Relevant bibliographies by topics / Knowledge Formulation

Academic literature on the topic 'Knowledge Formulation'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Knowledge Formulation"

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Mitta, Deborah A. "Formulation of Expert System Knowledge." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 5 (October 1989): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300525.

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Expert system knowledge represents expertise obtained through formal education, training, and/or experience. Formal education provides deep knowledge of a particular domain; experience and training result in heuristic knowledge. A knowledge base defines the range of information and understanding with which the system is capable of dealing; therefore, its information must be structured and filed for ready access. The objective of this symposium is to address the challenges associated with establishment of valid expert system knowledge, specifically, knowledge to be used by expert system shells. As expert system knowledge is obtained, structured, and stored, it is formulated. In this symposium, knowledge formulation is addressed as a three-phase process: knowledge acquisition, the mechanics associated with structuring knowledge, and knowledge porting. Knowledge acquisition is the process of extracting expertise from a domain expert. Expertise may be collected through a series of interviews between the expert and a knowledge engineer or through sessions the expert holds with an automated knowledge acquisition tool. Thus, the ultimate outcome of knowledge acquisition is a collection of raw knowledge data. The following human factors issues become apparent: documenting mental models (where mental models are the expert's conceptualization of a problem), recording cognitive problem-solving strategies, and specifying an appropriate interface between the domain expert and the acquisition methodology. The knowledge structuring process involves the refinement of raw knowledge data, where knowledge is organized and assigned a semantic structure. One issue that must be considered is how to interpret knowledge data such that formal definitions, logical relationships, and facts can be established. Finally, formulation involves knowledge porting, that is, the movement of an expert system shell's knowledge base to various other shells. The outcome of this process is a portable knowledge base, where the challenges lie in maintaining consistent knowledge, understanding the constraints inherent to a shell (the shell's ability to incorporate all relevant knowledge), and designing an acceptable user-expert system interface. The fundamental component of any expert system is its knowledge base. The issues to be presented in this symposium are important because they address three processes that are critical to the development of a knowledge base. In addition to presenting computer science challenges, knowledge base formulation also presents human factors challenges, for example, understanding cognitive problem-solving processes, representing uncertain information, and defining human-expert system interface problems. This symposium will provide a forum for discussion of both types of challenges.
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MA, Pai-chun, Frederic H. Murphy, and Edward A. Stohr. "Representing knowledge about linear programming formulation." Annals of Operations Research 21, no. 1 (December 1989): 149–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02022098.

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Wright, Harry Charles, Duncan Drummond Cameron, and Anthony John Ryan. "Rational Design of a Polyurethane Foam." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 5111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235111.

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Polyurethane (PU) foams are exceptionally versatile due to the nature of PU bond formation and the large variety of polymeric backbones and formulation components such as catalysts and surfactants. This versatility introduces a challenge, namely a near unlimited number of variables for formulating foams. In addition to this, PU foam development requires expert knowledge, not only in polyurethane chemistry but also in the art of evaluating the resulting foams. In this work, we demonstrate that a rational experimental design framework in conjunction with a design of experiments (DoE) approach reduces both the number of experiments required to understand the formulation space and reduces the need for tacit knowledge from a PU expert. We focus on an in-depth example where a catalyst and two surfactants of a known formulation are set as factors and foam physical properties are set as responses. An iterative DoE approach is used to generate a set of foams with substantially different cell morphology and hydrodynamic behaviour. We demonstrate that with 23 screening formulations and 16 final formulations, foam physical properties can be modelled from catalyst and surfactant loadings. This approach also allows for the exploration of relationships between the cell morphology of PU foam and its hydrodynamic behaviour.
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Al-Omari, Zuher Hamed, Osama Treef Al-Shaki, Mohd Sharifuddin Ahmad, and Elsadig Musa Ahmed. "Knowledge Growth Measurement and Formulation for Enhancing Organizational Knowledge Capital." Journal of the Knowledge Economy 5, no. 3 (March 12, 2014): 616–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13132-014-0187-6.

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Krishnan, Ramayya, Xiaoping Li, and David Steier. "A knowledge-based mathematical model formulation system." Communications of the ACM 35, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/130994.131003.

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Allen, Bryce. "Topic Knowledge and Online Catalog Search Formulation." Library Quarterly 61, no. 2 (April 1991): 188–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/602333.

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Levinson, Robert, and Gil Fuchs. "A Pattern-Weight Formulation of Search Knowledge." Computational Intelligence 17, no. 4 (November 2001): 783–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00172.

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Lee, Jae Kyu, and Min Yong Kim. "Knowledge-assisted optimization model formulation: UNIK-OPT." Decision Support Systems 13, no. 2 (February 1995): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(93)e0028-c.

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Li, Xiang, Christopher P. Jobling, and Philip W. Grant. "A Knowledge Representation Scheme for Automatic Model Formulation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 4 (April 1997): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)43663-9.

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Sunkle, Sagar, Deepak Jain, Krati Saxena, Ashwini Patil, Tushita Singh, Beena Rai, and Vinay Kulkarni. "Integrated “Generate, Make, and Test” for Formulated Products using Knowledge Graphs." Data Intelligence 3, no. 3 (2021): 340–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00096.

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In the multi-billion dollar formulated product industry, state of the art continues to rely heavily on experts during the “generate, make and test” steps of formulation design. We propose automation aids to each step with a knowledge graph of relevant information as the central artifact. The generate step usually focuses on coming up with new recipes for intended formulation. We propose to aid the experts who generally carry out this step manually by providing a recommendation system and a templating system on top of the knowledge graph. Using the former, the expert can create a recipe from scratch using historical formulations and related data. With the latter, the expert starts with a recipe template created by our system and substitutes the requisite constituents to form a recipe. In the current state of practice, the three steps mentioned above operate in a fragmented manner wherein observations from one step do not aid other steps in a streamlined manner. Instead of manually operated labs for the make and test steps, we assume automated or robotic labs and in-silico testing, respectively. Using two formulations, namely face cream and an exterior coating, we show how the knowledge graph may help integrate and streamline the communication between the generate, the make, and the test steps. Our initial exploration shows considerable promise.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Knowledge Formulation"

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Bowsell, Robin Alexander. "Knowledge refinement for a formulation system." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388492.

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O'Shea, Noreen. "The role of tacit knowledge in the formulation of small company strategy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496793.

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The purpose of this research project was to determine the role and contribution of tacit knowledge in the formulation of small company strategy. A literature review was carried out to identify the gaps in knowledge regarding these issues. Using a case study methodology, evidence from 3 small firms was collected around the recounting of specific strategic episodes, where the different types of knowledge being used were identified. Four criteria were used to analyse the evidence - plausibility, credibility, internal and external validity. The findings relating to each firm were presented in 3 case study reports. A comparative analysis of the findings enabled the following conclusions to be reached. The managers in the 3 small companies were capable of providing credible accounts of the ways in which they practice strategy-making to accompany the development of their firms. They have devised and developed a series of drivers which have accompanied their strategic practice. These drivers have been present since company creation; they have continued to shape the trajectories taken by each company and they are associated with specific learning patterns. They directly influence the processes the managers use to formulate strategy. Each manager has developed a specific approach to formulating strategy. The use of intuition, alongside more rational mechanisms to analyse and validate decisions was identified in the 3 cases. Intuition plays an integrating, synthesising role in paving the way for possible directions and orientations within the options envisaged. The managers in the small firms call on a wide range of personal and professional knowledge and experience when formulating strategies for their companies. In activating their strategy formulation processes, they rely on mobilising their specific versions of tacit knowing.
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Périssé, Amélie. "Color formulation algorithms improvement through expert knowledge integration for automotive effect paints." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3025.

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Aujourd’hui, le marché de la peinture automobile est gouverné par une demande pour des couleurs profondes et vives avec effets. Dans le domaine de la peinture automobile, l’exigence est très haute car la couleur est associée à un signe de qualité. Dans une collision classique, différentes parties du véhicule peuvent être endommagées avec généralement une partie de la carrosserie qui est touchée. La partie endommagée doit être réparée, poncée et préparée avant d’être repeinte. Pour réduire les coûts, le carrossier doit préparer une peinture avec un bon contretypage de teinte, et ce aussi vite que possible. Il s’agit donc pour la formulation de la peinture de réparation de reproduire les effets, aussi bien colorés que texturés, à partir de pigments absorbants ou à effets (particules d’aluminium, de nacre …). Il est relativement simple de qualifier les effets colorés à partir des courbes de réflectance puis des coordonnées CIELab. Cependant, la définition de la texture engendrée par les particules à effets est assez complexe et n’est encore qu’à ses prémices, avec des paramètres qui souvent ne correspondant pas aux phénomènes réellement perçus par l’œil humain. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, la mobilisation de connaissances expertes à travers différentes sessions de tri libre et de brainstorming a permis la mise en évidence de descripteurs de texture réellement perceptifs. De plus, la mise en place de métriques de texture conçues à partir de préconisations réellement perceptives, a rendu possible l’obtention de valeurs correspondant à un observateur moyen pour chacun de ces paramètres descripteurs. Ces paramètres ayant été élaborés à partir des observations d‘évaluateurs expérimentés. La transposition de ces vérités terrain en descripteurs physiques de texture a permis l’obtention d’une corrélation entre le perceptible et le mesurable. Dans la procédure développée, l’œil humain a été remplacé par un appareil photo numérique agissant en qualité d’intégrateur tristimulaire d’informations radiométriques. En essayant de reproduire les conditions d’observation lors de la phase d’acquisition d’images, il a été ainsi possible de caractériser les phénomènes de texture par analyse d’image et de les corréler aux valeurs de l’observateur moyen préalablement défini
Nowadays, the automotive coating market is governed by a demand for deep and vibrant colors with effects. In this field, the requirement is very high because the color is associated with a sign of quality. In a typical collision, different parts of the vehicle may be damaged. The damaged part must be repaired, sanded and prepared before being painted. To reduce costs, the body shop must then prepare a paint with a good color matching, and thus as fast as possible. It is therefore necessary for the formulation of the repair coating to reproduce the effects, both colored and textured, from absorbent or effect pigments (aluminum particles, pearlescent materials …) from a characterization of the concerned vehicle coating. It is relatively simple to qualify the colored effects from the reflectance curves and then the CIELab coordinates. However, the description of the texturing effect generated by the distribution of effect particles at the microstructure scale is quite complex. The metrological approach of the perceptive properties is still at its beginnings. The parameters used do not necessarily correspond directly to the phenomena actually perceived by the human eye. As part of this thesis work, the mobilization of expert knowledge through various sessions of free sorting and brainstorming on coated samples made it possible to highlight really perceptive texture descriptors. These descriptors have been the subject of "objective" evaluations by experienced observers. They thus made it possible to associate a quantitative evaluation scale with each descriptor. This stage of the present thesis work allowed the establishment of ground truth data materialized by a set of reference samples representing different ordered levels of a descriptor. These ground truth data were then used to design a set of measurable physical texture descriptors that were directly correlated to perceptual scales constructed in the previous step. In the procedure developed, the human eye has been replaced by a digital camera acting as a tristimulus integrator of radiometric information. The image acquisition phase was a decisive step in the process: it was necessary to reproduce the conditions of evaluation of the properties perceived, recognized and retained during the various stages using expert human observers. It was then possible to characterize the texture phenomena by image analysis and to correlate them with the values of the previously defined mean observer
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Bajaj, Manas. "Knowledge composition methodology for effective analysis problem formulation in simulation-based design." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26639.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Christiaan J. J. Paredis; Committee Co-Chair: Dr. Russell S. Peak; Committee Member: Dr. Charles Eastman; Committee Member: Dr. David McDowell; Committee Member: Dr. David Rosen; Committee Member: Dr. Steven J. Fenves. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Aggarwal, Ajay K. "On developing an expert system : a knowledge base for GP formulation and analysis /." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07132007-143148/.

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Kosek, Anna. "Ontology based knowledge formulation and an interpretation engine for intelligent devices in pervasive environments." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2011. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/6037.

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Ongoing device miniaturization makes it possible to manufacture very small devices; therefore more of them can be embedded in one space. Pervasive computing con- cepts, envisioning computers distributed in a space and hidden from users' sight, presented by Weiser in 1991 are becoming more realistic and feasible to implement. A technology supporting pervasive computing and Ambient Intelligence also needs to follow miniaturization. The Ambient Intelligence domain was mainly focused on supercomputers with large computation power and it is now moving towards smaller devices, with limited computation power, and takes inspiration from dis- tributed systems, ad-hoc networks and emergent computing. The ability to process knowledge, understand network protocols, adapt and learn is becoming a required capability from fairly small and energy-frugal devices. This research project con- sists of two main parts. The first part of the project has created a context aware generic knowledgebase interpretation engine that enables autonomous devices to pervasively manage smart spaces using Communicating Sequential Processes as the underlying design methodology. In the second part a knowledgebase containing all the information that is needed for a device to cooperate, make decisions and react was designed and constructed. The interpretation engine is designed to be suitable for devices from different vendors, as it enables semantic interoperability based on the use of ontologies. The knowledge, that the engine interprets, is drawn from an ontology and the model of the chosen ontology is fixed in the engine. This project has investigated, designed and built a prototype of the knowledge base interpretation engine. Functional testing was performed using a simulation implemented in JCSP. The implementation simulates many autonomous devices running in parallel, communicating using a broadcast-based protocol, self-organizing into sub-networks and reacting to users' requests. The main goal of the project was to design and investigate the knowledge interpretation engine, determine the number of functions that the engine performs, to enable hardware realisation, and investigate the knowledgebase represented with use of RDF triples and chosen ontology model. This project was undertaken in collaboration with NXP Semiconductor Research Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Mistry, Pritesh. "A Knowledge Based Approach of Toxicity Prediction for Drug Formulation. Modelling Drug Vehicle Relationships Using Soft Computing Techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14440.

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This multidisciplinary thesis is concerned with the prediction of drug formulations for the reduction of drug toxicity. Both scientific and computational approaches are utilised to make original contributions to the field of predictive toxicology. The first part of this thesis provides a detailed scientific discussion on all aspects of drug formulation and toxicity. Discussions are focused around the principal mechanisms of drug toxicity and how drug toxicity is studied and reported in the literature. Furthermore, a review of the current technologies available for formulating drugs for toxicity reduction is provided. Examples of studies reported in the literature that have used these technologies to reduce drug toxicity are also reported. The thesis also provides an overview of the computational approaches currently employed in the field of in silico predictive toxicology. This overview focuses on the machine learning approaches used to build predictive QSAR classification models, with examples discovered from the literature provided. Two methodologies have been developed as part of the main work of this thesis. The first is focused on use of directed bipartite graphs and Venn diagrams for the visualisation and extraction of drug-vehicle relationships from large un-curated datasets which show changes in the patterns of toxicity. These relationships can be rapidly extracted and visualised using the methodology proposed in chapter 4. The second methodology proposed, involves mining large datasets for the extraction of drug-vehicle toxicity data. The methodology uses an area-under-the-curve principle to make pairwise comparisons of vehicles which are classified according to the toxicity protection they offer, from which predictive classification models based on random forests and decisions trees are built. The results of this methodology are reported in chapter 6.
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Livieratos, Antonios. "Designing a strategy formulation process for new, technology-based firms : a knowledge-based approach, an action-research study." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA111030.

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Soliman, Iman. "The role of the public and knowledge management as determinants of environmental policy formulation in developing countries : the case of Egypt /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2003.

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Submitted to the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2003.
Adviser: William R. Moomaw. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 271-277). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Maus, Aaron. "Formulation of Hybrid Knowledge-Based/Molecular Mechanics Potentials for Protein Structure Refinement and a Novel Graph Theoretical Protein Structure Comparison and Analysis Technique." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2673.

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Proteins are the fundamental machinery that enables the functions of life. It is critical to understand them not just for basic biology, but also to enable medical advances. The field of protein structure prediction is concerned with developing computational techniques to predict protein structure and function from a protein’s amino acid sequence, encoded for directly in DNA, alone. Despite much progress since the first computational models in the late 1960’s, techniques for the prediction of protein structure still cannot reliably produce structures of high enough accuracy to enable desired applications such as rational drug design. Protein structure refinement is the process of modifying a predicted model of a protein to bring it closer to its native state. In this dissertation a protein structure refinement technique, that of potential energy minimization using hybrid molecular mechanics/knowledge based potential energy functions is examined in detail. The generation of the knowledge-based component is critically analyzed, and in the end, a potential that is a modest improvement over the original is presented. This dissertation also examines the task of protein structure comparison. In evaluating various protein structure prediction techniques, it is crucial to be able to compare produced models against known structures to understand how well the technique performs. A novel technique is proposed that allows an in-depth yet intuitive evaluation of the local similarities between protein structures. Based on a graph analysis of pairwise atomic distance similarities, multiple regions of structural similarity can be identified between structures independently of relative orientation. Multidomain structures can be evaluated and this technique can be combined with global measures of similarity such as the global distance test. This method of comparison is expected to have broad applications in rational drug design, the evolutionary study of protein structures, and in the analysis of the protein structure prediction effort.
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Books on the topic "Knowledge Formulation"

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Kadzamira, Esme C. Knowledge and policy formulation: Reducing gender inequities in education in sub Saharan Africa : Malawi case study, final report. [Zomba, Malawi]: University of Malawi, Centre for Educational Research and Training, 1997.

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1942-, Hollins Etta R., King Joyce Elaine 1947-, and Hayman Warren C. 1932-, eds. Teaching diverse populations: Formulating a knowledge base. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

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Cevelev, Aleksandr. Strategic development of railway transport logistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1194747.

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The monograph is devoted to the methodology of material and technical support of railway transport. According to the types of activities, the nature of the material and technical resources used, technologies, means and management systems, Russian railways belong to the category of high-tech industries that must have high quality and technical level, reliability and technological efficiency in operation. For this reason, the logistics system itself, both in structure and in the algorithm of the functions performed as a whole, needs a serious improvement in the quality of its work. The economic situation in Russia requires a revision of the principles and mechanisms of management based on the corporate model of supply chain management, focused on logistics knowledge. In the difficult economic conditions of the current decade, it is necessary to improve the quality of the supply organization of enterprises and structural divisions of railway transport, directly related to the implementation of the process approach, the advantage of which is a more detailed regulation of management actions and their mutual coordination. In order to increase the efficiency of its activities and develop the management system, Russian Railways is developing a lean production system aimed at further expanding the implementation of the principles of customer orientation, ideology and corporate culture. At the present time, the solution of many issues is impossible without a cybernetic approach to the formulation of problems of material and technical support and logistics analysis of information technologies, to the implementation of the developed algorithms and models of development strategies and concepts for improving the business processes of the production system. The management strategy, or the general plan for the implementation of activities for the management of material resources, is based on a fundamental assessment of the alignment and correlation of forces and factors operating in the economic and political field, taking into account the impact on the specific form of the management strategy. The materials will be useful to the heads and specialists of the directorates of the MTO, CDZs and can be used in the scientific research of bachelors, masters and postgraduates interested in the economics of railway transport and supply logistics.
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Odincov, Boris. Models and intelligent systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1060845.

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The monograph consists of three chapters, the first of which outlines the theoretical foundations of intelligent information systems. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the term "model" as the intended meaning depends on the understanding of the material. Introduces and examines the new concepts such as the associative and intuitive knowledge while in the creation of intellectual information systems are not used. The second Chapter contains the analysis of problems of development of artificial intelligence (AI), developed in two directions: classical and statistical. Discusses difficulties in the development of the classical approach, associated with identifying the meaning of words, phrases, text, and formulating thoughts. The analysis of problems arising in the play of imagination and insight, machine understanding of natural language texts, play, verbalization and reflection. The third Chapter contains examples of the development of intelligent information systems and technologies in practice of management of economic objects. Theoretical bases of construction of information robots designed to support the task hierarchy of the knowledge base and generating control regulations. The technology of their creation and application in the management of the business efficiency of enterprise business processes and its investment activities. Focused on researchers and developers, AI and intelligent information systems, as well as graduate students and faculty in related academic disciplines.
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The Utilization of demographic knowledge in policy formulation and planning. Liège, Belgium: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population, 1991.

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Lynch, David, and Richard Smith. Assessing and Reporting the Classroom Curriculum in the Knowledge Age. Primrose Hall: London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.53333/prhpg/280210.

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How does the effective teacher assess and report their classroom curriculum program? Building on the success of their previous book--- Designing the Classroom Curriculum in the Knowledge Age --- David Lynch and Richard Smith seek to answer this question by focusing their “teaching design” idea on classroom assessment and reporting. At the heart of their teaching design idea is the formulation of teaching strategies that enable all students to make the required learning gains. At its core, the book encourages the teacher to work towards becoming a different kind of teacher, a teacher who has a mindset attuned to the Knowledge Age and who embraces new knowledge sets that reflect research into effective teaching. More specifically, the book explores the theory and practice of “teaching design” from the perspective of assessment and reporting. The book examines these premises as context when assessing and reporting the classroom curriculum. A real how to assess and report book.
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Phillips, Katherine W., Michelle Duguid, Melissa Thomas-Hunt, and Jayaram Uparna. Diversity as Knowledge Exchange: The Roles of Information Processing, Expertise, and Status. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0009.

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As part of an effort to understand diversity’s influence on group processes and performance, some researchers have explored diversity from an information processing perspective. This perspective suggests that because individuals in heterogeneous groups have a broader range of knowledge, skills, and abilities than homogeneous groups, they will also have greater access to a variety of task-relevant information and expertise, which can enhance group decision making. This chapter summarizes the findings of empirical research from this perspective and extends the tenets of this perspective, acknowledging the limitations of the original formulation. Included in the review is research on minority and majority influence processes and the integration of expert knowledge in groups. Finally, the chapter integrates this new information processing view with work that focuses on the effect of status differences on the processing of information in diverse environments.
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Wallin, Martin W., Georg von Krogh, and Jan Henrik Sieg. A Problem in the Making: How Firms Formulate Sharable Problems for Open Innovation Contests. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0006.

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Crowdsourcing in the form of innovation contests stimulates knowledge creation external to the firm by distributing technical, innovation-related problems to external solvers and by proposing a fixed monetary reward for solutions. While prior work demonstrates that innovation contests can generate solutions of value to the firm, little is known about how problems are formulated for such contests. We investigate problem formulation in a multiple exploratory case study of seven firms and inductively develop a theoretical framework that explains the mechanisms of formulating sharable problems for innovation contests. The chapter contributes to the literatures on crowdsourcing and open innovation by providing a rare account of the intra-organizational implications of engaging in innovation contests and by providing initial clues to problem formulation—a critical antecedent to firms’ ability to leverage external sources of innovation.
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Jiménez-Molina, José Raúl, Luis Orlando Jiménez-Ardila, Elías Devia-Vega, and Ever José López-Cantero. Formulación de caso en Psicología Jurídica. Perspectiva penal. Edited by José Raúl Jiménez-Molina and Luis Orlando Jiménez-Ardila. Editorial Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/9789585133945.2022.

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The formulation of cases in legal psychology aims to establish, in a systematic and organised way, information on the psychological and behavioural aspects of people and groups who have judicial implications. This information, which is related to the mental state, personality, personal history, group interactions, relational dynamics, motivation, etc., is used to support the decisions of legal operators. Recently, case formulation has become a key method for the development of processes of systematisation, organisation, formulation and explanatory analysis of information within the psychological practice, especially for those who carry out their activities from the applied field of clinical psychology, as it is directly related to interventional procedures. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that the professional activity of a psychologist is not exclusively limited to the area of health, therefore their roles in other fields, such as that of legal-criminal psychology, also requires an orderly and schematic form which allows for more objective and ideographic interventions to be carried out. In accordance with the aforementioned, this investigation proposes a case formulation model for legal-criminal psychology based on the practical experience and on the theoretical and scientific knowledge of legal psychologists in the administration of the Colombian criminal justice system.
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Alshanetsky, Eli. Articulating a Thought. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785880.001.0001.

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The book examines how we make our thoughts clear to ourselves in the process of putting them into words. As philosophers and cognitive scientists have emphasized, articulating a thought can be astoundingly easy. We generally have no trouble expressing complex ideas that we have never considered before. But not always: a far less noted fact is that articulating a thought can sometimes be extremely hard. Our difficulties in articulating thoughts pervade many aspects of philosophical inquiry as well as many ordinary situations. We may face them in articulating an objection in a seminar, an insight into a movie, or a sudden realization about a friend. An important feature of these thoughts is that we often articulate them in order to find out what they are. In many cases, we would not bother articulating our thoughts if we already had this knowledge. Yet, when we find the right words, we can often immediately tell that they express our thought. So how do we manage to recognize the formulations of our thoughts, in the absence of prior knowledge of what we are thinking? And why is it that producing a public language formulation contributes in any way to the private undertaking of getting clear on our own thoughts?
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Book chapters on the topic "Knowledge Formulation"

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McCluskey, T. L., and R. M. Simpson. "Knowledge Formulation for AI Planning." In Engineering Knowledge in the Age of the Semantic Web, 449–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30202-5_30.

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Kabir, Mitt Nowshade. "Strategy, Strategy Formulation, and Business Models." In Knowledge-Based Social Entrepreneurship, 245–80. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-34809-8_8.

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Baston, Colm, and Venanzio Capretta. "The Coinductive Formulation of Common Knowledge." In Interactive Theorem Proving, 126–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94821-8_8.

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Bolisani, Ettore, and Constantin Bratianu. "Understanding the Future for Strategy Formulation." In Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning, 73–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60657-6_4.

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Wang, Chenggang, and Tze-Yun Leong. "Knowledge-based formulation of dynamic decision models." In PRICAI’98: Topics in Artificial Intelligence, 506–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0095296.

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Pailhès, Jérôme, Mohammed Sallaou, and Jean-Pierre Nadeau. "Knowledge Base Formulation for Aided Design Tool." In Advances in Integrated Design and Manufacturing in Mechanical Engineering II, 231–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6761-7_16.

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Binbasioglu, Meral, and Matthias Jarke. "Knowledge-Based Formulation of Linear Planning Models." In Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence in Decision Support Systems, 113–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3805-2_7.

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Bolisani, Ettore, and Constantin Bratianu. "Knowledge and Strategy Formulation in a Turbulent World." In Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning, 117–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60657-6_6.

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Nakata, Michinori. "Formulation of Division Operators in Fuzzy Relational Databases." In Knowledge Management in Fuzzy Databases, 144–56. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1865-9_9.

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Perera, Rivindu, and Parma Nand. "Interaction History Based Answer Formulation for Question Answering." In Knowledge Engineering and the Semantic Web, 128–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11716-4_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Knowledge Formulation"

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Ab. Rahima, Siti Sakinah. "Leveraging Strategic Knowledge And Strategic Competence For Strategy Formulation." In 13th Asian Academy of Management International Conference 2019. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.72.

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Kadir, Rabiah A., Aliyu Rufai Yauri, and Azreen Azman. "Automated Semantic Query Formulation for Document Retrieval." In 2018 Fourth International Conference on Information Retrieval and Knowledge Management (CAMP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infrkm.2018.8464786.

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Butdee, S. "Case-based formulation to knowledge capitalization for plastic injection mold design." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation & Technology. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmit.2010.5492863.

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Azzam, Hany, Sirvan Yahyaei, Marco Bonzanini, and Thomas Roelleke. "A schema-driven approach for knowledge-oriented retrieval and query formulation." In the Third International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2254736.2254746.

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Li, Yan, Jie Wang, Jieping Ye, and Chandan K. Reddy. "A Multi-Task Learning Formulation for Survival Analysis." In KDD '16: The 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939857.

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Radlovački, Katarina, Željko Ondrik, and Nemanja Stojković. "The influence of the external environment on the formulation of marketing strategy." In 4th International Scientific Conference: Knowledge based sustainable economic development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia et all, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2018.895.

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Jau, J., F. Kiamilev, Y. Fainman, S. Esener, and Sing H. Lee. "Optical eaxpert system based on matrix-algebraic formulation." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.tuw2.

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Conventional electronic expert systems are usually based on serial search from the knowledge base for the appropriate facts and rules to conclude a query. The application of those expert systems to solve symbolic logic problems has been limited due to the inefficiency of massive searches. We describe a new method to encode the knowledge base of facts and rules so that Al problems are more suitable to optical solutions. Facts with two arguments are encoded as binary matrices. Each matrix element defines whether the fact relating the arguments is true (1) or false (0). All rules are manipulated in matrix–algebraic formulation. Conclusions to a query are derived from the knowledge base by performing on a query vector a sequence of vector–matrix multiplication operations.
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Bajaj, Manas, Russell S. Peak, and Christiaan J. J. Paredis. "Knowledge Composition for Efficient Analysis Problem Formulation: Part 1 — Motivation and Requirements." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35049.

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In simulation-based design a key challenge is to formulate and solve analysis problems efficiently to evaluate a variety of design alternatives. Numerically solving analysis problems has benefited from advancements in commercial off-the-shelf mathematical solvers and computational capabilities. However, the formulation of analysis problems for a given set of design alternatives is still typically a laborious and costly process. In the scope of design alternatives with variable topology multi-body (VTMB) characteristics, these papers (Part 1 and Part 2) present research that addresses the following primary question: How can we improve the efficiency of the analysis problem formulation process for VTMB design alternatives? The objective of this paper (Part 1) is to identify requirements for a methodology that answers this. The methodology is formulates analysis problems for VTMB design alternatives based on decisions taken by analysts and independent of the solution method (such as finite element analysis) and the solver. This paper presents a gap analysis using an example VTMB problem and identifies key inadequacies in existing approaches for analysis problem formulation. Based on the gap analysis and technical background, we present five main requirements relating to (a) key drivers for efficiently creating analysis models; (b) abstracting and formalizing analysis knowledge for composing analysis models; and (c) automatically creating, reconfiguring and verifying analysis models.
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Matsumoto, Shimpei, Koji Okuhara, Nobuyuki Ueno, and Hiroaki Ishii. "Analysis and Formulation of Printing Process to Develop Knowledge-Based Scheduling Software." In 2008 3rd International Conference on Innovative Computing Information and Control. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicic.2008.157.

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Zhang, Jing, and Liuqi Ye. "Notice of Retraction: System Formulation of Knowledge Sharing and Exchange in the Organization." In 2010 International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmss.2010.5576722.

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Reports on the topic "Knowledge Formulation"

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Ndhlovu, Lewis. Quality of care in family planning service delivery in Kenya: Clients' and providers' perspectives. Population Council, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1995.1038.

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In recent years, the increasing number of organizations that have studied quality of care in international family planning (FP) programs demonstrates the importance the topic has acquired. To define quality of care in FP, the Bruce–Jain framework of six elements of care (choice of methods, information given to clients, technical competence, interpersonal relations, continuity and follow up, and appropriate constellation of services) have been used as the standard. However, what has been overlooked in this approach is the clients' perspectives of service quality. This study sought to narrow the gap in knowledge about the comparability and consistency in views between clients, providers, and researchers. Thus, this study’s main objective was to define the laypersons' and providers' dimensions of quality of care and compare them with the Bruce-Jain elements. The study was conducted in Kenya between July and September 1994. It was the first part of the Kenyan National Situation Analysis Study (conducted in 1995), and results will provide a guide in the methodology and formulation of the study instruments.
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Rogers, Katherine, Karina Lovell, Peter Bower, and Christopher Armitage. “What are Deaf sign language users’ experiences as patients in healthcare services?”: A scoping review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0102.

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Review question / Objective: A scoping review with specific reference to the context of Deaf populations, in relation to Deaf people’s experience of health and mental health services, including the use of a questionnaire regarding their experience as a patient, is needed in order to assess and synthesise the current knowledge. As this is an exploratory type of review drawing on qualitative as well as quantitative work, the PICo approach Population, (Phenomena of) Interest and Context, will guide the question formulation. Following the identification of the gap in the existing systematic reviews and scoping searches concerning patient experience and Deaf people’s experience of using healthcare services, the research question is as follows: “What are Deaf sign language users’ experiences as patients in healthcare services?”. Information sources: The bibliographic databases that will be searched for this review will includes PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Medline. Grey literature sources (e.g., policy, practice, and guideline documents), including contacting the relevant investigators working in the field of Deaf populations, will be searched for this review study. Forward citation sources, from the relevant reference lists, will also be searched to ensure the process is thorough.
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Rigotti, Christophe, and Mohand-Saïd Hacid. Representing and Reasoning on Conceptual Queries Over Image Databases. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.89.

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The problem of content management of multimedia data types (e.g., image, video, graphics) is becoming increasingly important with the development of advanced multimedia applications. Traditional database management systems are inadequate for the handling of such data types. They require new techniques for query formulation, retrieval, evaluation, and navigation. In this paper we develop a knowledge-based framework for modeling and retrieving image data by content. To represent the various aspects of an image object's characteristics, we propose a model which consists of three layers: (1) Feature and Content Layer, intended to contain image visual features such as contours, shapes,etc.; (2) Object Layer, which provides the (conceptual) content dimension of images; and (3) Schema Layer, which contains the structured abstractions of images, i.e., a general schema about the classes of objects represented in the object layer. We propose two abstract languages on the basis of description logics: one for describing knowledge of the object and schema layers, and the other, more expressive, for making queries. Queries can refer to the form dimension (i.e., information of the Feature and Content Layer) or to the content dimension (i.e., information of the Object Layer). These languages employ a variable free notation, and they are well suited for the design, verification and complexity analysis of algorithms. As the amount of information contained in the previous layers may be huge and operations performed at the Feature and Content Layer are time-consuming, resorting to the use of materialized views to process and optimize queries may be extremely useful. For that, we propose a formal framework for testing containment of a query in a view expressed in our query language. The algorithm we propose is sound and complete and relatively efficient.
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Rigotti, Christophe, and Mohand-Saïd Hacid. Representing and Reasoning on Conceptual Queries Over Image Databases. Aachen University of Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.89.

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The problem of content management of multimedia data types (e.g., image, video, graphics) is becoming increasingly important with the development of advanced multimedia applications. Traditional database management systems are inadequate for the handling of such data types. They require new techniques for query formulation, retrieval, evaluation, and navigation. In this paper we develop a knowledge-based framework for modeling and retrieving image data by content. To represent the various aspects of an image object's characteristics, we propose a model which consists of three layers: (1) Feature and Content Layer, intended to contain image visual features such as contours, shapes,etc.; (2) Object Layer, which provides the (conceptual) content dimension of images; and (3) Schema Layer, which contains the structured abstractions of images, i.e., a general schema about the classes of objects represented in the object layer. We propose two abstract languages on the basis of description logics: one for describing knowledge of the object and schema layers, and the other, more expressive, for making queries. Queries can refer to the form dimension (i.e., information of the Feature and Content Layer) or to the content dimension (i.e., information of the Object Layer). These languages employ a variable free notation, and they are well suited for the design, verification and complexity analysis of algorithms. As the amount of information contained in the previous layers may be huge and operations performed at the Feature and Content Layer are time-consuming, resorting to the use of materialized views to process and optimize queries may be extremely useful. For that, we propose a formal framework for testing containment of a query in a view expressed in our query language. The algorithm we propose is sound and complete and relatively efficient.
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Wendt-Lucas, Nicola, and Ana de Jesus. The Role of 5G in the Transition to a Digital and Green Economy in the Nordic and Baltic Countries: Analytic Report. Nordregio, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2023:7.1403-2503.

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The report provides an overview of the status of 5G roll-out and its industrial uptake in the Nordic-Baltic region. The aim is not only to present the roll-out status across the region but also to put these insights into a broader political and technological context. The report describes some of the most relevant testbeds and policy initiatives, provides examples of successful and promising use cases, and highlights existing strengths and ongoing challenges in the Nordic-Baltic region. Juxtaposing these against established goals emphasises areas for possible future cooperation and knowledge exchange between the Nordic and Baltic actors to encourage sustainable innovation and competitiveness across the region. The report reveals notable variations in the progress of 5G coverage among the Nordic-Baltic countries. Denmark and Finland have made significant strides and surpassed the European Union average regarding 5G coverage, while other countries still face challenges in catching up. Despite the presence of numerous 5G activities, such as testbeds and innovation hubs, a considerable number of initiatives remain in the testing and prototyping stage. The report indicates that the full potential of 5G for innovation and competitiveness in the Nordic-Baltic region has yet to be fully realised. With the accelerated digitalisation brought by 5G, the importance of cyber security considerations increases. As 5G networks increase electricity demand, it is essential to consider the environmental footprint and societal effects of their rollout. While 5G has immense potential, it necessitates significant adjustments in various areas, including network infrastructure, systems, applications, data ethics, privacy, and workforce implications. Challenges related to social inclusion further underscore the importance of cooperation and synergy across the region. The report highlights the need for increased knowledge exchange, the formulation of common roadmaps, and the establishment of guidelines to promote harmonised 5G deployment. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders are crucial for maximising the benefits of 5G technology in the Nordic and Baltic countries.
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Harpaz, Sheenan, Steven G. Hughes, and Pinhas Lindner. Optimization of Diet for Post Larvel/Juvenile Sea Bass and Hybrid Stripped Bass Based on Enzymatic Profiles of their Digestive Tracts. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604924.bard.

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The overall goal of this research work was to identify the main proteolytic activities which take place in the digestive tracts of young bass fish, and use the knowledge acquired in order to improve feed protein utilization in juvenile fish based on their digestive capacity. The results of the work clearly showed that the young fish possess the entire profile of proteolytic enzymes which is found in adult fish. Yet, in the young fish the level of activity is substantially lower per gram tissue (or gram protein) as compared with the activity found in the digestive tracts of the same fish at an older (larger) age. In addition it was found that the main proteolytic enzyme in these fish is chymotrypsin which accounts for almost 80% of the proteolytic activity. An effort aimed at enhancing this activity has lead to the interesting finding that alcohol substantially enhances the proteolytic activity of fish intestines. Fish intestinal homogenates were used in order to evaluate the suitability of various feeds for the fish. Potential feed proteins were subjected to the proteolytic activity of the fish enzymes in vitro, in a manner simulating the natural process. The proteolytic activity was monitored by the valuation of the products, i.e. amino acid released. This method has proven to be a powerful tool which enables us to predict with a very high degree of accuracy the potential of a feed to promote growth. Selection of feed based on the proteolytic capacity of the fish degestive tracts can now be implemented in feed formulation, as anticipated in the original research proposal.
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Motel-Klingebiel, Andreas, and Gerhard Naegele. Exclusion and inequality in late working life in the political context of the EU. Linköping University Electronic Press, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789179293215.

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European societies need to increase the participation in work over the life course to support the provision of qualified labour and to meet the challenges for social security systems under the condition of their ageing populations. One of the key ambitions is to extend people’s working lives and to postpone labour market exit and retirement where possible. This requires informed policies, and the research programme EIWO – ‘Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life: Evidence for Policy Innovation towards Inclusive Extended Work and Sustainable Working Conditions in Sweden and Europe’ – aims to push the boundaries of knowledge about late working life and the potential of its inclusive and equal prolongation via a theoretically driven, gender-sensitive combination of multi-level perspectives. EIWO takes a life course approach on exclusion and inequality by security of tenure, quality of work, workplaces, and their consequences. It identifies life course policies, promoting lifelong learning processes and flexible adaptation to prolong working lives and to avoid increased exclusion and inequality. Moreover, it provides evidence for policies to ensure both individual, company and societal benefits from longer lives. To do so, EIWO orientates its analyses systematically to the macro-political contexts at the European Union level and to the policy goals expressed in the respective official statements, reports and plans. This report systematizes this ambitious approach. Relevant documents such as reports, green books and other publications of the European Commission (EC), the European Parliament (EP), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as well as those of social partners and research institutions, have been systematically scanned and evaluated. In addition, relevant decisions of European summits have been considered. The selection of documents claims completeness regarding relevant and generally available publication, while relevance is defined from the point of view of EIWO’s interests. It is the aim of this report to provide a sound knowledge base for EIWO’s analyses and impact strategies and to contribute to the emerging research on the connection between population ageing and the European policies towards productivity, inclusiveness, equity, resilience and sustainability. This report aims to answer the following questions: How are EIWO’s conceptual classification and programme objectives reflected in the European Union’s policy programming? How can EIWO’s analyses and impact benefit from a reference to current EU policy considerations, and how does this focus support the outline of policy options and the formulating of possible proposals to Swedish and European stakeholders? The present report was written during early 2022; analyses were finalized in February 2022 and represent the status until this date.
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Bajwa, Abdullah, and Timothy Jacobs. PR-457-17201-R02 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured Engine Parameters. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011558.

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Gas exchange processes in two-stroke internal combustion engines, commonly referred to as scavenging, are responsible for removing the exhaust gases in the combustion chamber and preparing the combustible fuel-oxidizer mixture that undergoes combustion and converts the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical work. Scavenging is a complicated phenomenon because of the simultaneous introduction of fresh gases into the engine cylinder through the intake ports, and the expulsion of combustion products from the previous cycles through the exhaust ports. A non-negligible fraction of the gaseous mixture that is trapped in the cylinder at the conclusion of scavenging is composed of residual gases from the previous cycle. This can cause significant changes to the combustion characteristics of the mixture by changing its composition and temperature, i.e. its thermodynamic state. Thus, it is vital to have accurate knowledge of the thermodynamic state of the post-scavenging mixture to be able to reliably predict and control engine performance, efficiency and emissions. Two tools for estimating the trapped mixture state - a simple scavenging model and empirical correlations - were developed in this study. Unfortunately, it is not practical to directly measure the trapped residual fraction for engines operating in the field. To overcome this handicap, simple scavenging models or correlations, which estimate this fraction based on some economically measurable engine parameters, can be developed. This report summarizes the results of event-II of a multi-event project that aims to develop such mathematical formulations for stationary two-stroke natural gas engines using data from more advanced models and experimentation. In this event, results from a GT-Power based model for an Ajax E-565 single-cylinder engine are used to develop a three-event single zone scavenging model and empirical correlations. Both of these mathematical devices produce accurate estimates of the trapped mixture state. The estimates are compared to GT-Power results. In the next event of the project, these results will be validated using experimental data. Various steps followed in the development of the model have been discussed in this report, and at the end some results and recommendations for the next event of the project have been presented.
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Tsidylo, Ivan M., Serhiy O. Semerikov, Tetiana I. Gargula, Hanna V. Solonetska, Yaroslav P. Zamora, and Andrey V. Pikilnyak. Simulation of intellectual system for evaluation of multilevel test tasks on the basis of fuzzy logic. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4370.

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The article describes the stages of modeling an intelligent system for evaluating multilevel test tasks based on fuzzy logic in the MATLAB application package, namely the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. The analysis of existing approaches to fuzzy assessment of test methods, their advantages and disadvantages is given. The considered methods for assessing students are presented in the general case by two methods: using fuzzy sets and corresponding membership functions; fuzzy estimation method and generalized fuzzy estimation method. In the present work, the Sugeno production model is used as the closest to the natural language. This closeness allows for closer interaction with a subject area expert and build well-understood, easily interpreted inference systems. The structure of a fuzzy system, functions and mechanisms of model building are described. The system is presented in the form of a block diagram of fuzzy logical nodes and consists of four input variables, corresponding to the levels of knowledge assimilation and one initial one. The surface of the response of a fuzzy system reflects the dependence of the final grade on the level of difficulty of the task and the degree of correctness of the task. The structure and functions of the fuzzy system are indicated. The modeled in this way intelligent system for assessing multilevel test tasks based on fuzzy logic makes it possible to take into account the fuzzy characteristics of the test: the level of difficulty of the task, which can be assessed as “easy”, “average", “above average”, “difficult”; the degree of correctness of the task, which can be assessed as “correct”, “partially correct”, “rather correct”, “incorrect”; time allotted for the execution of a test task or test, which can be assessed as “short”, “medium”, “long”, “very long”; the percentage of correctly completed tasks, which can be assessed as “small”, “medium”, “large”, “very large”; the final mark for the test, which can be assessed as “poor”, “satisfactory”, “good”, “excellent”, which are included in the assessment. This approach ensures the maximum consideration of answers to questions of all levels of complexity by formulating a base of inference rules and selection of weighting coefficients when deriving the final estimate. The robustness of the system is achieved by using Gaussian membership functions. The testing of the controller on the test sample brings the functional suitability of the developed model.
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Wolf, Eva. Chemikalienmanagement in der textilen Lieferkette. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627987.

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The World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002 set the goal of minimising the adverse impacts of chemicals and waste by 2020. This goal has not been achieved yet. Therefore, other approaches are needed to prevent, minimise, or replace harmful substances. One possible approach is this master thesis which deals with the challenges that the textile importer DELTEX is facing with regard to a transparent communication of chemicals used and contained in the product in its supply chain. DELTEX is bound by legal regulations and requirements of its customer and must ensure that there are no harmful substances in the garments. For each order, the customer requires a chemical inventory from DELTEX which contains the chemical substances and formulations used (so-called "order-wise chemical inventory"). Currently, the suppliers are not willing to pass this on to DELTEX. As a result, DELTEX is faced with the problem of having no knowledge of the materials used in the garments and is thus taking a high risk. The structure of this study is based on the transdisciplinary "delta analysis" of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt. This compares the target state with the actual state and derives a delta from the difference. Based on this, suitable design options are to be developed to close the delta. The study defines the target state on the basis of normative requirements and derives three criteria from this, which can be used to measure design options. By means of guideline-based interviews with experts, an online survey and literature research, it examines the current state. The analysis shows that the relevant actors are in an unfavourable incentive and barrier situation. The textile supply chain can be seen as a complex construct in which a whole series of production sites (often in developing and emerging countries where corruption and low environmental standards exist) carry out many processing steps. Chemicals are used at almost all stages of processing, some of which have harmful effects on people and the environment. At the same time, factory workers in the production countries are under enormous price and time pressure and often have insufficient know-how about chemical processes. DELTEX is dependent on its main customer and therefore has little room for price negotiations. To close this delta, the study formulates design options on macro, meso and micro levels and measures them against the developed criteria. None of the measures completely meets all the criteria, which is why a residual delta remains. The study concludes that not one, but rather a combination of several design options at all levels can achieve the target state. For DELTEX, an alliance with other textile importers, membership in the Fair Wear Foundation, strengthening the relationship with its suppliers and cooperation with another customer are recommended. Furthermore, the use of material data tools that support proactive reporting approaches such as a Full Material Declaration is recommended. The study is carried out from the perspective of the textile importer DELTEX. The results can therefore only be applied to the entire textile supply chain to a limited extent.
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