Journal articles on the topic 'Knee – Mechanical properties'
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Kwak, Dai-Soon, Yong-Seok Nam, Taek Yul Oh, and Seung-Ho Han. "P-09 THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TRABECULAR BONE IN KNEE JOINT." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2007.3 (2007): S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2007.3.s97.
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Yamamoto, Sota, Akinori Saito, Masaki Kabayama, Kei Nagasaka, Koji Mizuno, and Eiichi Tanaka. "OS07W0226 Experimental study of dynamic mechanical properties of rabbit knee ligaments." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _OS07W0226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._os07w0226.
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Huang, Rongying, Yanqiang Liu, and Jun Zhu. "Kinematics and Mechanical Properties of Knees following Patellar Replacing and Patellar Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/391450.
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Knee injury is a common medical issue. A full understanding of the kinematics and mechanical properties of knees following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) repair utilizing patellar replacement (only the base of the patella is replaced) versus patellar retaining surgical techniques is still lacking. In the current paper, we investigated magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data from knees repaired by these two methods and evaluated total knee models created using imaging reconstruction technology that simulated gait conditions. Results revealed that patellar replacement had little influence on tibiofemoral kinematics, although the tibia-surface equivalent stress increased slightly. By contrast, patellar replacement had a significant influence on the patellofemoral joint; patellar internal rotation, external rotation, and medial-lateral translation were all increased. Moreover, the stress distribution on patellar prostheses was altered, resulting in an increased surface maximal equivalent stress on the corresponding area. Moreover, during the gait cycle, we found that the area with maximal equivalent stress shifted its position. Finally, the patellofemoral joint showed decreased motion stability. From the view of kinematics and mechanics, this paper suggests that patella should be retained during TKA if it is possible. The present study presented approaches and technologies for evaluating kinematics and mechanical properties of total knee joint after TKA under gait loads.
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LaPrade, Robert F., Timothy S. Bollom, Fred A. Wentorf, Nicholas J. Wills, and Keith Meister. "Mechanical Properties of the Posterolateral Structures of the Knee." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2005): 1386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504274143.
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Background The individual biomechanical strength properties of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon have not been well elucidated by previous studies. To define the necessary strength requirements for a posterolateral knee reconstruction, these properties for the main individual structures of the posterolateral knee need to be defined. Hypothesis The biomechanical failure properties of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon can be determined by cadaveric testing. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Each structure was individually isolated in 8 fresh-frozen, nonpaired cadaveric knees and loaded to failure at more than 100%/s. Results The mean ultimate tensile strength of the fibular collateral ligament was 295 N, the popliteofibular ligament was 298 N, and the popliteus tendon was 700 N. The mean cross-sectional areas of these same structures at their midpoints were 11.9 mm2, 17.1 mm2, and 21.9 mm2, respectively. Although the stiffness of the fibular collateral ligament (33.5 N/m) was similar to that of the popliteofibular ligament (28.6 N/m), the popliteus tendon was significantly stiffer than both (83.7 N/m). Conclusion The popliteofibular ligament, fibular collateral ligament, and popliteus tendon can resist fairly large loads before failure. Knowledge of the strengths of the main native posterolateral knee stabilizers will assist with reconstructive graft choices for these structures.
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Strickland, Sabrina M., Thomas W. Belknap, Simon A. Turner, Timothy M. Wright, and Jo A. Hannafin. "Lack of Hormonal Influences on Mechanical Properties of Sheep Knee Ligaments." American Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 2 (March 2003): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310020901.
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Background: The number of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes exceeds that in male athletes at similar competitive levels. This difference has been attributed by some authors to hormone-mediated alteration in knee laxity in women. Hypothesis: Sheep anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament strength and stiffness are not altered by administration for 6 months of estrogen or a selective estrogen receptor agonist (raloxifene). Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Thirty-eight mature ewes were divided into five groups: sham operation (N = 6), ovariectomy (N = 9), ovariectomy and estradiol implant (N = 7), low-dose raloxifene (N = 9), and high-dose raloxifene (N = 7). After 6 months, the animals were sacrificed and ligaments were tested along with those from five rams’ knees. Results: No differences were found between treatment groups for maximum force, stiffness, energy to failure, or failure site. The ultimate stress of the rams’ anterior cruciate ligaments was significantly higher than that of the ewes. Conclusions: Estrogen and estrogen receptor agonists at physiologic levels do not lead to decreased knee ligament strength. Clinical Relevance: The female hormonal milieu may not be responsible for the increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes compared with their male counterparts.
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Warden, Stuart J., Leanne K. Saxon, Alesha B. Castillo, and Charles H. Turner. "Knee ligament mechanical properties are not influenced by estrogen or its receptors." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 290, no. 5 (May 2006): E1034—E1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00367.2005.
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Women are at greater risk of tearing their knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than men participating in similar athletic activities. There is currently no conclusive explanation for this disparity; however, as ACL injuries in women have been linked with estrogen fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, one hypothesis is that estrogen has a direct detrimental effect on knee ligament mechanical properties. This study investigated the influence of estrogen and its receptors (ERα and ERβ) on knee ligament mechanical properties. This was achieved by testing the viscoelastic and tensile mechanical properties of knee medial collateral ligaments (MCL) and ACLs from: 1) male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with either estrogen (17α-ethynylestradiol; 0.03 mg/kg) or an ERα-specific agonist (propyl pyrazole triol; 2 mg/kg), and 2) female mice with a null mutation of the gene encoding for ERβ. Estrogen treatment had no significant effects on the viscoelastic or tensile mechanical properties of the rat MCL or ACL. Similarly, pharmacological stimulation of ERα using a selective agonist in rats and genetic modulation of ERβ by null mutation of its gene in mice did not influence MCL or ACL properties. These data indicate that estrogen does not have a major direct effect on ligament mechanical properties. Energies for the prevention of the disproportionately high rate of knee ligament injuries in women may be better spent focusing on more established and modifiable risk factors, such as abnormalities in neuromuscular control about the knee.
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Kubo, Keitaro, Toshihiro Ikebukuro, Hideaki Yata, Minoru Tomita, and Masaji Okada. "Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Muscle and Tendon in Highly Trained Sprinters." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 27, no. 4 (November 2011): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.4.336.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle and tendon properties in highly trained sprinters and their relations to running performance. Fifteen sprinters and 15 untrained subjects participated in this study. Muscle thickness and tendon stiffness of knee extensors and plantar flexors were measured. Sprinter muscle thickness was significantly greater than that of the untrained subjects for plantar flexors, but not for knee extensors (except for the medial side). Sprinter tendon stiffness was significantly lower than that of the untrained subjects for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. The best official record of a 100-m race was significantly correlated to the muscle thickness of the medial side for knee extensors. In conclusion, the tendon structures of highly trained sprinters are more compliant than those of untrained subjects for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. Furthermore, a thicker medial side of knee extensors was associated with greater sprinting performance.
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Sanchez, Mark, Anshal Gupta, Matt Rohde, Hunter Storaci, Seth Sherman, Ted Ganley, and Kevin Shea. "Mechanical Properties of Pediatric Knee Ligaments and The Iliotibial Band." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl2 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00409.
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Background: Substantial research about the mechanical properties of adult knee ligaments exists, but comparatively little is known about the pediatric knee. Choosing a graft for ligament reconstruction in pediatric patients is limited by the lack of knowledge of the mechanical properties of those ligaments and potential graft options in the skeletally immature. Purpose: Describe the mechanical properties of the ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL, and iliotibial band (ITB) in pediatric patients. Methods: Skeletally immature fresh frozen whole knees from 18 human cadavers (mean specimen age = 10.4 years) were thawed and the ligaments grossly dissected with bone block attachments intact, and length, width, and thickness were measured. Specimens were tested as a single unit (for those containing multiple bundles) and hydrated throughout testing. Each specimen was secured in an MTS machine and underwent a tensile loading protocol to measure ultimate tensile strength, ultimate tensile strain, and linear modulus. Results: Under testing, the ACL exhibited ultimate tensile strength (8.7 +/- 4.1 MPa), ultimate tensile strain (54.4 +/- 20.8%), and linear modulus (31.0 +/- 22.8 MPa) that were similar to the PCL (9.8 +/- 6.6 MPa, 48.6 +/- 22.1%, and 47.9 +/- 53.5 MPa, respectively). The LCL ultimate tensile strength was 18.7 +/- 6.5 MPa, ultimate tensile strain was 57.2 +/- 22.2%, and linear modulus was 68.7 +/- 50.8 MPa, compared to the MCL (19.5 +/- 13.9 MPa, 38.9 +/- 15.7%, and 93.3 +/- 75.1 MPa, respectively). Finally, the ITB demonstrated an ultimate tensile strength of 11.8 +/- 4.4 MPa, ultimate tensile strain of 42.6 +/- 14.9%, and linear modulus of 55.5 +/- 27.7 MPa. Conclusion: The ITB demonstrated greater ultimate tensile strength and a higher linear modulus than the ACL and PCL, with a lower ultimate tensile strain. Conversely, the ITB demonstrated lower values for ultimate tensile strength and linear modulus than the LCL and MCL. The ITB may serve as a reasonable substitute for native ACL and PCL reconstruction due to similar ultimate tensile strengths. The ITB may be less well-suited to reconstruct the LCL and MCL due to more significant differences in ultimate tensile strength. [Table: see text][Figure: see text]
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Cho, Ho-Jung, and Dai-Soon Kwak. "Mechanical Properties and Characteristics of the Anterolateral and Collateral Ligaments of the Knee." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 6266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186266.
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Biomechanical studies assessing the major knee ligaments, such as the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL), have been conducted using various methodologies. However, despite the anterolateral ligament (ALL) being regarded as the important ligament for the stability of the knee, a lack of biomechanical research focusing on the ALL exists to date. Moreover, studies assessing the relative mechanical properties of each ligament of the knee are insufficient. Therefore, this study examined the mechanical properties of the ALL, MCL, and LCL and considered the relative differences between these ligaments. Twenty-one fresh cadaver knees were chosen to investigate the mechanical properties. The width, thickness, and length were measured. The stiffness, ultimate load, and elastic modulus were also tested. The MCL showed the greatest ultimate load (498.5 N) and the highest stiffness (71.97 N/mm), and the ALL presented the smallest ultimate load (146.64 N) and lowest stiffness (42.62 N/mm). Meanwhile, the LCL was second concerning the ultimate load (263.22 N) and stiffness (69.70 N/mm). The elastic modulus of the LCL (493.86 MPa) was greater than those of both the MCL and ALL (326.75 MPa and 345.27 MPa, respectively). There was no difference between the sides according to the different properties of all the ligaments. A sex difference was apparent only concerning the ultimate load for all the ligaments. Each ligament showed similar stiffness irrespective of its size; for this reason, stiffness should be considered initially and while conducting biomechanical simulations of these ligaments.
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Castile, Ryan, Spencer Lake, Robert Brophy, and Ronak Patel. "Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Anterolateral Ligament (ALL) of the Knee." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (July 1, 2020): 2325967120S0044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00442.
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Objectives: The anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee has recently emerged as a potential contributor to rotational stability of the knee, with growing interest in ALL reconstruction as a supplement to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The prevalence of the ALL in the knee has varied in anatomic dissection and imaging studies, raising questions about its importance as a knee stabilizer. The purpose of this study was to assess the microstructural and mechanical properties of the anterolateral knee, to better understand the ALL structure compared to the surrounding anterolateral capsule (ALC) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). A polarized light imaging technique was used to quantify collagen fiber alignment simultaneously with measurement of tensile mechanical properties. Our primary hypothesis was that there is no difference in the microstructural and mechanical properties between the ALL and ALC. Our secondary hypothesis was that the properties of the LCL are different from the ALL and ALC. Methods: Twenty-five knee specimens from sixteen donors (five males, eleven females; mean age 45.6 +/- 6.4; age range 35-59 years; mean BMI 26.5 +/- 8.4) were obtained as determined by a priori power analysis. The anatomic technique to dissect the anterolateral knee structures was performed as described previously. Three tissue samples (LCL, ALL, and ALC) were harvested (Fig. 1). The ALL was taken as a quadrilateral piece of tissue starting posterior/proximal from the lateral femoral epicondyle and ending at the lateral border of Gerdy’s tubercle. During gross dissection, the knee was assessed for the presence or absence of a distinct visible and palpable structure within the area defined as the ALL. Harvested samples were thinned to approximately 1-mm thick using a freezing-stage sliding microtome. Cross-sectional area was measured using a 3D laser scanning system. Four 0.8-mm diameter aluminum beads were attached to the sample surface to enable strain measurement. Mechanical testing was performed with preconditioning followed by both a stress-relaxation test and a quasi-static ramp to failure. Microstructural analysis was performed using transmitted circularly-polarized incident light and a high-resolution, division-of-focal-plane polarization camera. The average degree of linear polarization (AVG DoLP; i.e., mean strength of collagen alignment) and standard deviation of the angle of polarization (STD AoP; i.e., degree of variation in collagen angle orientation) were calculated for the region of interest of each sample. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test (assuming nonparametric data) with Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. Results: Mechanical analysis of elastic moduli for the toe- and linear-region of the stress-strain curves showed no difference between the ALL and ALC but were significantly higher for the LCL (p<0.0001; Fig. 2). Microstructural analysis of the ALL and ALC during quasi-static ramp to failure showed no difference in AVG DoLP and STD AoP values at all strain levels (Fig. 3). Larger DoLP values (i.e., stronger collagen fiber alignment) were observed for the LCL than both the ALL and ALC (p<0.0001). Larger STD AoP values (i.e., more variation in collagen orientation) were observed for the ALL and ALC compared to the LCL (p<0.0001; Fig. 3). When looking at correlations between mechanical and microstructural properties (Fig. 4), we found clustering of the LCL data points at high linear modulus and AVG DoLP while the ALL and ALC data points were clustered together. Similarly, we found clustering of the LCL at high linear modulus and low STD AoP while the ALL and ALC were clustered together. Only three of 25 knee specimens (12%) were observed to have a distinct, ligamentous structure in the region of the ALL. Interestingly, these distinct ALL samples (outlined in black on figures) showed relatively larger elastic moduli, higher AVG DoLP, and lower STD AoP (i.e., uniform and organized collagen alignment) across the stress-strain curve compared to samples harvested from knees without a distinct ALL. The distinct ALL tissues were also seen clustered near the LCL data points in the correlation plots. Conclusions: Overall, there were no differences in the mechanical and microstructural properties between the ALL and ALC, while the LCL demonstrated different properties compared to both the ALL and ALC. Both the ALC and ALL show significantly weaker collagen fiber alignment and more variation in the direction of collagen fiber alignment compared to the LCL. These findings suggest that the ALL has similar properties to capsule (i.e., ALC). However, when a distinct ALL was present at dissection (12%), the data indicates stronger and more uniform collagen alignment suggestive of more ligament-type qualities. Further research is needed to more precisely define the prevalence and properties of distinct ALLs in the knee.
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Coluccino, Luca, Chiara Peres, Riccardo Gottardi, Paolo Bianchini, Alberto Diaspro, and Luca Ceseracciu. "Anisotropy in the Viscoelastic Response of Knee Meniscus Cartilage." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 15, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000319.
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Background The knee meniscus is instrumental to stability, shock absorption, load transmission and stress distribution within the knee joint. Such functions are mechanically demanding, and replacement constructs used in meniscus repair often fail because of a poor match with the surrounding tissue. This study focused on the native structure–mechanics relationships and on their anisotropic behavior in meniscus, to define the target biomechanical viscoelastic properties required by scaffolds upon loading. Methods To show regional orientation of the collagen fibers and their viscoelastic behavior, bovine lateral menisci were characterized by second harmonic generation microscopy and through time-dependent mechanical tests. Furthermore, their dynamic viscoelastic response was analyzed over a wide range of frequencies. Results and conclusions Multilevel characterization aims to expand the biomimetic approach from the structure itself, to include the mechanical characteristics that give the meniscus its peculiar properties, thus providing tools for the design of novel, effective scaffolds. An example of modeling of anisotropic open-cell porous material tailored to fulfill the measured requirements is presented, leading to a definition of additional parameters for a better understanding of the load transmission mechanism and for better scaffold functionality.
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WANG, SHILEI, LILAN GAO, CHUNQIU ZHANG, YANG SONG, XIZHENG ZHANG, and TONGTONG GUO. "STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TOTAL KNEE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE UNDER DIFFERENT LOADING RATES." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 19, no. 04 (June 2019): 1950016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519419500167.
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Knee joint is the main weight bearing tissue of human body, also it is one of the prone parts of the clinical disease. Under different sports conditions, knee joint was loaded at different forms. In this study, the changes of average contact pressure, peak contact pressure, contact area and pressure-sharing regions were researched using the intact and defect pig knee joints under different loading rates and loads, including fast rates and large loads. These data were measured and recorded by usage of the sensor plate that placed between the unilateral meniscus and the femur cartilage during loading process. As for the intact cartilage samples, the average contact pressure and peak contact pressure of the femur cartilage increase with the loading rate, while the contact area is contrast to it. As for defect cartilage samples, it not only emerged stress concentration on the edge of the defect and pressure distribution in joint cavity was different with intact cartilage samples, but also the main bearing region was transferred from the femur cartilage-meniscus contact area to the femur cartilage-tibial cartilage contact area at different loading forms. In different loading stages, the pressure-sharing regions between the cartilage and the meniscus also changes. Different loading rates, different loads and defects will change the mechanical states of the knee joint. In loading forms, the mechanical condition may cause or aggravate damnification of the knee joint cartilage. Therefore, this study is beneficial for promoting and perfecting the research of mechanical properties of knee joint cartilage and provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of knee cartilage injury.
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Patel, Ronak M., Ryan M. Castile, Matthew J. Jenkins, Spencer P. Lake, and Robert H. Brophy. "Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520974381.
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Background: The variable anatomy and controversy of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) reflect the complex relationship among the anterolateral knee structures. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to quantify the microstructural and mechanical properties of the ALL as compared with the anterolateral capsule (ALC) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). The primary hypotheses were that (1) there is no difference in these properties between the ALL and ALC and (2) the LCL has significantly different properties from the ALL and ALC. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The LCL, ALL, and ALC were harvested from 25 cadaveric knees. Mechanical testing and microstructural analyses were performed using quantitative polarized light imaging. The average degree of linear polarization (AVG DoLP; mean strength of collagen alignment) and standard deviation of the angle of polarization (STD AoP; degree of variation in collagen angle orientation) were calculated. Results: Linear region moduli were not different between the ALC and ALL (3.75 vs 3.66 MPa, respectively; P > .99). AVG DoLP values were not different between the ALC and ALL in the linear region (0.10 vs 0.10; P > .99). Similarly, STD AoP values were not different between the ALC and ALL (24.2 vs 21.7; P > .99). The LCL had larger modulus, larger AVG DoLP, and smaller STD AoP values than the ALL and ALC. Of 25 knee specimens, 3 were observed to have a distinct ALL, which exhibited larger modulus, larger AVG DoLP, and smaller STD AoP values as compared with nondistinct ALL samples. Conclusion: There were no differences in the mechanical and microstructural properties between the ALL and ALC. The ALC and ALL exhibited comparably weak and disperse collagen alignment. However, when a distinct ALL was present, the properties were suggestive of a ligamentous structure. Clinical Relevance: The properties of the ALL are similar to those of a ligament only when a distinct ALL is present, but otherwise, for the majority of specimens, ALL properties are closer to those of the capsule. Variability in the ligamentous structure of the ALL suggests that it may be more important in some patients than others and reconstruction may be considered in selective patients. Further study is needed to better understand its selective role and optimal indications for reconstruction.
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Chang, A. H., S. Lee, H. Zhao, Y. Ren, and L. Q. Zhang. "140 KNEE VARUS AND VALGUS NEURO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN PERSONS WITH MEDIAL KNEE OA." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (October 2010): S69—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1063-4584(10)60167-7.
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Karpiński, Robert, Łukasz Jaworski, Józef Jonak, and Przemysław Krakowski. "Stress distribution in the knee joint in relation to tibiofemoral angle using the finite element method." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 07007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925207007.
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The article presents the results of a preliminary study on the structural analysis of the knee joint, considering changes in the mechanical properties of the articular cartilage of the joint. Studies have been made due to the need to determine the tension distribution occurring in the cartilage of the human knee. This distribution could be the starting point for designing custom made human knee prosthesis. Basic anatomy, biomechanical analysis of the knee joint and articular cartilage was introduced. Based on a series of computed tomography [CT] scans, the 3D model of human knee joint was reverse-engineered, processed and exported to CAD software. The static mechanical analysis of the knee joint model was conducted using the finite element method [FEM], in three different values of tibiofemoral angle and with varying mechanical properties of the cartilage tissue. Main conclusions of the study are: the capability to absorb loads by articular cartilage of the knee joint is preliminary determined as decreasing with increasing degenerations of the cartilage and with age of a patient. Without further information on changes of cartilage’s mechanical parameters in time it is hard to determine the nature of relation between mentioned capability and these parameters.
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Wu, Jianan, Zhihui Qian, Ruixia Xu, Jing Liu, Luquan Ren, and Lei Ren. "Association Between Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis and Mechanical Properties of Soft Tissue Around Knee Joint." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 14599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3050776.
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Sekikawa, S., S. Sugano, and S. Yamamoto. "Relationship between the mechanical properties of knee joints of above-knee prostheses and amputee gait." Gait & Posture 3, no. 4 (December 1995): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0966-6362(96)82865-7.
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Rashid, Balsam Muqdad, Sadiq Jaafar Hamandi, and Eman Ghadban Khalil. "Measurement of Cartilage Deformation in Intact Knee Joints under Compressive Loading." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 25, no. 1 (April 3, 2022): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes.25010044.
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Many joints in the body depend on cartilage for their mechanical function. Since cartilage lacks the ability to self-heal when injured, treatments and replacements for damaged cartilage have been created in recent decades. The mechanical tests had an important role in the treatment and designing of the replaced cartilage. There are two types of cartilages in the knees: fibrocartilage (the meniscus, it is a special type of cartilage) and hyaline cartilage. Its mechanical properties are important because structural failure of cartilage is closely related with joint disorders. This study aimed to determine the stress-strain curve to give broader understanding of the material’s properties. The results of this study could help to develop computational models for evaluating mechanics of knee joint, predicting possible failure locations and disease progression in joints.The study involved two specimens taken from bovine, the first was the articular cartilage with subchondral bone and the second was the meniscus cartilage each one loaded on a compressive testing machine to compute the displacement, and the force applied, enabling the calculation of the stress-strain curve of the material.Specimen failure occurred in the articular cartilage surface at a force break of 73.8N and get force peak about 87.2 N. The meniscus cartilage failure had occurred at a force break of 29.2 N and get force peak about 34.9 N.
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Ishii, Yoshinori, Hideo Noguchi, Junko Sato, Hana Ishii, Ryo Ishii, and Shin-ichi Toyabe. "Knee Osteoarthritis Grade Does Not Correlate with Quadriceps Muscle Strength or Bone Properties of the Calcaneus in Men Aged 80 Years or More Who Can Walk Independently." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051709.
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Purpose: Muscle weakness and bone deterioration in the elderly are related to falls and fractures, resulting in decreased mobility. Knee osteoarthritis also may contribute to falls and fractures and thereby affect mortality rates. The Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) classification is widely used in the radiographic evaluation of knee osteoarthritis. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the quadriceps strength and bone properties of the calcaneus for each KL grade, and to clarify the impact of knee osteoarthritis grade on quadriceps strength and bone properties. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included data on 108 male patients (213 knees), aged ≥80 years, who could walk independently. A handheld dynamometer was used to measure quadriceps strength. Bone properties were evaluated using broadband ultrasound attenuation with a portable bone densitometer. Weight-bearing standing knee radiographs were evaluated using KL classification. Quadriceps strength and bone properties were evaluated for each KL grade and the correlations between the grade and quadriceps strength and bone properties were assessed simultaneously. Results: The numbers of participants in KL grades I–IV were 46, 102, 45, and 20, respectively. There were no differences among grades for either quadriceps strength or bone properties. Conclusions: Participants exhibited good quadriceps strength and bone properties regardless of their KL grade. Relatively high mechanical loading of muscle and bone incurred while walking independently, likely explaining this result. Clinically, this study demonstrated the absence of correlations between KL grade and quadriceps strength and bone properties, as was previously reported in studies showing the absence of a correlation between KL grade and pain.
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Diabb Zavala, José M., Héctor Manuel Leija Gutiérrez, Emmanuel Segura-Cárdenas, Narsimha Mamidi, Rodolfo Morales-Avalos, Javier Villela-Castrejón, and Alex Elías-Zúñiga. "Manufacture and mechanical properties of knee implants using SWCNTs/UHMWPE composites." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 120 (August 2021): 104554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104554.
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KATO, Hiroki, Noriyuki HISAMORI, and Hideo MATSUMOTO. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Using Pig's Knee." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2019 (2019): OS0803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2019.os0803.
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Alegre, Luis M., Michael Hasler, Sebastian Wenger, Werner Nachbauer, and Robert Csapo. "Does knee joint cooling change in vivo patellar tendon mechanical properties?" European Journal of Applied Physiology 116, no. 10 (July 29, 2016): 1921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3444-5.
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Zellers, Jennifer A., Michael R. Carmont, and Karin Grävare Silbernagel. "Achilles Tendon Resting Angle Relates to Tendon Length and Function." Foot & Ankle International 39, no. 3 (December 22, 2017): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100717742372.
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Background: Following Achilles tendon rupture, tendon elongation leads to long term deficits in calf function. A surrogate measure of Achilles tendon length, Achilles tendon resting angle (ATRA), has been described but has not been validated against length measured using ultrasound. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to validate the ATRA against ultrasound. Secondarily, this study aimed to identify the relationship of other factors (tendon mechanical properties, heel-rise test performance) to the ATRA. Methods: Individuals following unilateral Achilles tendon rupture were included. ATRA was measured in knee flexed and extended positions. Tendon elongation was measured using extended field of view ultrasound imaging. Continuous shear wave elastography quantified tendon mechanical properties. The relationship between variables was tested using Spearman’s ρ. Subgroup analysis was used to compare subjects with less then or greater than 1 year following rupture. A total of 42 participants (with a mean of 18.2 months following rupture [SD = 35.9]) were included. Results: Tendon elongation related with relative ATRA with knee flexed (ρ = .491, P = .001) and knee extended (ρ = 0.501, P = .001) positions. In individuals greater than 1 year following rupture, relative ATRA with the knee flexed related to shear modulus (ρ = .800, P = .01) and total work on the heel-rise test (ρ = –.782, P = .008) relative to the uninjured side. Conclusion: Relative ATRA in both knee flexed and knee extended positions has a moderate relationship to tendon elongation within the first year following rupture. After 1 year, the relative ATRA with knee flexed may be a better indicator of tendon elongation and also related to tendon mechanical properties and heel-rise test performance. Level of Evidence: Level III, case-control study.
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SEKIKAWA, Shinya, Sumiko YAMAMOTO, and Shigeki SUGANO. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF KNEE JOINTS OF ABOVE-KNEE PROSTHESES AND AMPUTEE GAITS : Comparison of Fluid Control Knee and Constant Friction Knee." Biomechanisms 13 (1996): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3951/biomechanisms.13.279.
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Fu, Yan Ming, and Hua Ding. "Human Knee Dynamics Simulation and Application of Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 934 (May 2014): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.934.26.
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Mechanical properties of the structure of human body joint always is an important research topic of biomechanics, the biomechanics of the knee joint research, this article through the establishment of a complete dynamic model of the gait cycle of human knee joint of human lower limb gait has carried on the numerical analysis, simulated by dynamic mechanical parameters of the structure of the human body joint, three-dimensional finite element model for the knee joint, through calculation and analysis to determine the rule of the inside of the knee joint dynamic stress, strain, for the study of complex shapes and complex load and complex material of human body joint provide a research idea.
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Sanchez-Adams, Johannah, Vincent P. Willard, and Kyriacos A. Athanasiou. "Regional variation in the mechanical role of knee meniscus glycosaminoglycans." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 6 (December 2011): 1590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00848.2011.
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High compressive properties of cartilaginous tissues are commonly attributed to the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fraction of the extracellular matrix (ECM), but this relationship has not been directly measured in the knee meniscus, which shows regional variation in GAG content. In this study, biopsies from each meniscus region (outer, middle, and inner) were either subjected to chondroitinase ABC (CABC) to remove all sulfated GAGs or not. Compressive testing revealed that GAG depletion in the inner and middle meniscus regions caused a significant decrease in modulus of relaxation (58% and 41% decreases, respectively, at 20% strain), and all regions exhibited a significant decrease in viscosity (outer: 29%; middle: 58%; inner: 62% decrease). Tensile properties following CABC treatment were unaffected for outer and middle meniscus specimens, but the inner meniscus displayed significant increases in Young's modulus (41% increase) and ultimate tensile stress (40% increase) following GAG depletion. These findings suggest that, in the outer meniscus, GAGs contribute to increasing tissue viscosity, whereas in the middle and inner meniscus, where GAGs are most abundant, these molecules also enhance the tissue's ability to withstand compressive loads. GAGs in the inner meniscus also contribute to reducing the circumferential tensile properties of the tissue, perhaps due to the pre-stress on the collagen network from increased hydration of the ECM. Understanding the mechanical role of GAGs in each region of the knee meniscus is important for understanding meniscus structure-function relationships and creating design criteria for functional meniscus tissue engineering efforts.
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Klasan, Antonio, Andreas Kapshammer, Veronika Miron, and Zoltan Major. "Kinematic Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty Reduces Polyethylene Contact Pressure by Increasing the Contact Area, When Compared to Mechanical Alignment—A Finite Element Analysis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12081285.
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Unrestricted Kinematic alignment (KA) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) replicates the joint line of each patient by adjusting the cuts based on the anatomy of the patient. Mechanical alignment (MA) aims to restore a neutral mechanical axis of the leg, irrespective of the joint line orientation. The purpose of the present study was to compare contact pressure and contact areas of the polyethylene (PE) bearing surface as well as von Mises stress of the PE-tibial tray interface for MA and KA in the same patient, using CT data and finite element analysis. Finite element models were created from lower leg CT scans of 10 patients with knee osteoarthritis with different phenotypes. Mechanical PE properties were experimentally determined by tensile tests on dumbbell specimens. For numerical simulation purposes an adjusted non-linear material model with the maximum load to failure of 30.5 MPa, was calibrated and utilized. Contact pressure points were the deepest parts of the polyethylene inlay. Contact pressures were either very similar or were increased for MA knees throughout the gait cycle. KA either increased or had a comparable contact area, compared to MA. KA and MA produced comparable von Mises stresses, although both alignments breached the failure point of 30.5 MPa in all 3 valgus knees. This might indicate a higher probability of failure at the inlay-tibial baseplate interface. By maintaining the joint line orientation, KA reduces or has comparable contact pressures on the PE bearing surface by increasing or maintaining the contact area throughout one gait cycle in a validated finite element analysis model in 10 different knee phenotypes. The von Mises stress on the PE-tibial component interface was comparable, except for the valgus knees, where the load to failure was achieved in both alignment strategies and slightly higher stresses were observed for KA. Further studies for different knee phenotypes are needed to better understand the pressure changes depending on the alignment strategy applied.
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Kubo, Keitaro, Teruaki Komuro, Noriko Ishiguro, Naoya Tsunoda, Yoshiaki Sato, Naokata Ishii, Hiroaki Kanehisa, and and Tetsuo Fukunaga. "Effects of Low-Load Resistance Training with Vascular Occlusion on the Mechanical Properties of Muscle and Tendon." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 22, no. 2 (May 2006): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.22.2.112.
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The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low-load resistance training with vascular occlusion on the specific tension and tendon properties by comparing with those of high-load training. Nine participants completed 12 weeks (3 days/week) of a unilateral isotonic training program on knee extensors. One leg was trained using low load (20% of 1 RM) with vascular occlusion (LLO) and other leg using high load (80% of 1 RM) without vascular occlusion (HL). Before and after training, maximal isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and muscle volume were measured. Specific tension of vastus lateralis muscle (VL) was calculated from MVC, muscle volume, and muscle architecture measurements. Stiffness of tendon-aponeurosis complex in VL was measured using ultrasonography during isometric knee extension. Both protocols significantly increased MVC and muscle volume of quadriceps femoris muscle. Specific tension of VL increased significantly 5.5% for HL, but not for LLO. The LLO protocol did not alter the stiffness of tendon-aponeurosis complex in knee extensors, while the HL protocol increased it significantly. The present study demonstrated that the specific tension and tendon properties were found to remain following low-load resistance training with vascular occlusion, whereas they increased significantly after high-load training.
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Markel, David C., Aiguo Wang, Matthew Poggie, and Mark Kester. "Mechanical properties and fatigue performance of crosslinked polyethylene in total knee applications." Seminars in Arthroplasty 14, no. 4 (October 2003): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sart.2003.09.007.
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Torniainen, Jari, Aapo Ristaniemi, Jaakko K. Sarin, Mithilesh Prakash, Isaac O. Afara, Mikko A. J. Finnilä, Lauri Stenroth, Rami K. Korhonen, and Juha Töyräs. "Near infrared spectroscopic evaluation of biochemical and crimp properties of knee joint ligaments and patellar tendon." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): e0263280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263280.
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Knee ligaments and tendons play an important role in stabilizing and controlling the motions of the knee. Injuries to the ligaments can lead to abnormal mechanical loading of the other supporting tissues (e.g., cartilage and meniscus) and even osteoarthritis. While the condition of knee ligaments can be examined during arthroscopic repair procedures, the arthroscopic evaluation suffers from subjectivity and poor repeatability. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is capable of non-destructively quantifying the composition and structure of collagen-rich connective tissues, such as articular cartilage and meniscus. Despite the similarities, NIRS-based evaluation of ligament composition has not been previously attempted. In this study, ligaments and patellar tendon of ten bovine stifle joints were measured with NIRS, followed by chemical and histological reference analysis. The relationship between the reference properties of the tissue and NIR spectra was investigated using partial least squares regression. NIRS was found to be sensitive towards the water (R2CV = .65) and collagen (R2CV = .57) contents, while elastin, proteoglycans, and the internal crimp structure remained undetectable. As collagen largely determines the mechanical response of ligaments, we conclude that NIRS demonstrates potential for quantitative evaluation of knee ligaments.
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Yamamoto, N., K. Ohno, K. Hayashi, H. Kuriyama, K. Yasuda, and K. Kaneda. "Effects of Stress Shielding on the Mechanical Properties of Rabbit Patellar Tendon." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 115, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2895466.
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Mechanical properties of the stress-shielded patellar tendon were studied in the rabbit knee. Stress shielding was accomplished by stretching a stainless-steel wire installed between the patella and tibial tubercle and thus, releasing the tension in the patellar tendon completely. Tensile tests were carried out on the specimens obtained from the patellar tendons which were exposed to the stress shielding for 1 to 6 weeks. The stress shielding changed the mechanical properties of the patellar tendon significantly: it decreased the tangent modulus and tensile strength to 9 percent of the control values after 3 weeks. There was a 131 percent increase in the cross-sectional area and a 15 percent decrease in the tendinous length. Remarkable changes were also observed in the structural properties: for example, the maximum load of the bone-tendon complex decreased to 20 percent of the control value after 3 weeks. Histological studies showed that the stress shielding increased the number of fibroblasts and decreased the longitudinally aligned collagen bundles. These results imply that if no stress is applied to the autograft in the case of augmentative reconstruction of the knee ligament, the graft strength decreases remarkably.
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Kosmas, K. "On the Mechanical Properties Determination of Armco Steel Using Magnetic Hysteresis Loop and Barkhausen Noise." Key Engineering Materials 495 (November 2011): 269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.495.269.
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Magnetic properties, namely B-H loops and Barkhausen noise, have been determined with respect to mechanical load in Armco steels. The monotonic response illustrated a clearly verified knee, corresponding to the initiation of plastic deformation.
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Woo, S. L. Y., and J. S. Wayne. "Mechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Its Contribution to Knee Kinematics." Applied Mechanics Reviews 43, no. 5S (May 1, 1990): S142—S149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3120793.
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The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), as one of the major stabilizers of knee motion, is anatomically complex. Its inability to heal when torn often requires surgical reconstruction using biological tissues or artificial ligament replacements to achieve knee stability and appropriate kinematics for young and active patients. Yet, there is much debate as to which graft and reconstruction technique best emulate the natural ligament. To increase our knowledge of the function of the ACL in the knee joint, it is crucial to understand the tensile properties of the ligament as well as the its role in maintaining knee kinematics. This information should aid in the selection, design, and evaluation of ligament replacements and reconstruction techniques.
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Hefzy, Mohamed Samir, and Edward S. Grood. "Review of Knee Models." Applied Mechanics Reviews 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3151876.
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This paper is a review of static and dynamic models of the human knee joint. Both phenomenological and anatomically based models are discussed. The phenomenological models can be classified into two groups: first, models which consider the human knee to be a simple hinge joint and, second, rheological models. The simple hinge models have generally been used in larger models developed to predict human body dynamics during gait activities. The rheological models, which describe the knee as an equivalent viscoelastic hinge, have been used to describe the response of the knee joint during dynamic loading conditions. Anatomically based models have been used to predict the kinematics and kinetics of the knee and its structural components. The majority of kinetic models have treated static and quasistatic equilibrium conditions, and only a few have addressed nonequilibrium dynamic loading. In reviewing the static and quasistatic models, we have divided them into four groups. First, models developed to determine the forces in the muscles and the ligaments at the knee joint during various activities, second, models developed to determine the forces in the ligaments as a function of joint position, third, models used to determine the contact stresses between the femur and the tibia, and, fourth, more comprehensive models developed to study the stiffness and load–displacement characteristics of the knee joint which include both ligamentous structures and the geometric constraints of the knee. In our survey, we found few models of the patello-femoral joint. A more complete model of the human knee joint describing the interactions between the tibia, femur, patella, and fibula still needs to be developed. On the other hand, the geometric and mechanical properties of a single real knee, required to validate any model are not presently available.
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M. Takhakh, Ayad, and Saif M. Abbas. "Manufacturing and analysis of carbon fiber knee ankle foot orthosis." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.17315.
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Knee ankle foot orthoses (KAFOs) are used by paraplegia patients with low level spinal cord injury and having well control of the stem muscles. Four layers of carbon fiber with C- orthocryl lamination resin are used for manufacturing the knee ankle foot orthoses in this work. The mechanical properties of most of the components materials were estimated with the aid of fatigue and tensile test machines. Results of the tensile tests showed that the mechanical properties: yield stress, ultimate strength and modulus of elasticity were 92MPa, 105.7MPa and 2GPa respectively. The value of amidst pressure between the patient limb and the manufactured KAFO was measured using (F-socket) Mat scan sensor and these values of pressure were (663kPa) and (316kPa) for the thigh and calf regions respectively.
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RONG, QIGUO, JIANFENG BAI, YONGLING HUANG, and JIANHAO LIN. "PRESURGERY DESIGN AND BIOMECHANICAL EVALUATION OF PATIENT-SPECIFIC KNEE IMPLANT." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 15, no. 06 (December 2015): 1540052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519415400527.
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For patients with severe joint deformity or defect, the conventional knee implant cannot meet the installation requirements. A patient-specific prosthesis is a rational choice for these patients. The purpose of this study was to develop a patient-specific knee implant and evaluate its mechanical properties. A mobile-bearing type of knee implant was designed for a young patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis. The stress characteristics were studied by the finite element (FE) method. Results show that the stress distribution of the mobile-bearing knee implant is much better than that of a hinged knee implant designed before. But the stability of the mobile-bearing knee implant should be investigated in more detail before its application.
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Tsai, Yi-Ying, Gwo-Ching Chang, and Ing-Shiou Hwang. "Changes in postural strategy of the lower limb under mechanical knee constraint on an unsteady stance surface." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0242790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242790.
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Joint constraint could limit the available degrees of freedom in a kinematic chain for maintaining postural stability. This study investigated adaptive changes in postural synergy due to bracing of bilateral knee joints, usually thought to have a trifling impact on upright stance. Twenty-four young adults were requested to maintain balance on a stabilometer plate as steadily as possible while wearing a pair of knee orthoses, either unlocked (the non-constraint (NC) condition) or locked to restrict knee motion (the knee constraint (KC) condition). Knee constraint led to a significant increase in the regularity of the stabilometer angular velocity. More than 95% of the variance properties of the joint angular velocities in the lower limb were explained by the first and second principal components (PC1 and PC2), which represented the ankle strategy and the combined knee and hip strategy, respectively. In addition to the increase trend in PC1 regularity, knee constraint enhanced the mutual information of the stabilometer angular velocity and PC1 (MISTBV-PC1) but reduced the mutual information of the stabilometer angular velocity and PC2 (MISTBV-PC2). The MISTBV-PC1 was also positively correlated to stance steadiness on the stabilometer in the KC condition. In summary, in the knee constraint condition, postural synergy on the stabilometer was reorganized to increase reliance on ankle strategies to maintain equilibrium. In particular, a stable stabilometer stance under knee constraint is associated with a high level of coherent ankle–stabilometer interaction.
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Fukaya, Takashi, Hirotaka Mutsuzaki, Toshiyuki Aoyama, Kunihiro Watanabe, and Koichi Mori. "A Simulation Case Study of Knee Joint Compressive Stress during the Stance Phase in Severe Knee Osteoarthritis Using Finite Element Method." Medicina 57, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57060550.
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Background and Objectives: Medial knee osteoarthritis is known to increase the mechanical load on the medial compartment of the knee joint during walking; however, it is not visually understood how much the mechanical load increases nor where in the medial compartment of the knee joint that load is focused. Therefore, we conducted a simulation study to determine the location and amount of the mechanical load in the medial compartment of the knee joint during the stance phase. Materials and Methods: Subject was a patient with right medial knee osteoarthritis. Computed tomography imaging and gait analysis were performed on subject. The CT image of the right knee was calculated using finite element analysis software. Since this software can set the flexion angle arbitrarily while maintaining the nonuniform material properties of the bone region, the model is constructed by matching the knee joint extension image obtained by CT to the loading response phase of gait analysis. The data of muscle exertion tension and vertical ground reaction force were inserted into the knee joint model created from the computed tomography-based finite element method, and the knee joint compressive stress was calculated. Results: With regard to compressive stress, the tibia showed high stress at 4.10 to 5.36 N/mm2. The femur showed high stress at 4.00 to 6.48 N/mm2. The joint compressive stress on the medial compartment of the knee joint was found to concentrate on the edge of the medial tibial condyle in the medial knee osteoarthritis subject. Conclusions: The measurement method of knee joint compressive stress by computed tomography-based finite element method can visually be a reliable method of measuring joint compressive stress in the medial knee osteoarthritis. This reflects the clinical findings because concentration of stress on the medial knee joint was observed at the medial osteophyte.
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Tsaopoulos, Dimitrios E., Vasilios Baltzopoulos, Paula J. Richards, and Constantinos N. Maganaris. "Mechanical correction of dynamometer moment for the effects of segment motion during isometric knee-extension tests." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 1 (July 2011): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2010.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dynamometer and joint axis misalignment on measured isometric knee-extension moments using inverse dynamics based on the actual joint kinematic information derived from the real-time X-ray video and to compare the errors when the moments were calculated using measurements from external anatomical surface markers or obtained from the isokinetic dynamometer. Six healthy males participated in this study. They performed isometric contractions at 90° and 20° of knee flexion, gradually increasing to maximum effort. For the calculation of the actual knee-joint moment and the joint moment relative to the knee-joint center, determined using the external marker, two free body diagrams were used of the Cybex arm and the lower leg segment system. In the first free body diagram, the mean center of the circular profiles of the femoral epicondyles was used as the knee-joint center, whereas in the second diagram, the joint center was assumed to coincide with the external marker. Then, the calculated knee-joint moments were compared with those measured by the dynamometer. The results indicate that 1) the actual knee-joint moment was different from the dynamometer recorded moment (difference ranged between 1.9% and 4.3%) and the moment calculated using the skin marker (difference ranged between 2.5% and 3%), and 2) during isometric knee extension, the internal knee angle changed significantly from rest to the maximum contraction state by about 19°. Therefore, these differences cannot be neglected if the moment–knee-joint angle relationship or the muscle mechanical properties, such as length-tension relationship, need to be determined.
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Machado, M., P. Flores, J. Ambrosio, and A. Completo. "Influence of the contact model on the dynamic response of the human knee joint." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 225, no. 4 (September 29, 2011): 344–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419311413988.
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The goal of this work is to study the influence of the contact force model, contact geometry, and contact material properties on the dynamic response of a human knee joint model. For this purpose, a multibody knee model composed by two rigid bodies, the femur and the tibia, and four non-linear spring elements that represent the main knee ligaments, is considered. The contact force models used were the Hertz, the Hunt–Crossley, and the Lankarani–Nikravesh approaches. Results obtained from computational simulations show that Hertz law is less suitable to describe the dynamic response of the cartilage contact, because this pure elastic model does not account for the viscoelastic nature of the human articulations. Since knee can exhibit conformal and non-conformal contact scenarios, three different geometrical configurations for femur–tibia contact are considered, that is convex–convex sphere contact, convex–concave sphere contact, and convex sphere–plane contact. The highest level of contact forces is obtained for the case of convex–convex sphere contact. As far as the influence of the material contact properties is concerned, the dynamic response of a healthy and natural knee is analysed and compared with three pathological and two artificial knee models. The obtained results demonstrate that the presence of the cartilage reduces significantly the knee contact forces.
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Reiter, Mary Pat, Shawn H. Ward, Barbara Perry, Adrian Mann, Joseph W. Freeman, and Moti L. Tiku. "Intra-articular injection of epigallocatechin (EGCG) crosslinks and alters biomechanical properties of articular cartilage, a study via nanoindentation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 25, 2022): e0276626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276626.
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Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are debilitating conditions, affecting millions of people. Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis degrade the articular cartilage (AC) at the ends of long bones, resulting in weakened tissue prone to further damage. This degradation impairs the cartilage’s mechanical properties leading to areas of thinned cartilage and exposed bone which compromises the integrity of the joint. No preventative measures exist for joint destruction. Discovering a way to slow the degradation of AC or prevent it would slow the painful progression of the disease, allowing millions to live pain-free. Recently, that the articular injection of the polyphenol epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) slows AC damage in an arthritis rat model. It was suggested that EGCG crosslinks AC and makes it resistant to degradation. However, direct evidence that intraarticular injection of EGCG crosslinks cartilage collagen and changes its compressive properties are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intraarticular injection of EGCG induced biomechanical properties of AC. We hypothesize that in vivo exposure EGCG will bind and crosslink to AC collagen and alter its biomechanical properties. We developed a technique of nano-indentation to investigate articular cartilage properties by measuring cartilage compressive properties and quantifying differences due to EGCG exposure. In this study, the rat knee joint was subjected to a series of intraarticular injections of EGCG and contralateral knee joint was injected with saline. After the injections animals were sacrificed, and the knees were removed and tested in an anatomically relevant model of nanoindentation. All mechanical data was normalized to the measurements in the contralateral knee to better compare data between the animals. The data demonstrated significant increases for reduced elastic modulus (57.5%), hardness (83.2%), and stiffness (17.6%) in cartilage treated with injections of EGCG normalized to those treated with just saline solution when compared to baseline subjects without injections, with a significance level of alpha = 0.05. This data provides evidence that EGCG treated cartilage yields a strengthened cartilage matrix as compared to AC from the saline injected knees. These findings are significant because the increase in cartilage biomechanics will translate into resistance to degradation in arthritis. Furthermore, the data suggest for the first time that it is possible to strengthen the articular cartilage by intraarticular injections of polyphenols. Although this data is preliminary, it suggests that clinical applications of EGCG treated cartilage could yield strengthened tissue with the potential to resist or compensate for matrix degradation caused by arthritis.
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Gomez, M. A., S. L. Woo, M. Inoue, D. Amiel, F. L. Harwood, and L. Kitabayashi. "Medical collateral ligament healing subsequent to different treatment regimens." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.245.
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The response of transected canine medical collateral ligaments (MCL) to clinical treatment regimens was investigated. These regimens included no surgical repair with no immobilization and surgical repair with various periods of immobilization. The biomechanical, biochemical, and histological properties of the healing MCL were examined 6 and 12 wk postoperatively. At 6 wk, all healing MCLs had increased cellularity with decreased levels of total collagen and increased amounts of reducible Schiff base cross-links and type III collagen. Biomechanically, the varus-valgus (V-V) knee laxity was significantly increased, and no group achieved normal structural or mechanical properties. At 12 wk the histological appearance of the MCL became more normal but still had increased cellularity. Biochemically, the total collagen levels in experimental MCLs were not statistically different from the controls, but these MCLs still had high amounts of type III collagen and an even higher number of reducible cross-links. From knees in which the MCL was not treated, the V-V knee laxity and the ultimate loads of the femur-MCL-tibia complex achieved normal values. However, the stress-strain properties for these MCLs and those treated with repair and immobilization did not completely recover.
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SHIRASAKI, Yoshio, Tetsuya TATEISHI, Masami AKAI, and Mariko USUBA. "Changes in Mechanical Properties and Bone Density of the Immobilized Rat Knee Model." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi(Journal of the Society of Rheology, Japan) 25, no. 3 (1997): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology1973.25.3_113.
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Higuchi, Yuji, Tadayoshi Shimizu, Machiko Mizoguchi, Tatsuro Fukui, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Effect of Fiber Surface Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene / Epoxy Composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 10, no. 8 (November 2002): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110201000802.
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Tensile and pipe performance tests were carried out on polyethylene/epoxy materials in which the polyethylene fibers were pre-treated to remove the binder and/or sized. The tensile modulus of the composites was increased by pre-treatment, although the tensile strength was almost the same. The knee point stress of the untreated composites decreased on sizing. The strength retention of pre-treated composites was higher than that of composites with both a binder and a size. This difference in pipe performance was caused by the different interphase resulting from pre-treatment and/or sizing.
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Cottino, Umberto, Federica Rosso, Federico Dettoni, Matteo Bruzzone, Davide Edoardo Bonasia, and Roberto Rossi. "Treatment of Bone Losses in Revision Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Using Trabecular Metal: Current Literature." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8673974.
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Revision Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty is challenging procedures for surgeons usually characterized by bone loss. There are different options available to treat those bone losses. However, there is still a concern on the stability of bone-implant interface, which is mandatory to achieve good long-term results in prosthetic implants. Recently, porous tantalum has been introduced, with the aim of improving the bone-implant interface fixation and implant primary stability. Different solutions for the treatment of bone defects in both revision Total Knee and Hip Arthroplasty have been proposed. In revision Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) tantalum shells can be used to treat Paprosky type III defects also, because of their mechanical properties. Similarly, trabecular metal has been proposed in revision Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), being considered a viable option to treat severe type 2 or 3 defects. The aim of this paper is to review the mechanical properties and characteristics of tantalum. Furthermore, we will discuss its role in treating bone defects in both revision THA and TKA, as well as the outcome reported in literature.
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He, Xin, Jihong Qiu, Mingde Cao, Yui Chung Ho, Hio Teng Leong, Sai-Chuen Fu, Michael Tim-Yun Ong, Daniel T. P. Fong, and Patrick Shu-Hang Yung. "Effects of Deficits in the Neuromuscular and Mechanical Properties of the Quadriceps and Hamstrings on Single-Leg Hop Performance and Dynamic Knee Stability in Patients After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 232596712110638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211063893.
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Background: Understanding the role of neuromuscular and mechanical muscle properties in knee functional performance and dynamic knee stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may help in the development of more focused rehabilitation programs. Purpose: To compare the involved and uninvolved limbs of patients after ACLR in terms of muscle strength, passive muscle stiffness, muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings, hop performance, and dynamic knee stability and to investigate the association of neuromuscular and mechanical muscle properties with hop performance and dynamic knee stability. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Method: The authors studied the quadriceps and hamstring muscles in 30 male patients (mean ± SD age, 25.4 ± 4.1 years) who had undergone unilateral ACLR. Muscle strength was measured using isokinetic testing at 60 and 180 deg/s. Passive muscle stiffness was quantified using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Muscle activation was evaluated via electromyographic (EMG) activity. Hop performance was evaluated via a single-leg hop test, and dynamic knee stability was evaluated via 3-dimensional knee movements during the landing phase of the hop test. Results: Compared with the uninvolved limb, the involved limb exhibited decreased peak torque and shear modulus in both the quadriceps and hamstrings as well as delayed activity onset in the quadriceps ( P < .05 for all). The involved limb also exhibited a shorter hop distance and decreased peak knee flexion angle during landing ( P < .05 for both). Decreased peak quadriceps torque at 180 deg/s, the shear modulus of the semitendinosus, and the reactive EMG activity amplitude of the semimembranosus were all associated with shorter hop distance ( R 2 = 0.565; P < .001). Decreased quadriceps peak torque at 60 deg/s and shear modulus of the vastus medialis were both associated with smaller peak knee flexion angle ( R 2 = 0.319; P < .001). Conclusion: In addition to muscle strength deficits, deficits in passive muscle stiffness and muscle activation of the quadriceps and hamstrings were important contributors to poor single-leg hop performance and dynamic knee stability during landing. Further investigations should include a rehabilitation program that normalizes muscle stiffness and activation patterns during landing, thus improving knee functional performance and dynamic knee stability.
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Jiang, Bin, Yue Fu Dong, Yang Hu, Qing Rong Xu, and Guang Hong Hu. "The Construction of Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model of TKA Knee." Advanced Materials Research 681 (April 2013): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.681.319.
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The goal of this study is to construct a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) knee including bones, collateral ligaments and total knee prosthesis. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image data of normal knee joint are imported into MIMICS software. The 3D models of bones and collateral ligaments are respectively reconstructed from CT and MRI image data. Then the reconstructed models are registered and fused together based on external landmarks. The virtual osteotomy and total knee prosthesis implantation are performed to establish the 3D model of TKA knee. Ultimately, A elaborate 3D FEM of TKA knee including anatomical structures and total knee prosthesis is obtained by meshing the 3D model of TKA knee and setting material properties, loading and boundary conditions. The obtained von Mises stress on the polyethlene insert confirms to the clincial mechanical distribution characteristics after TKA. The 3D FEM of TKA knee retains the integrity and accuracy in the anatomical features and provides a foundation for accurate research on the TKA knee biomechanical behaviors.
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Huber, Christian, Qiang Zhang, William R. Taylor, Andrew A. Amis, Colin Smith, and Seyyed Hamed Hosseini Nasab. "Properties and Function of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 3 (May 15, 2019): 754–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519841304.
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Background:As the main passive structure preventing patellar lateral subluxation, accurate knowledge of the anatomy, material properties, and functional behavior of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is critical for improving its reconstruction.Purpose:To provide a state-of-the-art understanding of the properties and function of the MPFL by undertaking a systematic review and statistical analysis of the literature.Study Design:Systematic review.Methods:On June 26, 2018, data for this systematic review were obtained by searching PubMed and Scopus. Articles containing numerical information regarding the anatomy, mechanical properties, and/or functional behavior of the MPFL that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed, recorded, and statistically evaluated.Results:A total of 55 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. The MPFL presented as a fanlike structure spanning from the medial femoral epicondyle to the medial border of the patella. The reported data indicated ultimate failure loads from 72 N to 208 N, ultimate failure elongation from 8.4 mm to 26 mm, and stiffness values from 8.0 N/mm to 42.5 N/mm. In both cadaveric and in vivo studies, the average elongation pattern demonstrated close to isometric behavior of the ligament in the first 50° to 60° of knee flexion, followed by progressive shortening into deep flexion. Kinematic data suggested clear lateralization of the patella in the MPFL-deficient knee during early knee flexion under simulated muscle forces.Conclusion:A lack of knowledge regarding the morphology and attachment sites of the MPFL remains. The reported mechanical properties also lack consistency, thus requiring further investigations. However, the results regarding patellar tracking confirm that the lack of an MPFL leads to lateralization of the patella, followed by delayed engagement of the trochlear groove, plausibly leading to an increased risk of patellar dislocations. The observed isometric behavior up to 60° of knee flexion plausibly suggests that reconstruction of the ligament can occur at flexion angles below 60°, including the 30° and 60° range as recommended in previous studies.
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Zhao, Rui, Li Jiang, Ping Zhang, Dan Li, Zhenzhong Guo, and Liang Hu. "Graphene oxide-based composite organohydrogels with high strength and low temperature resistance for strain sensors." Soft Matter 18, no. 6 (2022): 1201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01655e.
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Physically crosslinked GO-based organohydrogels feature superior mechanical properties, adhesion strength, and electrical conductivity at temperatures <0 °C. The organohydrogel-based sensor revealed the capability to monitor human motions, such as finger, wrist and knee movements.
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Li, Xueliang. "The Immunological Properties of Nanomaterials for Repairing Knee Ligament Sports Injuries." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (May 19, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1760783.
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With the development of science and the advancement of medicine, there are more and more treatment methods for repairing knee ligament sports injuries. At present, the common method of ligament repair is to implant artificial synthetic materials or natural biological materials into the body to form artificial ligaments to repair and reconstruct damaged ligaments. Existing ligament repair techniques are often accompanied by sequelae, and the implants are not well adapted. The purpose of this article is to compare the degree of repair of damaged ligaments after implantation of artificial ligaments made of different nanomaterials and to study the mechanical properties, biomechanical properties, and immunological properties of artificial ligaments implanted in the body, in order to explore the role of different artificial ligaments on knee ligament repair. According to the different synthetic materials of artificial ligaments, the experimental subjects were divided into three groups: silk fibroin polycaprolactone nanofiber membrane group (SF/PCL), polycaprolactone nanofiber membrane group (PCL), and control group. By comparing the biocompatibility, cell adhesion, cell proliferation rate, and repair ability of collagen fiber formation of the experimental scaffold after implantation in the body, as well as its immunological performance, the results of the study showed that compared with PCL, SF/PCL increased its biocompatibility by 25%, increased its cell proliferation by 57%, increased its somatic cell adhesion by 35%, and increased its collagen fiber formation by 12%, the porosity is about 60%, and the load is as high as 907 ± 132 N . The data shows that the silk fibroin polycaprolactone nanofiber membrane scaffold has good biocompatibility, degradability, and mechanical properties.