status of Putonghua (the language of the new Chinese ruler) has been formally recognized in addition to Cantonese (the vernacular language) and English (the international and ex-colonizer’s language). Four years after the political handover, a Matched-guise test was conducted on a total of 1048 local Hong Kong Secondary 4 students. The aim of this study was to ascertain the respondents’ subjective reactions towards the three languages when the city was undergoing significant political and socio-economic changes. The results showed that the Cantonese guise was rated the highest on traits of solidarity, the English guise the highest on traits of power, whereas the Putonghua guise was rated the lowest in both dimensions. Although the study started from a micro perspective investigating the attitudes of the respondents towards the three target languages and their speakers, the research results helped to reveal the vitality of the three target languages in post-colonial Hong Kong and suggest directions for language education.

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10

Lam, Henry Chuen Kwong, John Ka Keung Sung, Victor James Abdullah, and Charles Andrew van Hasselt. "The combined olfactory test in a Chinese population." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 2 (December 19, 2005): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215105003889.

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Objective: To establish an olfactory test in the Hong Kong Chinese population. Study design: Prospective analysis of the results of a combined olfactory test (COT) for patients with olfactory dysfunction and for normal subjects attending a secondary and tertiary ear, nose and throat centre.Method: Our COT was based on and modified from the Connecticut Chemosensory Research Centre test. It consisted of an odour identification test involving nine substances and a threshold test using a series of threefold dilutions of 1-butanol. From September 1998 to June 2002, 188 Hong Kong Chinese patients with olfactory dysfunction and subjects with normal olfaction were prospectively recruited. The subjects were categorized into normal, hyposmic and anosmic groups. The olfactory function of the main group of subjects (n = 153) was assessed with the COT by a blinded observer and also quantified with a visual analogue scale; the results were analysed to validate the discriminative ability of the COT. Another subgroup of subjects (n = 35) was tested with the COT twice with a two-week interval to evaluate test–retest reliability.Results: There were 42 normal, 68 hyposmic and 43 anosmic subjects within the main group (total n = 153). The identification scores, threshold scores and combined olfactory scores were statistically significantly different between the anosmic, hyposmic and normal groups of subjects (p < 0.001). The combined olfactory score correlated with the visual analogue score and the correlation coefficient was 0.56 (p < 0.01). The mean time spent on each COT was 8.6 minutes (standard deviation = 3.4 minutes). The test–retest reliability of the COT was satisfactory, with a one-way model intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.87 (n = 35).Conclusion: The satisfactory discriminative ability and test–retest reliability of the COT have been demonstrated in this study. The COT is a feasible method for assessing sense of smell in the Hong Kong Chinese population.

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11

Chan, JTS, WHK Lau, and YF Wu. "Confidence Test for Personal Protective Equipment." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 9, no. 4 (October 2002): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790200900403.

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After the sarin attack in Tokyo Subway in 1995 and terrorist attack in World Trade Center of New York City in 2001, many countries are alerted by the risk of terrorist attack. International experiences show that many victims would arrive at hospital by their own transport. Staff safety is an important issue to be addressed. This study is to determine the skin and respiratory protection of a model of level C personal protective equipment which is currently available in Hong Kong.

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12

Borrie, G. W., A. Cipullo, and J. B. Massey. "An Assessment of the British Code of Practice for Site Investigations for Hong Kong Conditions." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.31.

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AbstractThe Geotechnical Control Office has undertaken the preparation of two separate, complementary guides on “Rock and Soil Description ” and “Site Investigation ”, as companion documents to BS 5930:1981 for use in Hong Kong. This paper examines the need for a separate guidance document on site investigation for Hong Kong conditions. The predominance of heterogeneous weathered soil profiles and colluvium in Hong Kong presents particular problems, both in their description and investigation, which are not covered adequately by BS 5930:1981.Emphasis in this paper is placed on highlighting the shortcomings or inappropriateness of some of the BS 5930:1981 site investigation techniques when applied to Hong Kong conditions. For example, the British Code of Practice discusses techniques which are not used in Hong Kong, such as light cable percussive drilling; techniques and good practice associated with rotary core drilling are amplified instead. Similar treatment is given to the commonly installed open hydraulic (Casagrande) piezometers.Particular problems and interpretation of frequently performed field tests such as dynamic probing, the standard penetration test, in-situ vane shear test and impression packer surveys are also discussed.

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13

Alam, M. Imam, Tanweer Hasan, and Palani-Rajan Kadapakkam. "An Application of Variance-Ratio Test of Five Asian Stock Markets." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 02, no. 03 (September 1999): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091599000175.

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In the present study the variance-ratio test developed by Lo and MacKinlay (1988, and 1989) is applied to monthly stock index returns of five Asian markets that are in different stages of development. The markets examined are Bangladesh, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Although previous studies have examined the efficiency issues of the markets in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Taiwan, the empirical evidence is often contradictory. The current study looks at the efficiency issues of these markets over a sufficiently long period of time (November 1986 — December 1995) using more appropriate methodology and type of data. Also, this study is the first to provide new evidence on an emerging market in Asia — Bangladesh. Results reported in this study indicate that the index return series of all the sample markets except Sri Lanka do follow a random walk.

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14

Sze, Felix, Monica Xiao Wei, and David Lam. "Development of the Hong Kong Sign Language Sentence Repetition Test." Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 25, no. 3 (May 19, 2020): 298–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enaa001.

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Abstract This paper presents the design and development of the Hong Kong Sign Language-Sentence Repetition Test (HKSL-SRT). It will be argued that the test offers evidence of discriminability, reliability, as well as practicality and can serve as an effective global measurement of individuals' proficiency in HKSL. The full version of the test consists of 40 signed sentences of increasing length and complexity. Specifically, we will evaluate the manual and non-manual components of these sentences to find out whether and to what extent they can differentiate three groups of deaf signers, namely, native signers, early learners and late learners. Statistical analyses show that the test scores based on a correct repetition of the manual signs of each sentence bear a significant negative correlation with signers' age of acquisition. Including the correct repetition of non-manuals in the scoring scheme can result in higher reliability and separation index of the test in the Rasch model. This paper will also discuss how psychometric measures of Rasch analysis, including the concept of fit and the rankings of items/persons in the Wright map, have been applied to the original list of the 40 sentence items for the development of a shortened test.

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15

Chan, David W., and Hing-chu B. Lee. "Patterns of psychological test usage in Hong Kong in 1993." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 26, no. 3 (1995): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.26.3.292.

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16

Wong, Gilbert Y. Y., and Philip H. Birnbaum-More. "Culture, Context and Structure: A Test on Hong Kong Banks." Organization Studies 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084069401500105.

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This research examined both context and home society culture as predictors of organizational structure in 39 multinational banks operating in Hong Kong. Organizational structure and context were operationalized using the Aston instru ments and culture was operationalized using Hofstede's measures of power dis tance and uncertainty avoidance. The results showed that the contextual variable of size was more strongly associated with structural differentiation while the cultural variable of power distance was more strongly associated with authority. These findings help explain the inconsistent relationships reported in previous studies.

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17

Chan, P. W. "A test of visibility sensors at Hong Kong International Airport." Weather 71, no. 10 (October 2016): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.2772.

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18

CHEUNG, DANIEL K. C., SAMUEL Y. S. CHAN, and ISABELLA S. K. LAM. "TAXATION AND ITS IMPLICATION ON CROSS-BORDER PROFITS OF MANUFACTURING BUSINESSES IN HONG KONG." Journal of Enterprising Culture 04, no. 04 (December 1996): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021849589600023x.

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As Hong Kong manufacturers accelerate to shift their operations to China and cease or contract. Their operations in Hong Kong, many of them are taking advantage of the limitation of a source jurisdiction to team up with Chinese companies and escape the Hong Kong tax net. This relocation exercise of their manufacturing base not only allows the Hong Kong manufacturers to enjoy the preferential tax concessions for foreign investors and lower cost of production in mainland China, but also depletes the public coffers to the Hong Kong Government. We therefore postulate two hypotheses: (1) there is a negative association between the business operations in China and those in Hong Kong, and (2) there is a negative association between the business operations in China and the related Hong Kong profits tax liability. A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect data on the level of activities in both China and Hong Kong, in particular data from Hong Kong manufacturers on their Hong Kong profits tax liability. Spearman’s rank-order correlation analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The result supports that the higher the level of business operations in China, the lower the level of business operations in Hong Kong. It also reveals that the higher the level of business operations in China, the lower the related Hong Kong profits tax liability. The issue of tax base erosion is a case for Hong Kong to review its principle of taxing only profits locally generated.

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19

Lee, Tatia M. C., and Chetwyn C. H. Chan. "Comparison of the Trail Making and Color Trails Tests in a Chinese Context: A Preliminary Report." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 1 (February 2000): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.1.187.

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The Color Trails Test developed as a culturally fair analogue of the Trail Making Test, was used to examine the relationship between the two tests with 35 undergraduate Chinese in Hong Kong recruited as the subjects. The scores on these two tests of the 12 men and 23 women were significantly correlated .71. The equivalence of the Trail Making and Color Trails Tests when applied to Chinese in Hong Kong was discussed.

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20

Nagy, M. Christine, S. Colleen Beal, Alex Yui-Huen Kwan, and Lorin A. Baumhover. "Are Health Care Professionals Ready for Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparison of U.S. and Hong Kong Nurses." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 39, no. 4 (December 1994): 337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/7vjb-yp9u-h845-9bwt.

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The Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Test (ADK) was administered to samples of practicing nurses in the United States and Hong Kong. Nurses experienced with Alzheimer's Disease patients, having specific training on AD, and reporting greater knowledge about AD were, in fact, more knowledgeable. Overall, U.S. nurses were significantly more knowledgeable, but exhibited more negative bias than Hong Kong nurses. Findings suggest that nurses in Hong Kong, as well as in the United States, need more training about Alzheimer's disease.

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21

Hung Pun, Arnold Liang. "The Admissibility Of Evidence Obtained In Breach Of Constitutional Rights In Hong Kong." Asia-Pacific Journal On Human Rights and The Law 14, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2013): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718158-14010296.

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This article examines the admissibility test in Hong Kong for evidence obtained in breach of a defendant’s constitutional rights. The objective is to better understand the legal principles which form the foundation of the three-element admissibility test formulated by Bokhary PJ in the Court of Final Appeal’s decision in HKSAR v Muhammad Riaz Khan. To achieve this objective, this article examines judicial and legislative developments of the admissibility test in Hong Kong and in other common law jurisdictions. The principle finding of this article is that the three-element ‘Riaz Khan test’ represents a welcome further development of the admissibility first test laid down by Ma CJHC in HKSAR v Chan Kau Tai.

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22

Gao, Yihong, Xinchun Su, and Lei Zhou. "Pre-handover language attitudes in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Guangzhou." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 10, no. 1 (June 26, 2000): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.10.1.08gao.

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In May 1997, a matched guise test was conducted on 304 college students in Hong Kong, Beijing, and Guangzhou. The stimulus material was presented in 4 guises: Cantonese, English, Putonghua, and Putonghua with Cantonese accent. Major findings: (1) What distinguished Hong Kong subjects’ sociolinguistic identity was not Cantonese, English or Putonghua as found in previous studies, but Putonghua with Cantonese accent. In light of Brewer’s (1991) optimal distinctiveness theory, this would suggest parallel needs of “being Chinese” and “being Hongkongers.” (2) Guangzhou was closer to Beijing rather than to Hong Kong in language attitudes. The cutting boundary appeared between the mainland and Hong Kong, not between Cantonese-speaking and non-Cantonese-speaking communities.

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23

Hirschl, Alexander, Gerold Stanek, Manfred L. Rotter, Pak Y. Chau, and Adolf H. Niemetz. "Antibody Response to Somatic Antigen of Salmonella typhi in Areas Endemic and Non-Endemic for Typhoid Fever." Infection Control 6, no. 3 (March 1985): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700062779.

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AbstractIn sera obtained between the 6th and the 30th day from 16 Austrian and 26 Hong Kong patients with culturally verified typhoid fever, agglutinating antibodies (microagglutination test) at significant titers were detected in 93% of the Austrian (median titer: 640) but in only 50% of the Hong Kong patients (median titer: 240). Similar results (93% and 54% positive sera respectively) were obtained for specific IgM as assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using lipopolysaccharide of S. typhi as antigen (median relative titer: 0.32 and 0.21 respectively). In contrast, specific IgG at significant concentrations were found in only 69% of the Austrian (median relative titer: 0.16) but 88% of the Hong Kong sera (median relative titer: 0.71). The (IgM-detecting) microagglutination test may be sufficiently diagnostic for typhoid fever in nonendemic areas such as Austria. In endemic regions like Hong Kong, however, tests indicative for early specific IgG are indispensable for serological diagnosis of the disease. The ELISA proved useful and is an example for such tests.

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24

Fan, Yan Ngo, Wen Yi Wang, Chi Wai Kan, Sampas Suwankere, Manat Paengsai, Kitiyaphan Pholam, and Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit. "Q-Max Test Analysis of Men’s Quick-Dry Sportswear." Materials Science Forum 1033 (June 2021): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1033.136.

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In this study, the quick-dry properties of four popular brands sportswear T-shirts in Hong Kong market, i.e., Nike, Adidas, Laishilong and Columbia, were investigated by Q-max analysis. It was found that all the samples had cooling effect, among which the Laishilong T-shirt had the highest cool feeling. The Nike and Columbia samples showed comparable Q-max behavior, whereas this value for the samples of Adidas was the poorest.

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25

HO, YIN-PING. "ENDOGENOUS GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE: A TEST OF WAGNER'S HYPOTHESIS FOR HONG KONG." International Economic Journal 1, no. 3 (October 1, 1987): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168738700080018.

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26

YUEN, Yik Kwong. "Report of Japanese-Language Proficiency Test, 2010 (Hong Kong and Macau)." Nihon Gakkan 14 (May 1, 2011): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.32319/gakkan/2011/vol14/yuen.

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27

Abimanyu, Yoopi, Nur Sigit Warsidi, Sunu Kartiko, Ridiani Kurnia, and Tety Mahrani. "INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES TO THE INDONESIAN CAPITAL MARKET : COINTEGRATION TEST." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 16, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v16i2.43.

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This paper explores the international linkages of the Indonesian capital market using cointegration tests to examine the long-run equilibrium relationship between the stock markets of Indonesia with China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Netherlands, Philippine, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The method used in this paper is visual inspection, followed by Johansen cointegration. Our results show that there exist cointegration between these stock market indices except between Indonesia and Philippine.

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28

Chiu, Helen F. K., Bao-Liang Zhong, Tony Leung, S. W. Li, Paulina Chow, Joshua Tsoh, Connie Yan, Yu-Tao Xiang, and Mike Wong. "Development and validation of a new cognitive screening test: The Hong Kong Brief Cognitive Test (HKBC)." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 33, no. 7 (April 11, 2018): 994–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4883.

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29

Sun, Fenghua, Agatha Yi-Sum Siu, Kangle Wang, Borui Zhang, Man-Him Chan, Ka-Hon Chan, Pui-Sze Kong, Kei-Yee Man, and Gary Chi-Ching Chow. "Effects of Caffeine on Performances of Simulated Match, Wingate Anaerobic Test, and Cognitive Function Test of Elite Taekwondo Athletes in Hong Kong." Nutrients 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 3398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14163398.

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine on performances of simulated match, Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and cognitive function test of elite taekwondo athletes. Ten elite taekwondo athletes in Hong Kong volunteered to participate in two main trials in a randomized double-blinded crossover design. In each main trial, 1 h after consuming a drink with caffeine (CAF) or a placebo drink without caffeine (PLA), the participants completed two simulated taekwondo match sessions followed by the WAnT. The participants were instructed to complete three cognitive function tests, namely the Eriksen Flanker Test (EFT), Stroop Test, and Rapid Visual Information Processing Test, at baseline, before exercise, and immediately after the simulated matches. They were also required to wear functional near-infrared spectroscopy equipment during these tests. Before exercise, the reaction time in the EFT was shorter in the CAF trial than in the PLA trial (PLA: 494.9 ± 49.2 ms vs. CAF: 467.9 ± 38.0 ms, p = 0.035). In the WAnT, caffeine intake increased the peak power and mean power per unit of body weight (by approximately 13% and 6%, respectively, p = 0.018 & 0.042). The performance in the simulated matches was not affected by caffeine intake (p = 0.168). In conclusion, caffeine intake enhances anaerobic power and may improve certain cognitive functions of elite taekwondo athletes in Hong Kong. However, this may not be enough to improve the simulated match performance.

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30

Aryee, Samuel, Dail Fields, and Vivienne Luk. "A Cross-Cultural Test of a Model of the Work-Family Interface." Journal of Management 25, no. 4 (August 1999): 491–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500402.

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Recent efforts to more fully understand the mechanisms through which work and family experiences and their cross-over effects influence well-being have stimulated the development of integrative models of the work-family interface. This line of research is represented by the model which Frone, Russell, and Cooper (1992) tested with a sample of U.S. employees. In the current study, we examine the cross-cultural generalizability of this model among married Hong Kong employees. Results of the analyses suggest that many of the relationships among work and family constructs are similar across the two cultures, but that the nature and effects of the cross-over between family and work domains on overall employee well-being may differ. That is, life satisfaction of Hong Kong employees is influenced primarily by work-family conflict, while that of American employees is influenced primarily by family-work conflict. Limitations of the study and implications of the findings for assisting employees integrate their work and family responsibilities as a source of competitive advantage are discussed.

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31

Gong, Xianmin, Patrick C. M. Wong, Helene H. Fung, Vincent C. T. Mok, Timothy C. Y. Kwok, Jean Woo, Ka Ho Wong, and Helen Meng. "The Hong Kong Grocery Shopping Dialog Task (HK-GSDT): A Quick Screening Test for Neurocognitive Disorders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 13302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013302.

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The Hong Kong Grocery Shopping Dialog Task (HK-GSDT) is a short and easy-to-administer cognitive test developed for quickly screening neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). In the test, participants are instructed to do a hypothetical instrumental activity of daily living task of purchasing ingredients for a dish from a grocery store and verbally describe the specific shopping procedures. The current study aimed to validate the test with a sample of 545 Hong Kong older adults (58.8% female; aged 73.4 ± 8.37 years), including 464 adults with normal cognitive function, 39 with mild NCD, and 42 with major NCD. Demographic characteristics (i.e., sex, age, education) and clinical diagnosis of cognitive states (i.e., major NCD, mild NCD, and normal aging) were collected. Cognitive functioning was measured using the HK-GSDT and several standardized NCD-screening tests. The results showed good reliability (i.e., internal consistency) and structural validity in the HK-GSDT. It discriminated among different cognitive conditions, particularly between major NCDs and the other conditions, as effectively as did the existing standardized neurocognitive tests (e.g., Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Hong Kong List Learning Test). Moreover, the HK-GSDT explained additional variance of cognitive condition on top of those standardized neurocognitive tests. These results indicate that the HK-GSDT can be used alone, or in combination with other tests, to screen for NCDs.

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32

Lai, Mee Ling. "Power redistribution of languages in Hong Kong under a new national flag." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 25, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.25.1.08lai.

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Four years after the sovereignty of Hong Kong was returned from Britain to China, a Matched-guised Test (MGT) was conducted to examine the subjective reactions of students to speakers of the three major spoken languages used in the city (i.e. Cantonese, English and Putonghua). Respondents were the first cohort of students under the mandatory mother tongue education policy, which was implemented one year after the political handover. Eight years after, when further socio-economic changes had taken place in Hong Kong, the MGT was administered again to find out the attitudes of the younger generation towards the three languages. Although English and Cantonese distinctly excelled in different domains in the first test, the second MGT shows signs of power redistribution among the languages. This paper is to report a comparison between the two tests and thereby uncover the directions of language shift in Hong Kong.

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33

Lee, Paul Tae-Woo, Jasmine Siu Lee Lam, Cheng-Wei Lin, Kai-Chieh Hu, and Inkyo Cheong. "Developing the fifth generation port concept model: an empirical test." International Journal of Logistics Management 29, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 1098–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-10-2016-0239.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the 5GP concept with measurement of the performance of Busan, Hong Kong, Singapore and Shanghai ports, employing a hybrid method of consistent fuzzy preference relation (CFPR), VIsekriterijumska Optimizacija i KOmpromisno Resenje (VIKOR) and PROMETHEE. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed the concept of the fifth generation ports (5GPs), and apply CFPR, VIKOR and preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE) to evaluate the 5GPs. Findings The performance of the ports of Hong Kong and Singapore is close to meet the definition of 5GP criteria. On the contrary, ports of Busan and Shanghai are still behind the 5GP stage in light of the majority of the evaluation criteria’s performance. Research limitations/implications This paper studies four ports. More empirical tests are needed to verify the applicability of the 5GP concept toward other ports. Practical implications The findings provided port managers with the insight of how to improve their port to meet the criteria of 5GP. Social implications New criteria and higher expectations of existing requirements present challenges to port managers for a need to raise the bar of service standards and develop new competencies. Originality/value The authors developed the concept of the 5GPs. Newly developed 5GP contributes to expanding the concepts of first to fourth generation ports developed by UNCTAD.

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Simon, Tim, Elisa Frasnelli, Kun Guo, Anjuli Barber, Anna Wilkinson, and Daniel S. Mills. "Is There an Association between Paw Preference and Emotionality in Pet Dogs?" Animals 12, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12091153.

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Research with humans and other animals has suggested that preferential limb use is linked to emotionality. A better understanding of this still under-explored area has the potential to establish limb preference as a marker of emotional vulnerability and risk for affective disorders. This study explored the potential relationship between paw preference and emotionality in pet dogs. We examined which paw the dogs preferentially used to hold a Kong™ and to perform two different locomotion tests. Dogs’ emotionality was assessed using a validated psychometric test (the Positive and Negative Activation Scale—PANAS). Significant positive correlations were found for dogs’ paw use between the different locomotion tasks, suggesting that dogs may show a more general paw preference that is stable across different types of locomotion. In comparison, the correlations between the Kong™ Test and locomotion tests were only partially significant, likely due to potential limitations of the Kong™ Test and/or test-specific biomechanical requirements. No significant correlations were identified between paw preference tests and PANAS scores. These results are in contrast to previous reports of an association between dog paw preference and emotionality; animal limb preference might be task-specific and have variable task-consistency, which raises methodological questions about the use of paw preference as a marker for emotional functioning.

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Chan, Brian, Andy Cheng, and Alfred Ma. "Stock Market Volatility and Trading Volume: A Special Case in Hong Kong With Stock Connect Turnover." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 11, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11040076.

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The cross-boundary Shanghai-Hong Kong and Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect provides a special data set to study the dynamic relationships among volatility, trading volume and turnover among three stock markets, namely Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong. We employ the Granger Causality test with the vector autoregressive model (VAR) to examine whether Stock Connect turnover contributes to future realized volatility and market volume of these three markets. Our results support the evidence of causality from Stock Connect turnover to market volatility and trading volume. The finding of this causality is consistent with the implication of the sequential information arrival model in the literature.

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Zhou, Yu, and Hongru Guo. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100206.

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In this paper, monthly data from May 2004 to December 2011 are used to calculate the equilibrium housing price predicted by the economic fundamentals of Shenzhen and additional economic fundamentals of Hong Kong under the background of the Shenzhen Hong Kong cross-border integration. Equilibrium housing price is then compared against the actual housing price to test the degree of the Shenzhen housing price bubble during the studied period. We find that aided by the economic fundamentals of Hong Kong, the Shenzhen housing price can be better explained and the gap between the actual and equilibrium housing prices can be largely reduced, thus implying a much smaller Shenzhen housing price bubble.

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Lam, Marie, Godfrey Chan, Marcus M. Marcet, Wilfred Wong, James Wong, and David Wong. "Spontaneous Self-Concept Among Chinese Undergraduates in Hong Kong." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 42, no. 8 (September 24, 2014): 1353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.8.1353.

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We explored spontaneous self-concept among 227 Chinese undergraduates at a university in Hong Kong. Participants' responses to the Twenty Statements Test (TST) were compared with those of North American college students from the 1950s to the 2000s. The results showed that only 13.7% of the Chinese students described themselves in terms of social roles, status, or group membership. In contrast, 84.6% perceived themselves in terms of personality traits, behaviors, and emotion. Our findings suggest that Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong are no less individualistic than their American counterparts. Moreover, the individualism–collectivism cultural dimension may not be useful in distinguishing North American students from those in Hong Kong.

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Osei-Kyei, Robert, and Albert P. C. Chan. "Empirical comparison of critical success factors for public-private partnerships in developing and developed countries." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 24, no. 6 (November 20, 2017): 1222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-06-2016-0144.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the similarities and differences of critical success factors (CSFs) for public-private partnership (PPP) projects in developing and developed countries, using Ghana and Hong Kong as examples. Design/methodology/approach An empirical questionnaire survey was conducted with experienced PPP practitioners in Ghana and Hong Kong. Survey responses were analysed using Kendall’s concordance analysis, mean score ranking, quartile groupings analysis and Mann-Whitney U test. Findings The results indicate that a favourable legal and regulatory framework is very critical in both jurisdictions. Further, technology transfer, technological innovation, public/community participation and coordination and government providing financial support are of low importance in both jurisdictions. The non-parametric test shows that 16 CSFs are of different importance in Ghana and Hong Kong. Specifically, CSFs related to the socio-political and economic conditions of PPP projects are very critical in Ghana, whereas CSFs directly related to the organisation and relationship of PPP projects are very critical in Hong Kong. Originality/value The outputs of this study add to the international best practice framework for successful PPP implementation. Further, international private investors and governments who are yet to adopt the PPP concept would be considerably informed of the investment strategies to employ when engaging in PPP arrangements.

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Li-Tsang, Cecilia W. P., Sam C. C. Chan, Sammi Y. Y. Chan, and Antonia K. W. Soo. "The Hong Kong Chinese Version of the Jebsen Hand Function Test: Inter-rater and Test-retest Reliabilities." Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy 14, no. 1 (2004): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-1861(09)70024-5.

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Chiu, H. F. K., C. K. Y. Chan, L. C. W. Lam, K. o. Ng, S. w. Li, M. Wong, and W. f. Chan. "The Modified Fuld Verbal Fluency Test: A Validation Study in Hong Kong." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 52B, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): P247—P250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/52b.5.p247.

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Cho, Pauline, Brian Brown, and Christina Lau. "The phenol red thread (PRT) test and tear stabilityof Hong Kong-Chinese." Journal of The British Contact Lens Association 19, no. 3 (1996): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-7037(96)80042-5.

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Yue, Z. Q., Y. J. Shang, R. L. Hu, and X. B. Tu. "Five test methods for porosity of completely decomposed granite in Hong Kong." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41, no. 3 (April 2004): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.12.051.

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Yue, Z. Q., Y. J. Shang, R. L. Hu, and X. B. Tu. "Five test methods for porosity of completely decomposed granite in Hong Kong." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41 (May 2004): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.03.042.

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Chik, Alice, and Sharon Besser. "International Language Test Taking Among Young Learners: A Hong Kong Case Study." Language Assessment Quarterly 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2011): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2010.537417.

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Kong, Anthony Pak-Hin, John Chan, Johnny King-L. Lau, Wai-Ling Bickerton, Brendan Weekes, and Glyn Humphreys. "Developing a Cantonese Version of Birmingham Cognitive Screen for Stroke Survivors in Hong Kong." Communication Disorders Quarterly 39, no. 3 (July 24, 2017): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525740117720382.

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The Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS) is a neuropsychological battery designed to assess impairment to a variety of cognitive domains including language in patients with brain injuries. Twenty-two stroke participants and 16 gender-, age-, and education-matched controls were recruited in Hong Kong. The stroke participants were administered HK-BCoS as well as standardized batteries of cognitive and language functions validated for the Cantonese-speaking population in Hong Kong, including the Cantonese version of the Western Aphasia Battery, Cantonese Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Hong Kong–Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Results showed that HK-BCoS demonstrated good concurrent validity with all standardized batteries. HK-BCoS could discriminate between cognitive impairments in stroke patients and normal participants. Furthermore, HK-BCoS was found to have excellent intrarater and interrater reliabilities, good test–retest reliability, and fair split-half reliability as judged according to international criteria. In sum, HK-BCoS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing cognitive processing in Cantonese speakers in Hong Kong.

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Hussain, Muzammil, Rehmat Ullah Awan, and Hammad Hassan. "Eurozone Crisis and Asymmetric Volatility Spillover between the Stock Markets of Selected Emerging Asian and Developed Economies." Volume V Issue I V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-i).41.

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The study examines the volatility spillover between selected emerging Asian and developed stock markets. Moreover, the study analyzes the impact of the financial crisis on volatility spillover between the stock markets. This study used monthly observations for the period 2001-01 to 2017-12 on three emerging markets of Pakistan, China, India and three developed markets of Hong Kong, Japan and the US. First, the asymmetric volatility transmission between the stocks is analyzed by extended EGARCH representation. The study found the existence of asymmetric volatility spillovers throughout the financial crisis. The researcher estimated the VECM granger causality test in the next step. The outcomes revealed existence of bidirectional spillover between Pakistan and India, the US to Japan and Hong Kong. Unidirectional relationship was found from Pakistan and the US to Hong Kong, India to the US and Hong Kong to China. Overall, the results suggest a significant relationship between emerging and developed markets due to integration.

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Cheng, Y. M., and Wen Bing Wei. "Application of Innovative GFRP Pipe Soil Nail System in Hong Kong." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 3006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.3006.

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The current method of soil nail construction in Hong Kong is both labour intensive as well as expensive and a search for new soil nail material is required. In the present pilot test, light weight high strength and high corrosion resistance GFRP pipe with Tube a’ Manchette grouting technique is used as soil nail instead of the conventional steel reinforcement. It is found that this material can be handled easily on site with difficult access. From extensive laboratory as well as field tests, it is demonstrated that this new soil nail technique has various advantages for use in Hong Kong and many developed cities. The field test results on this innovative soil nail will be discussed in this paper.

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Hammad, Muhammad, Adil Awan, and Amir Rafiq. "Demutualization in Developing and Developed Country Stock Exchanges." Lahore Journal of Business 3, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/ljb.2015.v3.i2.a3.

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This study considers seven different stock exchanges in order to measure the impact of demutualization announcements on stock market return volatility. This is measured based on the daily index prices of all seven indices: the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) in Canada, the FTSE 100 in the UK, the Straits Times Index (STI) in Singapore, the Nikkei 225 in Japan, the Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) in Malaysia, the SENSEX in India, and the Hang Seng Index (HSI) in Hong Kong, China. A dummy variable is used to differentiate between pre- and post-event data. We use the augmented Dickey–Fuller test, the ARCH LM test and GARCH (1, 1) methodology to measure return volatility due to demutualization announcements. The results show that the decision to demutualize did not affect the UK, Singapore, and Indian stock markets, where volatility is explained by other factors. It did, however, affect the Canadian, Japanese, Hong Kong, and Malaysian stock markets. Moreover, the Canadian and Malaysian market swere negatively affected, while the Hong Kong and Japanese markets reacted positively to the demutualization announcements.

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Dong, Weinan, Will Ho Gi Cheng, Emily Tsui Yee Tse, Yuqi Mi, Carlos King Ho Wong, Eric Ho Man Tang, Esther Yee Tak Yu, et al. "Development and validation of a diabetes mellitus and prediabetes risk prediction function for case finding in primary care in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study and a prospective study protocol paper." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e059430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059430.

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IntroductionDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a major non-communicable disease with an increasing prevalence. Undiagnosed DM is not uncommon and can lead to severe complications and mortality. Identifying high-risk individuals at an earlier disease stage, that is, pre-diabetes (pre-DM), is crucial in delaying progression. Existing risk models mainly rely on non-modifiable factors to predict only the DM risk, and few apply to Chinese people. This study aims to develop and validate a risk prediction function that incorporates modifiable lifestyle factors to detect DM and pre-DM in Chinese adults in primary care.Methods and analysisA cross-sectional study to develop DM/Pre-DM risk prediction functions using data from the Hong Kong’s Population Health Survey (PHS) 2014/2015 and a 12-month prospective study to validate the functions in case finding of individuals with DM/pre-DM. Data of 1857 Chinese adults without self-reported DM/Pre-DM will be extracted from the PHS 2014/2015 to develop DM/Pre-DM risk models using logistic regression and machine learning methods. 1014 Chinese adults without a known history of DM/Pre-DM will be recruited from public and private primary care clinics in Hong Kong. They will complete a questionnaire on relevant risk factors and blood tests on Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) on recruitment and, if the first blood test is negative, at 12 months. A positive case is DM/pre-DM defined by OGTT or HbA1c in any blood test. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the models in detecting DM/pre-DM will be calculated.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been received from The University of Hong Kong/Hong Kong Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (UW19-831) and Hong Kong Hospital Authority Kowloon Central/Kowloon East Cluster (REC(KC/KE)-21-0042/ER-3). The study results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberUS ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT04881383; HKU clinical trials registry: HKUCTR-2808; Pre-results.

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Ho, Adrian K., and Björn H. Jernudd. "Conversational repair in spoken Hong Kong Cantonese." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.10.2.04ho.

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This paper examines the process and mechanism of conversational repair in spoken Hong Kong Cantonese. Levelt calls for accounts of conversational repair from diverse languages; this paper helps test his supposition that “the organization of repair is quite invariant across languages and cultures” (1989: 497). The paper also raises the hypothesis that personal and contextual factors are crucial variables which determine which type of repair will be socially acceptable (and therefore prominent) in a particular conversational setting.

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