Journal articles: 'Knowledge Formulation'

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Mitta, Deborah A. "Formulation of Expert System Knowledge." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 5 (October 1989): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300525.

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Expert system knowledge represents expertise obtained through formal education, training, and/or experience. Formal education provides deep knowledge of a particular domain; experience and training result in heuristic knowledge. A knowledge base defines the range of information and understanding with which the system is capable of dealing; therefore, its information must be structured and filed for ready access. The objective of this symposium is to address the challenges associated with establishment of valid expert system knowledge, specifically, knowledge to be used by expert system shells. As expert system knowledge is obtained, structured, and stored, it is formulated. In this symposium, knowledge formulation is addressed as a three-phase process: knowledge acquisition, the mechanics associated with structuring knowledge, and knowledge porting. Knowledge acquisition is the process of extracting expertise from a domain expert. Expertise may be collected through a series of interviews between the expert and a knowledge engineer or through sessions the expert holds with an automated knowledge acquisition tool. Thus, the ultimate outcome of knowledge acquisition is a collection of raw knowledge data. The following human factors issues become apparent: documenting mental models (where mental models are the expert's conceptualization of a problem), recording cognitive problem-solving strategies, and specifying an appropriate interface between the domain expert and the acquisition methodology. The knowledge structuring process involves the refinement of raw knowledge data, where knowledge is organized and assigned a semantic structure. One issue that must be considered is how to interpret knowledge data such that formal definitions, logical relationships, and facts can be established. Finally, formulation involves knowledge porting, that is, the movement of an expert system shell's knowledge base to various other shells. The outcome of this process is a portable knowledge base, where the challenges lie in maintaining consistent knowledge, understanding the constraints inherent to a shell (the shell's ability to incorporate all relevant knowledge), and designing an acceptable user-expert system interface. The fundamental component of any expert system is its knowledge base. The issues to be presented in this symposium are important because they address three processes that are critical to the development of a knowledge base. In addition to presenting computer science challenges, knowledge base formulation also presents human factors challenges, for example, understanding cognitive problem-solving processes, representing uncertain information, and defining human-expert system interface problems. This symposium will provide a forum for discussion of both types of challenges.

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MA, Pai-chun, Frederic H. Murphy, and Edward A. Stohr. "Representing knowledge about linear programming formulation." Annals of Operations Research 21, no. 1 (December 1989): 149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02022098.

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Wright, Harry Charles, Duncan Drummond Cameron, and Anthony John Ryan. "Rational Design of a Polyurethane Foam." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235111.

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Polyurethane (PU) foams are exceptionally versatile due to the nature of PU bond formation and the large variety of polymeric backbones and formulation components such as catalysts and surfactants. This versatility introduces a challenge, namely a near unlimited number of variables for formulating foams. In addition to this, PU foam development requires expert knowledge, not only in polyurethane chemistry but also in the art of evaluating the resulting foams. In this work, we demonstrate that a rational experimental design framework in conjunction with a design of experiments (DoE) approach reduces both the number of experiments required to understand the formulation space and reduces the need for tacit knowledge from a PU expert. We focus on an in-depth example where a catalyst and two surfactants of a known formulation are set as factors and foam physical properties are set as responses. An iterative DoE approach is used to generate a set of foams with substantially different cell morphology and hydrodynamic behaviour. We demonstrate that with 23 screening formulations and 16 final formulations, foam physical properties can be modelled from catalyst and surfactant loadings. This approach also allows for the exploration of relationships between the cell morphology of PU foam and its hydrodynamic behaviour.

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Al-Omari, Zuher Hamed, Osama Treef Al-Shaki, Mohd Sharifuddin Ahmad, and Elsadig Musa Ahmed. "Knowledge Growth Measurement and Formulation for Enhancing Organizational Knowledge Capital." Journal of the Knowledge Economy 5, no. 3 (March 12, 2014): 616–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13132-014-0187-6.

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Krishnan, Ramayya, Xiaoping Li, and David Steier. "A knowledge-based mathematical model formulation system." Communications of the ACM 35, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/130994.131003.

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Allen, Bryce. "Topic Knowledge and Online Catalog Search Formulation." Library Quarterly 61, no. 2 (April 1991): 188–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/602333.

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Levinson, Robert, and Gil Fuchs. "A Pattern-Weight Formulation of Search Knowledge." Computational Intelligence 17, no. 4 (November 2001): 783–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00172.

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Lee, Jae Kyu, and Min Yong Kim. "Knowledge-assisted optimization model formulation: UNIK-OPT." Decision Support Systems 13, no. 2 (February 1995): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(93)e0028-c.

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Li, Xiang, Christopher P. Jobling, and Philip W. Grant. "A Knowledge Representation Scheme for Automatic Model Formulation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 4 (April 1997): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)43663-9.

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Sunkle, Sagar, Deepak Jain, Krati Saxena, Ashwini Patil, Tushita Singh, Beena Rai, and Vinay Kulkarni. "Integrated “Generate, Make, and Test” for Formulated Products using Knowledge Graphs." Data Intelligence 3, no. 3 (2021): 340–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00096.

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In the multi-billion dollar formulated product industry, state of the art continues to rely heavily on experts during the “generate, make and test” steps of formulation design. We propose automation aids to each step with a knowledge graph of relevant information as the central artifact. The generate step usually focuses on coming up with new recipes for intended formulation. We propose to aid the experts who generally carry out this step manually by providing a recommendation system and a templating system on top of the knowledge graph. Using the former, the expert can create a recipe from scratch using historical formulations and related data. With the latter, the expert starts with a recipe template created by our system and substitutes the requisite constituents to form a recipe. In the current state of practice, the three steps mentioned above operate in a fragmented manner wherein observations from one step do not aid other steps in a streamlined manner. Instead of manually operated labs for the make and test steps, we assume automated or robotic labs and in-silico testing, respectively. Using two formulations, namely face cream and an exterior coating, we show how the knowledge graph may help integrate and streamline the communication between the generate, the make, and the test steps. Our initial exploration shows considerable promise.

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Geach, Nicole, Danielle De Boos, and Nima Moghaddam. "Team formulation in practice: forms, functions, and facilitators." Mental Health Review Journal 24, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhrj-01-2019-0002.

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Purpose Despite the popularity of team formulation, there is a lack of knowledge about workable implementation in practice. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to characterise team formulation, based upon examples from practice; and second, to identify factors perceived to support or obstruct workable implementation in practice. Design/methodology/approach An online survey recruited UK Clinical Psychologists (n=49) with experience in team formulation from a range of work contexts. Examples of team formulation in practice were analysed using both deductive and inductive framework analysis. Findings Four novel types of team formulation with different functions and forms are described: case review, formulating behaviour experienced as challenging, formulating the staff-service user relationship and formulating with the service-user perspective. A number of factors perceived to support and obstruct team formulation were identified including team distress, facilitating change, managing difference and informing practice. These were common across team formulation types. Practical implications The team formulation types identified could be used to standardise team formulation practice. Several common factors, including managing team distress, were identified as aiding workable implementation across team formulation types. Future research should investigate the key processes and links to outcomes of team formulation in practice. Originality/value This paper presents two original, practice-based and practice-informing frameworks: describing, first, novel forms and functions of team formulation and, second, the factors supporting and obstructing facilitation in practice. This paper is the first to highlight the common factors that seem to facilitate workable implementation of team formulation in practice.

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Anh, Dao Nam. "Knowledge based refinement." Journal of Computer Science and Cybernetics 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1813-9663/10/4/8197.

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In the work knowledge based refinement in close relation with inference is considered. It proposes a new approach based on the notion of conflicts. A mathematical formulation for resolving conceptual conflicts among rules is developed. The conceptual conflicts are begot in probabilistic reasoning and then they are eliminated in machine learning. Knowledge based refinement is processed as learning from the conflicts’ discovery.

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Ristic, Marko, Nicholas Rosa, Shane A. Seabrook, and Janet Newman. "Formulation screening by differential scanning fluorimetry: how often does it work?" Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 71, no. 10 (September 23, 2015): 1359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x15012662.

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There is strong evidence to suggest that a protein sample needs to be well folded and uniform in order to form protein crystals, and it is accepted knowledge that the formulation can have profound effects on the behaviour of the protein sample. The technique of differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) is a very accessible method to determine protein stability as a function of the formulation chemistry and the temperature. A diverse set of 252 soluble protein samples was subjected to a standard formulation-screening protocol using DSF. Automated analysis of the DSF results suggest that in over 35% of cases buffer screening significantly increases the stability of the protein sample. Of the 28 standard formulations tested, three stood out as being statistically better than the others: these included a formulation containing the buffer citrate, long known to be `protein friendly'; bis-tris and ADA were also identified as being very useful buffers in protein formulations.

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Ernst, Zachary. "What Is Common Knowledge?" Episteme 8, no. 3 (October 2011): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/epi.2011.0018.

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AbstractCommon knowledge is usually defined as a state in which everyone knows that p, everyone knows that everyone knows that p, and so on, ad infinitum. This definition is usually attributed to David Lewis, despite the fact that his own formulation bears no resemblance to common knowledge as it is usually understood. In this paper, I argue that this concept of common knowledge requires revision. Contrary to usual practice, it turns out to be difficult to model formally because existing models fail to distinguish between full-blown common knowledge and merely finite levels of interactive knowledge. Conceptually, the concept is incompatible with Lewis's intended purpose and obscures the explanatory role played by rational choice models. I propose that the concept of common knowledge be brought better into alignment with Lewis's actual formulation. This reconceptualization of common knowledge suggests a greater focus on explanations that make recourse to the cognitive constraints of real-world agents.

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Gradzielski, Michael, Magali Duvail, Paula Malo de Molina, Miriam Simon, Yeshayahu Talmon, and Thomas Zemb. "Using Microemulsions: Formulation Based on Knowledge of Their Mesostructure." Chemical Reviews 121, no. 10 (May 6, 2021): 5671–740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00812.

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Craw, Susan M., Robin A. Boswell, and Raymond C. Rowe. "Automated knowledge refinement for rule-based formulation expert system." Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today 2, no. 9 (September 1999): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1461-5347(99)00182-0.

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Wildemuth, Barbara M. "The effects of domain knowledge on search tactic formulation." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 55, no. 3 (2004): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.10367.

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Langlois, R. G., and R. J. Anderson. "A TUTORIAL PRESENTATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS TO THE FLEXIBLE BEAM ON RIGID CART PROBLEM." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 29, no. 3 (September 2005): 357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2005-0022.

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A classical planar problem in forward flexible multibody dynamics is thoroughly investigated. The system consists of a damped flexible beam cantilevered to a rigid translating cart. The problem is solved using three distinctly different conventional approaches presented in roughly the chronological order in which they have been applied to flexible dynamic systems. First, a modal superposition formulation based on Bernoulli-Euler beam theory is developed. Second, an alternative solution is developed drawing exclusively on methods for rigid body dynamics combined with a knowledge of the theoretical modal behaviour of continuous beams. Third, a formulation based on the conventional finite element method using four-degree-of-freedom planar beam elements is adapted to include the rigid body motion of the cart. The relative merits of the three formulations are discussed and numerical simulation results generated using each of the three formulations are compared with each other and with a solution from a general-purpose flexible multibody dynamics formulation that is briefly outlined. The relative accuracy and efficiency of the methods and the challenges associated with generalizing each formulation are discussed.

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Kurniya, Maharanie Anggun, and Made Andriani. "Organizational Framework Development: Formulating Strategy to Increase Digital Maturity." Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan 17, no. 2 (March 21, 2023): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.35931/aq.v17i2.2011.

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<em>This paper aims to develop an organizational framework for formulating a strategy to increase digital maturity. The research stages consist of: (1) Problem observation, (2) Literature review, (3) Model development, (4) Discussion, and (5) Conclusion. Specifically, the model development stage becomes this research's findings and originality. The results show that the organizational framework proposed in this research can help companies formulate strategies from operational business processes through a structured and systematic organizational framework. This framework consists of four systematic steps: (1) digital maturity assessment, (2) business process mapping, (3) business process characteristic identification, and (4) strategy formulation. Also, the strategy that arises by implementing the proposed organizational framework is obvious and structured because the resulting strategy considers business processes' characteristics. Specifically, this research suggests that the company may develop a web-based knowledge-sharing community for externalizing tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge to solve tacit knowledge needs to be managed. The research does not discuss the suggestion to develop a web-based knowledge-sharing community as a strategy's practical implication in detail. Also, considering the web-based knowledge-sharing community is a strategy designed in this case based on the characteristics and knowledge needs of prioritized business processes, the strategy formulation needs adjustment if the business process has turned into different characteristics. The organizational framework for formulating a strategy to increase digital maturity from the operational business process point of view has not been investigated previously.</em>

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Dudley, Robert, Isabelle Park, Ian James, and Guy Dodgson. "Rate of Agreement Between Clinicians on the Content of a Cognitive Formulation of Delusional Beliefs: The Effect of Qualifications and Experience." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 38, no. 2 (January 8, 2010): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465809990658.

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Background:A key process in Cognitive Therapy (CT) is the development and sharing of a formulation. How clinicians develop formulations is under-researched, particularly in working with people with psychosis.Aims:This study investigated agreement between clinicians, when conceptualizing an individual's psychotic beliefs. It also explored whether agreement was dependent on qualifications and experience.Method:Eighty-two clinicians watched a video of an individual with delusional beliefs, and were asked to provide formulations using a CT template. These were compared with a “benchmark” formulation provided by three experts.Results:There was good agreement for overt behaviours, emotions, and some aspects of early experience. However, identification of theory driven components such as core beliefs or assumptions was poorer. Greater clinical experience improved the agreement with the benchmark formulation overall, and greater CT specific experience improved formulation of the theory driven items. The more experience a clinician had of working with people with psychosis the lower the rate of agreement with the expert formulation.Conclusions:Formulation of delusional beliefs from a cognitive perspective is dependant on overall experience in cognitive therapy and not knowledge of psychosis, which may hinder performance. The implications for training in CT and psycho-social interventions are considered.

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Yereshko, Julia, and Iryna Kreidych. "Intellectual theory of value: substantiation and formulation." Technology audit and production reserves 2, no. 4(58) (April 30, 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.230777.

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The object of research is the role of the intellectual capital and knowledge in modern economics and value creation process. Therefore, taking into account the intellectual component of value due to the transformation of the society’s productive forces structure in the transition to a post-industrial economic system, there was proven the necessity of rethinking the existing theories of value. Based on the classic politeconomists, neoclassics and institutionalists groundwork analysis, there was defined the economic essence of the intellectual capital. This essence consisted in the people’s capacity, using the personal factor of production, rather part of it – the knowledge and intellect, to produce objectified factors. Also, there was justified the place of an intellectual capital in a system of productive forces – its feature of simultaneous affiliation to an immaterial (as a form of individual development), as far as to a material (applied knowledge) spheres. Due to active modern automation and robotics in manufacturing, labour as a factor of production is gradually replaced by knowledge: personal and ones materialized in the means of production. Thus, there are grounds for the assumption that namely knowledge, not labour, that is present in all spheres of social production, but rather, more accurately, the productive part of knowledge – an intellectual capital is the source of the value of goods in a post-industrial (neoindustrial) economic system. Modern economy has inherent significant share the intellectual component that participates in generating the innovative goods as the new value. Therefore, based on the above stated, the «intellectual theory of value» was formulated, which defines directions for the intellectual economics paradigm development in future.

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Efendy Goon, Danial, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir, Normala Ab Latip, Sharaniza Ab. Rahim, and Musalmah Mazlan. "Palm Oil in Lipid-Based Formulations and Drug Delivery Systems." Biomolecules 9, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9020064.

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Palm oil is natural oil packed with important compounds and fatty acids ready to be exploited in lipid-based formulations and drug delivery. Palm oil and palm kernel oil contain long-chain and medium-chain triglycerides, respectively, including phytonutrients such as tocotrienol, tocopherol and carotenes. The exploitation of these compounds in a lipid-based formulation would be able to address hydrophobicity, lipophilicity, poor bioavailability and low water-solubility of many current drugs. The utilisation of palm oil as part of the drug delivery system seemed to improve the bioavailability and solubility of the drug, stabilising emulsification of formulation between emulsifier and surfactant, promoting enhanced drug permeability and performance, as well as extending the shelf-life of the drug. Despite the complexity in designing lipid-based formulations, palm oil has proven to offer dynamic behaviour in providing versatility in drug design, form and delivery. However, the knowledge and application of palm oil and its fractions in lipid-based formulation are scarce and interspersed. Therefore, this study aims to focus on the research and outcomes of using palm oil in lipid-based formulations and drug delivery systems, due to the importance of establishing its capabilities and benefits.

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Muthusamy, Senthil K., and Ramaraj Palanisamy. "Leveraging Cognition for Competitive Advantage: A Knowledge-Based Strategy Process." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 03, no. 03 (September 2004): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649204000870.

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The organisation that wants to build competitive advantages has to create and leverage its capabilities. One of the central bases for achieving competitive advantage is the organisational capability to create new knowledge and transfer it across various levels and parts of the organisation. Because knowledge is central to strategy formulation and implementation, knowledge management has become a key strategic task facing managers for achieving success in today's complex and dynamic environments. A major challenge facing strategic management is engineering and managing the individual and group level knowledge that facilitates better strategies and invokes commitment. A knowledge management based model of strategy formulation process is presented. Traditional strategy frameworks are evaluated and a comprehensive cognition and learning centered strategy framework is suggested as a better model of strategy formulation and implementation for achieving competitive advantage. The implications of the knowledge-based approach for strategic management practice and research are highlighted.

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Hitziger, Martin, Roberto Esposito, Massimo Canali, Maurizio Aragrande, Barbara Häsler, and Simon R. Rüegg. "Knowledge integration in One Health policy formulation, implementation and evaluation." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 96, no. 3 (February 5, 2018): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.17.202705.

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Greyson, Kenedy, Mathew Mburuma, Nsatusile Nzowa, Frank Mbano, Georgia Rugumira, Jumanne Ally, Athman Mfinanga, Promota Haule, Romwald Lihakanga, and Eunice Abayo. "Formulation Process of Knowledge for an Expert Healthcare System Unit." AASRI Procedia 4 (2013): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasri.2013.10.029.

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Raz, Tzvi, and Nancy A. Botten. "The knowledge base partitioning problem: Mathematical formulation and heuristic clustering." Data & Knowledge Engineering 8, no. 4 (September 1992): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-023x(92)90045-d.

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James, Thomas E., and Paul D. Jorgensen. "Policy Knowledge, Policy Formulation, and Change: Revisiting a Foundational Question." Policy Studies Journal 37, no. 1 (February 2009): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2008.00300.x.

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Yamasaki, Shintaro, Kentaro Yaji, and Kikuo Fujita. "Knowledge discovery in databases for determining formulation in topology optimization." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 59, no. 2 (September 11, 2018): 595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-018-2086-0.

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Risso-Montaldo, Claudio Enrique, Franco Rafael Robledo-Amoza, and Sergio Enrique Nesmachnow-Cánovas. "Solving the Quality of Service Multicast Tree Problem." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 33, no. 2 (2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2021-33(2)-10.

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This article presents a flow-based mixed integer programming formulation for the Quality of Service Multicast Tree problem. This is a relevant problem related to nowadays telecommunication networksto distribute multimedia over cloud-based Internet systems. To the best of our knowledge, no previous mixed integer programming formulation was proposed for Quality of Service Multicast Tree Problem. Experimental evaluation is performed over a set of realistic problem instances from SteinLib, to prove that standard exact solvers can find solutions to real-world size instances. Exact method is applied for benchmarking the proposed formulations, finding optimal solutions and low feasible-to-optimal gaps in reasonable execution times.

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Tognetti, Francesco, Massimiliano Biagini, Maxime Denis, Francesco Berti, Domenico Maione, and Daniela Stranges. "Evolution of Vaccines Formulation to Tackle the Challenge of Anti-Microbial Resistant Pathogens." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15 (July 27, 2023): 12054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512054.

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The increasing diffusion of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across more and more bacterial species emphasizes the urgency of identifying innovative treatment strategies to counter its diffusion. Pathogen infection prevention is among the most effective strategies to prevent the spread of both disease and AMR. Since their discovery, vaccines have been the strongest prophylactic weapon against infectious diseases, with a multitude of different antigen types and formulative strategies developed over more than a century to protect populations from different pathogens. In this review, we review the main characteristics of vaccine formulations in use and under development against AMR pathogens, focusing on the importance of administering multiple antigens where possible, and the challenges associated with their development and production. The most relevant antigen classes and adjuvant systems are described, highlighting their mechanisms of action and presenting examples of their use in clinical trials against AMR. We also present an overview of the analytical and formulative strategies for multivalent vaccines, in which we discuss the complexities associated with mixing multiple components in a single formulation. This review emphasizes the importance of combining existing knowledge with advanced technologies within a Quality by Design development framework to efficiently develop vaccines against AMR pathogens.

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Gautam, Manish. "Management of epidermal hyperpigmentation with a novel depigmenting formulation: a research survey." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2023): 3365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20232794.

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Background: Epidermal hyperpigmentation is an important dermatological concern with a high prevalence in the Indian population. Kojic acid-based depigmenting formulations have proven to be effective in the management of epidermal hyperpigmentation. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to assess physicians’ knowledge about epidermal hyperpigmentation and practice patterns about a novel depigmenting formulation containing a combination of kojic acid dipalmitate 4%, azelaic acid 12%, glycolic acid 3%, niacinamide 4%, arbutin 2%, glycogen liquid 2%, sodium hyaluronate solution 2%, and shea butter 1% for epidermal hyperpigmentation treatment in India. Methods: The survey was conducted among 235 dermatologists across different geographical regions of India over 3 months. The questionnaire evaluated prevalence and choice and duration of therapies for epidermal hyperpigmentation in Indian clinical practice, and dermatologists’ real-life experience with efficacy of the novel formulation. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize survey results. Results: All 235 dermatologists completed the questionnaire and responded to questions based on experience in treating patients with epidermal hyperpigmentation. In all, 58% dermatologists preferred kojic acid-based combinations. Furthermore, 57% of dermatologists agreed that glycolic acid can enhance the penetration of kojic acid and azelaic acid, 47.45% strongly agreed that a kojic acid-based formulation could be a safe alternative to steroid and hydroquinone-based formulations. Overall, 67% of dermatologists agreed that the kojic acid-based formulations with additional moisturizers helped in faster resolution of epidermal hyperpigmentation compared to other depigmenting formulations. Conclusions: The survey findings indicate that the novel kojic acid-based formulation with additional moisturizers could be a preferred choice for epidermal hyperpigmentation management.

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Corrie, Sarah, and C. Kovacs Louise. "The functions of formulation in coaching psychology." Coaching Psychologist 15, no. 1 (June 2019): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpstcp.2019.15.1.66.

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As an evolving field, coaching psychology continues to develop its own knowledge and evidence-base whilst also integrating approaches from related disciplines. Formulation is well-established in applied psychology and this article examines how coaching psychology can benefit from the use of formulation as a means for coaches to navigate the complexities of their practice whilst remaining grounded in the knowledge-base of our field. Following a definition and description of formulation, the article considers the relevance of formulation to coaching and outlines the different ways in which the task of formulation can be approached. Two case examples are used to illustrate these different approaches and provide examples of howformulation can support coaching practitioners.Keywords:Formulation; case formulation; coaching; complexity; coaching practice.

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Mitrović, Jelena R., Branka Divović-Matović, Daniel E. Knutson, Jelena B. Đoković, Aleksandar Kremenović, Vladimir D. Dobričić, Danijela V. Randjelović, et al. "Overcoming the Low Oral Bioavailability of Deuterated Pyrazoloquinolinone Ligand DK-I-60-3 by Nanonization: A Knowledge-Based Approach." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081188.

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Poor water solubility of new chemical entities is considered as one of the main obstacles in drug development, as it usually leads to low bioavailability after administration. To overcome these problems, the selection of the appropriate formulation technology needs to be based on the physicochemical properties of the drug and introduced in the early stages of drug research. One example of the new potential drug substance with poor solubility is DK-I-60-3, deuterated pyrazoloquinolinone, designed for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. In this research, based on preformulation studies, nanocrystal technology was chosen to improve the oral bioavailability of DK-I-60-3. Nanocrystal dispersions stabilized by sodium lauryl sulfate and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared by modified wet media milling technique, with the selection of appropriate process and formulation parameters. The nanoparticles characterization included particle size and zeta potential measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, dissolution and solubility study, and in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments. Developed formulations had small uniform particle sizes and were stable for three months. Nanonization caused decreased crystallite size and induced crystal defects formation, as well as a DK-I-60-3 solubility increase. Furthermore, after oral administration of the developed formulations in rats, two to three-fold bioavailability enhancement was observed in plasma and investigated organs, including the brain.

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Sulbhewar, Litesh N., and P. Raveendranath. "A locking-free coupled polynomial Timoshenko piezoelectric beam finite element." Engineering Computations 32, no. 5 (July 6, 2015): 1251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-09-2013-0218.

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Purpose – Piezoelectric extension mode smart beams are vital part of modern control technology and their numerical analysis is an important step in the design process. Finite elements based on First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) are widely used for their structural analysis. The performance of the conventional FSDT-based two-noded piezoelectric beam formulations with assumed independent linear field interpolations is not impressive due to shear and material locking phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to develop an efficient locking-free FSDT piezoelectric beam element, while maintaining the same number of nodal degrees of freedom. Design/methodology/approach – The governing equations are derived using a variational formulation to establish coupled polynomial field representation for the field variables. Shape functions based on these coupled polynomials are employed here. The proposed formulation eliminates all locking effects by accommodating strain and material couplings into the field interpolation, in a variationally consistent manner. Findings – The present formulation shows improved convergence characteristics over the conventional formulations and proves to be the most efficient way to model extension mode piezoelectric smart beams, as demonstrated by the results obtained for numerical test problems. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no such FSDT-based finite element with coupled polynomial shape function exists in the literature, which incorporates electromechanical coupling along with bending-extension and bending-shear couplings at the field interpolation level itself. The proposed formulation proves to be the fastest converging FSDT-based extension mode smart beam formulation.

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Kumari, Shristi, and A. S. Khalkho. "Exploring Insights of Battisa: A Polyherbal Formulation Used During Postpartum Care." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220213.

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Post-partum period is known to play vital role from recovery point of view for both the mother and its new born. In general, postpartum period duration is 40 to 60 days. This phase is associated with various physical and mental complications in allopathic treatment. The use of different allopathic medicines to target in some patients results in the origin of various side effects as well as causing financial burden for family also. Over the past decades India is always rich in folk herbal medicines. After, child birth mother is supposed to follow various dietary as well as behavioral restriction. Post-partum mother is restricted to eat cold food stuffs and food stuffs such as nuts as well as clarified butter is increased. An herbal formulation of Battisa is given which consists of 32 different herbs and spices which targets most of the physical and mental problems associated with this phase. But, due to more inclination of people towards allopathic medicine gradually traditional knowledge of herbal formulations used is vanishing. So, our research focuses highlighting this study in order to do the preliminary Phytochemical analysis of battisa. Thus, resulting wide knowledge transmission and prospects of its herbal formulations and their futuristic applications during postpartum period to next generation. Key words: Battisa, polyherbal formulation, postpartum care, folk herbal medicine.

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Baruah*, Prantik Sharma, and Borthakur S. K. "Formulation of an herbal mosquito repellent." Annals of Plant Sciences 5, no. 12 (December 20, 2016): 1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2016.12.002.

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The present paper deals with formulation of a mosquito repellent product prepared using four plant materials viz, Homalomena aromatica, Ocimum basilicum, Ageratum conyzoides and Litsea glutinosa based on traditional knowledge in prevalent among the ethnic groups of Assam.

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Burke, Niamh, and Catherine C. Adley. "Prevalence of intramammary antibiotic usage in dairy farming." Journal of Dairy Research 88, no. 2 (May 2021): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029921000431.

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AbstractThis research communication describes the lactating intramammary (IMM) antibiotic formulation most used by Irish dairy farmers at farm level through interviewing 202 dairy farmers. The IMM antibiotic usage data is not easily available to the researcher and farming community. This study determined that three commercial formulations (Synulox ™, Tetra Delta™ and Terrexine) made up 81% of the products used at farm level. The formulation Synulox™ was the most used at 34% first preference and 32% second preference and contains amoxicillin/clavulanic, a standard broad spectrum antibiotic, for which mastitis pathogen resistance remains low. The aminoglycosides were used in four of the IMM formulations analysed, including Tetra Delta™ and Terrexine. Of the 12 antibiotics identified in the IMM formulations studied, three including cefalexin, benzylpenicillin and penethamate are classified as highly important antibiotics (HIA) by the World Health Organisation (WHO) whilst the other 8 (dihydrostreptomycin, streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and cefquinome), are considered critically important (CIA) for use in human health. This study has generated knowledge of the preferences of lactating IMM formulations used at farm level.

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Chaubey, Neelesh, and Priyanka S. Jain. "Preliminary Physiochemical and Phytochemical Profile of Leonotis nepetaefolia." Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 07 (July 22, 2023): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2023.v09i07.014.

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Herbal medicine has many active constituents for many diseases but the proper knowledge must be necessary for the preparationof herbal formulation otherwise active constituents will be damaged. Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) is recognized to be native to tropical Africa and southern India. In South Africa and the West Indies it is known as klip dagga, lion’s ear, Christmas, and candlesticks. Roots of the plant have been used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis, fever, and poisoning whereas seeds are recognized in treating burns, and the whole plant is used for menstrual pains. Present investigation includes examination of morphological and microscopic characters; ash value, extractive values and phytochemical evaluations of various root extract. The purpose of research work to generated information of the standardization parameters of selected plant which helps in herbal formulations, a profound knowledge of the important herbs found in India and widely used in Ayurvedic formulation is of utmost importance.

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Russell, Brian H., David Gray, and Daniel P. Hampson. "Linearized AVO and poroelasticity." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 3 (May 2011): C19—C29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3555082.

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The technique of amplitude variation with offset (AVO) allows geoscientists to extract fluid and lithology information from the analysis of prestack seismic amplitudes. Various AVO parameterizations exist, all of which involve the sum of three weighted elastic-constant terms. In present-day AVO approaches, the weighting terms involve either knowledge of the incidence angle only, or knowledge of both the incidence angle and the in situ VP/VS ratio. We have used the theory of poroelasticity to derive a generalized AVO approximation that provides the estimation of fluid, rigidity, and density parameters. We have combined two previously independent AVO formulations, thus reducing, instead of adding to, the total number of formulations. This new approach requires knowledge of a third parameter to compute the weights: the dry-rock VP/VS ratio. We have derived a new equation and applied it to model and real data sets. The new formulation has allowed us to estimate fluid properties of the reservoir in a more direct manner than previous formulations.

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Kuznetsov, Andrei, John Dinwoodie, David Gibbs, Mark Sansom, and Harriet Knowles. "Knowledge capture to inform sustainable maritime operations." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 37, no. 7 (July 3, 2017): 882–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-10-2015-0657.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report an explicit taxonomy of maritime operations (MO) to guide harbour masters (HMs) of smaller ports in planning more sustainable operations. Design/methodology/approach This research presents strategies for building theory to promote more sustainable port management in a two-stage research design. Starting from a base taxonomy in research Stage 1, ethnographic content analysis (ECA) of a sparse prior literature on MO generated a tentative taxonomy. In Stage 2, interviews to capture tacit practitioner knowledge refined the tentative taxonomy into a credible practitioner-informed final taxonomy. Findings ECA offers researchers a powerful tool to analyse complex operational problems. In this paper MOs are represented in an explicit taxonomy. Practical implications A final taxonomy of MOs guides sustainability strategy formulation by HMs and assists them to protect vital commercial revenues which serve supply chains and local communities. Originality/value An explicit final taxonomy of MO is derived using a novel methodology. The taxonomy guides sustainability strategy formulation and underpins subsequent planning of sustainable development policies.

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Jeffrey, David Lyle. "The “Good” and “The Good Life”: Confucius and Christ." Journal of Chinese Humanities 1, no. 2 (May 27, 2015): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23521341-01010011.

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The Golden Rule is the ethical point most frequently compared in Jesus and Confucius;1 in each case, what is recommended is preconsideration of one’s own actions toward other people in the light of an imaginative projection of how it would be if the roles were reversed. The formulations in both look substantively identical.2 Yet the positive formulation of Jesus and the negative formulation of Confucius actually shape the substance and import of the precept in distinctive ways. Moreover, there may be a deeper level at which, while they are certainly not contradictory, these two formulations are expressions of an important register of ontological difference. Engaged thoughtfully, they nonetheless afford to ethical modeling an opportunity for “harmony in diversity,” complementarity rather than mere equivalence. I argue here that the two traditions can be mutually enhancing, each through knowledge of and sympathy for the other.

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Panasyuk, Leonid. "THE NATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FORMULATION CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL KNOWLEDGE." Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice, no. 3 (2015): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2015.3.1821.

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Tretiak, O. A. "Natural and scientific trends of concept formulation in political knowledge practices." Epistemological Studies in Philosophy, Social and Political Sciences 1, no. 1-2 (October 30, 2017): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/341813.

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The article explores political cognition, which can focus primarily on identifying events and phenomena that are of particular importance for a particular political situation or are relevant to the public concerned. It is emphasized that golytic knowledge of the postmodern age, liberation from value priorities, expediency of progress, public benefit, can broadly attract ordinary or unscientific expert assessments. Focused attention to the disclosure of new causal relationships between political facts and the prediction of political processes, often uses subjective or authoritarian terms, which have not found a statement in the broad scientific community. It is emphasized that in modern scientific knowledge the priority of terminological severity is shifted in favor of a projective study, which directs efforts to acquire new knowledge. It is argued that the transformation of science into a part of the production complex and, at the same time, on a social phenomenon determines a certain professional approach of political scientists and understanding their significance and responsibility for their scientific results. It is substantiated that political knowledge is embedded in the cultural continuum and is determined by the norms generated by the civilization development of society. The possibility of acquiring qualitatively new paradigm knowledge involves an analysis of the state of a political subject and his thinking in the conditions of new and new conditions of standardization considered.

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Akhavan, Peyman, and Amir Pezeshkan. "Developing a knowledge map-driven framework for human resources strategy formulation." Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China 5, no. 3 (September 27, 2013): 234–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkic-05-2013-0009.

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Radke-Sharpe, N., and K. P. White. "The role of qualitative knowledge in the formulation of compartmental models." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 28, no. 2 (May 1998): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5326.669567.

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McNab, A., and H. S. Young. "Knowledge-based approach to the formulation of ultrasonic nondestructive testing procedures." IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education) 136, no. 3 (May 1989): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-a-2.1989.0024.

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Ergazakis, Kostas, Kostas Metaxiotis, John Psarras, and Dimitrios Askounis. "An integrated decision support model for a knowledge city's strategy formulation." Journal of Knowledge Management 11, no. 5 (September 18, 2007): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673270710819816.

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Lyles, Marjorie A. "Organizational Learning, knowledge creation, problem formulation and innovation in messy problems." European Management Journal 32, no. 1 (February 2014): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.05.003.

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Rowe, Raymond C., and Ronald J. Roberts. "Artificial intelligence in pharmaceutical product formulation: knowledge-based and expert systems." Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today 1, no. 4 (July 1998): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1461-5347(98)00042-x.

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Musallam Jaboob, Ali Said, and Mohammed Said Jaboob. "Knowledge of strategic value discipline and its importance for fresh graduate: A qualitative investigation." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 3, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v3i1.2743.

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Strategy formulation is an old practice that cuts through business and politics. The earlier human species have been regarded as the proprietors of strategy formulation as a part of existence. Therefore, the paper aims to evaluate strategy as a management discipline. In doing so, a qualitative research approach will be employed to analyze a variety of concepts in strategic management. The historical perspective of strategy formulation, as well as the importance of strategy in the modern-day business context, is discussed. Moreover, the emergence of strategy, strategic management, and planning in the business perspectives will be analyzed. Ultimately, this paper aims to demonstrate the importance of strategic management as a skill that would guide job-seeking graduates to work in organizations best suited for them.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Knowledge Formulation'

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