Relevant bibliographies by topics / Knee lever

Academic literature on the topic 'Knee lever'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Knee lever"

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Nielsen, S., I. Hvid, and K. Andersen. "Experimental Measurement of Rotatory and Translatory Instability of the Knee Joint." Engineering in Medicine 14, no. 3 (July 1985): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/emed_jour_1985_014_029_02.

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In the evaluation and treatment of knee ligament injuries and for comprehensive understanding of knee ligament function, it is important to know where in the movement of extension-flexion the different types of instability released by wellknown ligament injuries occur. An apparatus was developed to record anterior– posterior tibial displacement, valgus–varus instability, and axial tibial rotation instability on knee preparations, continuously, in the extension–flexion movement, when the tibia was submitted to a well-defined constant torque or force. Osteoligamentous knee preparations were suspended in the femur and a lever was fixed to the tibial segment. The lever was fitted with strain gauges to measure the torque in three planes. Potentiometers recording extension–flexion, anterior–posterior tibial displacement, valgus–varus, and axial rotation angulations were mounted. The lever was moved manually, and signals from strain gauges and potentiometers passed through an amplifier and a data acquisition system to a microcomputer, which stored the results of the measurements. The final movement curves were calculated and plotted at a regional computer service centre. Tests for reproducibility of measurements at different ligament status demonstrated a high level of reproducibility.
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Lieber, R. L., and J. L. Boakes. "Sarcomere length and joint kinematics during torque production in frog hindlimb." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 254, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): C759—C768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1988.254.6.c759.

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The relationship between semitendinosus muscle force and knee joint kinematics during isometric torque production was examined in the frog (Rana pipiens) hindlimb. Passive muscle sarcomere length was monitored by laser diffraction during knee rotation, and joint center of rotation was determined later using principles of rigid body kinematics. Contractile force at the distal tibia, resulting from semitendinosus contraction, was also measured, and, using the kinematic data, a torque vs. joint angle curve constructed. Muscle sarcomere length varied from 3.6 micron at full knee extension to 2.0 micron at full knee flexion. Effective lever arm varied almost as a sine function, with optimal lever arm at 90 degrees of flexion. Joint torque increased linearly from 0 to 140 degrees of flexion and then sharply decreased to 160 degrees of flexion. Thus the optimal joint angle occurred at an angle (140 degrees) that was neither the angle at which muscle force was maximum (160 degrees) nor the angle at which the effective lever arm was maximum (90 degrees). These data indicate that knee torque production in the frog results from the interaction between muscular and joint properties and not either property alone.
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Fantini Pagani, Cynthia H., Steffen Willwacher, Rita Benker, and Gert-Peter Brüggemann. "Effect of an ankle–foot orthosis on knee joint mechanics: A novel conservative treatment for knee osteoarthritis." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 38, no. 6 (December 10, 2013): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364613513297.

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Background: Several conservative treatments for medial knee osteoarthritis such as knee orthosis and laterally wedged insoles have been shown to reduce the load in the medial knee compartment. However, those treatments also present limitations such as patient compliance and inconsistent results regarding the treatment success. Objective: To analyze the effect of an ankle–foot orthosis on the knee adduction moment and knee joint alignment in the frontal plane in subjects with knee varus alignment. Study design: Controlled laboratory study, repeated measurements. Methods: In total, 14 healthy subjects with knee varus alignment were analyzed in five different conditions: without orthotic, with laterally wedged insoles, and with an ankle–foot orthosis in three different adjustments. Three-dimensional kinetic and kinematic data were collected during gait analysis. Results: Significant decreases in knee adduction moment, knee lever arm, and joint alignment in the frontal plane were observed with the ankle–foot orthosis in all three different adjustments. No significant differences could be found in any parameter while using the laterally wedged insoles. Conclusion: The ankle–foot orthosis was effective in reducing the knee adduction moment. The decreases in this parameter seem to be achieved by changing the knee joint alignment and thereby reducing the knee lever arm in the frontal plane. Clinical relevance This study presents a novel approach for reducing the load in the medial knee compartment, which could be developed as a new treatment option for patients with medial knee osteoarthritis.
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Carvalho, Jose Andre, Mauricio Dias Mongon, William Dias Belangero, and Bruno Livani. "A case series featuring extremely short below-knee stumps." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 36, no. 2 (December 14, 2011): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364611430535.

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Background: Lower limb amputations should be evaluated carefully, especially with regard to the possibility of preserving the knee joint to enable a more physiological gait and lower energy consumption. Below-knee amputations were performed immediately below the tibial tuberosity with maintenance of the insertion of the patellar tendon, resulting in very short, but functional stumps. This case study examined whether very short below-knee stumps allow a more functional gait, as compared to more proximal amputations.Case Description and Methods: Between June 2010 and June 2011, four patients had extremely short below-knee amputations, with resection of the head of the fibula at the junction and reinsertion of the collateral ligaments and structures attached to the tibia. This was followed by placement of a prosthesis with a vacuum-assisted suspension socket.Findings and Outcome: At the end of treatment, patients that underwent transtibial amputations with an extremely short stump were considered well adapted to their prosthesis and were satisfied in relation to the acquired gait patterns.Conclusion: The extremely short below-knee amputation, despite having a short lever arm should be considered as another option for lower-limb amputations, although we cannot yet assure that other patient groups undergoing this level of amputation may have the same results of the study.Clinical relevanceThe extremely short below-knee amputation, despite having a short lever arm should be considered as an option for lower limb amputations, as it can provide a prosthetic provision with a good functional outcome.
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Colliander, Erland B., and Per A. Tesch. "Isokinetic torque expressed relative to knee versus lever arm angle." Journal of Biomechanics 22, no. 10 (January 1989): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(89)90154-1.

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Lichtenberg, Miranda C., Christiaan H. Koster, Lennart P. J. Teunissen, Frits G. J. Oosterveld, Annelieke M. K. Harmsen, Daniel Haverkamp, Daniel Hoornenborg, Robert P. Berg, Frank W. Bloemers, and Irene R. Faber. "Does the Lever Sign Test Have Added Value for Diagnosing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 232596711875963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118759631.

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Background: Diagnosing an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture based on a physical examination remains a challenge for both surgeons and physical therapists. The lever sign test was developed to overcome the practical limitations of other tests and to optimize diagnosis. An evaluation of the measurement properties of the lever sign test is needed to make adequate interpretations in practice. Purpose: To evaluate the reliability and diagnostic value of the lever sign test. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 94 patients were recruited between November 2014 and July 2016. Patients were included if they were at least 16 years old, suffered from knee trauma, and had indications for knee arthroscopic surgery. Lever sign, anterior drawer, Lachman, and pivot-shift test outcomes were examined by an orthopaedic/trauma surgeon and a physical therapist. A test-retest design was used to investigate interrater reliability. Moreover, the lever sign test outcomes, alone and in combination with the other diagnostic tests, were compared with arthroscopic results, which served as the gold standard for the test’s diagnostic value. Results: The lever sign test and pivot-shift test had kappa values exceeding 0.80 for interrater reliability. The kappa values for the anterior drawer test and Lachman test were 0.80 and 0.77, respectively. The lever sign test showed the highest specificity (100%) and the lowest sensitivity (39%) when compared with the other 3 tests. Moreover, its positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 65%, respectively, while an accuracy of 71% was calculated. Clustering the lever sign test parallel with the other 3 tests resulted in the highest accuracy of 91%. Conclusion: The lever sign test appears to have high interrater reliability and is the most specific test, showing a maximal positive predictive value. A positive lever sign test result indicates an ACL rupture. These results support the added value of the lever sign test for diagnosing ACL ruptures.
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Squillantini, Rafael, Brielle Ringle, and Julie Cavallario. "Comparing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Two Selective Tissue Tests for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Critically Appraised Topic." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 24, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2018-0056.

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Clinical Question:In patients with acute knee injuries, is there evidence to support that the lever sign test is more accurate in diagnosing an anterior cruciate ligament sprain than the Lachman test?Clinical Bottom Line:The evidence does not indicate that the lever sign test can be used in isolation in lieu of the Lachman test, but there is sufficient evidence to support adding the lever sign test to the examination of potential anterior cruciate ligament sprains.
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Li, Bin. "Numerical Simulation of Ligament Force in Pitching Motion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 3292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.3292.

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The knee joint is a vulnerable joint that is easily injured. This is due in part to the fact that the joint is in the middle of two long lever-arms, the femur and the tibia. This makes the knee ligaments prone to injury from any strong contact to the knee, or sometimes even from just the force of the body moving through space with a hard muscle contraction. Simulation of ligament force in pitching motion of basketball player is studied in this paper.
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Zhu, Jun, Yu Wang, Jinlin Jiang, Bo Sun, and Heng Cao. "Unidirectional variable stiffness hydraulic actuator for load-carrying knee exoskeleton." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 172988141668695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881416686955.

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This article presents the design and experimental testing of a unidirectional variable stiffness hydraulic actuator for load-carrying knee exoskeleton. The proposed actuator is designed for mimicking the high-efficiency passive behavior of biological knee and providing actively assistance in locomotion. The adjustable passive compliance of exoskeletal knee is achieved through a variable ratio lever mechanism with linear elastic element. A compact customized electrohydraulic system is also designed to accommodate application demands. Preliminary experimental results show the prototype has good performances in terms of stiffness regulation and joint torque control. The actuator is also implemented in an exoskeleton knee joint, resulting in anticipant human-like passive compliance behavior.
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Shuleikin, V. N., and G. V. Kupovykh. "Performance assessment of the atmospheric electric dowsing mechanism." Actual Problems of Oil and Gas, no. 29 (November 19, 2020): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29222/ipng.2078-5712.2020-29.art4.

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The movement of the frame in the operator’s hand is provoked by the repulsion of the excess negative charge of air and the negative charge of the frame, equal in density to the charge of the Earth. A powerful increase in the repulsive forces is achieved due to the lever effect and is estimated by the ratio of the distance of the point on the horizontal knee to the radius of the vertical knee. Further strengthening is achieved by increasing the radius of the horizontal knee of the frame.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Knee lever"

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Landeo, Raul Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "The modulating impact of skill level in the execution of knee extension in fast front kicking in taekwondo." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Safety Science, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44978.

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Fast pushing like forms of knee extension were previously studied (van Ingen Schenau, 1994, Bobbert 1994). From these the role of mono and bi-articular muscles was established for this type of pushing like motion patterns. The way whipping like forms of knee extension are controlled is however less understood. This study investigated the impact of skill level in modulating fast forms of knee extension. The investigation was carried out by using a Taekwondo fast front kicking action, mean peak leg angular velocity 18.65 rads/s, as the subject task. A total of 40 healthy male and female participants volunteered to take part in this study. Of these, 20 were skilled martial arts athletes while the remaining 20 were unskilled. Expert and novice groups were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. A ten week intervention program aimed at increasing the skill level of participants of the expert and novice groups was conducted. The kinematic profile of the execution of a fast front kick performed under various settings of velocity, range of motion and degrees of freedom was obtained by a high speed camera. The myoelectrical activity of selected muscle units was simultaneously obtained while kicks were video recorded. Expert and novice participants were tested pre and post intervention program. Of the available kinematic variables such as segmental angular velocities, joint linear velocities and intersegmental timing and coordination, it was found that only: peak ankle linear and leg angular velocities, intersegmental timing, thigh to leg peak angular velocity ratio and a calculated performance index, have the potential to discriminate differences in skill level in this form of kicking. Pre and post intervention differences between groups were assessed from these variables. It was of interest to this study to identify the sources of these differences. To this end, an inverse dynamics analysis of the interaction between segments during the execution of a front kick was performed. It was found that the interaction between segments evolves with increases in skill level. Expert athletes utilize a i) precursor knee flexion moment to assist hip flexion moment during the initial stages of the kicking action and ii) a late hip flexion moment to assist further increases of kicking speed. These moments were absent in the execution of a front kick by novice athletes. These findings were also obtained form an optimization approach to the analysis of interactive moments during kicking. An important conclusion from these analyses is that the view of a front kick as a proximal to distal motion pattern is inadequate. Evidence from this study suggests that this action is best defined as a distal-proximal-distal motion pattern in an expert population. It then indicates that skill gains rely on the utilization of intrinsic muscle properties to assist the execution of tasks like a front kick.
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Tengman, Eva. "Long-term consequences of anterior cruciate ligament injury : knee function, physical activity level, physical capacity and movement pattern." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Sjukgymnastik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-86715.

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Knee function after more than 20 years post injury is rarely described and none of the few follow-up studies have evaluated functional performance tasks. This thesis investigated self-reported knee function, physical activity level, physical capacity and movement pattern in the long-term perspective (on average 23 years) in persons who had suffered a unilateral ACL injury, treated either with physiotherapy in combination with surgery (ACLR, n=33) or physiotherapy alone (ACLPT, n=37) and compared to age-and-gender matched controls (n=33).  This thesis shows that regardless of treatment, there are significant negative long-term consequences on self-reported knee function and physical activity more than 20 years after injury. In comparison to the controls, the ACL-groups (ACLR and ACLPT) had lower knee function as measured by the Lysholm score and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). The persons with an ACL injury also had a lower knee-specific physical activity level (Tegner activity scale), while no differences were seen in general physical activity level (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, IPAQ) compared to healthy controls. Regarding physical capacity, both ACL groups showed inferior jump capacity in the injured leg compared to the non-injured leg. However, compared to controls the ACL-injured had a relatively good jump performance. Knee extension peak torque, concentric and eccentric, was also lower for the injured leg compared to the non-injured leg for both ACLR and ACLPT. In addition, the ACLPT group showed reduced eccentric knee flexion torque of the injured leg. The non-injured leg, on the other hand, showed almost equal jump capacity and strength as controls. Balance in single-limb stance (30s) was inferior in persons who had an ACL injury. This was true for both the injured and non-injured leg and regardless of treatment. Movement pattern during the one-leg hop was analysed by a set of kinematic variables consisting of knee angles (flexion, abduction, rotation) and Centre of Mass (CoM) placement in relation to the knee and ankle joints. Both ACLR and ACLPT displayed movement pattern asymmetries between injured and non-injured legs. In comparison to controls, the ACLR group had a similar movement pattern with the exception of larger external knee rotation at Initial contact and less maximum internal rotation during the Landing. ACLPT showed several differences compared to controls both regarding knee angles and CoM placement. The ACL-injured persons with no-or-low knee osteoarthritis (OA) had better knee function as reflected by higher scores on Lysholm and KOOS subscale ‘symptom’ compared to those with moderate-to-high OA. The degree of OA had no influence on reported physical activity level, jump capacity, peak torque or the kinematic variables.  In conclusion, this thesis indicates that persons with a unilateral ACL injury, regardless of treatment, have some negative long-term consequences e.g. self-reported knee function, knee-specific activity level, strength and balance deficits, when compared to age-and-gender matched controls. The results, however, also indicate that the ACL-injured can manage reasonably well in some jumps and general activity level but have an inferior performance in more knee-demanding tasks. The ACLR group had similar movement pattern with the exception of knee rotation, indicating that a reconstruction may restore the knee biomechanics to some extent. The ACLPT group on the other hand, seem to use compensatory movement strategies showing several differences compared to controls.
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Dall, Philippa Margaret. "The function of orthotic hip and knee joints during gait for individuals with thoracic level spinal cord injury." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401337.

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Crescuillo, Jessica. "The association of frequency and level of physical activity on the progression of osteoarthritis of the knee in females." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32123.

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Hedlund, Maja. "What if we could tailor the knee-prevention for female soccer players on an individual level and guide them to a physique that can support them?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-125682.

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It´s important to consider all the risks that the players are exposed to and have a holistic view on the matter. The conclusions from my sponsor and looking through research in the area I came to the conclusion that surface and shoes have minimal consequences and are not an area of interest for me in this project.
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Al-Rashoud, Abdullah S. "The efficacy of low-level laser therapy applied at acupuncture points in knee osteoarthritis : a randomised double-blind controlled trial." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a6dac764-eb6f-431c-892f-39d3b815c31a.

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Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and is a major cause of disability and impaired quality of life (QoL). The prevalence of OA is rapidly increasing affecting approximately 15% of the world’s population. Currently, there are no disease modifying treatments available. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the most widely prescribed medications for patients with knee OA (KOA), are associated with serious side effects, including bleeding and gastric ulceration. As a result, both patients and professional societies are looking for alternative therapies, with good effects,and less toxicity, to control pain sufficiently. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a non-invasive treatment modality in the field of physiotherapy for pain management. Nonetheless,the effectiveness of LLLT in the treatment of OA is debatable. Objectives and Design: A randomised, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of LLLT when it is applied on specific acupuncture points (APs) at the knee joint in combination with exercises and advice in patients with KOA. Participants: Forty-nine patients with KOA were randomly assigned into two groups; active laser group (n= 26) and placebo laser group(n= 23). Intervention: Using a gallium-aluminium-arsenide laser device,patients received either active or placebo LLLT treatment at five APs (ST 35,Xiyan, ST 36, SP9, and SP10) on the affected knee. All participants received a series of 9 treatment sessions over a period of three weeks by using LLLT(active or placebo) in addition to strengthening exercise and advice. Outcome Measures: Visual analogue scale (VAS), Saudi knee function scale (SKFS), active range of motion (ROM), knee circumference (KC), and patient satisfaction were assessed at baseline, at the 5th treatment session,at the last (9th) treatment session, after six weeks and then six months after the last treatment session. Result: There was a statistically (but not clinically) significant improvement in the laser group compared to the placebo group in the primary outcome VAS after six weeks (P=0.014) and after six months of the last session of treatment (P= 0.003). There was a statistically (but not clinically) significant improvement in the laser group compared to the placebo group in the SKFS scores at the last treatment session (P= 0.035), and after six months (P= 0.006); in ROM only after six months (P= 0.019); inpatient satisfaction at the 5th session (P= 0.033) and after six months. No significant difference between both groups was noted in the KC at any time. Within both groups there was statistically significant improvement in most outcomes. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the short-period application of LLLT on specific APs associated with exercises and advice is effective in reducing pain and improving the QoL in patients with KOA.
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Osborne, Michelle. "EXPLORATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAIN INTENSITY, COMFORT LEVEL AND PATIENT SATISFACTION AMONG ORTHOPEDIC PATIENTS FOLLOWING KNEE SURGERY ON POSTOPERATIVE DAY ONE." Case Western Reserve University Doctor of Nursing Practice / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=casednp1430142885.

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Petrella, Marina. "Aspectos neuromusculares e funcionais: diferença entre graus leve e moderado da osteartrite radiográfica do joelho." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5349.

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This study aimed to compare neuromuscular aspects, such as antagonist co-activation during knee extension (Coext) and flexion (Coflex), functional ratio of the maximum concentric hamstring strength to the maximum eccentric quadriceps strenght for knee flexion (Icon:Qexc), knee extensor torque in concentric (PTcon_ext) and eccentric (PTexc_ext) ways, the concentric knee flexor torque (PTcon_flex) and physical function, in different knee OA degrees. It was also objective of this dissertation investigate the center of pressure (COP) behavior (amplitude and velocity of the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral displacement) during a task involving eccentric quadriceps contraction, and the correlation between center of pressure and variables related to muscle performance and physical function. These objectives comprise two studies, with different methodologies. Study I: 20 subjects with knee OA (GOA) and 20 healthy subjects (GC) performed a postural stability evaluation, standing on two force platforms (Bertec Mod) with 45 degrees of knee flexion. PTcon_flex and PTexc_ext were evaluated in a speed of 90°/s. Subjects answered Physical Function and Stiffness subscales of the questionnaire Western Ontario MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Intergroup statistical analysis shown that subjects of the GOA, compared to GC, had no difference in postural control parameters, had lower Icon: Qexc (p = 0.004) and poorer selfreported physical function (p = 0.00) and stiffness (p = 0.001). Antero-posterior COP displacement was moderately and negatively correlated with the physical function subscale (ρ = -0.480, p = 0.02). Antero-posterior COP speed was moderately and negatively correlated with the physical function WOMAC subscale (ρ =-0.52, p = 0,01) and stiffness WOMAC subscale (ρ = -0.44, p = 0.03). Study II: 20 subjects with knee OA grade II (GOAII), 15 with knee OA grade III (GOAIII) and 19 healthy subjects (GC) performed isokinetic knee extension and flexion at 60 °/s, simultaneously to the electromyographic assessment of muscles quadriceps (vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus) and hamstrings (biceps femoris and semitendinosus). Subjects answered Physical Function WOMAC subscale and performed functional tests 30-s chair-stand test (STS30s), 40mfast-paced walk test (Caminhada40m) and a stair-climb test (Escada). After intergroup analysis, GOAII showed higher Coflex (p = 0.001), higher Icon:Qexc (p = 0.000), Σemgflex_flex (p = 0.000), lower PTcon_ext (p = 0:02) and PTexc_ext (p = 0.008) and worse self reported physical function (p= 0.000). In GOAIII were identified greater Icon:Qexc (p = 0.000), lower PTcon_ext (p = 0.000), PTexc_ext (p = 0.000) and PTcon_flex (p = 0.04), worse self-reported Physical Function (p = 0.000) and worse performance in the functional tests: STS30s Caminhada40m e Escada (p = 0.017 p = 0.000 and p = 0.001, respectively). There was no difference between the GOAII and GOAIII for all variables (p ≥ 0.05). Together, these results suggest a neuromuscular adaptation present in individuals with knee OA, justifies the need for intervention from the early degrees of the disease and highlight the importance of taking into account different forms of assessment of physical function.
Foi objetivo desta dissertação comparar aspectos neuromusculares, como coativação do antagonista durante a extensão (Coext) e flexão (Coflex) do joelho, relação funcional de força concêntrica de isquiotibiais e excêntrica de quadríceps para flexão de joelho (Icon:Qexc), torque extensor do joelho nos modos concêntrico (PTcon_ext) e excêntrico (PTexc_ext), o torque flexor do joelho no modo concêntrico (PTcon_flex) e a função física nos diferentes graus da OA do joelho. Também foi objetivo dessa dissertação investigar o comportamento do centro de pressão (amplitude e velocidade do deslocamento ântero-posterior e médio-lateral) durante uma tarefa envolvendo contração excêntrica do quadríceps e correlaciona-lo às variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho muscular e função física. Estes objetivos compõem dois estudos, com metodologias distintas. Estudo I: 20 indivíduos com OA de joelhos (GOA) e 20 sujeitos saudáveis (GC) realizaram avaliação da estabilidade postural, em pé sobre duas plataformas de força (Bertec Mod) e flexão de joelhos de 45 graus. Também foram avaliados PTcon_flex e PTexc_ext na velocidade de 90°/s e os sujeitos responderam às seções função física e rigidez do questionário Western Ontario and MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Após análise estatística intergrupo, não foi observada diferença estatística para as variáveis do controle postural entre os sujeitos com OA e o GC. No entanto, foram identificados menor PTexc_ext (p=0.01), menor Icon:Qexc (p=0.004), pior auto-relato de função física (p=0,00) e rigidez (p=0,001). A análise de correlação indicou correlação entre o controle postural e função física e rigidez. Estudo II: Vinte indivíduos com OA do joelho grau II (GOAII), 15 com OA do joelho grau III (GOAIII) e 19 saudáveis (GC) realizaram teste isocinético de extensão do joelho a 60°/s, simultaneamente à avaliação eletromiográfica dos músculos do quadríceps (vasto lateral, reto femural e vasto medial) e isquiotibiais (bíceps femural e semitendíneo). Os sujeitos responderam à seção Função Física do qustionário WOMAC e realizaram testes funcionais de sentar e levantar de uma cadeira por 30 segundos (STS30s), caminhada de 40 metros (Caminhada40m) e subida e descida de escada (Escada). Após análise intergrupo, o GOAII apresentou maior Coflex (p = 0.001), maior Icon:Qexc (p = 0.000), Ʃemgflex_flex (p = 0.000), menores PTcon_ext (p = 0.02) e PTexc_ext (p = 0.008) e pior auto-relato de função física (p = 0.000 ). No GOAIII foram identificados maior Icon:Qexc (p = 0.000), menores PTcon_ext (p = 0.000), PTexc_ext (p = 0.000) e PTcon_flex (p = 0.04), pior auto-relato de função física (p = 0.000) e pior desempenho nos testes STS30s, Caminhada40m e Escada (p = 0.017 p = 0.000 e p = 0.001, respectivamente). Não houve diferença entre o GOAII e GOAIII para nenhuma das variáveis (p ≥ 0.05). Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem uma adaptação neuromuscular presente nos indivíduos com OA do joelho, necessidade de intervenção desde os graus iniciais da doença e destacam a importância de levar em conta diferentes formas de avaliação da função física.
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Alfredo, Patricia Pereira. "Eficácia da laserterapia de baixa intensidade associada a exercícios em pacientes com osteoartrose de joelho: um estudo randomizado e duplo-cego." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-07022012-110411/.

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Introdução: A osteoartrite (OA) é uma doença degenerativa que atinge as articulações sinoviais, sendo uma das causas mais comuns dalimitação funcional. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do Laser de Baixa Intensidade (LBI) associado a exercícios na dor, amplitude de movimento, força muscular, funcionalidade, mobilidade e qualidade de vida de pacientes com osteoartrite de joelhos. Métodos: Quarenta e seis indivíduosde ambos os sexos, entre 50 e 75 anos, com OA de joelho (graus 2-4), foram randomizados em dois grupos: Grupo Laser- LBI ativo com dose de 3J mais exercícios e Grupo Placebo- LBI placebo e exercícios. A avaliação foi realizada antes de iniciar o tratamento (AV1), três semanas após o tratamento com o laser (AV2), oito semanas após o tratamento com exercícios (AV3), três e seis meses após o término do tratamento (AV4 e AV5). A dor foi avaliada com a Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), amplitude de movimento com goniômetro universal, força muscular com dinamômetro, funcionalidade com a Escala AlgofuncionalLequesne, a mobilidade pela TimedGetUpandGo(TGUG) e qualidade de vida com a Western Ontario andMcMasterUniversitiesOsteoarthritis (WOMAC). A intervenção foi realizada três vezes por semana durante 11 semanas, sendo que nas três primeiras foi aplicado o laser e nas demais somente os exercícios. Os dados foram analisados com os testes não paramétricos de Friedman e Mann- Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%.Resultados: Na análise intragrupo, o Grupo Laser apresentou melhora significativa na dor (p<0,001), amplitude de movimento (p=0,032), funcionalidade (p=0,003), mobilidade (p<0,001), WOM-dor (p=0,001), WOM-função (p<0,001) e WOM-total (p<0,001), enquanto o Grupo Placebo apresentou diferença significativa na mobilidade (p=0,013), WOM-função (p=0,017) e WOM-total (p=0,02). Na análise intergrupo foi constatada diferença significativa entre os grupos na AV2 para as variáveis WOM-função (p=0,01) e WOM-total (p=0,02) e na AV3 para as variáveis WOM-dor (p<0,01), WOM-função (p=0,01) e WOM-total (p=0,02), indicando melhora no Grupo Laser. Neste, também foi observado maior ganho relativo em quase todas as variáveis ao longo das avaliações, quando comparado ao Grupo Placebo. Conclusão:A Laserterapia de Baixa Intensidade associada a um programa de exercícios mostra-se efetiva na melhora da dor, funcionalidade, amplitude de movimento e qualidade de vida de pacientes com osteoartrite de joelhos
Introduction:Osteoarthritis(OA) is adegenerative diseasethat affectssynovial joints, one of the most common causesoffunctional limitation. Objectives:To estimate the effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT),in combination with a program of exercises on pain, range of motion, muscular strength, functionality, mobility and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Methods: Sample consisted of 40 participants of both genders, ages ranging from 50 to 75 years. All had level 2-4 OA. Participants were randomized into two groups: Laser Group(low-level laser, 3 Joules dose and exercises), and Placebo Group (placebo-laser and exercises). Pain was assessed using visual analogical scale (VAS), range of motion with the universal goniometer, muscular strength using a dynamometer, functionality using the LequesneQuestionnaire, mobility using Timed Get Up and Go (TGUG)and quality using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) of life in five moments: (T1) baseline, (T2) after at the end of laser therapy (3rd week), (T3) after the end of exercises (11th week), (T4) three and six monthsafter thetreatment (T4 and T5). The intervention was performedduring three weeks; patients received laser therapy or placebo three times a week; for the remaining 8 weeks, all patients exercised three times a week.Data was assessed through Friedman and Mann-Whitney non-parametrical tests, with 5% significance. Results:In theintragroup analysis, the Laser Groupshowed significant improvementin pain (p<0.001), range of motion (p=0.032), functionality (p=0.003), mobility (p<0.001), WOM-pain (p=0.001), WOM-function (p<0.001) and WOM-total (p<0.001), while the Placebo Group showeda significant difference inmobility (p=0.013), WOM-function (p=0.017) andWOM-total (p=0.02). In the analysisbetween groupsthere wassignificant differenceinAV2between groupsfor variables WOM-function (p=0.01) andWOM-total (p=0.02) and in AV3for variablesWOM-pain (p<0.01), WOM-function (p=0.01) andWOM-total (p=0.02), indicating an improvement inthe Laser Group. Therewas alsoobserved a greaterrelative gainin almostall variablesthroughout the evaluations, when comparedto the Placebo Group.Conclusion: TheLow- Level Laser Therapycombined withanexercise program iseffective in improvingpain, function, range of motion and qualityof life of patientswith knee osteoarthritis
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Meneses, Sarah Rubia Ferreira de. "Efeito da laserterapia de baixa intensidade (904 nm) e do alongamento estático em pacientes com osteoartrite de joelho: ensaio controlado randomizado simples cego." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5170/tde-24112015-100231/.

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Objetivo: Investigar o efeito da laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LBI) e do alongamento estático, combinados ou não, em pessoas com osteoartrite de joelho (OAJ). Método: Foram randomizados 145 sujeitos de 50 a 75 anos com OAJ em cinco grupos de intervenção (n=29 cada): Laserativo+Along; Laserplacebo+Along; Along; Laserativo e controle. A laserterapia (GaAs; 904nm; 40mW; 3J/ponto; 27J/joelho) consistiu de nove sessões nos grupos de terapia combinada e 24 quando monoterapia. O alongamento foi composto por sete exercícios repetidos por 24 sessões. O controle recebeu uma cartilha educacional. A frequência de tratamento foi de 3x/sem. A variável primária foi a intensidade da dor medida pela Escala Visual Analógica e as variáveis secundárias incluídas foram domínios dor, função, rigidez e escore total do questionário Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), funcionalidade avaliado pelo Lequesne, mobilidade pelo Timed Up and Go, amplitude de movimento do joelho (ADMJ) pela goniometria e encurtamento de isquiotibiais (IQT) pelo ângulo poplíteo. O nível de significância foi de ?=0,05. Resultados: Nos grupos de terapia combinada, não foi observada diferença entre o laser ativo e placebo (p>0,05). Ao final do estudo, os grupos demonstraram, em média, ganho relativo significativo na dor durante AVDs (50%), WOMAC total (39%), funcionalidade (30%) e mobilidade (20%) em comparação ao controle (p < 0,001). Houve melhora de 43% no encurtamento de IQT e de 9% no ganho de ADMJ nos grupos de terapia combinada em relação ao controle (p < 0,001 e p=0,02, respectivamente). Conclusão: LBI e alongamento estático, quando isolados, foram efetivos na melhora da dor, funcionalidade, mobilidade e nos domínios dor, função e escore total do WOMAC. A LBI nos grupos de terapia combinada não foi superior à aplicação placebo. Portanto, não devemos desconsiderar a contribuição do efeito placebo no resultado do tratamento isolado. A LBI combinada ao alongamento não promoveu benefícios adicionais em relação ao alongamento de forma isolada
Objective: To investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and static stretching, in combination and as monotherapy, in people with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods: 145 people aged 50-75 years with KOA were randomly allocated to five groups (each n=29): Laseractive+Stretch, Laserplacebo+Stretch, Stretch, Laseractive and control. The laser therapy (GaAs; 904nm; 40mW; 3J/point; 27J/knee) consisted of nine sessions in the combined treatment groups and 24 when used as monotherapy. Stretching consisted of seven exercises repeated for 24 sessions. The control group received an educational booklet. Treatment frequency was 3 times/week. The primary outcome was pain intensity measured by Visual Analogue Scale and the secondary outcomes included pain, function and stiffness\' domains and total score of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), function assessed by Lequesne, mobility by Timed Up and Go, knee range of motion (KROM) by goniometry and hamstring shortening by popliteal angle. Results: In the combined treatment groups, there was no difference between the laser active and placebo (p > 0.05). At the end of the study, the treatment groups demonstrated, on average, a significant relative gain in pain (50%), total WOMAC (39%), function (30%) and mobility (20%) when compared to control (p < .001). For the combined treatment groups there was a 43% improvement in hamstring shortening (p <.001) and 9% improvement in KROM (p=0.02) when compared to control group. Conclusion: LLLT and stretching exercises, as monotherapy, were effective in reducing pain and improving function, mobility and the domains pain and function as well as the total score of WOMAC. The LLLT in the combined groups was not superior to the placebo application. Thus, we should not discard the contribution of the placebo effect in the result of the LLLT as monotherapy. The LLLT combined with stretching did not promote additional benefits compared to stretching alone
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Books on the topic "Knee lever"

1

Brown, Dee Alexander. Enterrad mi corazón en Wounded Knee: Historia india del oeste americano. Madrid: Turner, 2005.

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Brown, Dee Alexander. Bury my heart at wounded knee: An Indian history of the American West. London: BCA, 1999.

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Brown, Dee Alexander. Bury my heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian history of the American West. London: Vintage, 1991.

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Brown, Dee Alexander. Bury my heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian history of the American West. New York: Fall River Press, 2014.

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Brown, Dee Alexander. Bury my heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian history of the American West. New York: Sterling Innovation, 2009.

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Pool, Daniel. What Jane Austen ate and Charles Dickens knew: Fascinating facts of daily life in the nineteenth century. London: Robinson, 1998.

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What Jane Austen ate and Charles Dickens knew: From fox hunting to whist : the facts of daily life in nineteenth-century England. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.

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Pool, Daniel. What Jane Austen Ate and Charles Dickens Knew: From Fox Hunting to Whist-The Facts of Daily Life in Nineteenth-Century England. New York: Touchstone, 1994.

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Brown, Dee Alexander. Begrabt mein Herz an der Biegung des Flusses. München: Knaur Taschenbuch Verlag, 2005.

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Brown, Dee Alexander. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. Tandem Library, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Knee lever"

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van den Broek, C. M., G. G. van Hellemondt, and A. B. Wymenga. "Technique of revision in TKA: Joint line level." In The Knee Joint, 1029–37. Paris: Springer Paris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-287-99353-4_98.

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Kiorpelidis, Polykarpos I., Zoe H. Dailiana, and Sokratis E. Varitimidis. "Long Term Outcome of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty. The Effect of Body Weight and Level of Activity." In Total Knee Arthroplasty, 55–68. London: Springer London, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6660-3_7.

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Impoco, Gaetano. "Level Set Segmentation of Knee Bones Using Normal Profile Models." In Computer Vision/Computer Graphics CollaborationTechniques, 195–206. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01811-4_18.

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Faisal, Amir, Siew-Cheok Ng, Siew-Li Goh, and Khin Wee Lai. "Knee Cartilage Ultrasound Image Segmentation Using Locally Statistical Level Set Method." In IFMBE Proceedings, 275–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7554-4_48.

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H. Paravlic, Armin. "Motor Imagery as Adjunct Therapy for Rehabilitation of Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients: The State-of-the-Art Umbrella Review with Meta-Analysis." In Arthroplasty - Advanced Techniques and Future Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106388.

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One of the most common causes of disability in older adults is osteoarthritis (OA), which often affects the knee. When conventional treatments fail to produce positive changes in patients’ physical function, pain relief, and quality of life, replacement of the degenerated and/or malformed joint is recommended. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been shown to be beneficial in improving aforementioned factors in patients with OA. However, despite comprehensive surgical methods and postoperative rehabilitation approaches, knee extensor weakness persists over a long period of time and may not reach the preoperative level of the non-OA leg for up to 6 months after surgery. Therefore, current rehabilitation programs do not seem to be sufficient to counteract these negative changes after TKA. When overt movement is limited due to various factors, several cognitive strategies have been shown to be useful in improving neuromuscular function without mechanically loading the muscles. One of the most studied strategies is motor imagery (MI). While there is some preliminary evidence supporting the use of MI in TKA rehabilitation practice, an umbrella review with meta-analysis is needed to summarize these findings and draw a clear conclusion about the efficacy of MI in terms of physical function and pain relief in TKA patients.
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Hudson, Benjamin. "Weird Sisters and the Prior of Loch Leven." In Macbeth before Shakespeare, 124–43. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197567531.003.0007.

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Abstract The Macbeth legend that was ultimately used by Shakespeare began with the chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun, prior of St. Serf’s at Loch Leven. Andrew knew more than one legend about Macbeth, and his inadequacies as an editor permit us to see the various strands. He presents Macbeth in connection with the occult, introducing ethereal ladies, prophecy, and the supernatural. Andrew changed Macbeth from a stereotypical and one-dimensional villain into the hero/anti-hero of the story. He placed Scottish history within the larger context of world history and also wrote in the Scots vernacular, which guaranteed him a large audience. More than any previous writer, Andrew of Wyntoun provided the names of places, character development, historical details, and genealogical information that would be adapted by later interpreters of the Macbeth story. A modern English translation of this episode is given in Appendix 2.
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Crane, Stephen. "The Open Boat." In The Red Badge of Courage and Other Stories. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199552542.003.0004.

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I None of them knew the color of the sky. Their eyes glanced level, and were fastened upon the waves that swept toward them. These waves were of the hue of slate, save for the tops, which were of foaming white, and all of...
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G. Gosnell, Griffith, Brett A. Gerber, Gregory P. Guyton, and Heath P. Gould. "Playing Surface and Injury Risk: Artificial Turf Vs. Natural Grass." In Injury and Sports Medicine [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106615.

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Artificial turf’s developmental history spans 6 generations and includes design improvements that transformed an injury-inducing 1st generation field into a modern 3rd generation natural grass substitute. Artificial turf has become a widely adopted playing surface with a $2.7 billion United States Dollar (USD) valuation in North America. Turf’s popularity is due to its increased functionality and decreased cost compared to natural grass that allows more sports to play on the surface for longer time periods with decreased maintenance costs. From a biomechanical perspective, artificial turf exhibits higher frictional coefficients than natural grass resulting in higher foot and ankle injury rates. Concussion rates on turf are decreased compared to natural grass due to lower G-max values on well-maintained artificial surfaces. Hip, knee, and overall injury rates are equivalent between the two surfaces except in specific populations including elite-level American football players that exhibit increased knee injury rates on artificial turf. Due to these tradeoffs, the authors suggest that athletic organizations with funding to support professional groundskeeping should consider investing in natural grass due to athlete preference and decreased injury risk. In contrast, organizations without sufficient funding for professional groundskeeping operations may consider investing in modern artificial turf due to its associated long-term benefits and decreased costs.
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Jatsun, Sergey Fedorovich, and Andrey Yatsun. "Industrial Exoskeletons With Gravity Compensation Elements." In Research Anthology on Emerging Technologies and Ethical Implications in Human Enhancement, 198–216. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8050-9.ch010.

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The chapter approaches the issues of modeling the process of load lifting by a person while wearing an exoskeleton. The classification of existing gravitational compensation systems for industrial exoskeletons is shown, as well as examples of its use. A mathematical model of lifting a person's load in the exoskeleton is presented, as well as numerical parameters are calculated. It is shown that the introduction of an elastic element reduces the level of energy consumption during work, and can also facilitate the level of the worker. Industrial exoskeleton prototype design is presented. A particular focus is given to studying the influence of the gravity compensator on the magnitude of the moments generated by the electric drives of the hip and knee joints. It is shown that the use of gravity compensators enables to reduce significantly the load on electric drives.
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Jatsun, Sergey Fedorovich, and Andrey Yatsun. "Industrial Exoskeletons With Gravity Compensation Elements." In Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Automation in Manufacturing, 28–51. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1382-8.ch002.

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The chapter approaches the issues of modeling the process of load lifting by a person while wearing an exoskeleton. The classification of existing gravitational compensation systems for industrial exoskeletons is shown, as well as examples of its use. A mathematical model of lifting a person's load in the exoskeleton is presented, as well as numerical parameters are calculated. It is shown that the introduction of an elastic element reduces the level of energy consumption during work, and can also facilitate the level of the worker. Industrial exoskeleton prototype design is presented. A particular focus is given to studying the influence of the gravity compensator on the magnitude of the moments generated by the electric drives of the hip and knee joints. It is shown that the use of gravity compensators enables to reduce significantly the load on electric drives.
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Conference papers on the topic "Knee lever"

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Swanson, Andrea J., Valentina Ngai, Nozomu Inoue, and Markus A. Wimmer. "Analysis of the Tibio-Femoral Contact Point in Total Knee Replacement Using a Marker Based Motion Analysis System." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176757.

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The tibio-femoral contact point in total knee replacements (TKR) is important for determining wear patterns and failure mechanisms of the polyethylene components. Furthermore, the contact point location is critical for determining muscle and ligament lever arms, leading to a more accurate prediction of the internal contact forces.
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Gasparyan, Levon V. "Low-level laser therapy of myofascial pain syndromes of patients with osteoarthritis of knee and hip joints." In Low-Level Laser Therapy, edited by Tatiana I. Solovieva. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.425529.

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Du, Yaodong, Juan Shan, Rania Almajalid, and Ming Zhang. "Knee osteoarthritis severity level classification using whole knee cartilage damage Index and ANN." In CHASE '18: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3278576.3278585.

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Mohacsi, Paulette, Lorraine Piccorelli, Kathryn Watroba, Daniel Weiss, Parisa Saboori, and Lisa Toscano. "Study of a Woman Athlete’s Knee to Prevent Valgus." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71964.

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After the introduction of Title IX, a federal law prohibiting discrimination based on gender, the number of women involved in high school and collegiate level sports has significantly increased. Increasing the number of female athletes has a direct correlation with the amount of injuries experienced by these women. One of the most common injuries to female athletes is a sprain or a tear in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) located in the knee. The ACL is one of the main components in the stabilization of the knee. A strain or tear to the ACL causes everyday life to be impacted significantly. ACL injuries are not only debilitating, but are expensive and have long term effects including arthritis. Women have an increased chance of injuring their ACL for three main reasons: anatomical, hormonal, and biomedical. Statistically, women have wider hips and weaker inner thigh muscles than men. Additionally, women experience changes in hormonal imbalance which contributes to their cyclic changes in ligament strength. Lastly, knees can experience a bio-medical condition known as valgus. The presence of extreme valgus typically indicates a high risk of future ACL injury due to the increased stress on the ligament. Due to these factors, this study involved designing three prophylactic braces to be used as part of a training program to help strengthen the muscles surrounding the knee.
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Liu, Hai-Bin, Zhi-Qiang He, Jie-Qun Wang, Ping Yu, and Hou-Wen Cao. "Knee joint moments in 3D during level gait." In 2014 11th IEEE International Conference on Control & Automation (ICCA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2014.6871009.

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Krishna Chand, Gudi Siva Leela, and Soo Young Shin. "Posture Sensor: Cross Leg Detector at Knee Level." In 10th EAI International Conference on Body Area Networks. ICST, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.28-9-2015.2261509.

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Ponder, Robert I., Mohsen Safaei, and Steven R. Anton. "Development of Surrogate Biomedical Knee Implants for Validation of Embedded Smart Sensors." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3879.

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Total Knee Replacement (TKR) is a very common procedure in the United States, especially with the aging population. However, despite high numbers of procedures and advancing technology, about 20% of patients with TKR are unsatisfied with the level of discomfort they experience with their replacement. Prevailing theories suggest that this is due to gradual misalignment of the knee. Multiple methods have been attempted to detect the cause of mechanical failure in replacements. One possible method for performing state detection in knees is the embedding of piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) into the bearing component. Preliminary testing of PZT’s embedded in simplified plastic components has shown that this method contains promise. With this said, further testing on realistic knee implant components is still needed to solidify the method’s validity. Commercial knee implant bearings utilize medical grade Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW) and manufacturers utilize proprietary processing technology to develop the final components. This work focuses on the development of surrogate knee implant prototypes that replicate the material and geometric properties of actual knee implants to provide a convenient and economical solution to evaluate the performance of embedded PZTs. In this work, scans of an original knee bearing are taken and used to create a 3D model. From there, a variety of processes including 3D printing and Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machining are used to develop surrogate prototypes that are compared for accuracy to a benchmark. This benchmark is taken as a polished CNC machined non-medical grade UHMW prototype. Standards that the prototypes must meet include cost and time effectiveness as well as similarity in geometry and material property to the benchmark. The performance of the prototypes is experimentally compared through mechanical load testing by using pressure sensitive films placed between the femoral and bearing components of the implant as well as measuring piezoelectric output. In addition, the measured voltage output is compared to predictions from an analytical model for validation of the piezoelectric performance. These two experiments help to derive information about the applied load distribution and location, allowing comparisons to be made to the benchmark. This study shows that, while some types of 3D printing, such as fused deposition modeling, provide fast and cheap prototypes, other options such as stereolithography printing produce higher quality and more replicative components. Results of this study can be used in the development of useful surrogates for the advancement of biomedical sensors.
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Armstrong, Laura, Sarah Baxter, and Philip A. Voglewede. "Simplified Model of the Knee as a 2-Dimensional Spring Mechanism." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49797.

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The knee joint is a very complex joint stabilized by two opposing sets of ligaments. A mathematical model of the knee with an appropriate level of complexity and accuracy is needed for valid and useful static or dynamic analysis. Existing work has focused on the knee as either a one degree of freedom pin joint (simple) or based on a more complex sliding motion of two surfaces (complex). In this work, MATLAB and Working Model© were used to design three intermediate level models describing the motion of the knee assuming only movement in the sagittal plane by changing the shape of the tibial plateau (flat, concave, or convex). From these, it was determined that the simple flat model, while not perfect, most appropriately modeled the knee joint.
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Fernandez, Justin W., Hyung J. Kim, Massoud Akbarshahi, Jonathan P. Walter, Benjamin J. Fregly, and Marcus G. Pandy. "Evaluation of Predicted Knee Joint Muscle Forces During Gait Using an Instrumented Knee Implant." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-191839.

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Many studies have used musculoskeletal models to predict in vivo muscle forces at the knee during gait [1, 2]. Unfortunately, quantitative assessment of the model calculations is often impracticable. Various indirect methods have been used to evaluate the accuracy of model predictions, including comparisons against measurements of muscle activity, joint kinematics, ground reaction forces, and joint moments. In a recent study, an instrumented hip implant was used to validate calculations of hip contact forces directly [3]. The same model was subsequently used to validate model calculations of tibiofemoral loading during gait [4]. Instrumented knee implants have also been used in in vitro and in vivo studies to quantify differences in biomechanical performance between various TKR designs [5, 6]. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate model predictions of knee muscle forces by direct comparison with measurements obtained from an instrumented knee implant. Calculations of muscle and joint-contact loading were performed for level walking at slow, normal, and fast speeds.
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Waycaster, Garrett, Sai-Kit Wu, and Xiangrong Shen. "A Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Articulated Knee Prosthesis." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19536.

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This paper describes the mechanical design and control approach for an above-knee (AK) prosthesis actuated by pneumatic artificial muscle. Pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) affords great potential in prosthetics, since this type of actuator features a high power density, and similar characteristics to human muscles. However, there is no application of PAM in AK prosthetics in existing literature to the best knowledge of the authors. In this paper, a design of the prosthesis is presented, which provides sufficient actuation torque for the knee joint in energy consuming locomotive functions such as fast walking and stair climbing. The corresponding control approach is developed to mimic the human motor control in locomotive functions, which includes a lower-level equilibrium-point hypothesis-inspired motion controller, and a higher-level joint-behavior-based motion planner.
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