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1
Kadzamira, Esme C. Knowledge and policy formulation: Reducing gender inequities in education in sub Saharan Africa : Malawi case study, final report. [Zomba, Malawi]: University of Malawi, Centre for Educational Research and Training, 1997.
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1942-, Hollins Etta R., King Joyce Elaine 1947-, and Hayman Warren C. 1932-, eds. Teaching diverse populations: Formulating a knowledge base. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
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Cevelev, Aleksandr. Strategic development of railway transport logistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1194747.
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The monograph is devoted to the methodology of material and technical support of railway transport. According to the types of activities, the nature of the material and technical resources used, technologies, means and management systems, Russian railways belong to the category of high-tech industries that must have high quality and technical level, reliability and technological efficiency in operation. For this reason, the logistics system itself, both in structure and in the algorithm of the functions performed as a whole, needs a serious improvement in the quality of its work. The economic situation in Russia requires a revision of the principles and mechanisms of management based on the corporate model of supply chain management, focused on logistics knowledge. In the difficult economic conditions of the current decade, it is necessary to improve the quality of the supply organization of enterprises and structural divisions of railway transport, directly related to the implementation of the process approach, the advantage of which is a more detailed regulation of management actions and their mutual coordination. In order to increase the efficiency of its activities and develop the management system, Russian Railways is developing a lean production system aimed at further expanding the implementation of the principles of customer orientation, ideology and corporate culture.
At the present time, the solution of many issues is impossible without a cybernetic approach to the formulation of problems of material and technical support and logistics analysis of information technologies, to the implementation of the developed algorithms and models of development strategies and concepts for improving the business processes of the production system. The management strategy, or the general plan for the implementation of activities for the management of material resources, is based on a fundamental assessment of the alignment and correlation of forces and factors operating in the economic and political field, taking into account the impact on the specific form of the management strategy.
The materials will be useful to the heads and specialists of the directorates of the MTO, CDZs and can be used in the scientific research of bachelors, masters and postgraduates interested in the economics of railway transport and supply logistics.
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Odincov, Boris. Models and intelligent systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1060845.
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The monograph consists of three chapters, the first of which outlines the theoretical foundations of intelligent information systems. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the term "model" as the intended meaning depends on the understanding of the material. Introduces and examines the new concepts such as the associative and intuitive knowledge while in the creation of intellectual information systems are not used.
The second Chapter contains the analysis of problems of development of artificial intelligence (AI), developed in two directions: classical and statistical. Discusses difficulties in the development of the classical approach, associated with identifying the meaning of words, phrases, text, and formulating thoughts. The analysis of problems arising in the play of imagination and insight, machine understanding of natural language texts, play, verbalization and reflection.
The third Chapter contains examples of the development of intelligent information systems and technologies in practice of management of economic objects. Theoretical bases of construction of information robots designed to support the task hierarchy of the knowledge base and generating control regulations. The technology of their creation and application in the management of the business efficiency of enterprise business processes and its investment activities.
Focused on researchers and developers, AI and intelligent information systems, as well as graduate students and faculty in related academic disciplines.
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The Utilization of demographic knowledge in policy formulation and planning. Liège, Belgium: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 1991.
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Lynch, David, and Richard Smith. Assessing and Reporting the Classroom Curriculum in the Knowledge Age. Primrose Hall: London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.53333/prhpg/280210.
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How does the effective teacher assess and report their classroom curriculum program? Building on the success of their previous book--- Designing the Classroom Curriculum in the Knowledge Age --- David Lynch and Richard Smith seek to answer this question by focusing their “teaching design” idea on classroom assessment and reporting. At the heart of their teaching design idea is the formulation of teaching strategies that enable all students to make the required learning gains. At its core, the book encourages the teacher to work towards becoming a different kind of teacher, a teacher who has a mindset attuned to the Knowledge Age and who embraces new knowledge sets that reflect research into effective teaching. More specifically, the book explores the theory and practice of “teaching design” from the perspective of assessment and reporting. The book examines these premises as context when assessing and reporting the classroom curriculum. A real how to assess and report book.
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Phillips, Katherine W., Michelle Duguid, Melissa Thomas-Hunt, and Jayaram Uparna. Diversity as Knowledge Exchange: The Roles of Information Processing, Expertise, and Status. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0009.
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As part of an effort to understand diversity’s influence on group processes and performance, some researchers have explored diversity from an information processing perspective. This perspective suggests that because individuals in heterogeneous groups have a broader range of knowledge, skills, and abilities than homogeneous groups, they will also have greater access to a variety of task-relevant information and expertise, which can enhance group decision making. This chapter summarizes the findings of empirical research from this perspective and extends the tenets of this perspective, acknowledging the limitations of the original formulation. Included in the review is research on minority and majority influence processes and the integration of expert knowledge in groups. Finally, the chapter integrates this new information processing view with work that focuses on the effect of status differences on the processing of information in diverse environments.
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Wallin, Martin W., Georg von Krogh, and Jan Henrik Sieg. A Problem in the Making: How Firms Formulate Sharable Problems for Open Innovation Contests. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0006.
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Crowdsourcing in the form of innovation contests stimulates knowledge creation external to the firm by distributing technical, innovation-related problems to external solvers and by proposing a fixed monetary reward for solutions. While prior work demonstrates that innovation contests can generate solutions of value to the firm, little is known about how problems are formulated for such contests. We investigate problem formulation in a multiple exploratory case study of seven firms and inductively develop a theoretical framework that explains the mechanisms of formulating sharable problems for innovation contests. The chapter contributes to the literatures on crowdsourcing and open innovation by providing a rare account of the intra-organizational implications of engaging in innovation contests and by providing initial clues to problem formulation—a critical antecedent to firms’ ability to leverage external sources of innovation.
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Jiménez-Molina, José Raúl, Luis Orlando Jiménez-Ardila, Elías Devia-Vega, and Ever José López-Cantero. Formulación de caso en Psicología Jurídica. Perspectiva penal. Edited by José Raúl Jiménez-Molina and Luis Orlando Jiménez-Ardila. Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/9789585133945.2022.
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The formulation of cases in legal psychology aims to establish, in a systematic and organised way, information on the psychological and behavioural aspects of people and groups who have judicial implications. This information, which is related to the mental state, personality, personal history, group interactions, relational dynamics, motivation, etc., is used to support the decisions of legal operators. Recently, case formulation has become a key method for the development of processes of systematisation, organisation, formulation and explanatory analysis of information within the psychological practice, especially for those who carry out their activities from the applied field of clinical psychology, as it is directly related to interventional procedures. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that the professional activity of a psychologist is not exclusively limited to the area of health, therefore their roles in other fields, such as that of legal-criminal psychology, also requires an orderly and schematic form which allows for more objective and ideographic interventions to be carried out. In accordance with the aforementioned, this investigation proposes a case formulation model for legal-criminal psychology based on the practical experience and on the theoretical and scientific knowledge of legal psychologists in the administration of the Colombian criminal justice system.
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Alshanetsky, Eli. Articulating a Thought. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785880.001.0001.
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The book examines how we make our thoughts clear to ourselves in the process of putting them into words. As philosophers and cognitive scientists have emphasized, articulating a thought can be astoundingly easy. We generally have no trouble expressing complex ideas that we have never considered before. But not always: a far less noted fact is that articulating a thought can sometimes be extremely hard. Our difficulties in articulating thoughts pervade many aspects of philosophical inquiry as well as many ordinary situations. We may face them in articulating an objection in a seminar, an insight into a movie, or a sudden realization about a friend. An important feature of these thoughts is that we often articulate them in order to find out what they are. In many cases, we would not bother articulating our thoughts if we already had this knowledge. Yet, when we find the right words, we can often immediately tell that they express our thought. So how do we manage to recognize the formulations of our thoughts, in the absence of prior knowledge of what we are thinking? And why is it that producing a public language formulation contributes in any way to the private undertaking of getting clear on our own thoughts?
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James, Wendy. The Pursuit of Certainty: Religious and Cultural Formulations (The Uses of Knowledge). Routledge, 1995.
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Bueno, Otavio. Epistemology and Philosophy of Science. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.13.
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In this chapter, two significant connections between epistemology and philosophy of science are discussed: approaches to knowledge in traditional epistemology and in philosophy of science, and the roles played by instruments in the production of scientific knowledge. The author considers, in particular, how these roles can be illuminated by certain forms of epistemological theorizing, such as internalism and externalism. These considerations indicate the significance that internalist and externalist considerations play in the proper formulation of suitable epistemic conditions for scientific instruments. By engaging with this aspect of epistemological reflection, philosophers of science can be provided a better account of the epistemology of instruments, which produce some of the most significant pieces of knowledge in scientific practice. The author concludes that closer connections between epistemology and philosophy of science would be beneficial to both fields.
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Mayer, Colin, Stefano Micossi, Marco Onado, Marco Pagano, and Andrea Polo. An Introduction to Finance and Investment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0001.
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This chapter reviews the problems of finance and investment confronting European economies and summarizes the approaches that can be adopted to address them. The chapters in this volume provide one of the most comprehensive and thorough analyses of any financial system that has been undertaken to date. They reflect a large body of research using new and existing data sets, employing advanced empirical tools, and exploiting the unique insights provided by the tumultuous events of the financial and sovereign debt crises. Together they therefore comprise an exceptional body of knowledge to guide policy formulation in the future.
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Patino, Mario, and Anna M. Varughese. The Diabetic Patient. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0039.
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The perioperative management of diabetic patients is complex and requires knowledge of the patients’ pathophysiology, current regimen, and proposed surgical procedure. This chapter addresses perioperative risks, as well as the formulation of both goals of management and perioperative plan in the pediatric patient with diabetes. This chapter will enable the reader to differentiate appropriate preoperative metabolic control from nonoptimal control in a diabetic child, define the perioperative risks and complications for diabetic patients, describe perioperative goals in the management of children with diabetes and conceptualize a perioperative plan to meet these goals, and learn how to effectively manage life-threatening complications such as severe hypoglycemia.
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Goldman, Steven L. Science Wars. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518625.001.0001.
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What do scientists actually know and what do they know about? Answers to these questions are crucial not only for our understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge, but also for the formulation of effective science-based public policies, from global warming and energy to biotechnology and nanoscience. There is a lack of convincing answers to these questions because of an illogical conflation within modern science of epistemology and ontology, seeking to transcend experience and produce knowledge of reality using experience itself. Attempts at explaining the nature of scientific knowledge from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries reveal that scientific reasoning has selectively employed deduction and induction, rationalism and empiricism, the universal and the particular, and necessity and contingency as if these opposites were compatible. As Thomas Kuhn showed, the history of science belies the definitive truth of ontological claims deduced from theories and, as a corollary, the definitive truth of theories themselves. Science Wars reviews the competing conceptions of scientific knowledge from Plato and Aristotle in the fourth century BCE to the “science wars” of the 1990s and provides thought-provoking analyses for understanding scientific thought in the twenty-first century.
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King, Joyce E., and Etta R. Hollins. Teaching Diverse Populations: Formulating a Knowledge Base (Suny Series, the Social Context of Education). State University of New York Press, 1994.
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King, Joyce E., and Etta R. Hollins. Teaching Diverse Populations: Formulating a Knowledge Base (Suny Series the Social Context of Education). State University of New York Press, 1994.
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Nguyen, Kim-Phuong, and Chris D. Glover. Obesity. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0043.
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Childhood obesity has become a major public health concern. Obesity affects perioperative anesthetic management from airway management and drug selection to postoperative monitoring requirements. This chapter explains the perioperative implications of childhood obesity and addresses multiple considerations in the formulation of an anesthetic plan for the obese child. The chapter examines the anesthetic implications of obesity and its effects on various body systems, discusses the principles of perioperative management of obese children, and grants a working knowledge of pharmacokinetics of common anesthetic drugs in obese children and dosage implications. A case study of an obese 13-year-old boy with late-onset Blount disease who presents for proximal tibial osteotomy with internal fixation is presented to illustrate the concepts in the chapter.
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Bullock, Kim, and John J. Barry. Psychiatric Factors. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0003.
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Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is a multifactorial illness requiring a personalized biopsychosocial (BPS) formulation across the lifespan to understand its causes. This chapter reviews the current evidence focusing on predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and prognostic variables (4P’s), merging them into a chronologically based 4P-BPS model. Positive PNES randomized controlled trials suggest that self-efficacy and illness beliefs, avoidance behaviors, trigger sensitization, and comorbid psychiatric disorders are important etiological variables to target during treatment. Epidemiological and neurobiological research suggests that further treatment development focusing on the causal impact of trauma and affect dysregulation is lacking and is warranted going forward. The clinical implications for the evidence to date, as well as recommendations for translating current knowledge into therapeutic behaviors, are discussed.
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Moran, Richard. The Social Act and Its Self-Consciousness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873325.003.0006.
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The chapter returns to the idea of two forms of agential knowledge, as that applies to “social acts of mind,” and act-descriptions which only apply to what is done intentionally (Anscombe). This leads to a discussion of the first person in illocution and the meaning of “hereby,” and Tugendhat’s idea of the “relativization of the distinction between speaker and hearer.” It is argued that the focus of much epistemological work on testimony is exclusively on the “consumer’s” perspective on testimony, which favors the “Indicative” model, but this misses the complementarity of the speaker’s and interlocutor’s perspectives. The meaning of mutuality in communication is examined in connection with the “third clause” of Grice’s formulation, recent criticisms of the need for that clause, and Strawson’s notion of communication that is “essentially avowable.”
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Tutino, Stefania. Jesuit Probabilism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694098.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the fullest formulation of probabilism as it was articulated by the Jesuit theorists and professors of theology at the Roman College, which by the end of the sixteenth century had become the center of Jesuit knowledge. This chapter focuses in particular on Francisco de Toledo, Gregorio de Valencia, Francisco Suárez, and Gabriel Vázquez. Through an analysis of a substantial number of these authors’ manuscripts alongside their printed work, this chapter shows how probabilism evolved into a coherent and wide-ranging intellectual system for dealing with human uncertainty. Furthermore, tracing the development of probabilism through the lecture notes of the Jesuit theologians who taught at the Roman College and moved within a larger, pan-European, educational and intellectual milieu allows us to understand how a distinctive, complex, and hugely influential school of theological thought took its shape.
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Fay, Jessica. ‘My second Self when I am gone’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816201.003.0004.
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This chapter traces the cumulative influence of Wordsworth’s reading of a series of topographical and antiquarian studies on the poetry and prose he produced between 1807 and 1810. These sources contain extensive details about medieval monastic life in the north of England and describe how powerful coenobitic communities shaped the cultural and geographical landscapes they inhabited. The chapter shows how knowledge of the civic operation of the monastic world influenced Wordsworth’s thinking about primogeniture, living legacy, memorialization, and familial and democratic representation. It explains why Wordsworth was particularly drawn to St Basil, suggesting that aspects of Basil’s monastic system infiltrated The Tuft of Primroses (1808) and the Convention of Cintra (1809), and that the saint’s formulation of the Holy Trinity inflected Wordsworth’s Essays uponEpitaphs (1810). The chapter offers a new context in which to interpret Wordsworth’s metaphor of language as the ‘incarnation’ of thought.
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Harabagiu, Sanda, and Dan Moldovan. Question Answering. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0031.
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Textual Question Answering (QA) identifies the answer to a question in large collections of on-line documents. By providing a small set of exact answers to questions, QA takes a step closer to information retrieval rather than document retrieval. A QA system comprises three modules: a question-processing module, a document-processing module, and an answer extraction and formulation module. Questions may be asked about any topic, in contrast with Information Extraction (IE), which identifies textual information relevant only to a predefined set of events and entities. The natural language processing (NLP) techniques used in open-domain QA systems may range from simple lexical and semantic disambiguation of question stems to complex processing that combines syntactic and semantic features of the questions with pragmatic information derived from the context of candidate answers. This article reviews current research in integrating knowledge-based NLP methods with shallow processing techniques for QA.
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Sudarshan, R. Public Policy as a Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199480654.003.0017.
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This chapter attempts to relate the pedagogy of public policy to the concept of practice articulated by Alasdair MacIntyre. It first discusses the challenges of establishing public policy as a discipline in India where it has been long assumed that only those employed in government need to acquire skills and knowledge essential for policy formulation, and also, by definition, all policies made by government must be in the public interest. This assumption is being challenged in recent times opening up the possibility of fashioning a pedagogy for public policy. In the quest for a philosophy of public policy as a practice an understanding of external and internal goods, the role of virtues, and limitations of economics, a dominant discipline in public policy schools, are examined. Finally, the importance of public policy practitioners and teachers connecting with the public whose interests and concerns provide the raison d'être for the discipline is underlined.
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Nezu, Christine Maguth, Christopher R. Martell, and Arthur M. Nezu. Specialty Competencies in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195382327.001.0001.
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Influenced by a profession-wide recognition of the unique and distinct nature among psychological specialty practice as well as efforts to define professional competence, this online resource illustrates how cognitive and behavioural psychologists actualize each area of professional activity associated with the areas of competence currently delineated by professional psychology through national consensus working groups and conferences. It provides information for best practices designated under the main areas of foundational and functional competencies, with each chapter focused on a specific area of competence, including information on foundational knowledge that informs competent cognitive and behavioural specialists, with regard to theory and scientific research, ethical practice, and competence in individual and multicultural diversity. Delineated functional areas of competence include assessment methods, case formulation, interventions, consultation, supervision, and teaching. Professional competencies with regard to therapeutic and collegial interpersonal interactions and identity as well as continuing professional development are also addressed.
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Bream, Victoria, Fiona Challacombe, Asmita Palmer, and Paul Salkovskis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780198703266.001.0001.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be a very disabling and distressing problem. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to be very effective in helping people to overcome OCD. OCD is a highly heterogeneous disorder, often complicated by contextual factors, and therapists are often left wondering how to apply their knowledge of treatment to the particular problems as they face them in clinical practice. This book guides the reader through understanding the background to and principles of using CBT for OCD in a clear practical ‘how to’ style. It also elucidates the particular challenges and solutions in applying CBT for OCD using illustrative case material and guidance on formulation-driven intervention. The book also addresses commonly occurring complexities in the treatment of OCD; for example, working with comorbidity, perfectionism, shame, and family involvement in symptoms. Throughout the book, tips are provided on receiving and giving supervision to troubleshoot commonly encountered problems. This book provides a guide to improved practice for clinicians at all levels of experience.
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Gross, Wendy L., Lebron Cooper, Robert T. Faillace, Douglas C. Shook, Suanne M. Daves, and Robert M. Savage. New Challenges for Anesthesiologists Outside of the Operating Room: The Cardiac Catheterization and Electrophysiology Laboratories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0022.
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Invasive cardiology procedures have changed dramatically over the past 5–10 years. With technological advancement, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have become broader in scope and complexity, and patient acuity has escalated dramatically. In parallel, the involvement of anesthesiologists has grown. In this chapter, we present an overview of the laboratory environment(s), the evolution and future pathways of current practice(s), cases performed in each venue, and current anesthetic approaches. In this new and changing arena, collaboration and planning between cardiologists and anesthesiologists maximizes patient safety and increases the probability of procedural success. A thorough understanding of the procedure to be performed is required in order for anesthesiologists to define and delineate the extent of their involvement, and is a clear prerequisite for the formulation of a safe and effective anesthetic plan. A common knowledge base and mutual respect for each contributing discipline form the basis for integration of cardiology and anesthesia services in pursuit of optimized patient care.
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Mayer, Colin, Stefano Micossi, Marco Onado, Marco Pagano, and Andrea Polo, eds. Finance and Investment: The European Case. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.001.0001.
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This book is the product of a two-year research programme entitled Restarting European Long-Term Investment Finance (RELTIF), organized by Assonime and the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) in London. The programme brought together leading researchers from across the world to consider the causes of the persistently low level of investment in Europe, to examine the extent to which the financial system was a contributory factor and to identify possible policy remedies for it. It considered the relation of finance to corporate sector investment, the lending behaviour of banks, the provision of equity financing, the role of public sector institutions, regulation, and taxation. The chapters in this volume provide one of the most comprehensive and thorough analyses of any financial system that has been undertaken to date. They reflect a large body of research using new and existing data sets, employing advanced empirical tools, and exploiting the unique insights provided by the tumultuous events of the financial and sovereign debt crises. Together they comprise an exceptional body of knowledge to advance academic thinking and guide policy formulation in the future.
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Kamynin, Vladimir. Management by long-term development of a large company. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2451.978-5-317-06688-8.
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The new methodological approach to study of market leadership which is based on long-term company development is developed in the monograph. The proposed methodological solution takes into account the manifestation of a complex of factors which are characteristic of world benchmark companies, as well as factors which are necessary to update the company's life cycle and determine the company's competitiveness in the conditions of knowledge economy. A system of indicators which are indicating the company's ability to occupy leading market positions and achieve other goals of various content has been proposed. Methods of revolutionary and evolutionary development are described. The importance of combining these methods during formulation the concept of company development is reflected. The approach of the world's best companies to setting corporate goals, forming a vision has been systematized, the corporate vision model has been proposed. The distinctive special aspects of the cultures of companies which are demonstrate the long-term sustainability are considered. The analysis of the important components of corporate culture, which are influence on the conditions for the development of the company was done. The total covered period by the research is 17 years. For students, graduate students, teachers of economic universities, heads of enterprises and entrepreneurs, as well as for those who are interested in business development strategy.
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Brown, Wendy. Power After Foucault. Edited by John S. Dryzek, Bonnie Honig, and Anne Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548439.003.0003.
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This article examines changes in the conception of political power after Michel Foucault. It suggests that while Foucault has politicized certain practices and knowledge fields that were previously insulated from inquiry into the interests shaping them, such politicization need not be conflated with political life tout court. It argues that Foucault's formulations of power, and especially of government and governmentality, have made this distinction extremely difficult. However, rather than giving up the distinction on the one hand, or rejecting Foucault's problematization of it on the other, political theory after Foucault is faced with the task of delineating it anew.
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Cheng, Russell. Non-Standard Parametric Statistical Inference. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.001.0001.
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This book discusses the fitting of parametric statistical models to data samples. Emphasis is placed on (i) how to recognize situations where the problem is non-standard, when parameter estimates behave unusually, and (ii) the use of parametric bootstrap resampling methods in analysing such problems. Simple and practical model building is an underlying theme. A frequentist viewpoint based on likelihood is adopted, for which there is a well-established and very practical theory. The standard situation is where certain widely applicable regularity conditions hold. However, there are many apparently innocuous situations where standard theory breaks down, sometimes spectacularly. Most of the departures from regularity are described geometrically in the book, with mathematical detail only sufficient to clarify the non-standard nature of a problem and to allow formulation of practical solutions. The book is intended for anyone with a basic knowledge of statistical methods typically covered in a university statistical inference course who wishes to understand or study how standard methodology might fail. Simple, easy-to-understand statistical methods are presented which overcome these difficulties, and illustrated by detailed examples drawn from real applications. Parametric bootstrap resampling is used throughout for analysing the properties of fitted models, illustrating its ease of implementation even in non-standard situations. Distributional properties are obtained numerically for estimators or statistics not previously considered in the literature because their theoretical distributional properties are too hard to obtain theoretically. Bootstrap results are presented mainly graphically in the book, providing easy-to-understand demonstration of the sampling behaviour of estimators.
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Gil-Egui, Gisela. E-Government. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.162.
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E-government refers to a set of public administration and governance goals and practices involving information and communication technologies (ICTs). It utilizes such technologies to serve public agencies’ external audiences and constituents. However, the scope of that service is the subject of much debate and, consequently, no consensual definition of e-government had been formulated. The prehistory of e-government resonates with assumptions from the “new public management” (NPM), which proposed a restructuring of governmental agencies by adopting a market-based approach to ensure cost efficiencies in the public sector. Coined in the mid-1990s, the notion of e-government as equivalent to better government, economic growth, human development, and the knowledge society in general was quickly and uncritically accepted by practitioners and scholars alike. As scholars from different disciplines, including politics communication and sociology, paid increasing attention to the intersections of structural factors, hardware, and culture in the adoption and use of ICTs, research on e-government began to show some diversification. By the twenty-first century, the number of e-government websites from local and national administrations has grown sufficiently to allow some generalizations based on empirical observation. Meanwhile critical and comprehensive approaches to e-government frequently adopt a critical stance to denounce oversimplifications, determinisms, and omissions in the formulation of e-governance projects, as well as in the evaluation, adoption, and assessment of e-government effectiveness. Beyond the particularities of each emerging technology, reflection on the intersections between ICTs and government is moving away from an exclusive focus on hardware and functionality, to consider broader questions on governance.
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Demopoulos, William, and Peter Clark. The Logicism of Frege, Dedekind, and Russell. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0005.
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This article is organized around logicism's answers to the following questions: What is the basis for our knowledge of the infinity of the numbers? How is arithmetic applicable to reality? Why is reasoning by induction justified? Although there are, as is seen in this article, important differences, the common thread that runs through all three of the authors discussed in this article their opposition to the Kantian thesis that reflection on reasoning with mere concepts (i.e., without attention to intuitions formed a priori) can never succeed in providing satisfactory answers to these three questions. This description of the core of the view differs from more usual formulations which represent the opposition to Kant as an opposition to the contention that mathematics in general, and arithmetic in particular, are synthetic a priori rather than analytic.
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Ray, Amit Shovon, M. Parameswaran, Manmohan Agarwal, Sunandan Ghosh, Udaya S. Mishra, Upasak Das, and Vinoj Abraham. Quality of Social Science Research in India. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199474417.003.0007.
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The chapter analyses the quality of research in terms of quality of articles and of journals by using a quality index. It uses two-dimension indicators to judge the quality of articles, that is, citations (scholarly) and readership, which is the number of hits an article receives in a simple Google keyword search. The quality of a journal is measured in terms of three dimensions: its presence over time, its presence across space, and its depth. The study took 21351 journal articles from 1006 journals (902 journals from Scopus and 104 journals from ISID for five-year period, 2010–14. It emerged that India’s social science research (SSR) contributes more to public debates and policy formulations and relatively less in pushing the frontiers of knowledge for further research.
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Scott, Andrew C. Fire: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198830030.001.0001.
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Fire: A Very Short Introduction considers fire’s four-hundred-million-year history, its chemical composition, its role in human development, and its different meanings, from heat and comfort to death and destruction. Fires in buildings regularly make the headlines, and news of wildfires now reaches our computer and smartphone screens. Urban and pastoral attitudes to fire can differ and formulating fire suppression policies can be complex. Two things have fundamentally altered our understanding: increased knowledge about fire in the deep time before human evolution, and the growth of satellite technology, which has transformed how we observe fire. In the context of our changing climate, an improved understanding of fire worldwide is urgently needed.
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Taylor, Eric. Development of the concept. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0001.
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Over time, concepts have evolved from the idea of a constitutional basis for behavioural problems, through unitary neurological formulations, to the recognition of neurocognitive heterogeneity and the impact of the social environment. Diagnoses have altered accordingly. ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder have different historical traditions, and still generate international differences in practice; however, they have succeeded in keeping research and clinical practice in touch with each other. This chapter takes a historical approach to describe the influences on the development of the concepts. Concepts are still changing, in response both to the historical context and to improving scientific knowledge. It may well be that recognition of heterogeneity at neural, psychological, and genetic levels will lead to more and better differentiated behavioural concepts. For the moment, however, the clinical utility of diagnosis based on observable behaviour is likely to maintain ADHD as the dominant idea organizing the field.
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Scully, Jason. Isaac of Nineveh’s Eschatology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803584.003.0003.
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This chapter shows that the primary source for Isaac’s eschatology is John the Solitary’s depiction of the life of the future world. According to John, transformation in the future world represents the fulfillment of God’s promise of future glory and forms the basis of the hope that should define the life of the monk. Isaac’s selection and use of the same Pauline biblical phrases used by John, such as “hope to come,” “way of the new life,” and “inner man,” together with John’s non-biblical serpent analogy reveals Isaac’s dependence on John’s eschatological formulations. The main difference between John and Isaac is that while John encouraged monks to obtain knowledge of the future world in order to provide them with hope amidst their current struggles, Isaac explicitly states that perfect Christians can experience the transformation of the future world while still in this world.
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Gutting, Gary. Philosophical Progress. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.2.
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This article begins by reflecting on the Cartesian project of beginning with a skeptically unassailable first truth and from there progressively building up a system of philosophical truths. It then presents a less problematic but similar project associated with contemporary analytic philosophy, noting, however, that it too fails to yield progress in answering the fundamental questions of philosophy. Next, the author examines the idea that philosophy might nonetheless progress in the manner of empirical science, never answering its fundamental questions but generating important intermediary results. Then, giving up the assumption that we need philosophy to ground our pre-philosophical convictions (“philosophical foundationalism”), the author proposes an alternative view of philosophy as providing rigorous theoretical formulations of general pictures, and on this basis, discusses philosophical disagreement, the role of intuitions in philosophy, philosophical knowledge, and the interaction of science and philosophy. Finally, the author presents his conclusions about philosophical progress.
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Attardo, Salvatore. The Linguistics of Humor. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.001.0001.
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This book is the first comprehensive systematic introduction to the linguistics of humor. Assuming no background in humor studies at all, and an elementary knowledge of linguistics, all the terminology and conceptual apparatus of humor studies are introduced, as well as all the linguistic concepts necessary to understand the most up-to-date formulations in the linguistics and applied linguistics of humor. The book is not limited to the theoretical linguistic analyses of humor (for example the General Theory of Verbal humor or the Isotopy Disjunction Model), but has a broad approach encompassing pragmatics, conversation and discourse analysis, ethnomethodology, interactionist and variationist sociolinguistics. Chapters on puns, on the main theories of humor, the semiotics of humor, and on the incongruity-resolution model elucidate the foundations of humor studies, while chapters on the performance of humor, on humor in conversation and discourse, provide the first-ever in-depth discussion and synthesis of the field of the applied linguistics of humor. Chapters on the translation of humor, and on humor in the classroom and in literature broaden the discussion to applications in fields other than linguistics. For the first time ever in a discussion of the linguistics of humor all the fields of linguistics, theoretical and applied alike are given equal treatment and theoretical importance. Thus this book is both a summary of the acquired knowledge about humor and linguistics and a proposal to unify most of the strands of research in a coherent vision.
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McLarney, Ellen Anne. The Liberation of Islamic Letters. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158488.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on Bint al-Shatiʾ, whose writings crystallize some of the most salient themes of the modern Islamic public sphere and illustrate the power of adab in formulating modern Islamic ethics and politics. A public intellectual, political activist, chaired professor, journalist, and adēba (woman of letters), Bint al-Shatiʾ synthesized discursive trends for a broad spectrum of readers that included both intellectual elites and popular audiences. Her Omdurman lectures reinterpreted the concept of “women's liberation” for an Islamic politics, nearly seventy years after Qasim Amin first ventured his interpretation of “women's liberation” in Islam in 1899. Like Amin, she has unmitigated faith in the power of education and knowledge—scientific, Islamic, and literary—to elevate the political community from its political chains. But she also surpasses Amin in imagining the force of women's literary voices in transforming the umma, just as she surpassed him in literary accomplishment, stature, and recognition.
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Zanchetta, Margareth Santos, Marcelo Medeiros, Kateryna Metersky, Walterlânia Silva Santos, Christian Mésenge, and Moussa Issa Lessa. Investigação Qualitativa e o Desafio Digital // Qualitative Research and the Digital Challenge. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.10.2021-e514.
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Framework- In the context of the need for the production of knowledge in low- and middle-income countries, as well as in high-income countries with their socially vulnerable populations and the concomitant, minimal availability of funding for international research, university researchers should innovate. Goal- Discuss critical methodological issues in the process of designing and implementing international online survey research. This is done in the context of responding to the need for innovation in data collection tools to expand their responsiveness to the international field and the participants’ characteristics. Chapter organization- The chapter is organized with the presentation of online international research, first presenting insights for an alternative and innovative design, then formulating questions to remotely collect international data, renewing a dialogue setting, and exploring issues of recruitment, attrition and participation. It also reports successful experiences of the internationalization of research, intellectual partnerships and shared successes in the process of creating, exchanging and translating knowledge in the context of global health and the democratization of knowledge. The experiences are related to qualitative inspired research implemented in the continental sphere (Africa, South and North America, and Europe) with the creation of survey questionnaires for an exploration of narratives, experiences, and decisions. Final consideration- The mobilization of researchers’ social and professional networks, in addition to the constant reformulation of intellectual partnerships in research, are today the most common strategies to face the current challenges in academia. Innovation for methodological advances in audacious design for unpredictable fieldwork may require the revisiting of epistemological grounds. Emerging issues in this type of research, such as “research fatigue”, should be considered.
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Zubrzycka-Czarnecka, Aleksandra. Social Actors in the Housing Policy Process. A Constructivist Perspective. Dom Wydawniczy i Handlowy ELIPSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/978-83-8017-232-6.
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The main issue of the research in this work is involvement of social actors in the housing policy process. The literature review leads the author to conclude that in housing studies there exists a conceptual gap concerning knowledge about the role of social actors in the housing policy process. The gap is particularly apparent when one attempts to examine the housing policy process in the light of the concept of deliberative democracy. Furthermore, there are no research tools in housing studies that would make it possible to grasp the involvement of social actors in the housing policy process. The research problem in this work is formulating a research scheme which would enable to examine the involvement of social actors in the housing policy process and enrich housing studies with possibility to benefit more from the constructivist approach. The theoretical and methodological aim of this dissertation is to obtain a broader and deeper insight into the role of social actors in the housing policy process by expanding the author’s ‘D-Housing’ scheme.
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Absalom, Anthony, and John Sear. Intravenous anaesthetics. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0015.
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In recent decades, increasing attention has been focused on the intravenous anaesthetic agents. This interest has been stimulated by the discovery and availability of agents with increasingly favourable pharmacokinetic and dynamic properties, coupled with advances in knowledge of pharmacology and advances in computer technology. For most patients and operative procedures, anaesthesia is induced with a bolus or fast infusion of a short-acting drug, most commonly propofol. Increasingly, anaesthesia is thereafter also maintained with an infusion of an agent with favourable kinetics, again usually of propofol, commonly supplemented with boluses or infusions of opioids. Propofol is also commonly used for procedural and intensive care sedation. It has highly favourable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for these applications as sedative or hypnotic agent—rapid, smooth onset, minimal accumulation, and rapid smooth offset of effect—but is by no means an ideal agent. In some specific situations, such as when its haemodynamic or respiratory effects are detrimental, use of alternative agents such as ketamine and etomidate are warranted. All the currently available agents have adverse effects, some of which are related to the active compound and some of which are related to the vehicle. Efforts are thus being made to develop new formulations, with fewer adverse effects, and to develop newer and better drugs. In the future we are also likely to see increasing use of older agents, but for newer indications (such as the use of ketamine as an antidepressant).
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Misra, Girishwar, ed. Psychology: Volume 5. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498833.001.0001.
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This survey of research on psychology in five volumes is a part of a series undertaken by the ICSSR since 1969, which covers various disciplines under social science. Volume Five of this survey, Explorations into Psyche and Psychology: Some Emerging Perspectives, examines the future of psychology in India. For a very long time, intellectual investments in understanding mental life have led to varied formulations about mind and its functions across the word. However, a critical reflection of the state of the disciplinary affairs indicates the dominance of Euro-American theories and methods, which offer an understanding coloured by a Western world view, which fails to do justice with many non-Western cultural settings. The chapters in this volume expand the scope of psychology to encompass indigenous knowledge available in the Indian tradition and invite engaging with emancipatory concerns as well as broadening the disciplinary base. The contributors situate the difference between the Eastern and Western conceptions of the mind in the practice of psychology. They look at this discipline as shaped by and shaping between systems like yoga. They also analyse animal behaviour through the lens of psychology and bring out insights about evolution of individual and social behaviour. This volume offers critique the contemporary psychological practices in India and offers a new perspective called ‘public psychology’ to construe and analyse the relationship between psychologists and their objects of study. Finally, some paradigmatic, pedagogical, and substantive issues are highlighted to restructure the practice of psychology in the Indian setting.
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Stohr, Karen. Choosing Freedom. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197537817.001.0001.
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This book is a reader-friendly introduction to the ethical thought of Immanuel Kant. It is structured as a guide to living in accordance with Kantian ideals of rationality and freedom, despite our human flaws, failings, and weaknesses. The book draws on a wide selection of Kant’s writings so as to make his ethical framework accessible and thought-provoking for modern readers, as well as responsive to contemporary ethical concerns. Part One provides an overview of Kant’s general ethical framework, starting with his conception of freedom and his view of human nature. It covers his account of moral motivation, the three main formulations of his categorical imperative, key Kantian concepts like respect, autonomy, dignity, and love, and it also includes a broad overview of Kant’s entire system of duties. Part Two takes up Kant’s views on self-knowledge and moral assessment of ourselves and others. Part Three consists in an overview of seven crucial Kantian vices: servility, arrogance, contempt, gossiping, mockery, deceitfulness, and drunkenness. Part Four sets out five Kantian life goals—self-development, cheerfulness, reserve, beneficence, and gratitude, while Part Five focuses on Kant’s remarks on social relationships, including friendship, romantic encounters, politeness, and dinner parties. Part Six concludes with Kant’s argument for being hopeful about moral progress, even in the face of despair and disillusionment about the current state of the world. The book aims to present Kantian ethics as an appealing guide for life, one that emphasizes freedom, self-improvement, and optimism about the future.
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Nowak, Dariusz, ed. Production–operation management. The chosen aspects. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-059-3.
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The aim of the e-book is to present the theoretical, cognitive and practical aspects of the essence and complexity of operational management in a production company. The presented modern production methods together with the challenges and problems of contemporary enterprises should better help to understand the issues of sustainable development, with particular emphasis on waste. The book consists of six chapters devoted to relevant and topic issues relating to the core business of an industrial enterprise. Chapter 1 The nature of the industrial enterprise is an introduction to further considerations and deals with the essence of the basic aspects of the company. Both popular and less known definitions of an enterprise, its features, functions and principles of operation are presented. An important part of the chapter is the presentation and formulation of strategic, tactical and operational goals. Moreover, the division of enterprises is presented with the use of various criteria and the features of the industrial market, which make it distinct. Chapter 2 The operational management evolution and its role in the industrial enterprise discusses the evolution and concept of production and operational management. The management levels were also presented, indicating their most important functions. An integral part of the chapter is the essence of the production system, viewed through the prism of the five elements. Chapter 3 Functions and role in operations management presents the issues concerning the organization of production processes, production capacity and inventory management. This part also presents considerations on cooperation and collaboration between enterprises in the process of creating value. Chapter 4 Traditional methods used in operational activities focuses on methods such as benchmarking, outsourcing, core competences, JIT, MPR I and MRP II, as well as TQM and kaizen. Knowledge of these methods should contribute to understanding the activities of modern enterprises, the way of company functioning, the realization of production activities, as well as aspects related to building a competitive position. Chapter 5 Modern methods used in production-operations management discusses the less common and less frequently used production methods, based on a modern and innovative approach. In particular, it was focused on: Shop Floor Control and cooperative manufacturing, environment-conscious manufacturing (ECM) and life-cycle assessment ( LCA), waste management and recycling, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), virtual enterprise, World Class Manufacturing (WCM), Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and House of Quality (HOQ), theory of constraints (TOC), Drum Buffer Rope (DBR), group technology (GT) and cellular manufacturing (CM), Demand Chain Management and competitive intelligence (CI). In the last section discusses: the role of sustainable statistical process control and Computer-Aided Process Planning in context formatting of information management. Chapter 6 Problems of sustainable development and challenges related to production and operations management describes the problem and challenges related to production and operations activities. In particular, attention was paid to the threats related to changes in global warming, the growing scale of waste, or the processes of globalization. It was pointed out that the emerging problem may be both a threat and a chance for the development of enterprises. An integral part of the chapter are also considerations on technical progress, innovation and the importance of human capital in operational activities.
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K. Gautam, Rupesh, Lokesh Deb, and Kamal Dua, eds. Natural Products for the Management of Arthritic Disorders. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150507761220101.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory complication and affects approximately 1 % of the global population. It affects three times more women than men. RA is an autoimmune disorder elicited by exposure of genetic factors from the host to unknown antigens causing arthritogenic complaints. It also includes the activation of lymphocytes as well as CD4+ helper T cells along with local release of chronic inflammatory mediators and cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF α) and various cytokines like interleukins (IL) that enormously affect the joints. The available allopathic therapies for RA are not a cure for the complications, and antibody therapy and surgical procedures are expensive. However, in the present era, researchers and healthcare professionals have moved toward natural medicines obtained from plants and other natural sources. Research based on developments in phytomedicine has progressed steadily. Evidence has been collected to show the massive therapeutic potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems against many pathological complications. Researchers have focused on the therapeutic potential of natural products used for treatment and counteracting various disorders along with their complications having negligible adverse effects. Natural Products for the Management of Arthritic Disorders compiles current knowledge about the bioactive compounds and herbal formulations useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 11 chapters explain the role of natural products in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Topics have been contributed by experts in medicinal chemistry and rheumatology. The book first introduces the reader to rheumatoid arthritis before delving into conventional and alternative therapies for the disease. The editors have also included special topics such as the biomarkers for RA, cytokines and anti-inflammatory mediators, preclinical and clinical studies. The range of topics should provide a comprehensive overview of natural remedies for arthritis and the role of natural products in anti-arthritic drug development. The information will be useful for many readers including medical and pharmacology students, multidisciplinary research scholars, scientists, pharma / herbal / food industrialists, and policy makers.
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Kondrakiewicz, Dariusz. Prognozowanie i symulacje międzynarodowe. Instytut Europy Środkowej, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/m21580.
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International forecasting and simulation is a study that summarizes research, in a shortened and integrated version. The thematic scope concerns the basic terminology and methodological issues of forecasts and the forecasting process itself, forecasting institutions and the final product, i.e. international forecasts. The main goal is to present and systematize basic knowledge in the field of forecasting in international relations. The book is generally aimed at all those interested in international affairs. However, the author hopes that the publication will also be helpful for researchers and analysts dealing with difficult issues of international forecasting in the field of their scientific research methodologies. The work consists of two parts – theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part includes two chapters. The first chapter begins by discussing the concepts of forecasting and simulation. Next, considerations were made about the place of forecasting in science, pointing out the existing dilemmas in this regard, and also discussed categories, classifications and functions of forecasting and simulation. The second chapter presents the main elements of the forecast and the phases of the forecasting process. Most space was devoted to the presentation of the most important methods of forecasting in international relations, not limiting itself only to discussing them, but also assessing their usefulness for formulating international forecasts. In the third chapter, which is of an empirical nature, the selected forecasting institutions are first discussed according to the division applied into typically research, university, governmental, international and private institutions. This classification is of a contractual nature, but corresponds to the basic functions performed by individual institutions. In the further part of this chapter, the most important – according to the author – ecological, demographic and political forecasts are presented, focusing on discussing the main consequences of their possible implementation for international relations.
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Hadidi, Ahmed, Ricardo Flores, John Randles, and Joseph Semancik. Viroids. CSIRO Publishing, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643069855.
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This comprehensive volume presents indispensable and up-to-date information on viroids and viroid diseases. It provides a single source of information on the properties of viroids, the economic impact of viroid diseases, and methods for their detection and control. It examines the diseases associated with different plant species, the geographic distribution and epidemiology of viroids, diseases of possible viroid etiology, and the future applications of viroids.
Viroids examines the biology of viroids, molecular characteristics, localization and movement, replication, pathogenesis, viroids and gene silencing, classification, viroid-like satellite RNAs, detection of viroids using bioamplification hosts, biological indexing, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular hybridisation and polymerase chain reaction. The book looks at the geographical distribution and epidemiology of viroids in North America, Australasia, China, Japan, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South America, and at the global level. It covers the control of viroids including quarantine of imported germplasm, availability of viroid-tested propagation materials, thermotherapy, tissue culture, and other conventional strategies as well as biotechnological control approaches. Special topics such as ribozyme reaction of viroids and economic advantages of viroid infection are also included. Other chapters summarise the current state of knowledge concerning viroid diseases of the crop in question and aspects of the natural history of viroids in horticulture. Among the crops covered are potato, tomato, tobacco, cucumber, pome fruits, stone fruits, avocado, citrus, grapevines, hop, chrysanthemum, coleus, columnea, and coconut palm.
The four eminent editors of this watershed volume have assembled an international group of more than 70 scientists who have substantial experience with viroids and viroid diseases. They have produced a cohesive and comprehensive work that can be used by students, researchers, extension agents, and regulators. It may also be of a great value to science managers, policy makers, and industries in formulating policies and products to obtain viroid-free plants and control viroid diseases. The information on plant quarantine and certification programs will help anyone concerned with the safe movement of plant material across international boundaries or within a single country.