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Nainggolan, T. B., M. P. Adhar, and I. Setiadi. "Integration of Post-stack Inversion and Rock Physics to Determine Sandstone Reservoir Quality: Barakan Sub-basin case." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 873, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/873/1/012020.
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Abstract Barakan Sub-basin is assessed as potential basin for hydrocarbon reserves in the eastern region of Indonesia because it is adjacent to Masela block giant gas field. Reservoir rocks in this sub-basin are sandstones from Middle Jurassic (Lower Flamengo Formation) until Oligocene (Adi member Formation). Main sandstone reservoir rocks are knowingly studied to have good porosity in Upper Flamengo, Kopae, Ekmai and Adi member Formations. But, there is no significant study to determine sandstone reservoir distribution that have good porosity quality. Therefore, an integrated method of inversion and rock physics study are needed to determine sandstone reservoir quality. This study uses 2D marine seismic post-stack time migration and 2 wells namely Barakan-1 and Koba-1 wells. Sensitivity analysis with cross-plot of gamma ray log versus acoustic impedance values range of 20-60 API and 9000-42000 (ft/s)*(g/cc) shows a strong correlation of good porosity sandstone to low impedance in Ekmai Formation of both wells. Model based of post-stack inversion reveals sandstone distribution in Ekmai Formation of both wells. Time structure maps of top and bottom horizons in Ekmai Formation indicates Barakan-1 well within anticline height structure and Koba-1 well are deposited in a middle of sub-littoral environment.
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Soehady Erfen, Hennie Fitria Wulandary, Muhamad Azrin Asat, and Hardianshah Saleh. "GEOPHYSICAL APPLICATION FOR GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL AND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF MELANGKAP AREA, KOTA BELUD, SABAH." Geological Behavior 6, no. 2 (2022): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2022.57.60.
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The study area is located at Melangkap area of Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia which comprises of Crocker Formation aged Late Eocene to Early Miocene and Quaternary alluvium deposits. This study focuses on groundwater potential using electrical resistivity method and water quality analysis of the study area. Schlumberger array using ABEM Terrameter LS instrument and Res2DINC software is used for data acquisition. Three survey lines were conducted in Kg. Melangkap, Kg. Kebayau dan Kg. Tambatuon. Water samples from existing boreholes from these locations were analysed based on Drinking Water Standard by Malaysian Department of Environment. Subsurface interpretation showed the layer of shale with resistivity value of 20 – 40 ohm-m, fractured sandstone with 20 -175 ohm-m, interbedding of shale and sandstones with 60 – 500 ohm-m, saturated sandstones with 40 – 1000 ohm-m, thick sandstones with 500 – 1000 ohm-m and gravel deposits with 175 – 1000 ohm-m. Each survey line showed 3 zones of different materials. Kg Kebayau shows the best potential for groundwater supply than Kg Melangkap and Kg Tambatuon, due to existence of 12 m thickness of sandstone aquifer. Water quality analysis shows the heavy metals concentration for all samples are within permitted range for drinking water consumption. However, water sample from Kg Kebayau borehole has the lowest value of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride content and heavy metals concentration made it the cleanest among all samples, which is widely used by the villagers of Kg Kebayau for drinking and external purposes.
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Alsabhan, Abdullah H., Md Rehan Sadique, Ali S. Alqarni, Shamshad Alam, and Wonho Suh. "Behavior of Sedimentary Rock Tunnel against Rigid Projectile Impact." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 9595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199595.
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The tunnels in present-day cities are experiencing varying degrees of loading conditions ranging from static to extreme loading. Therefore, the stability of underground tunnels needs to be analyzed and understood for safer and strengthened design. The present study was conducted to simulate the impact loading conditions due to a missile traveling at a velocity of 5 Mach for different rock tunnels. The nonlinear continuum finite element analysis has been carried out through Abaqus and Explicit. The four different types of sandstones considered in the present study include Kota, Jamrani, Singrauli, and Jhingurda sandstones. An elastoplastic Mohr–Coulomb constitutive material model has been considered to model the behavior of rock surrounding the tunnel opening. The tunnel has an opening of 7 m in diameter (d), and 50 m in height and breadth, with 50 m of longitudinal length. The deformation and stress in the rock and the damage to the concrete lining have been compared in different cases. The Concrete–Damage–Plasticity (CDP) model and the Johnson–Cook model were considered for modelling of the RC lining and steel reinforcement. It was concluded that Jhingurda sandstone has maximum deformations due to impacts caused by missiles.
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Alam, Md Shams, Tanusree Chakraborty, Vasant Matsagar, K. Seshagiri Rao, Prince Sharma, and Manjit Singh. "Characterization of Kota Sandstone Under Different Strain Rates in Uniaxial Loading." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 33, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9810-3.
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Sirajuddin, Haerany, and Sri Maulidani. "Analisis Profil Bawah Permukaan Pantai Lumpue Kota Parepare." Jurnal Penelitian Enjiniring 23, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/jpe.112019.13.
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Lumpue Beach Subsurface Profile Analysis of Parepare City. This study aims to analyze the subsurface profile of Lumpue beach which is directly contaminated with activities around the coast. In this study, the Wenner Schlumberger method was used in the Lumpue beach area, Perepare City, South Sulawesi Province. The tool used is a multichannel geoelectric with a maximum length of 480 m in each trajectory, in this study there are 3 trajectories in which the first trajectory is 480 m with depth as deep as 91.2 m and the resistivity results obtained range from 0.207 -> 97.8 Ωm which identified as alluvium containing clay soil, silt soil, sandstone and pyroclastic rock bolder that has been contaminated by sea water. At lane 2 intersects the middle lane 1 with a length of 240 m and identified depths of 91.2 m, the recorded resistivity results range between 5.52 -> 623 Ωm where the resistivity value identifies the alluvium material, which contains clay, silt soil , sandstone that has been contaminated with water and the presence of some pyroclastic rock inserts that are contaminated by water. Whereas lane 3 intersects lane 1 at the end with a lenght of 240m and a depth of 91.2 m, while the recorded resistivity results range from 0.354 - 11776 Ωm where from the recorded resistivity results the material contained in lane 3 is the inserted alluvium material. by pyroclastic rocks. The area covered by the track is an area with alluvium material which is an alluvial unit and most of it is contaminated by water, either by sea water or fresh groundwater and is inserted by pyroclastic rocks.
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Mubin, Mukhriz, Shamsudin Jirin, Zuhar Zahir Tuan Harith, Mohd Fauzi Abdul Kadir, Annur Asma Sayyidah Shamsuddin, and Ahmad Fitri Abdul Ghani. "Insights on deepwater turbidite sedimentary features from outcrops in onshore Northwest Sabah, Malaysia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1003, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1003/1/012007.
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Abstract This paper discusses findings of sedimentary features observed from deepwater outcrops in Northwest Sabah. The observations were based on 7 outcrop localities of Lower Oligocene – Upper Oligocene sections around Klias and Kudat Peninsulas, and Kota Kinabalu, covering Temburong, Belait, West Crocker, and Kudat formations. Temburong Formation (Lower Oligocene-Lower Miocene) was observed at Menumbok (Stop 1) and Tanjung Aru (Stop 2). It comprises interbedded shale and sandstone turbidite sequence representing deposition in deepwater setting. At Batu Luang (Stop 3) the deepwater turbidite Temburong Formation is observed overlain unconformably by stacked fluvial channel deposits of Belait Formation (Middle to Upper Miocene). Here, the overlying fluvial deposits comprise predominantly conglomerates which are believed to represent basal Belait Formation lies over regional unconformable surface correlatatable to Deep Regional Unconformity (DRU). Deepwater West Crocker Formation (Lower Oligocene-Lower Miocene) was observed at King Fisher-Sulaman, Kota Kinabalu (Stop 4), composed of predominantly thick sandstone interbedded with shale. Meanwhile, Sikuati Member of the Kudat Formation (Lower Miocene) was observed at Pantai Sikuati (Stop 5) and Bukit ‘V’ (Stop 6) outcrops. It consists of interbedded sandstone and shale of turbidite successions. At Tanjung Simpang Mengayau (Stop 7) thick sandstone interbedded with thin shales of Kudat Formation was observed. In general, the Temburong Formation at Stops 1 and 2 show Bouma sequence of Ta-Tb-Te successions, but relatively thicker Te at Stop 1 suggesting a prolonged mud suspension deposit compared to Stop 2. At Stop 3, the deepwater Temburong Formation was subjected to a substantial tectonic uplift and massive erosion associated with DRU. Further northwards at Stop 4 West Crocker Formation exhibits thicker Ta successions which implies deposition within a slightly higher energy regime as compared to that of Temburong Formation at Stop 3. Meanwhile, at Stops 5 and 6 different depositional energy levels are shown in the lower and upper stratigraphic intervals. In the lower interval deposition took place within a higher energy condition as shown by thick Ta. It was followed by gradual decreasing depositional energy regime in the upper interval as shown by predominance Tc-Td-Te. Meanwhile, at Stop 7 a thick massive graded sandstone overlain by thin mudstone bed was observed which implies a prolonged Ta succession followed by short-term Te of mud suspension deposits.
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Mohd Radzir, Nurul Afifah, Che Aziz Ali, and Kamal Roslan Mohamed. "Sedimentological Analysis of the Turbidite Sequence in the Northern Part of the West Crocker Formation, Northwest Sabah." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 12149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312149.
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Gravity-flow deposits form the northern part of the Crocker Formation (Oligocene–Early Miocene), with the most significant interpretation as a sand-rich system in the proximal and a mud-rich system in the distal area of the deep-water turbidite depositional setting. Seven outcrop localities in the northern-part area were selected for mapping and sampling, starting from Kota Kinabalu up to the Telipok area to evaluate the sedimentary sequence. This study used mapping, field observation, and log sketches in the field, as well as extensive analysis and interpretation of sedimentological methods to investigate the sequence of sediment outcrops in the Crocker Formation area of northwest Sabah. During the fieldwork, five main facies were found, namely, massive sandstone facies (f1), graded sandstone facies (f2), laminated sandstone facies (f3), interbedded sandstone and mudstone facies (f4), and mudstone facies (f5). These northern-part outcrops are interpreted as being deposited from the highest to the lowest turbidity currents and the actuality of pelagic mudstone deposition, based on their fining-coarsening-upward pattern. The five geometrical bodies were proposed as laterally contiguous depositional environments, namely, (1) inner fan channel, (2) inner fan channel–levee complex, (3) mid-fan channelized lobes, (4) non-channelized lobes/distal lobes, and (5) basin plains. The facies interpretation shows that the study area consists of lobes, channel–levee complexes, and levees formed in a fan of a deep-water basin setting, with the basinal plain enveloped by thick mudstone deposits. This northern part of the Crocker Formation is interpreted as a multiple-sourced sediment, shelf-fed, Type II, low-efficiency, and sand-rich turbidite depositional system.
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Cahyaningsih, Catur, Puja Fransismik Crensonni, Yogi Aditia, Adi Suryadi, Yuniarti Yuskar, Tiggi Choanji, and Dewandra Bagus Eka Putra. "Petrography, Geology Structure and Landslide Characterization of Sumatra Fault Deformation: Study Case In Km 10-15 Highway, Koto Baru Sub District, West of Sumatra." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2018.3.4.2062.
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Research area is around Tanjung Balik, Koto Baru Sub Base, Lima Puluh Kota District, West Sumatra Province. Located along the highway Km 10-15 Riau – West Sumatra and the coordinate around 00˚08'40 '' LU - 0˚11'20 '' N and 100˚45'20 '' BT - 100˚47'00 '' BT. The purpose of research to identify petrography, microstructure, types of landslides and the geological condition. The methods using polarization microscope, stereography, landslide identification survey and geological mapping. The result of study shows the petrography analysis of lithology of study area are classified into three types of rocks are Feldspathic Greywacke, Lithic Arenite, and Slate. Microstructures trending system show the foliation structure that is relatively Southeast-Northwest. Types of landslide which dominates in the research area are debris avalanche and translational landslide. Geological analysis show some of rock units are classified into two units: Sandstone Unit and Slate Unit. Sandstone Unit spread in the northern part of the study area, while Slate Unit spread in the southern part of the study area. The characteristics of these rocks showed Pematang Formation.
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Tating, Frederick, Robert Hack, and Victor Jetten. "Weathering effects on discontinuity properties in sandstone in a tropical environment: case study at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 74, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0625-5.
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Cahyaningsih, Catur, Tiggi Choanji, Yuniarti Yuskar, Dewandra Bagus Eka Putra, Fauzi Rahman, and Puja Fransismik Crensonni. "Landslide geomorphology evaluation and geology structure analysis at Riau-West Sumatra highway in km 89-94." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927605011.
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The research area is in the location hit by landslide frequently. Located in Riau-West Sumatra Highway in Km 89-94, Pangkalan Sub District, Lima Puluh Kota District, West Sumatra Province. The research objective to analyse the geomorphological conditions, which is relevance an increased vulnerability to landslides in the study area. The method used consist of geomorphology analysis using morphometric, morphography and morphogenetic parameters. The results of the analysis concluded that the geomorphology of the reserach area is classified into two: High Hills Steep Structural Geomorphology Unit (S2) dominates in all regions and Slightly Steep Hills Denudational Geomorphology Units (D3) is located in the Northeast, the percentages of distribution are 83%, and 17% respectively. Drainage pattern classified to parallel system. Lithology constituent consisting of claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and andesite. Structural geology analysis of joint show trend pattern to the Northwest -Southeast.
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Neradovsky, Yu N. "Reconstruction of the conditions for the formation of red-colored sandstones of the Tersky coast based on a comparative analysis of the structure of ancient and modern deposits (Kola Peninsula)." Vestnik MGTU 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2023-26-2-180-190.
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The paper presents the results of studying the Riphean red-colored sandstones of the Tersky coast of the White Sea. 21 structural elements characterizing the conditions of rock formation have been considered, including 15 ancient and 6 modern deposits. Observations were carried out for 10 years in two areas of the White Sea coast. The purpose of the research is to establish the reasons for the absence of organic matter, the origin of the hematite admixture in the Riphean sandstones, and to assess the climatic conditions during their formation. These issues are key to identifying the Proterozoic red formation. The data have shown that some rock structures are similar in ancient and modern deposits. Such structures include, for example, wave ripples repeating in detail the dimension, shape, and orientation in both epochs, and therefore can be used to assess ancient marine sedimentation conditions. However, most of the structures testify to fundamental differences in the conditions of rock formation. It has been established that takyrs were systematically formed in ancient rocks and hematite was deposited, which indicates the arid climate in the Riphean and the specific composition of sea water. The most important difference between ancient deposits is the absence of fauna and flora in them.
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Kalinin, A. A., N. M. Kudryashov, and Ye E. Savchenko. "Mal'javr – the first gold prospect in the Archean conglomerates, the Kola region." Vestnik MGTU 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2023-26-1-5-17.
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A new type of prospects of gold mineralization in the Kola region is considered in the paper. The Mal'javr prospect is located in the south-western flank of the Uragubsky greenstone belt in biotite gneiss – the metamorphosed sedimentary rocks with interlayering of polymictic conglomerate, gravelite, and sandstone. Gold-bearing sulfide mineralization was found in altered rocks, which form a series of lens-shaped bodies, concentrated along a shear zone of NNE strike. The bodies of altered rocks are zonal: the central zone makes 50–80 % of the lens volume, it consists of garnet and quartz, the intermediate zone is of garnet-biotite mineral composition, and in the outer zone, which is often reduced, the main minerals are hedenbergite, hornblende, and grunerite. The metasomatic alteration is connected with an increase of iron content, decrease of Al, Si, and alkaline metals Na and K, redistribution of calcium to the outer zone of metasomatic lenses; and magnesium is inert. If compared to the unaltered gneiss, the altered rocks are depleted in Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, Zr, Nb; and content of Cu, Zn, Mn, As, Ag, Te, W, Bi (all these elements are known to associate with gold) increases. All zones of altered rocks are rich in sulfide mineralization. Pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite are the main sulfide minerals, minor minerals are chalcopyrite, pentlandite, magnetite, tochilinite, native gold, and late pyrite and marcasite. Rock alteration and formation of sulfide mineralization happened at a high temperature > 600 °С, and the late alteration processes at ~400 °C. The arsenopyrite-gold mineralization probably formed with As and Au mobilized from the host biotite gneiss during regional metamorphism or due to pegmatite vein intrusion.
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DAMAYANTI, BLESKADIT CHATERINE, VIRMAN VIRMAN, and JOHNSON SIALLAGAN. "ANALISIS KEDALAMAN AKUIFER AIR TANAH DENGAN METODE GEOLISTRIK DI DISTRIK SENTANI KOTA KABUPATEN JAYAPURA." Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Indonesia 8, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jipi.v8i2.1238.
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Geophysical research on geoelectric method configuration schlumburger has been carried out in Sentani Kota area, Jayapura district to analyze the depth of groundwater aquifers. The data consisted of seven points measurement spread in Sentani Kota areas namely Kampung Harapan, Hawaii, Kampung Sereh, Kompleks 751, Pasar Lama, Doyo Baru, and Kampung Toware. The data obtained was done by processing data with IP2WIN software, and then made a subsurface profile likes log. Based on data processing, the results obtained showed that in Kampung Harapan the potential groundwater aquifer was found with a resistivity value of 18 Ωm at a depth of > 17.9 m. In the Hawaiian area potential groundwater aquifers are found with resistivity values of 8.92 Ωm at a depth of 64.7 m. In the Kampung Sereh area potential groundwater aquifers were found with resistivity values of 14 Ωm at a depth of 24 m. In the complex area of 751 a depressed groundwater aquifer is found in two layers with a third layer resistivity value of 106 Ωm at a depth of 13.3 m and a fifth layer 81.8 Ωm at a depth of >28.6 m. In the Pasar Lama area groundwater aquifers were found with resistivity values of 102 Ωm at depths > 17.4 m. In the Doyo Baru area, a potential depressed groundwater aquifer was found with a resistivity value of 50.1 Ωm at a depth of 123 m. And in the Kampung Toware a potential groundwater aquifer is found with a resistivity value of 11.5 Ωm at a depth of >27.7 m. From the results of the study, in the Sentani City area, groundwater aquifers were arranged by lithology of sandstone.
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Madon, Mazlan. "Deep-Sea Trace Fossils In The West Crocker Formation, Sabah (Malaysia), And Their Palaeoenvironmental Significance." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 71 (May 31, 2021): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm71202103.
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In the “flysch” series of the West Crocker Formation (Eocene–Oligocene), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, trace fossils are fairly common although not ubiquitous. The trace fossils commonly occur as hypichnial semi- or full-reliefs on the sole of thin turbiditic sandstone beds (mainly Bouma Tc division) in the thinly bedded heterolithic sandstone-mudstone facies interpreted as submarine fan lobe deposits. Their presence in mainly the thinly bedded facies of the fan system suggests preferential production and preservation in the fine-grained “distal” parts of the Crocker submarine fan system. Trace fossil assemblages characteristic of the Nereites ichnofacies indicate sedimentary environments mainly in bathyal to abyssal water depths (>2000 m). This ichnofacies is dominated by horizontal grazing, farming and feeding traces, ranging from solitary to branching tubular burrows (Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus and Planolites) to meandering trails and tunnels (Nereites, Cosmorhaphe, Helminthopsis), as well as the spiriform burrows Spirophycus. Graphoglyptids are the most diagnostic of the Nereites ichnofacies, produced by sediment grazers and farmers (agrichnia) and often displaying intricate networks of mainly horizontal tunnels preserved as hypichnial semi-reliefs. They include the delicate spiral traces of Spirorhaphe, as well as the enigmatic hexagonal network burrow Paleodictyon. Other ichnogenera include Planolites, Thalassinoides and Ophiomorpha which are facies-crossing and not environment specific. Detailed observations of the trace fossil assemblages and the degree of bioturbation enabled different sub-ichnofacies of the Nereites ichnofacies to be distinguished. Ophiomorpha is more common in sandy “proximal” facies and tend to penetrate deeply into pre-existing turbidite beds, its presence suggests a well-oxygenated newly deposited turbidite substrate, probably in the axial region of the fan lobes. Hence, channel axis and proximal fan deposits tend to be dominated by the Ophiomorpha rudis sub-ichnofacies. The Paleodictyon sub-ichnofacies is more typical of the lower energy lobe/fan fringe subenvironments. Proximal but off-axis areas are characterized by a mixture of the Ophiomorpha rudis and Paleodictyon sub-ichnofacies.
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Haji Karim Ahmad, Kamal. "Facies Changes Between Kolosh and Sinjar Formations Along Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt in Iraqi Kurdistan Region." Journal of Geography and Geology 8, no. 1 (November 29, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v8n1p1.
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The present study is concerned with lateral and vertical facies changes between Kolosh (Paleocene) and Sinjar (or Khurmala) (Paleocene-Early Eocene) Formations in Sulaimani and Duhok area, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq. The latter and former formations are belonging to basinal clastic (turbidite) and reefal carbonate facies respectively. The facies changes are documented in six sections by field studies and evaluation of previous ideas and data which are critically discussed and compared to the result of the present study. The special attention is directed towards the contact between the two Formations in relation to conformity. All the studies achieved before 2002 showed conformable contact between the two formations while the most recent study found large a gap (erosional unconformity) between the two formations which persisted for 5million years. According to latter study, the sea level fall associated with this unconformity assigned to be type one and type two sequence boundaries in the east of Darbandikhan, north of Koya towns and the Bekhme gorge.Conversely, the present study has not recorded gaps in the sedimentation in the studied sections either in Sulaimani or Dohuk area. The contact can be regarded as transgressive system tract which represented by green marl or sandstone, which changes to limestone of Sinjar or Khurmala Formation (HST).The conglomerate beds that are recorded in the previous studies at the contact of the two formations are not proved in the present study. The previously recorded conglomerate is located inside the upper part of the Kolosh Formation not in the contact and it represents submarine fan feeder channel. In contrast to previous studies, neither incised valleys nor erosional unconformity are found at the contact between the two formations in the studied area. The one meter intraformational conglomerate that are found (in some previous studies) in the Bekhme gore is not found in the present study. It is observed that the Kolosh Formation, at Bekhme Gore consists of green marl and sandstone with one bed of Khurmala Formation. The green marl is changes totally to dolomitic limestone of the latter Formation toward northwest at the north of Saru Kani village near Bujeel town. This proves that both formations are deposited in one basin and Khurmala formation has the age of Lower Paleocene to Lower Eocene.
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Pohan, Ahmad Fauzi, and Rusnoviandi Rusnoviandi. "STUDI PENYELIDIKAN AIR TANAH DI KOTA TERPADU MANDIRI, PESISIR SELATAN DENGAN METODE GEOLISTRIK." Jurnal Ipteks Terapan 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jit.2018.v12i2.2588.
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<p><em>Water is a needed for human life, especially in Kota Terpadu Mandiri, Pesisir Selatan. This study aims to determine the type, arrangement of layers of subsurface rocks and their thickness and determine the type of water carrier layer (aquifer) and determine the exact location of drilling water depth in accordance with the hydrological conditions. By conducting an investigation at five measurement points using the Schlumberger geolistrik method with a stretch of 200 m. From the interpretation of the data obtained there are 4 layers of soil in the area of investigation,: the first layer is a layer of cover soil that thickness of 0.60-1.90 meters, the second layer is a layer of sand clay which 4.5-45.00 meters thick, the third layer is a layer of clay that thick 11.80-40.80 meters, and the fourth layer is a layer of sandstone cliffs of 3.00 meters thick to infinity. Based on the estimation of geoelectric data analysis which has the potential to drill groundwater at K-1 point with depth of 130 meters.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Air merupakan kebutuahan yang sangat mendasar bagi kehidupan manusia, khususnya di Kota Terpadu Mandiri, Pesisir Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Mengetahui jenis, susunan lapisan batuan bawah permukaan dan ketebalannya serta menentukan jenis lapisan batuan pembawa air (akuifer) dan menentukan lokasi kedalaman pemboran air yang tepat sesuai dengan kondisi hidrologinya. Dengan melakukan penyelidikan di 5 titik pengukuran dengan menggunakan metode geolistrik konfigurasi Schlumberger dengan bentangan 200 m. Dari interpretasi data yang diperoleh</em><em><em> terdapat 4 lapisan tanah di daerah penyelidikan yaitu : lapisan pertama merupakan lapisan tanah penutup yang tebalnya 0,60-1,90 meter, lapisan kedua merupakan lapisan lempung pasiran yang tebalnya 4,5-45,00 meter, lapisan ketiga merupakan lapisan lempung yang tebalnya 11,80-40,80 meter, dan lapisan keempat merupakan lapisan batupasir lempungan yang tebalnya 3,00 meter sampai tak terhingga. Berdasarkan pendugaan analisis data geolistrik yang berpotensi untuk dilakukan pengeboran air tanah di titik K-1 dengan kedalaman 130 meter.</em></em><br /><em></em></p>
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Roslee, Rodeano, Mohd Fauzi Zikiri, and Ahmad Nazrul Madri. "LANDSLIDE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION (LHI) BASED ON GEOELECTRICAL MAPPING ANALYSIS (GEM): CASE STUDY FROM LUYANG, KOTA KINABALU, SABAH, MALAYSIA." Earth Sciences Pakistan 4, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2020.81.87.
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Landslides are amongst the most damaging natural hazards in Malaysia. The study of landslides has drawn nationwide attention mainly due to increasing awareness of the socio-economic impact of landslides, as well as the increasing pressure of urbanization. Landslide Hazard Identification (LHI) is part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation, item, thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm. The description of LHI should include the location, volume (or area), classification and velocity of the potential landslides and any resultant detached material, and the probability of their occurrence within a given period of time. In this paper, we present the results of the measurement for the subsurface resistivity within by using the pole-dipole electrode array and present the 2D view of each resistivity profile. The result presented successfully detect the dominant layer consists of interbedded sandstone and shale of the Crocker Formation with highly weathered. This both layers have high porosity and potential to contain high water content which can trigger landslide to occur. Besides that, there are several boulders zone (weathered to fresh rock) that can be found at the top of the subsurface profile at about 1.5m to 15m in depth. The bedrock layer was estimated to be found at 4m to 32.5m in depth from the original ground and one possible fault line that had been identified. This fault line believed plays a role in the occurrence of landslide in which rock materials have lower strength compared to surrounding rocks. High density of fault means lower stability. Therefore the faut line have been regarded as a critical factor in triggering landslide in the study area. The results of these study findings are expected to be used as uniform guidelines and principles are very useful and have integrity in providing coordination of standards or policies for each planning activities for new development in the future. As a result of the lack of concern for the developer of the concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) or balancing and control of environmental health, the results of this study can also be used as a yardstick to party developers who intend to develop a high ground and hillside in deciding whether to continuing development planning or not.
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Baluev, A. S., S. Yu Kolodyazhny, E. N. Terekhov, V. A. Lebedev, and P. A. Serov. "Problems of the time of foundation and the tectonic evolution of the Onega — Kandalaksha paleorift in the light of the data of isotopic geochronology." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 5 (November 2, 2018): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2018-5-5-11.
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Kandalaksha graben, located in the water-area of the White sea, is a part of the Onega-Kandalaksha paleorift of the Riphean time of foundation. It is filled with the terrigenous formations of the Terskaya suites ranging from 3 to 8 km by depth, while the age of the rocks of the Terskaya suite is still controversial, and according to different sources, ranges from 1300 to 670 Ma. This means that the time of the formation of Kandalaksha Graben is not precisely defined. In 2016, on the Tersky Bank of the Kola Peninsula, a sample of sandstones of the suite was selected. The age of the rock of 1390±25 Ma, i.e. the boundary of the early and middle Riphean, was determined by the K-Ar isotope method.. This corresponds to the time of the beginning of the stretching of the lithosphere and continental rifting. Quartz-microcline metasomatites formed on sand-shale spit of Terskaya suite in the zone of amethyst deposit of Cape Korablik gave the age of 821±170 Ma, determined by Sm-Nd method, and fluorite of the same rocks gave the age of 690±71 Ma. The last value is close to the age of the basalts from the Onega depression, defined by the same method. These data correspond to the momentum of stretching of the passive Timan margin of the Baltic area at the end of the late Riphean.
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Al Anshar, Fadlan, Noor Fauzi Isniarno, and Dudi Nasrudi Usman. "Interpretasi Tahanan Jenis Dua Dimensi Konfigurasi Wenner untuk Menentukan Struktur Bawah Permukaan di Kota Samarinda Provinsi Kalimantan Timur." Bandung Conference Series: Mining Engineering 3, no. 2 (July 28, 2023): 530–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/bcsme.v3i2.9044.
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Abstract. Judging from the regional geological map on the Samarinda sheet, it was found that in the study area there was a very complex structure. Geolistics is a method that can analyze subsurface structures with resistivity values. To identify subsurface conditions, it is necessary to model the results of measurements to strengthen interpretation with geological maps. Geoelectrical measurements were carried out using a 2-dimensional Wenner configuration NeoResist tool with the same distance between electrodes, which will produce an apparent resistivity value, resistivity resulting from software processing, and an apparent resistivity cross-section. Measurements were carried out in four tracks on fairly steep topographical conditions with a spacing of 10 meters between electrodes and a stretch of 400 meters. Acquisition and interpretation of measurement results obtained the lithology of minerals, including sandstone and claystone, and encountered geological structures in geoelectrical measurements. The results of the measurements obtained an indication of the structure on tracks 1, 3, and 4 and an anomaly in the resistivity value because there is a resistivity value that decreases and forms like a structure. On the cross section of track 1, there is a change in resistivity that is indicated to be affected by a rising fault in the western part of the geological map; on track 3, it is found that there is a resistivity filling like a fracture; on track 4, it gets resistivity like a fracture that is almost upright; and it is indicated that in that area, the change results from the influence of trajectory 1. This indication is strengthened by the location of the research area, which is surrounded by a complex structure.
Abstrak. Ditinjau dari peta geologi regional pada lembar samarinda dijumpai bahwa pada daerah penelitian terdapat adanya struktur yang sangat komplek. Geolistik salah satu metode yang dapat menganalisis strukur bawah permukaan dengan nilai resisitivity. Untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi bawah permukaan di perlukan pemodelan hasil dari pengukuran untuk memperkuat interptretasi dengan peta geologi. Pengukuran geolistrik dilakukan menggunakan alat NeoResist konfigurasi wenner 2 dimensi dengan jarak antar elektroda yang sama akan menghasilkan nilai tahanan jenis semu, tahanan jenis hasil dari pengolahan software, Penampang apparent resistivity. Pengukuran dilakukan sebanyak 4 lintasan pada kondisi topografi yang cukup curam dengan jarak antar elektroda 10 meter dan bentangan sepanjang 400 meter. Akuisisi dan interpretasi data hasil pengukuran didapatkan litologi bahan galian diantaranya adalah batupasir dan batulempung, serta di jumpai adanya struktur geologi dalam pengukuran geolistrik. Hasil dari pengukuran didapatkan adanya indikasi struktur pada lintasan 1, 3 dan 4 dan didapatkan anomali pada nilai resistivity di karenakan terdapat nilai resistivity yang menunjam serta membentuk seperti struktur. Pada penampang lintasan 1 terdapat adanya perubahan resistivity yang diindikasikan terdampak oleh sesar naik pada bagian barat pada peta geologi, pada lintasan 3 didapatkan adanya resistivity yang mengisi seperti rekahan, pada lintasan 4 di dapatkan resistivity seperti rekahan yang hampir tegak dan diindikasikan bahwa pada daerah tersebut hasil dari pengaruh lintasan 1. Indikasi tersebut perkuat dengan lokasi daerah penelitian di kelilingi dengan struktur yang kompleks.
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Rashid, Alidu, Numair Ahmed Siddiqui, Nisar Ahmed, Muhammed Jamil, Daniel Asante Otchere, and Sani Ado Kasim. "Field Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks in the Dohol Formation, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1087, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1087/1/012064.
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Abstract The Dohol formation is predominantly composed of sedimentary rocks; however, the black shales attract much attention because of their potential to generate hydrocarbons. Black shales generally have a high organic matter content and can serve as good source rocks for hydrocarbon generation. Therefore, this study was conducted to characterize the sedimentary rocks, including the black shales, which are of great importance and discover new areas where these rocks can be located. Four distinctive lithofacies of shales were observed on the field; the massive black shales facies, light grey shales facies with quartzite intrusion in some areas, the red sandy shales, and the dark brown shales facies. The black shales are dark-coloured, laminated, and some parts are fissile. The second type of shale, light grey, looks similar to the dark shales, but it probably contains less organic matter. In other areas, these grey shales have intrusions of quartzite. The third type of shale facies are the red shales which are sandy, fissile, and highly weathered, and pebbly sands overlie it. Finally, the dark brown shale facies are fissile, flaky, and weathered. The sandstones encountered are massive cream-colored, and composed of mainly quartz with a few scour marks in some areas. Several new outcrop locations of these sedimentary rocks were discovered, and they are spread across Jemaluang, Kota Tinggi, and the outskirts of Mersing town in East Johor. From the outcrop trends and the sedimentary features of the shale rock sequence, the deposition environment of the shales is probably from shallow to deep marine.
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Kravchenko, Evelina. "Ceramic Vessel From Mound Near Zolne Village in the Crimea." Archaeology, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.04.073.
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The article deals with ceramic handmade vessel from a burial mound near Zolne village (mound No. 1, burial No. 10) in the central foothills of the Crimea. Partially reconstructed fragments were found in the Scientific Funds of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. After the graphic reconstruction, it became clear that the vessel differs from the drawing given by A. A. Shchepynskyi, who was the author of the excavations. Both the vessel and the conditions of its discovery are analyzed; analogies in other complexes of the Crimea are given. Based on the typological analysis, the vessel is referred to one of the leading types of ceramics of the Kyzyl-Koba culture of the V-UB horizon, selected on Uch-Bash materials, dated from the beginning of the Taurian period. In addition, there are synchronous burial complexes, identical to the burial in Zolne mound. In addition to ceramics, chronological cluster of the warrior burial in Zolne mound is characterized by the bronze arrowheads of the Novocherkassk-type, known also at Uch-Bash in the layer of destruction of the previous IV-UB horizon. It should also be noted that in the inventory of the burial No. 10 of Zolne mound there is a whetstone with a hole for hanging, made from sandstone. It corresponds typologically to the whetstones from the horizon V-UB of Uch-Bash. The chronology of all finds of vases of this type generally fits into the second half of the VIII — early VII c. BC. Analysis of their context raises many questions not only archaeological, but also historical, namely, in connection with which events, firstly, the soldier was buried in Zolne mound, and secondly, why in his burial as an inventory item there was placed a vessel used by population of the Eastern and Central foothills of the Crimea. The sequence of events can now be reproduced as follows. At the time of the demise of the fortified settlement of Uch-Bash in the South-Western Crimea in the foothills of the Crimea a new cultural complex may have been already formed, which we characterize as the V-UB horizon. Its formation and functioning are connected with the arrival of a new nomadic horde, which is associated with Novocherkassk monuments, having earlier analogies on the eastern monuments of the Northern Black Sea coast, where they probably came from. The asynchrony of the emergence of a new complex of material culture in the Crimean foothills and Uch-Bash, where it appears some time after the layer of fire and destruction, shows that Uch-Bash both in the late Pre-Tauric and in the early Pre-Tauric periods, all was more focused on sea connections and waterways than on land, in contrast to the central group of sites of the Kyzyl-Koba culture in the basin of the Salgir River.
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Roslee, Rodeano. "EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RESIDUAL SOIL ON SLIDING AREA AT BUNDU TUHAN, SABAH, MALAYSIA." Geological Behavior 4, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gbr.01.2020.18.25.
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The study of the earth mass movement has long been regarded as one of the most important and interesting aspect of engineering geology and geotechnical engineering, which the designers and planners from the private and public sectors address when implementing the initial stage of urban and rural development projects. This involves highways and infrastructures construction and land use planning among the others. Failure to appreciate the problems relating to mass movements of earth material could lead to damage of man made structures and even the loss of lives. These studies focused on the mass movement in Bundu Tuhan to Kundasang highway area approximately 84 km to 96 km from Kota Kinabalu city, Sabah, one of the most vulnerable to mass movements occurrence in west coast of Sabah. It is bounded by longitude line E 116o 31.592’ to E 116o 36.183’ and latitude line N 06o 00.269’ to N 05o 57.610’. The main objectives of this study are; 1) to map and locate the landslides in the study area; and 2) to study the mechanism and the influence of geological factors causing the mass movement. Geology of the study area and its surrounding is hosted mainly by three sedimentary rock formations: Trusmadi Formation (Palaeocene to Eocene age), Crocker Formation (Late Eocene to Early Miocene age) and Pinousuk Gravel (Upper Pleistocene to Holocene age). These three geologic formations dissected by numerous geological lineaments structural produced by a complex tectonic history of multi phase folding and thrust, normal and reverse faulting. These tectonic setting reduce the physical and mechanical properties of the soil and produced intensive displacement in substrata resulting in intensive high degree of weathering processes. The weathered materials are weak and cause sinking, subsidence and sliding due to high pore pressure subjected by both shallow and deep groundwater. Evaluation 10 boreholes data in study area indicated that the groundwater table in study area is shallow and range 1.9 meter to about 11.3 meters. The groundwater in study area fluctuate drastically even within short period. Sand and gravel layer with variable thickness defined the major shallow aquifers within the top weathered materials while the highly fracture sedimentary rocks defined the major deep aquifers. Most of the aquifer within top unconsolidated weathered material is under unconfined condition. Most of significant aquifers within the sedimentary rocks are sandstones. The sandstones generally fracture and contain coarse sediments, which increase the permeability. Geologic and geotechnic evaluation of the study area indicates that the mass movement take place when slope materials are no longer able to resist the force of gravity. These decrease the shear resistance resulting mass movement, which is due to internal and external factors. Internal factors involve some change in either physical or chemical properties of the rock and soil. External factors involve increase of shear stress on slope, which usually involves a form of disturbance that is induced by man. The triggering mechanism in the study area most likely involves heavy rainfall causing water saturation of the slope material and loss of cohesion along rapture planes. The sheared shale, bedding and fault planes, and opening fractures are all structural weaknesses, which acting as pathways for water seepage, hastening the weakening and eventual mass movement in the study area. Development planning has to consider these hazards in order to counter their effect. An environmental management program should be implemented to prevent these losses. Geological and geotechnical studies will play a vital role in ground stability assessment that critical in public safety.
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Panjaitan, Saultan, and Subagio Subagio. "PROSPEK SUMBER DAYA ENERGI BERDASARKAN ANALISIS POLA ANOMALI GAYA BERAT DI DAERAH BIAK DAN SEKITARNYA, PAPUA." JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2016): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/jgk.13.2.2015.264.
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Hasil penelitian gayaberat di Pulau Biak menghasilkan anomali gayaberat yang dikelompokkan kedalam 2 (dua) satuan yaitu anomali gayaberat 50 mGal hingga 120 mGal membentuk rendahan anomali mencerminkan cekungan. Kelompok anomali gayaberat 120 mGal hingga 220 mGal membentuk tinggian anomali. Pola tinggian anomali sisa 0 mGal hingga 2 mGal diduga sebagai perangkap struktur migas yang terdapat di daerah Kota Biak utara, Mandon dan lepas pantai timur P. Pai. Batuan bertahanan jenis rendah antara 0 - 16 Ohm-meter yang mengindikasikan batuan reservoir jenuh fluida terbentuk di kedalaman 2500 meter. Kedalaman batuan dasar terbentuk antara 7000-8500 meter, dengan rapat massa batuan 2.9 - 3.1 gr/cm3 bertahanan jenis tinggi 1000-8200 Ohm-meter diduga sebagai cerminan dari batuan ultramafik kerak samudera. Batuan yang menyusun di daerah penelitian terdiri atas lapisan batuan Tersier dengan rapat massa 2.45 gr/cm3, batuan Pra-Tersier dengan rapat massa 2.75 gr/cm3 dan batuan dasar dengan rapat massa 3.1 gr/cm3. Batuan sumber adalah serpih Formasi Makat berumur Miosen dengan rapat massa batuan 2.45 gr/cm3, sedangkan batuan reservoir terdiri dari batupasir Formasi Mamberamo. Kata kunci Gayaberat, cekungan, migas, anomali sisa, rapat massa, sesar, antiklin, batuan sumber, tahanan jenis. Gravity research on the island of Biak gravity anomalies are grouped into two (2) units is a gravity anomaly 50 mgal up to 120 mgal is basin reflecting. Gravity anomaly 120 mgal up to 220 mgal formed heights anaomaly. Altitude residual anomaly from 0 mGal to 2 mgal is oil and gas as trapping structures contained in the northern City of Biak, off the east coast Mandon and P. Pai. The rocks is of low resistivity between 0 -16 Ohm-meter that indicates the saturated fluid reservoir rocks are in the depths of 2500 meter. The depth of the bedrock formed between 7000-8500 meters, with density 2.9 - 3.1 gr / cm3 is heights resistivity types of 1000-8200 Ohm-meter interpreted as a reflection of ultramafic rocks oceanic crust. The rocks in the study area consists of Tertiary rocks layers with a density 2.45 gr / cm3, the Pre-Tertiary rocks with density 2.75 gr / cm3 and bedrock with density 3.1 gr / cm3. The source rocks is of shale from Makat Formation Miocene age with density 2.45 gr / cm3, and the reservoir rock consists of sandstone Mamberamo Formation. Keywords: Gravity, basin, oil and gas, recidual anomaly, density, fault, anticline, source rocks, resistivity.
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Koroleva, N. E., and E. I. Kopeina. "The floodplain meadows of class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937 in the Varzuga River valley (Murmansk Region)." Vegetation of Russia, no. 34 (December 23, 2018): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2018.34.85.
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In the Murmansk Region floodplain meadows of class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937 being there on the northern limit of distribution in Europe, rarely occur along the large rivers. The research with purpose of classification was conducted in lower stream of the Varzuga River, which is one of the largest (254 km long) river on Kola Peninsula. Few large islands are disposed in the lower course of the river. Riverbanks are formed mainly by sandstones and moraine deposits which prevent the formation of a vast floodplain formation; its the largest area is situated downstream the Varzuga village, that is one of the oldest settlements of Kola Peninsula, arisen in 15 century. The agriculture period on floodplains around the village has about 500 years of regular mowing and grazing. The river basin is located in the taiga zone. Adjacent spruce and pine forests belong to associations Empetro–Piceetum obovatae (Sambuk 1932) Morozova 2008 and Cladonio arbusculae–Pinetum sylvestris (Cajander 1921) K.-Lund 1967, bogs — to ass. Empetro–Sphagnetum fusci (Du Rietz (1921) 1926) Dierssen 1982. Ferns and tall herbs dominated birch forests occur on Varzuga River islands. Sandy beach vegetation of Ammophiletea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Westhoff et al. 1946 and halophytic marshes of Junceteamaritimi Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1952 were described in the river mouth (Koroleva, 1999; Koroleva et al., 2011). Floodplain meadows (Fig. 1) were studied on the river banks and on islands from the Varzuga village to river mouth, in July and August in 2013 and 2015. 46 relevés were performed on sample plots mainly 10×10 m on the base of Braun-Blanquet approach. The syntaxa of high level are in accordance with latest survey by L. Mucina et al. (2016). Floodplain meadows belong to the alliance Astragalo subpolaris–Festucion rubrae all. nov. hoc loco (holotypus — Anthoxantho alpini–Geranietum sylvatici ass. nov. hoc loco) (Table 1) with following diagnostic species: Sanguisorba polygama, Dianthus superbus, Astragalus subpolaris, Oxytropis sordida, Myosotis asiatica, Veratrum lobelianum, Hedysarum arcticum, Senecio nemorensis, Allium schoenoprasum, Potentilla crantzii. Plant communities include mesophytic herbs, diagnostic species of classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadač et Klika in Klika et Hadač 1944, with group of species characteristic for tundra meadows (Dianthus superbus, Astragalus subpolaris, Oxytropis sordida, Bistorta vivipara and Potentilla crantzii). More than half of diagnostic species of alliance Astragalo subpolaris–Festucion rubrae have arctic, arctic-alpine and hypoarctic distribution. Two associations belong to this alliance: ass. Diantho superbi–Festucetum ovinae ass. nov. (Table 2; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 2 (186/13), Fig. 2) with diagnostic species Dianthus superbus, Thymus subarcticus, Campanula rotundifolia, Antennaria dioica, Calluna vulgaris, Festuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Viola canina, Potentilla crantzii, P. erecta, Sonchus arvensis, Pilosella laticeps. Low-herb meadows, being used as a pasture, occur mainly on higher and dryer habitats, than the next association. Ass. Anthoxantho alpini–Geranietum sylvatici ass. nov. (Table 3; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 17 (136/13), Fig. 3) includes regularly mowed tall-herb meadows formed after deforestation. Diagnostic taxa are Anthoxanthum alpinum, Geranium sylvaticum, Angelica sylvestris, Phleum pratense, Trollius europaeus, Anthriscus sylvestris, Cirsium heterophyllum, Vicia cracca. Ass. Filipendulo ulmariae–Deschampsietum cespitosae Shushpannikova et Yamalov 2013 of alliance Deschampsion cespitosae Horvatić 1930 (Table 4) was described in wet depressions near the village. Diagnostic taxa are Deschampsia cespitosa and Filipendula ulmaria. Community type Festuca rubra–Ligusticum scothicum of alliance Conioselinion tatarici Golub et al. 2003 (Table 5) occurs on the islands and in floodplain in the Varzuga river mouth. Diagnostic taxa are Ligusticum scothicum, Festuca rubra, Potentilla egedii, Primula finmarchica, Alopecurus arundinaceus, Calamagrostis neglecta, Lathyrus aleuticus, Carex lanceolata, Eleocharis palustris. Floodplain meadows of class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea are rich of species, with about 140 vascular plants, 20 % of which occur with high constancy (more than 60 % of presence in at least one syntaxa), and 20 % with high cover (more than 5 % at least in one community). The composition of meadows reflects the habitats specific, with short spring flood, regular grazing and mowing, close neighboring of birch and pine forests, tundra zone and White Sea shore. These meadows are worth status of the special protected area «Floodplain meadows in the valley and islands of Varzuga River». If the idea of the National Park «Terskiy Bereg» is revived, the analyzed meadows are to be included in the protected area of natural and cultural heritage, with special regime of mowing and moderate grazing.
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Khosla, Ashu, and Sunil Bajpai. "Dinosaur fossil records from India and their palaeobiogeographic implications: an overview." Journal of Palaeosciences 70, no. (1-2) (September 10, 2021): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.15.
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The complex palaeogeographic history of India involving a gradual transition from Gondwana to Laurasia with an intervening phase of prolonged physical isolation, and the biotic signatures of this complex history as preserved in India’s Mesozoic fossil record are of much current interest and continue to be debated. Seen in this context, the fossil record of dinosaurs from India provides a unique opportunity to study their diversity and palaeobiogeographic distribution in time and space. The Indian fossil record, as currently documented, is patchy and restricted mainly to three intervals of the Mesozoic era: Late Triassic, Early/Middle Jurassic and Late Cretaceous. The Late Triassic–Jurassic record, representing a Pangean setting, is known primarily from the Gondwana formations of Pranhita–Godavari (P–G) Valley in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, although sporadic Jurassic occurrences are also known from Kutch (Gujarat) and Rajasthan. The earliest Late Triassic dinosaur fauna of India comes from the rhynchosaur–dominated Lower Maleri Formation of Carnian age. Known from fragmentary and isolated specimens, the Late Triassic dinosaur fauna is currently represented by the sole species Alwalkeria maleriensis, which is possibly a basal saurischian with uncertain relationships. A slightly younger dinosaur fauna from the archosaur–dominated Upper Maleri Formation of late Norian–earliest Rhaetian age consists of a more diverse assemblage including the two named basal sauropodomorphs (Nambalia roychowdhurii and Jaklapallisaurus asymmetrica). In contrast to the Late Triassic, the Early Jurassic record of Indian dinosaurs described from the Upper Dharmaram and Lower Kota formations of P–G Valley, is far more abundant, diverse and based on more nearly complete material that is currently referred to four named taxa of stem sauropodomorphs or basal sauropods (Lamplughsaura dharmaramensis, Pradhania gracilis, Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis, Barapasaurus tagorei) plus an ornithischian (Ankylosauria). Kotasaurus, one of the earliest known sauropods, is more primitive than Barapasaurus and shared numerous plesiomorphic characteristics with prosauropods. Together, the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic sauropods dinosaurs of India document the early radiation of this group. Amongst the other important records of Jurassic dinosaurs in India is the oldest known camarasauromorph sauropod whose identification is based on a metacarpal, a first pedal paw and a fibula from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) strata of Khadir Island, Kutch. Fragmentary postcranial skeletal material of an unidentified Middle Jurassic dinosaurs is also known from Kuar Bet (Patcham Island) in the Rann of Kutch and the Jumara area of Kutch Mainland.Post–Gondwana, the Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of India occur in a different geodynamic setting in which the Indian Plate, as traditionally considered, was a northward drifting island continent in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Apart from the solitary record of a Cenomanian–Turonian sauropod from Nimar Sandstone, Cretaceous dinosaurs from India are documented mainly by skeletal remains and eggs/eggshells from the Maastrichtian infratrappean (=Lameta Formation) and intertrappean deposits in the Deccan Volcanic Province of eastern, western and central peninsular India, and from broadly coeval Kallamedu Formation of Cauvery Basin, southern India. Skeletal remains of the Lameta dinosaurs belong to two major groups, titanosaur sauropods and abelisaurid theropods, plus a possible ankylosaur, whereas the Cauvery records include fragmentary titanosaur bones and a solitary tooth of a troodontid theropod. Apart from bones and teeth, a number of dinosaur egg–bearing nesting sites are also known to occur in the Lameta Formation of east–central and western India, extending for more than 1,000 km across the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Close phylogenetic relations of the Lameta titanosaurs and theropods with corresponding taxa from the Maastrichtian of Madagascar (Vahiny, Majungasaurus) and the rare occurrence of Laurasian elements such as a troodontid, pose interesting palaeobiogeographic problems in the context of India’s supposed oceanic isolation, especially after its separation from Madagascar at ~ 88 Ma.
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"Strength and deformation behaviour of Chunar and Kota sandstones." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 29, no. 2 (March 1992): A83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(92)92213-v.
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Ismail, Nawzat Rashad, Mohanad Yaseen Abdulwahid, and Hemn Mohamad Omar. "Using Sandstone as a Construction Material from Injana Formation, Koya Area, Kurdistan Region; an Evaluation." Innovative Infrastructure Solutions 7, no. 1 (October 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00655-1.
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Bischoff, Alan, Jessica Fensom, Huafeng Tang, Marcos Rossetti, and Andrew Nicol. "Processes controlling volcanic and epiclastic reservoir formation in a buried polygenetic stratocone." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, November 10, 2021, SP520–2021–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp520-2021-137.
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AbstractUnderstanding the formation of volcanic and epiclastic reservoirs is pivotal for exploring geoenergy resources such as geothermal energy, hydrocarbons, and new CO2 sequestration and hydrogen storage opportunities. This paper examines the processes controlling the quality of pyroclastic and epiclastic reservoirs of the Kora volcano, an extinct stratocone presently buried in the offshore Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. We conduct detailed seismic reflection interpretation, drillcore lithofacies and wireline-log description, petrographic analysis, and analytical tests to generate a unified framework that explains the formation of volcaniclastic reservoirs from basin to pore-scale.Each stage of construction and degradation of the Kora volcano is associated with particular processes that increase or reduce reservoir quality. Primary processes include quench fragmentation, deuteric mineral dissolution, and epiclastic sedimentation. Secondary processes comprise mineral alteration (mainly meteoric; minor hydrothermal and diagenetic), mechanical stress fracturing (mainly tectonic; minor magmatic and burial deformation), and pervasive biogenic cementation. Epiclastic conglomerates present the highest reservoir quality (average 23% porosity and up to 997 mD permeability), followed by lapilli-tuffs and tuff-breccias. In contrast, bioclastic epiclastic sandstones are typically cemented by carbonates and pyrite. Our models and interpretations will increase understanding of the formation of volcaniclastic reservoirs and aid exploration of geoenergy resources in volcanic terrains.
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Singhal, Rajesh, and M. K. Pandit. "Shallow water regime in the Chambal command area, western India: environmental implications of modification in surface drainage." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 18 (December 1, 1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v18i0.32274.
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Introduction of canal irrigation in the Kota region (western India) has significantly modified the groundwater regime of the region and has resulted in water logging and soil salinisation. Present paper focuses on diagnosis and correlation of such problems with surface irrigation in the Left Main Canal region of the Chambal command area. The results of the studies carried out for a two year period (1994- 1996) have been discussed.
The area of present investigation is predominantly alluvial covered with limestone-sandstone ridges, belonging to the Vindhyan Supergroup (late Proterozoic), exposed along the western and southwestern fringe. The water table is controlled by the topography and both the pre- and post-monsoon water table profiles are quite similar. The seasonal water table fluctuation varies from 1.62 to 8.82 m. Major part of the area of study having water level depth < 6 m falls under the category of shallow water table zone. The region with <4 m depth, the 'critically water logged' region needs special attention. The insufficient circulation of water, resulting in water stagnation at shallow depths has attributed to soil salinisation. The mitigation methods suggested in the study include judicious use of water, alternate cropping pattern, conjunctive surface and groundwater irrigation and application of subsurface drains.
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Henriksen, E., D. Ktenas, and J. K. Nielsen. "Finnmark Platform Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Element, Barents Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs, October 20, 2021, M57–2020–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m57-2020-20.
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AbstractThe Finnmark Platform Composite Tectono-Sedimentary Element (CTSE), located in the southern Barents Sea, is a northward-dipping monoclinal structural unit. It covers most of the southern Norwegian Barents Sea where it borders the Norwegian mainland. Except for the different age of basement, the CTSE extends eastwards into the Kola Monocline on the Russian part of the Barents Sea.The general water depth varies between 200 and 350 m, and the sea bottom is influenced by Plio-Pleistocene glaciations. A high frequency of scour marks and deposition of moraine materials exists on the platform areas. Successively older strata sub-crop below the Upper Regional Unconformity (URU), which was formed by several glacial periods.Basement rocks of Neoproterozoic age were heavily affected by the Caledonian Orogeny, and previously by the Timanide tectonic compression in the easternmost part of the Finnmark Platform CTSE.Depth to crystalline basement varies considerably and is estimated to be from 4–5 to 10 km. Following the Caledonian orogenesis, the Finnmark Platform was affected by Lower–Middle Carboniferous rifting, sediment input from the Uralian Orogen in the east, the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous rift phase and the Late Plio-Pleistocene isostatic uplift.A total of eight exploration wells drilled different targets on the platform. Two minor discoveries have been made proving the presence of both oil and gas, and potential sandstone reservoirs of good quality identified in the Visean, Induan, Anisian and Carnian intervals. In addition, thick sequences of Permo-Carboniferous carbonates and spiculitic chert are proven in the eastern Platform area. The deep reservoirs are believed to be charged from Paleozoic sources. A western extension of the Domanik source rocks well documented in the Timan–Pechora Basin may exist towards the eastern part of the Finnmark Platform. In the westernmost part, charge from juxtaposed downfaulted basins may be possible.
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Chistyakova, A. V., R. V. Veselovskiy, and D. V. Semenova. "PROVENANCE AND AGE CONSTRAINTS OF THE RIPHEAN SANDSTONES FROM THE IVANOVSKY GRABEN (THE KOLA PENINSULA) BASED ON THE U-Pb LA-ICP-MS DATING AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF DETRITAL ZIRCON." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 13, no. 5 (December 10, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2022-13-5-0669.
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