Relevant bibliographies by topics / Knee – Mechanical properties

Academic literature on the topic 'Knee – Mechanical properties'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Knee – Mechanical properties"

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Kwak, Dai-Soon, Yong-Seok Nam, Taek Yul Oh, and Seung-Ho Han. "P-09 THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TRABECULAR BONE IN KNEE JOINT." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2007.3 (2007): S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2007.3.s97.

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Yamamoto, Sota, Akinori Saito, Masaki Kabayama, Kei Nagasaka, Koji Mizuno, and Eiichi Tanaka. "OS07W0226 Experimental study of dynamic mechanical properties of rabbit knee ligaments." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _OS07W0226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._os07w0226.

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Huang, Rongying, Yanqiang Liu, and Jun Zhu. "Kinematics and Mechanical Properties of Knees following Patellar Replacing and Patellar Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/391450.

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Knee injury is a common medical issue. A full understanding of the kinematics and mechanical properties of knees following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) repair utilizing patellar replacement (only the base of the patella is replaced) versus patellar retaining surgical techniques is still lacking. In the current paper, we investigated magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data from knees repaired by these two methods and evaluated total knee models created using imaging reconstruction technology that simulated gait conditions. Results revealed that patellar replacement had little influence on tibiofemoral kinematics, although the tibia-surface equivalent stress increased slightly. By contrast, patellar replacement had a significant influence on the patellofemoral joint; patellar internal rotation, external rotation, and medial-lateral translation were all increased. Moreover, the stress distribution on patellar prostheses was altered, resulting in an increased surface maximal equivalent stress on the corresponding area. Moreover, during the gait cycle, we found that the area with maximal equivalent stress shifted its position. Finally, the patellofemoral joint showed decreased motion stability. From the view of kinematics and mechanics, this paper suggests that patella should be retained during TKA if it is possible. The present study presented approaches and technologies for evaluating kinematics and mechanical properties of total knee joint after TKA under gait loads.
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LaPrade, Robert F., Timothy S. Bollom, Fred A. Wentorf, Nicholas J. Wills, and Keith Meister. "Mechanical Properties of the Posterolateral Structures of the Knee." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 9 (September 2005): 1386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504274143.

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Background The individual biomechanical strength properties of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon have not been well elucidated by previous studies. To define the necessary strength requirements for a posterolateral knee reconstruction, these properties for the main individual structures of the posterolateral knee need to be defined. Hypothesis The biomechanical failure properties of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon can be determined by cadaveric testing. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Each structure was individually isolated in 8 fresh-frozen, nonpaired cadaveric knees and loaded to failure at more than 100%/s. Results The mean ultimate tensile strength of the fibular collateral ligament was 295 N, the popliteofibular ligament was 298 N, and the popliteus tendon was 700 N. The mean cross-sectional areas of these same structures at their midpoints were 11.9 mm2, 17.1 mm2, and 21.9 mm2, respectively. Although the stiffness of the fibular collateral ligament (33.5 N/m) was similar to that of the popliteofibular ligament (28.6 N/m), the popliteus tendon was significantly stiffer than both (83.7 N/m). Conclusion The popliteofibular ligament, fibular collateral ligament, and popliteus tendon can resist fairly large loads before failure. Knowledge of the strengths of the main native posterolateral knee stabilizers will assist with reconstructive graft choices for these structures.
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Strickland, Sabrina M., Thomas W. Belknap, Simon A. Turner, Timothy M. Wright, and Jo A. Hannafin. "Lack of Hormonal Influences on Mechanical Properties of Sheep Knee Ligaments." American Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 2 (March 2003): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310020901.

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Background: The number of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes exceeds that in male athletes at similar competitive levels. This difference has been attributed by some authors to hormone-mediated alteration in knee laxity in women. Hypothesis: Sheep anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament strength and stiffness are not altered by administration for 6 months of estrogen or a selective estrogen receptor agonist (raloxifene). Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Thirty-eight mature ewes were divided into five groups: sham operation (N = 6), ovariectomy (N = 9), ovariectomy and estradiol implant (N = 7), low-dose raloxifene (N = 9), and high-dose raloxifene (N = 7). After 6 months, the animals were sacrificed and ligaments were tested along with those from five rams’ knees. Results: No differences were found between treatment groups for maximum force, stiffness, energy to failure, or failure site. The ultimate stress of the rams’ anterior cruciate ligaments was significantly higher than that of the ewes. Conclusions: Estrogen and estrogen receptor agonists at physiologic levels do not lead to decreased knee ligament strength. Clinical Relevance: The female hormonal milieu may not be responsible for the increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes compared with their male counterparts.
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Warden, Stuart J., Leanne K. Saxon, Alesha B. Castillo, and Charles H. Turner. "Knee ligament mechanical properties are not influenced by estrogen or its receptors." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 290, no. 5 (May 2006): E1034—E1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00367.2005.

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Women are at greater risk of tearing their knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than men participating in similar athletic activities. There is currently no conclusive explanation for this disparity; however, as ACL injuries in women have been linked with estrogen fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, one hypothesis is that estrogen has a direct detrimental effect on knee ligament mechanical properties. This study investigated the influence of estrogen and its receptors (ERα and ERβ) on knee ligament mechanical properties. This was achieved by testing the viscoelastic and tensile mechanical properties of knee medial collateral ligaments (MCL) and ACLs from: 1) male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with either estrogen (17α-ethynylestradiol; 0.03 mg/kg) or an ERα-specific agonist (propyl pyrazole triol; 2 mg/kg), and 2) female mice with a null mutation of the gene encoding for ERβ. Estrogen treatment had no significant effects on the viscoelastic or tensile mechanical properties of the rat MCL or ACL. Similarly, pharmacological stimulation of ERα using a selective agonist in rats and genetic modulation of ERβ by null mutation of its gene in mice did not influence MCL or ACL properties. These data indicate that estrogen does not have a major direct effect on ligament mechanical properties. Energies for the prevention of the disproportionately high rate of knee ligament injuries in women may be better spent focusing on more established and modifiable risk factors, such as abnormalities in neuromuscular control about the knee.
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Kubo, Keitaro, Toshihiro Ikebukuro, Hideaki Yata, Minoru Tomita, and Masaji Okada. "Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Muscle and Tendon in Highly Trained Sprinters." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 27, no. 4 (November 2011): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.4.336.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle and tendon properties in highly trained sprinters and their relations to running performance. Fifteen sprinters and 15 untrained subjects participated in this study. Muscle thickness and tendon stiffness of knee extensors and plantar flexors were measured. Sprinter muscle thickness was significantly greater than that of the untrained subjects for plantar flexors, but not for knee extensors (except for the medial side). Sprinter tendon stiffness was significantly lower than that of the untrained subjects for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. The best official record of a 100-m race was significantly correlated to the muscle thickness of the medial side for knee extensors. In conclusion, the tendon structures of highly trained sprinters are more compliant than those of untrained subjects for knee extensors, but not for plantar flexors. Furthermore, a thicker medial side of knee extensors was associated with greater sprinting performance.
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Sanchez, Mark, Anshal Gupta, Matt Rohde, Hunter Storaci, Seth Sherman, Ted Ganley, and Kevin Shea. "Mechanical Properties of Pediatric Knee Ligaments and The Iliotibial Band." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl2 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00409.

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Background: Substantial research about the mechanical properties of adult knee ligaments exists, but comparatively little is known about the pediatric knee. Choosing a graft for ligament reconstruction in pediatric patients is limited by the lack of knowledge of the mechanical properties of those ligaments and potential graft options in the skeletally immature. Purpose: Describe the mechanical properties of the ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL, and iliotibial band (ITB) in pediatric patients. Methods: Skeletally immature fresh frozen whole knees from 18 human cadavers (mean specimen age = 10.4 years) were thawed and the ligaments grossly dissected with bone block attachments intact, and length, width, and thickness were measured. Specimens were tested as a single unit (for those containing multiple bundles) and hydrated throughout testing. Each specimen was secured in an MTS machine and underwent a tensile loading protocol to measure ultimate tensile strength, ultimate tensile strain, and linear modulus. Results: Under testing, the ACL exhibited ultimate tensile strength (8.7 +/- 4.1 MPa), ultimate tensile strain (54.4 +/- 20.8%), and linear modulus (31.0 +/- 22.8 MPa) that were similar to the PCL (9.8 +/- 6.6 MPa, 48.6 +/- 22.1%, and 47.9 +/- 53.5 MPa, respectively). The LCL ultimate tensile strength was 18.7 +/- 6.5 MPa, ultimate tensile strain was 57.2 +/- 22.2%, and linear modulus was 68.7 +/- 50.8 MPa, compared to the MCL (19.5 +/- 13.9 MPa, 38.9 +/- 15.7%, and 93.3 +/- 75.1 MPa, respectively). Finally, the ITB demonstrated an ultimate tensile strength of 11.8 +/- 4.4 MPa, ultimate tensile strain of 42.6 +/- 14.9%, and linear modulus of 55.5 +/- 27.7 MPa. Conclusion: The ITB demonstrated greater ultimate tensile strength and a higher linear modulus than the ACL and PCL, with a lower ultimate tensile strain. Conversely, the ITB demonstrated lower values for ultimate tensile strength and linear modulus than the LCL and MCL. The ITB may serve as a reasonable substitute for native ACL and PCL reconstruction due to similar ultimate tensile strengths. The ITB may be less well-suited to reconstruct the LCL and MCL due to more significant differences in ultimate tensile strength. [Table: see text][Figure: see text]
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Cho, Ho-Jung, and Dai-Soon Kwak. "Mechanical Properties and Characteristics of the Anterolateral and Collateral Ligaments of the Knee." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 6266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186266.

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Biomechanical studies assessing the major knee ligaments, such as the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL), have been conducted using various methodologies. However, despite the anterolateral ligament (ALL) being regarded as the important ligament for the stability of the knee, a lack of biomechanical research focusing on the ALL exists to date. Moreover, studies assessing the relative mechanical properties of each ligament of the knee are insufficient. Therefore, this study examined the mechanical properties of the ALL, MCL, and LCL and considered the relative differences between these ligaments. Twenty-one fresh cadaver knees were chosen to investigate the mechanical properties. The width, thickness, and length were measured. The stiffness, ultimate load, and elastic modulus were also tested. The MCL showed the greatest ultimate load (498.5 N) and the highest stiffness (71.97 N/mm), and the ALL presented the smallest ultimate load (146.64 N) and lowest stiffness (42.62 N/mm). Meanwhile, the LCL was second concerning the ultimate load (263.22 N) and stiffness (69.70 N/mm). The elastic modulus of the LCL (493.86 MPa) was greater than those of both the MCL and ALL (326.75 MPa and 345.27 MPa, respectively). There was no difference between the sides according to the different properties of all the ligaments. A sex difference was apparent only concerning the ultimate load for all the ligaments. Each ligament showed similar stiffness irrespective of its size; for this reason, stiffness should be considered initially and while conducting biomechanical simulations of these ligaments.
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Castile, Ryan, Spencer Lake, Robert Brophy, and Ronak Patel. "Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Anterolateral Ligament (ALL) of the Knee." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (July 1, 2020): 2325967120S0044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00442.

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Objectives: The anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee has recently emerged as a potential contributor to rotational stability of the knee, with growing interest in ALL reconstruction as a supplement to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The prevalence of the ALL in the knee has varied in anatomic dissection and imaging studies, raising questions about its importance as a knee stabilizer. The purpose of this study was to assess the microstructural and mechanical properties of the anterolateral knee, to better understand the ALL structure compared to the surrounding anterolateral capsule (ALC) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). A polarized light imaging technique was used to quantify collagen fiber alignment simultaneously with measurement of tensile mechanical properties. Our primary hypothesis was that there is no difference in the microstructural and mechanical properties between the ALL and ALC. Our secondary hypothesis was that the properties of the LCL are different from the ALL and ALC. Methods: Twenty-five knee specimens from sixteen donors (five males, eleven females; mean age 45.6 +/- 6.4; age range 35-59 years; mean BMI 26.5 +/- 8.4) were obtained as determined by a priori power analysis. The anatomic technique to dissect the anterolateral knee structures was performed as described previously. Three tissue samples (LCL, ALL, and ALC) were harvested (Fig. 1). The ALL was taken as a quadrilateral piece of tissue starting posterior/proximal from the lateral femoral epicondyle and ending at the lateral border of Gerdy’s tubercle. During gross dissection, the knee was assessed for the presence or absence of a distinct visible and palpable structure within the area defined as the ALL. Harvested samples were thinned to approximately 1-mm thick using a freezing-stage sliding microtome. Cross-sectional area was measured using a 3D laser scanning system. Four 0.8-mm diameter aluminum beads were attached to the sample surface to enable strain measurement. Mechanical testing was performed with preconditioning followed by both a stress-relaxation test and a quasi-static ramp to failure. Microstructural analysis was performed using transmitted circularly-polarized incident light and a high-resolution, division-of-focal-plane polarization camera. The average degree of linear polarization (AVG DoLP; i.e., mean strength of collagen alignment) and standard deviation of the angle of polarization (STD AoP; i.e., degree of variation in collagen angle orientation) were calculated for the region of interest of each sample. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test (assuming nonparametric data) with Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons. Results: Mechanical analysis of elastic moduli for the toe- and linear-region of the stress-strain curves showed no difference between the ALL and ALC but were significantly higher for the LCL (p<0.0001; Fig. 2). Microstructural analysis of the ALL and ALC during quasi-static ramp to failure showed no difference in AVG DoLP and STD AoP values at all strain levels (Fig. 3). Larger DoLP values (i.e., stronger collagen fiber alignment) were observed for the LCL than both the ALL and ALC (p<0.0001). Larger STD AoP values (i.e., more variation in collagen orientation) were observed for the ALL and ALC compared to the LCL (p<0.0001; Fig. 3). When looking at correlations between mechanical and microstructural properties (Fig. 4), we found clustering of the LCL data points at high linear modulus and AVG DoLP while the ALL and ALC data points were clustered together. Similarly, we found clustering of the LCL at high linear modulus and low STD AoP while the ALL and ALC were clustered together. Only three of 25 knee specimens (12%) were observed to have a distinct, ligamentous structure in the region of the ALL. Interestingly, these distinct ALL samples (outlined in black on figures) showed relatively larger elastic moduli, higher AVG DoLP, and lower STD AoP (i.e., uniform and organized collagen alignment) across the stress-strain curve compared to samples harvested from knees without a distinct ALL. The distinct ALL tissues were also seen clustered near the LCL data points in the correlation plots. Conclusions: Overall, there were no differences in the mechanical and microstructural properties between the ALL and ALC, while the LCL demonstrated different properties compared to both the ALL and ALC. Both the ALC and ALL show significantly weaker collagen fiber alignment and more variation in the direction of collagen fiber alignment compared to the LCL. These findings suggest that the ALL has similar properties to capsule (i.e., ALC). However, when a distinct ALL was present at dissection (12%), the data indicates stronger and more uniform collagen alignment suggestive of more ligament-type qualities. Further research is needed to more precisely define the prevalence and properties of distinct ALLs in the knee.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Knee – Mechanical properties"

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Feikes, Jennifer Dorothy. "The mobility and stability of the human knee joint." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:25df7636-8b88-4c8a-8e54-57b3a9cac525.

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Separating the study of kinematic geometry of the human knee from the study of its behaviour under load provides insight into the complex relationship between form and function at the joint. The development of a three-dimensional mathematical model which examines the mobility and stability of the joint in sequence is described in this thesis. A previously proposed model of knee mobility, in which the ligaments and ar- ticular surfaces act as rigid constraints between the bones in a single degree-of- freedom spatial mechanism, was re-examined and its limitations addressed. A new geometric-numerical approach to solving the model kinematics, capable of handling both idealised and more anatomical representations of the articular surfaces, was developed. A database of specimen-specific motion and geometry was established, based on cadaver studies. Articular contact kinematics and ligament length patterns were also quantified. In experiment, all components of passive knee movement were found to be coupled to the flexion angle, providing justification for the underlying concept of the model of knee mobility. Specimen-specific models of mobility were successful in predicting the main fea- tures of passive knee motion through a full range of flexion. Incorporation of second order tibial articular surfaces permitted the prediction of physiological motion com- patible with more realistic contact point movement. Through incorporation of continuous three-dimensional arrays of extensible lig- ament fibres, a preliminary model of knee stability was formulated. Although in need of further refinement, sample predictions of joint behaviour during a/p drawer and axial rotation have demonstrated the potential of the model in highlighting the subtleties of ligament mechanics. It was concluded that the sequential approach is appropriate for the study of joint behaviour in three dimensions and that, based on the success of the analogous two-dimensional theory, it provides an invaluable tool in the study of joint mechanics in activity and in the design and assessment of surgical procedures for treating knee injury and disease.
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Ewing, Joseph Allan Ewing. "The Effect of Patient-Specific Ligament Properties on Knee Mechanics Following Total Knee Arthroplasty." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461167761.

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Moran, Robert Stephen. "The mechanical properties and behavioural characteristics of human knee joint meniscus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12682.

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Considerable evidence indicates that damage, to or removal of, the menisci can have detrimental effects upon primary knee joint function and cause degeneration by predisposing the knee to the effects of osteoarticular disease. To understand fully how the menisci function, their intrinsic material properties and essential features of their behavioural response to loading conditions and how these properties vary throughout the tissue must be precisely defined. This provides the ability to understand the normal function of the knee meniscus, quantify pathologies, detect injurious mechanisms and evaluate the effects of injury and repair. Load-deformation studies, obtained through precisely prepared material samples and standardised loading conditions were used to obtain the relationship between stress and strain of the meniscus when subject to uniaxial compressive, tensile and shear loading in different orthogonal planes and regions. The fundamental understanding of the relationships between the structural organisation and biomechanical properties of fresh, human meniscal tissue has been reported. Failure mechanisms within the highly anisotropic and inhomogeneous material are presented. Material coefficients and mathematical equations modelling stress-strain response are defined and the effects of pathology, location and age effects have been determined. This primary information provides us with a better understanding of the functional behaviour of the meniscus under physiological loading conditions and an insight into possible failure mechanisms. The precise materials and mechanical property data presented will enable accurate computer simulations to be constructed and provide a reference by which future developments in the fields of meniscal repair and tissue engineering can be realistically assessed for performance in vivo.
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Burgess, Ian C. "Tribological and mechanical properties of compliant bearings for total joint replacements." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4720/.

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The tribology of a wide range of designs of compliant layer acetabular cups has been evaluated using a simulator. The simulator applied a dynamic load of 2 kN and a sinusoidal motion of ±25 , and measured the frictional resistance directly. In general the friction developed in these joints was extremely low, with friction factors typically below 0.01. When the experimental results were compared with theoretical estimates of friction a poor correlation was found. Further analysis suggested that the design of compliant layer acetabular cups was insensitive to many of the parameters suggested by theory. In particular, the radial clearance and femoral head size were not found to be critical. In addition, methods were proposed and their effectiveness demonstrated to measure friction at the on-set of motion (start-up friction), and the steady state friction in realistic compliant layer knees. The adhesion between compliant layers and a rigid backing have been investigated, with the aim of developing a good bond between them. The peel test was used to demonstrate an excellent diffusion bond between a low modulus medical grade polyurethane, and a similar high modulus grade of polyurethane. The processing conditions used to manufacture the test piece were optimised to maximise the bond strength. The bond was found to be stable after immersion in Ringers solution at 37 C for 52 weeks, and after acetabular cups were subjected to 14 million 4 kN loading cycles. A six station knee wear simulator was designed and commissioned. The simulator applied a dynamic load and an anterior-posterior translation individually to each station, as well as a flexion-extension motion common to all six stations. The simulator was computer controlled entirely using servo hydraulics. Wear rates were obtained from tests lasting up to 8 million cycles conducted on UHMWPE joints.
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Wen, Chunyi Paul, and 溫春毅. "The effect of anterior angulation of femoral shaft on the outcome of total knee replacement: a regression study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972342.

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Chinworth, Susan A. (Susan Annette). "Ground Reaction Forces and Ankle and Knee Moments During Rope Skipping." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501047/.

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Ground reaction force (GRF) data collected and synchronized with film data to determine peak GRF and calculate moments about ankle and knee during rope skipping. Two, five minute conditions were analyzed for 10 subjects. Condition 1 was set rate and style. Condition 2 was subjects' own rate and style. Means and standard deviations were reported for peak GRF, ankle and knee moments. One way ANOVAs reported no significant difference between conditions for variables measured. Efficiency and nature of well phased impacts during rope skipping may be determined by combination of GRF, similarities in magnitude and direction of joint moments, and sequencing of segmental movements. Technique and even distribution of force across articulations appear more important than magnitudes of force produced by given styles.
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Lee, Cynthia R. (Cynthia Renee) 1975. "Physical and biochemical properties of canine knee articular cartilage are affected by selected surgical procedures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80509.

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Scarvell, Jennifer. "Kinematics and degenerative change in ligament-injured knees." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4139.

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The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to examine the associations between the kinematics of the knee characterised by the tibiofemoral contact pattern, and degenerative change, in the context of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. While the natural history of degenerative change following knee injury is well understood, the role of kinematics in these changes is unclear. Kinematics of the knee has been described in a variety of ways, most commonly by describing motion according to the six degrees of freedom of the knee. The advantage of mapping the tibiofemoral contact pattern is that it describes events at the articular surface, important to degenerative change. It was hypothesised that the tibiofemoral contact pattern would be affected by injury to the knee. A model of ACL injury was chosen because the kinematics of the knee have been shown to be affected by ACL injury, and because the majority of chronic ACL-deficient knees develop osteoarthritis, the associations between kinematics and degenerative change could be explored. A technique of tibiofemoral contact pattern mapping was established using MRI, as a quantifiable measure of knee kinematics. The tibiofemoral contact pattern was recorded from 0º to 90º knee flexion while subjects performed a leg-press against a 150N load, using sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The technique was tested and found to be reliable, allowing a description of the tibiofemoral contact pattern in 12 healthy subjects. The tibiofemoral contact patterns of knee pathology were then examined in a series of studies of subjects at a variety of stages of chronicity of ligament injury and osteoarthritis. Twenty subjects with recent ACL injury, 23 subjects with chronic ACL deficiency of at least 10 years standing, and 14 subjects with established osteoarthritis of the knee were recruited. The 20 subjects with recent ACL injury were examined again at 12 weeks and 2 years following knee reconstruction. The tibiofemoral contact patterns were examined for each group of subjects and the associations between changes in the contact patterns and evidence of joint damage explored. Evidence of joint damage and severity of osteoarthritis were recorded from xrays, diagnostic MRI, operation reports and bone densitometry at the tibial and femoral condyles of the knee. Each of the three groups with knee pathology exhibited different characteristics in the tibiofemoral contact pattern, and these differences were associated with severity of joint damage and osteoarthritis. The recently ACL-injured knees demonstrated a tibiofemoral contact pattern that was posterior on the tibial plateau, particularly in the lateral compartment. Those with chronic ACL deficiency demonstrated differences in the contact pattern in the medial compartment, associated with severity of damage to the knee joint. Osteoarthritic knees showed reduced femoral roll back and longitudinal rotation that normally occur during knee flexion. Two years following knee reconstruction there was no difference between the contact pattern of the reconstructed and healthy contralateral knees. This technique of tibiofemoral contact pattern mapping is sensitive to the abnormal characteristics of kinematics in ligament injury and osteoarthritis. This is the first time the tibiofemoral contact characteristics of chronic ACL-deficient and osteoarthritis knees have been described and links examined between tibiofemoral contact patterns and degenerative change.
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Scarvell, Jennifer. "Kinematics and degenerative change in ligament-injured knees." University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4139.

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Doctor of Philosophy
The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to examine the associations between the kinematics of the knee characterised by the tibiofemoral contact pattern, and degenerative change, in the context of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. While the natural history of degenerative change following knee injury is well understood, the role of kinematics in these changes is unclear. Kinematics of the knee has been described in a variety of ways, most commonly by describing motion according to the six degrees of freedom of the knee. The advantage of mapping the tibiofemoral contact pattern is that it describes events at the articular surface, important to degenerative change. It was hypothesised that the tibiofemoral contact pattern would be affected by injury to the knee. A model of ACL injury was chosen because the kinematics of the knee have been shown to be affected by ACL injury, and because the majority of chronic ACL-deficient knees develop osteoarthritis, the associations between kinematics and degenerative change could be explored. A technique of tibiofemoral contact pattern mapping was established using MRI, as a quantifiable measure of knee kinematics. The tibiofemoral contact pattern was recorded from 0º to 90º knee flexion while subjects performed a leg-press against a 150N load, using sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The technique was tested and found to be reliable, allowing a description of the tibiofemoral contact pattern in 12 healthy subjects. The tibiofemoral contact patterns of knee pathology were then examined in a series of studies of subjects at a variety of stages of chronicity of ligament injury and osteoarthritis. Twenty subjects with recent ACL injury, 23 subjects with chronic ACL deficiency of at least 10 years standing, and 14 subjects with established osteoarthritis of the knee were recruited. The 20 subjects with recent ACL injury were examined again at 12 weeks and 2 years following knee reconstruction. The tibiofemoral contact patterns were examined for each group of subjects and the associations between changes in the contact patterns and evidence of joint damage explored. Evidence of joint damage and severity of osteoarthritis were recorded from xrays, diagnostic MRI, operation reports and bone densitometry at the tibial and femoral condyles of the knee. Each of the three groups with knee pathology exhibited different characteristics in the tibiofemoral contact pattern, and these differences were associated with severity of joint damage and osteoarthritis. The recently ACL-injured knees demonstrated a tibiofemoral contact pattern that was posterior on the tibial plateau, particularly in the lateral compartment. Those with chronic ACL deficiency demonstrated differences in the contact pattern in the medial compartment, associated with severity of damage to the knee joint. Osteoarthritic knees showed reduced femoral roll back and longitudinal rotation that normally occur during knee flexion. Two years following knee reconstruction there was no difference between the contact pattern of the reconstructed and healthy contralateral knees. This technique of tibiofemoral contact pattern mapping is sensitive to the abnormal characteristics of kinematics in ligament injury and osteoarthritis. This is the first time the tibiofemoral contact characteristics of chronic ACL-deficient and osteoarthritis knees have been described and links examined between tibiofemoral contact patterns and degenerative change.
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Alinejad, Mona. "Artificial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9cace6f9-2147-481e-b19f-502c38cc6b98.

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Conventional anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction grafts have not been able to replicate the mechanical behaviour of the native ACL, reproduce normal knee mechanics and kinematics, or prevent degenerative disease progression of the knee. The aim of this thesis was to investigate a novel ACL design to more closely mimic the normal mechanical behaviour of the ACL, reconstruct the isometric ACL fibre and potentially reproduce the normal kinematics and mechanics of the knee. The designed artificial ACL reconstruction (ACLR) system could be used as a stand-alone device or in conjunction with a total knee replacement (TKR). The nominated design option for the ACLR system consisted of a connecting cord made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibres and an elastic system made of cobalt-chrome-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloy with similar load-elongation characteristics to the native ACL. The design requirements were defined based on the mechanical properties of the native ACL, size constraints from the bony geometry and TKR components, and the location of the isometric fibres of the native ACL. The in vitro mechanical tests performed in this project on the designed cord showed a 2-3 times greater ultimate tensile load compared to the ACL in young human cadavers. The decreasing creep modulus of the UHMWPE cord under fatigue loading in simulated body conditions (3118 MPa at 6.5×106 cycle) indicated nominal creep and stabilised mechanical properties by the 3000th loading cycle. To replicate the non-linear stiffness of the ACL with ~38 N mm-1 toe and ~100 N mm-1 linear regions, the artificial ACLR device consisted of a femoral spring (~60 N mm-1) in series with a tibial spring (~100 N mm-1) and a connecting cord (~2000 N mm-1). Two helical springs in series were used for the stand-alone ACLR, whereas a helical spring in series with a spiral spring was designed for the ACLR-TKR. As both the helical and spiral springs had a constant stiffness, stop mechanisms were added to the springs to create a non-linear stiffness and control the maximum safe deformation limit of each spring. To understand the mechanical behaviour of the reconstructed isometric fibre of the ACL, passive and loaded motions were simulated in 18 sets of segmented MRI models of healthy human knees. Constant load and elongation was observed throughout flexion during the passive movements, whereas maximal load and elongation in the reconstructed ACL was identified at 50 º of flexion during loaded motion. An ACL attachment placement sensitivity study, conducted in this project to assess the effect of surgical implantation error on the behaviour of the reconstructed ACL, revealed that misplacement of the femoral attachment would significantly influence the load-elongation of the reconstructed ACL. Finite element (FE) models of the designed ACLR devices enabled their behaviour under simulated axial loading, squatting and the Lachman test to be assessed. Both ACLR devices successfully reproduced stiffness of the native ACL with a multi-linear stiffness curve, however, elongation greater than 3.1 mm could not be achieved. It can be concluded that the designed artificial ACLR devices were able to mimic the mechanical behaviour of the ACL provided it was positioned at the isometric attachment points; potentially enabling achievement of more natural kinematics and mechanics of the reconstructed knee. However, ACL placement was shown to have a significant impact on the behaviour of the reconstructed ACL, therefore, placement error may over-constrain the joint. For this reason, a more forgiving design with a lower stiffness and a larger deformation limit would be advised.
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Books on the topic "Knee – Mechanical properties"

1

Al-Turaiki, Mohammed H. S. The human knee: Functional anatomy, biomechanics, and instabilities & assessment techniques. Al-Zulfi, Saudi Arabia: The Author, 1986.

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Al-Turaiki, Mohammed H. S. The human knee: Functional anatomy, biomechanics, and instabilities & assessment techniques with 75 figures. Al-Zulfi [Saudi Arabia]: Al-Turaiki, 1986.

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Marcel, Jacob, ed. The knee. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1985.

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1944-, Stedtfeld Hans-Werner, ed. Diagnostic evaluation of the knee. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

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Pellmann, P. Ergonomische Gestaltung von Knieschützern. Dortmund: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz, 1992.

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Gerald, Finerman, Noyes Frank R, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons., National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (U.S.), and American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine., eds. Biology and biomechanics of the traumatized synovial joint: The knee as a model. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1992.

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Marshall, Christina. Biomechanical characteristics of the healthy and ACL-reconstructed female knee. 1999.

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Gerald A. M., M.D. Finerman (Editor), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (Corporate Author), National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Corporate Author), and Frank R., M.D. Noyes (Editor), eds. Biology and Biomechanics of the Traumatized Synovial Joint: The Knee As a Model/Workshop Scottsdale, Arizona November 1991 (Symposium). Amer Acad of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1993.

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Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Mechanics and Design in Musculoskeletal Systems (Bioengineering). Prentice Hall, 2006.

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Goldring, Steven R. Pathophysiology of periarticular bone changes in osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0005.

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Under physiological conditions, the subchondral bone of diarthrodial joints such as the hip, knee, and phalanges forms an integrated biocomposite with the overlying calcified and hyaline articular cartilage that is optimally organized to transfer mechanical load. During the evolution of the osteoarthritic process both the periarticular bone and cartilage undergo marked changes in their structural and functional properties in response to adverse biomechanical and biological signals. These changes are mediated by bone cells that modify the architecture and properties of the bone through active cellular processes of modelling and remodelling. These same biomechanical and biological factors also affect chondrocytes in the cartilage matrix altering the composition and structure of the cartilage and further disrupting the homeostatic relationship between the cartilage and bone. This chapter reviews the structural alterations and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis bone pathology and discusses potential approaches for targeting bone remodelling to attenuate the progression of the osteoarthritic process.
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Book chapters on the topic "Knee – Mechanical properties"

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Gibbons, M. J., D. L. Butler, F. R. Noyes, and T. Schlegal. "The Inherent Mechanical Properties of Allograft Fascia Lata." In Surgery and Arthroscopy of the Knee, 235–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72782-5_47.

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Claes, L. E., and R. K. Schmid. "Experimental Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Knee Ligaments." In Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research, 403–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7432-9_57.

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Thomas, N. P., K. Wright, I. G. Turner, and I. W. Nelson. "A Comparative Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Four Prosthetic Anterior Cruciate Ligaments." In Surgery and Arthroscopy of the Knee, 191–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72782-5_39.

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Häußler, Kim Lars, Roman Preuß, and Robert M. Streicher. "Wear of Large Ceramic-on-Ceramic Bearings for Total Hip Arthroplasty and the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Silicon Nitrides." In Tribology in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty, 85–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45266-6_9.

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Mirjavadi, Seyed Sajad, Andrew J. Taberner, Martyn P. Nash, and Poul M. F. Nielsen. "Characterising the Soft Tissue Mechanical Properties of the Lower Limb of a Below-Knee Amputee: A Review." In Computational Biomechanics for Medicine, 99–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70123-9_8.

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"Effects of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of health-care knee braces." In Environment, Energy and Sustainable Development, 493–96. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b16320-102.

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Ó Doinn, Tiarnán, and James M. Broderick. "Biomaterials in Total Joint Arthroplasty." In Arthroplasty - Advanced Techniques and Future Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107509.

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Primary total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA, TKA) are among the most common procedures performed in the United States. The volume of revision TKAs and THAs are also exponentially rising each year. Paramount to the success of total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is the correct choice of biomaterials which are used to reconstruct a particular joint. This chapter explores the history of common arthroplasty biomaterials, their biomechanical properties and current applications. This chapter also discusses modern strategies of improving biomaterial mechanical properties, survivability and sterilisation methods. The contents of this chapter will form an essential resource for practicing orthopaedic surgeons, orthopaedic trainees, researchers and engineers interested in tribology and biomechanics of biomaterials in adult reconstruction.
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Okazaki, Yoshimitsu, and Kiyoyuki Chinzei. "Development of Orthopedic Implants with Highly Biocompatible Ti Alloys." In High Entropy Materials - Microstructures and Properties [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105389.

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The material properties of metallic materials used for manufacturing of orthopedic implants are important for understanding the factors affecting the biological, biomechanical, and biochemical performances of orthopedic implants. This chapter will provide the test method for characterizing potential materials for metallic orthopedic device such as artificial joints and osteosynthesis. Particularly, the alloy design and low-cost manufacturing processes of titanium (Ti) metals, cytocompatibility of metals, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of Ti alloys, and mechanical compatibility of orthopedic implants are summarized. Future trends on both materials and biological evaluation methods are also introduced here. Three-dimensional (3D) layer manufacturing technologies are expected as new technologies for manufacturing, artificial hip joint stems, acetabular cups, and femoral components and tibial trays of artificial knee joints among others. 3D layer manufacturing technologies are also expected for manufacturing porous materials such as acetabular components. It is possible to obtain marketing approval for highly biocompatible implants that are optimized for the skeletal structures and needs of patients by combining 3D layer manufacturing technologies with imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT).
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Milanezi de Andrade, Rafhael, André Palmiro Storch, Lucas de Amorim Paulo, Antônio Bento Filho, Claysson Bruno Santos Vimieiro, and Marcos Pinotti. "Transient Thermal Analysis of a Magnetorheological Knee for Prostheses and Exoskeletons during Over-Ground Walking." In Heat Transfer - Design, Experimentation and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95372.

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Proper knee movement is essential for accomplishing the mobility daily tasks such as walking, get up from a chair and going up and down stairs. Although the technological advances in active knee actuators for prostheses and exoskeletons to help impaired people in the last decade, they still present several usage limitations such as overweight or limited mechanical power and torque. To address such limitations, we developed the Active Magnetorheological Knee (AMRK) that comprises a Motor Unit (MU), which is a motor-reducer (EC motor and Harmonic Drive) and a MR clutch, that works in parallel to a magnetorheological (MR) brake. Magnetorheological fluids, employed in the MR clutch and brake, are smart materials that have their rheological properties controlled by an induced magnetic field and have been used for different purposes. With this configuration the actuator can work as a motor, clutch or brake and can perform similar movements than a healthy knee. However, the stability, control, and life of magnetorheological fluids critically depend on the working temperature. By reaching a certain temperature limit, the fluid additives quickly deteriorate, leading to irreversible changes of the MR fluid. In this study, we perform a transient thermal analysis of the AMRK, when it is used for walking over-ground, to access possible fluid degradation and user’s discomfort due overheating. The resulting shear stress in the MR clutch and brake generates heat, increasing the fluid temperature during the operation. However, to avoid overheating, we proposed a mode of operation for over-ground walking aiming to minimize the heat generation on the MR clutch and brake. Other heat sources inside the actuator are the coils, which generate the magnetic fields for the MR fluid, bearings, EC motor and harmonic drive. Results show that the MR fluid of the brake can reach up to 31°C after a 6.0 km walk, so the AMRK can be used for the proposed function without risks of fluid degradation or discomfort for the user.
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Anderson, Greg M., and David A. Crerar. "The First Law of Thermodynamics." In Thermodynamics in Geochemistry. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195064643.003.0008.

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We have by now amassed sufficient definitions and reviewed enough mathematics to begin discussion of energy levels and transfers. This is a very difficult subject, as evidenced by the fact that more than 50 years of scientific effort were required before the relationships between heat, work, and energy were well understood. A knowledge of the history of development of this understanding by Carnot, Mayer, Rumford, Clausius, Joule, Thompson, and others is very helpful in appreciating the significance of the First Law of thermodynamics. Part of the difficulty lies in the fact that the concepts of temperature, heat and work are so intuitively familiar to us that we tend to use them without much thought. We have already discussed systems in terms of heat transfer just as if we knew exactly what heat is. We present here a summary of the present understanding of the relation between heat, work, and energy levels of systems, leading to a definition of the first law of thermodynamics. We are all familiar with the sensation of warmth, that is, that some objects are hotter or colder than others. A large number of instruments called thermometers can be (and have been) devised which will indicate degrees of hotness or coldness of their environments. They have physical properties which vary perceptibly as they become hotter or colder (examples are the volume of a body of fluid at a fixed pressure, the length of a column of mercury in a glass tube, or the voltage produced by a metallic couple); these changes can be assigned arbitrary units of "hotness." The zeroth law says that two bodies that are in thermal equilibrium with a third body are in equilibrium with each other. By thermal equilibrium we mean that two bodies are in contact separated by a wall or walls that prevent exchange of mechanical energy or mass, but which still allow the two bodies to interact energetically. Such walls are called diathermal, that is, they allow heat to flow between the bodies. When no further change in the bodies is observed, they are at equilibrium; if one of these is a thermometer, its properties (volume, length, voltage) have been calibrated according to some arbitrary scale, and a reading on this "hotness" or temperature scale may be made.
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Conference papers on the topic "Knee – Mechanical properties"

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Moyer, John T., Adam C. Abraham, Megan L. Killian, and Tammy L. Haut Donahue. "Transverse Mechanical Properties of Human Lateral Meniscal Attachments." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19458.

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The human knee joint bends during gait, running or similar dynamic activity. During such activity the ligaments and menisci provide joint stability. It is well know that the collagen fibers in knee ligaments are aligned parallel to the primary loading direction. In the knee meniscus, the fibers are aligned specifically to assist in the in vivo loading conditions. The human menisci are firmly attached to the tibia by means of ligamentous structures known as meniscal attachments [1]. Meniscal attachments are best modeled as fiber composite materials where the matrix is the ground substance and the collagen fibers are the reinforcement. The load is primarily transferred to the insertion sites which are designed to reduce the stress concentrations caused by the load transfer across the attachment-bone interface [1]. Determination of the transverse properties of human meniscal attachments will aid in the development of three dimensional knee joint models in which the attachments are treated as transversely isotropic, hyperelastic [2].
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Moyer, John T., Adam C. Abraham, and Tammy L. Haut Donahue. "Nano-Mechanical Properties of Human Meniscal Surfaces." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53184.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a crippling disease in humans that deteriorates the articular cartilage (AC) and subchondral bone. Research has shown AC preservation is most important for halting the initiation of OA, in the human knee joint, and this defense is contingent on the structural integrity of the menisci [1, 2]. The menisci are fibrocartilaginous structures which are crucial for proper load distribution in the knee [3–5]. The menisci are specifically designed to fit the contour of the femoral condyles, aiding to disperse the stresses on the tibial plateau and in turn safeguarding the underlying AC. Circumferentially aligned collagen fibers help to support the menisci while in tension, while a proteoglycan and water matrix reinforce the menisci during compressive loads [2, 6].
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Moyer, John T., Troy M. Bouman, Ryan M. Priest, Adam C. Abraham, and Tammy L. Haut Donahue. "Regional Comparisons of Nano-Mechanical Properties of Deep Zone Menisci." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80434.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a dehabilitating condition that is highly prevalent in today’s society, frequently leading to a knee replacement. OA is characterized by loss of articular cartilage. Previous research has shown articular cartilage preservation is dependent on the structural integrity of the menisci [1, 2]. The human menisci are two crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structures that provide fundamental load distribution within the knee joint, ultimately aiding to attenuate stresses at the tibio-femoral site [3–5].
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Vakili, Samira, Liam Montgomery, Brent Lanting, and Ryan Willing. "In Situ Characterization Of The Mechanical Properties Of Human Knee Ligaments." In Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering International Congress (2021 : Charlottetown, PE). Charlottetown, P.E.I.: University of Prince Edward Island. Robertson Library, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32393/csme.2021.212.

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Bose, Dipan, Jason R. Kerrigan, Johan Ivarsson, N. Jane Madeley, Steve A. Millington, Kavi S. Bhalla, and Jeff R. Crandall. "Non-Contact Area Measurement Techniques for Cross Sectional Properties of Soft Tissues." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43488.

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In this study, a non-contact optical three-dimensional digitization technique is described to account for area measurement problems related to soft tissue. The technique is used to generate digitized models of human knee ligaments (collateral and cruciate ligament bundles). Cross-sectional area of knee ligaments is determined by applying Green’s theorem on data obtained from the digitized models. The surface concavity features of different ligaments shown in this study signify the extent of approximation done by projection based methods. The study also reports the variation in cross-sectional shape of a ligament along its long axis, indicating the importance of deciding the appropriate cross section for stress calculation measurements.
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Caruntu, Dumitru I., and Eduardo Granados. "Dynamic Test for Human Knee Ligament Structure Assessment." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39414.

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In this paper a nonlinear human knee dynamics model to include viscoelastic ligaments is proposed. The knee model is two dimensional and include tibia, femur, ligamentous knee structure, and knee cartilages. The model is used to investigate the influence of ligamentous viscoelastic properties on dynamic testing of human knee. An exercise in which the femur is pinned at the hip in a sitting position, and tibia in a vertical position is actuated by a vertical harmonic force at various frequencies is proposed. The viscoelastic model of ligaments shows better predictions on the knee dynamic testing.
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Torniainen, Jari E., Aapo Ristaniemi, Lauri Stenroth, and Juha Töyräs. "Estimating Mechanical Properties of Bovine Knee Ligaments and Tendons with Near Infrared Spectroscopy." In Clinical and Translational Biophotonics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/translational.2018.jw3a.29.

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Van Dommelen, J. A. W., B. J. Ivarsson, M. Minary Jolandan, S. A. Millington, M. Raut, J. R. Kerrigan, J. R. Crandall, and D. R. Diduch. "Characterization of the Rate-Dependent Mechanical Properties and Failure of Human Knee Ligaments." In SAE 2005 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0293.

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Yao, Jiang, Art D. Salo, Monica Barbu-McInnis, and Amy L. Lerner. "Finite Element Modeling of Knee Joint Contact Pressures and Comparison to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Loaded Knee." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43153.

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A finite element model of the knee joint could be helpful in providing insight on mechanisms of injury, effects of treatment, and the role of mechanical factors in degenerative conditions. However, preparation of such a model involves many geometric simplifications and input of material properties, some of which are poorly understood. Therefore, a method to compare model predictions to actual behaviors under controlled conditions could provide confidence in the model before exploration of other loading scenarios. Our laboratory has developed a method to apply axial loads to the in vivo human knee during magnetic resonance imaging, resembling weightbearing conditions. Image processing algorithms may then be used to assess the three-dimensional kinematics of the tibia and femur during loading. A three-dimensional model of the tibio-menisco-femoral contact has been generated and the image-based kinematic boundary conditions were applied to investigate the distribution of stresses and strains in the articular cartilage and menisci throughout the loading period. In this study, our goal is to investigate the contact patterns during long term loading of up to twenty minutes in the healthy knee. Specifically, we assess the use of both elastic and poroelastic material properties in the cartilage, and compare model predictions to known loading conditions and images of tissue deformations.
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Kasra, M., M. D. Grynpas, and A. Shirazi-Adl. "Dynamic Response Analyses of Rabbit Knee Joint." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0447.

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Abstract The knee joint is a complex nonlinear dynamic system. It is generally known that mechanical factors play an important role in the etiology of knee injuries and diseases such as osteoarthritis. While performing daily activities such as walking, running, and climbing as well as during occupational operations, the joint is exposed to vibrations and multiple impacts. During these activities, according to an individual’s condition (e.g., age, fitness, weight), the joint load and stiffness may reach critical limits initiating or accelerating different knee disorders. This is the case in athletes or workers during occupational activities (1). Therefore, understanding the dynamic characteristics of the knee joint is essential in prediction and prevention of knee disorders as well as in subsequent joint replacement and rehabilitation procedures. There have been very few reported experimental studies investigating the dynamic behavior of the whole knee joint as a dynamic system (2). The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in mechanical properties of the rabbit knee joint under different compressive dynamic loading conditions. Rabbit has frequently been used as an osteoarthritic knee model (3). The data obtained in this study, hence, will also be beneficial in our future studies of osteoarthritic rabbit models.
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