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Academic literature on the topic 'Knee Diseases Risk factors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Knee Diseases Risk factors"

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Wang, Lih, Sungsoo Kim, Kyungtaek Kim, Seunghyun Lee, Kyungho Lee, and Sangyun Seok. "The Risk Factors of Postoperative Delirium after Total Knee Arthroplasty." Journal of Knee Surgery 30, no. 06 (November 23, 2016): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1593872.

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AbstractWe investigated the results of delirium which developed after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and the risk factors for delirium in the patients who are older than 65 years. From March 2008 to March 2012, we performed a retrospective study on 296 knees of 265 patients who were treated with TKA. They were divided into two groups: 216 patients without delirium and 49 patients diagnosed with delirium by psychiatry. We analyzed the risk factors into three categories: First, the preoperative factors including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), clinical and functional knee joint score (Knee Society Knee Score and Knee Society Function Score) and the number of underlying diseases and associations with each disease; Second, the operative factors including the anesthesia method, amount of blood loss, operating time, laboratory factors, and transfusion count; Third, the postoperative factors such as start time of walking and duration of hospital stay were analyzed. There were significant statistical difference between two groups just in age, history of dementia, cerebrovascular disease, difference of hemoglobin and albumin, start time of walking, and duration of hospital stay. The delirium after TKA delays the postoperative ambulation and extends the hospital stay, which causes functional and socioeconomic loss of patients. Therefore, the risk factors for delirium should be assessed and proper prevention and management should be conducted.
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Hartwell, Matthew J., Allison M. Morgan, Daniel J. Johnson, Richard W. Nicolay, Robert A. Christian, Ryan S. Selley, Michael A. Terry, and Vehniah K. Tjong. "Risk Factors for 30-Day Readmission following Knee Arthroscopy." Journal of Knee Surgery 33, no. 11 (July 3, 2019): 1109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692631.

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AbstractThis study evaluates knee arthroscopy cases in a national surgical database to identify risk factors associated with readmission. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried from 2012 to 2016 for billing codes related to knee arthroscopy. International Classification of Diseases diagnostic codes were then used to exclude cases which involved infection. Patients were subsequently reviewed for readmission within 30 days. Univariate and multivariate analyses were then performed to identify risk factors associated with 30-day readmission. A total of 69,022 patients underwent knee arthroscopy. The overall 30-day complication rate was 1.75% and the 30-day readmission rate was 0.92%. On multivariate analysis, age > 60 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–1.55), smoking (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.15–1.70), recent weight loss (OR, 13.22; 95% CI, 5.03–34.73), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.39–2.82), hypertension (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.23–1.78), diabetes (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.40–2.64), renal failure (OR, 10.65; 95% CI, 2.90–39.07), steroid use within 30 days prior to the procedure (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.24–2.94), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class ≥ 3 (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.40–2.04), and operative time > 45 minutes (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.42–2.00) were identified as independent risk factors for readmission. These findings confirm that the 30-day overall complication (1.75%) and readmission rates (0.92%) are low for knee arthroscopy procedures; however, age > 60 years, smoking status, recent weight loss, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic steroid use, ASA class ≥ 3, and operative time > 45 minutes are independent risk factors for readmission.
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Luo, Ze-Yu, Duan Wang, Ze-Yu Huang, Hao-Yang Wang, Ling-Li Li, and Zong-Ke Zhou. "Risk factors associated with revision for prosthetic joint infection after knee replacement." Lancet Infectious Diseases 19, no. 8 (August 2019): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30357-3.

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Shah, Kunal Ajitkumar, Anuradha Mohapatra, and Gajanan D. Velhal. "Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases in patients with osteoarthritis of knee attending orthopaedic out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 3699. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193664.

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Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) and cardio-vascular diseases (CVD) share similar risk factors. Since OA may increase the risk of CVD through several mechanisms, this study was taken up to find the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases in patients with OA knee. We also assessed the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during August 2018 to January 2019 in an Orthopaedic Out-patient Department of a tertiary care hospital in a metropolitan city. Sample size was 384. Patients above the age of 45 years who were radiologically diagnosed to be OA knee grade 2 and above were included. Questionnaire was used to collect data. Lipid profile and blood sugar were done. Perceived stress scale-10 was used for calculating stress level.Results: Physical inactivity was the most prevalent risk factor (79.68%) followed by tobacco consumption (69.27%), obesity (64.84%), unhealthy diet (56.77%), positive family history (48.43%), dyslipidaemia (48.17%), diabetes (38.54%), hypertension (27.60%), smoking, mental stress and excessive alcohol intake. Prevalence of CVDs like heart failure, heart attack, stroke and other cerebral atherosclerotic conditions were 5.98%. Prevalence among male and female was 6.16% and 5.88% respectively.Conclusions: Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are common in patients of Osteoarthritis Knee. Physical inactivity is the most common risk factor followed by tobacco consumption, obesity and unhealthy diet. Prevalence of CVDs were 5.98%.
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Slobodskoy, A. B., E. Yu Osintsev, A. G. Lezhnev, I. V. Voronin, I. S. Badak, and A. G. Dunaev. "Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Infection after Large Joint Arthroplasty." Vestnik travmatologii i ortopedii imeni N.N. Priorova, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32414/0869-8678-2015-2-13-18.

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Risk factors for the development of purulent complications after large joints arthroplasty were studied by the results of 3641 operations (3210 patients). Hip, knee, shoulder and elbow arthroplasty was performed in 2523, 881, 105 and 132 patients, respectively. Hip and knee revision replacements were performed in 221 cases and in 492 cases surgical interventions were performed for dysplastic coxarthrosis, congenital and acquired deformities, under conditions of bone tissue deficit and other complicated cases. Three hundred fifty one patients were operated on due to acute injury. Periprosthetic infection was diagnosed in 58 cases (1.59%). It was stated that risk factors for periprosthetic infection development included severe concomitant pathology (diabetes mellitus,operations somatic diseases, degree of their severity and duration, HIV infection and other conditions), surgical interventions for dysplastic coxarthrosis and complex total hip replacement. In those cases the risk of complications increased by 1.5-3.5 times. Pyo-inflammatory process in the area of hip joint in history as well as every repeated surgery on the hip increased therisk of postoperative complications significantly. No differences in complication rate depending on the type of fixation and implant manufacturers were noted.
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Slobodskoy, A. B., E. Yu Osintsev, A. G. Lezhnev, I. V. Voronin, I. S. Badak, and A. G. Dunaev. "Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Infection after Large Joint Arthroplasty." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 22, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto201522213-18.

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Risk factors for the development of purulent complications after large joints arthroplasty were studied by the results of 3641 operations (3210 patients). Hip, knee, shoulder and elbow arthroplasty was performed in 2523, 881, 105 and 132 patients, respectively. Hip and knee revision replacements were performed in 221 cases and in 492 cases surgical interventions were performed for dysplastic coxarthrosis, congenital and acquired deformities, under conditions of bone tissue deficit and other complicated cases. Three hundred fifty one patients were operated on due to acute injury. Periprosthetic infection was diagnosed in 58 cases (1.59%). It was stated that risk factors for periprosthetic infection development included severe concomitant pathology (diabetes mellitus,operations somatic diseases, degree of their severity and duration, HIV infection and other conditions), surgical interventions for dysplastic coxarthrosis and complex total hip replacement. In those cases the risk of complications increased by 1.5-3.5 times. Pyo-inflammatory process in the area of hip joint in history as well as every repeated surgery on the hip increased therisk of postoperative complications significantly. No differences in complication rate depending on the type of fixation and implant manufacturers were noted.
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Carroll, K., M. Dowsey, P. Choong, and T. Peel. "Risk factors for superficial wound complications in hip and knee arthroplasty." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20, no. 2 (February 2014): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12209.

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Lenguerrand, Erik, Michael R. Whitehouse, and Ashley W. Blom. "Risk factors associated with revision for prosthetic joint infection after knee replacement – Authors' reply." Lancet Infectious Diseases 19, no. 8 (August 2019): 807–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30348-2.

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Guo, Heng, Chi Xu, and Jiying Chen. "Risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection after primary artificial hip and knee joint replacements." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 06 (June 30, 2020): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11013.

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Introduction: We aimed to explore the risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after primary artificial hip and knee joint replacements by performing a case-control study. Methodology: The clinical data of patients receiving primary hip and knee joint replacements were retrospectively analyzed. The case group included 96 patients who suffered from PJI, comprising 42 cases of hip joint replacement and 54 cases of knee joint replacement. Another 192 patients who received joint replacement at the ratio of 1:2 in the same period and did not suffer from PJI were selected as the control group. Differences between the two groups were compared in regard to etiology, pathogen, blood type, urine culture, body mass index (BMI), surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative 1st day and total drainage volumes, length of hospitalization stay, and history of surgery at the affected sites. Results: Gram-positive bacteria were the main pathogens for PJI. The most common infection after hip joint replacement was caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, which accounted for 38.10%, while Staphylococcus aureus was mainly responsible for the infection of knee joint (40.74%). High BMI, long surgical time, large postoperative drainage volume, long hospitalization stay, history of surgery at incisions, previous use of immunosuppressants, preoperative hypoproteinemia and superficial infection were independent risk factors (p < 0.05). Conclusions: PJI after primary replacement was mainly caused by gram-positive bacteria, and patients with high BMI, long surgical time, large postoperative drainage volume, long hospitalization stay, history of surgery at incisions, previous use of immunosuppressants, preoperative hypoproteinemia and superficial infection were more vulnerable.
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Peel, T. N., M. M. Dowsey, J. R. Daffy, P. A. Stanley, P. F. M. Choong, and K. L. Buising. "Risk factors for prosthetic hip and knee infections according to arthroplasty site." Journal of Hospital Infection 79, no. 2 (October 2011): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2011.06.001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Knee Diseases Risk factors"

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Ingham, Sarah Louise. "Knee pain in the community : risk factors, incidence, and outcome." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11134/.

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Background: Knee pain affects 1 in 4 people over 55 years, and is a leading cause of disability in the elderly (Peat et al, 2001). Whilst the prevalence of knee pain has been examined, the natural history of knee pain and associated risk factors remain unknown (O’Reilly, 1996). Objectives: to determine in a community sample over a 10 year period: [1] the incidence of knee pain; [2] the outcome of knee pain; and [3] risk factors for both incidence and outcome of knee pain. Materials and method: This was a retrospective cohort study. Baseline data were collected between 1996-1999, and the cohort was reviewed during 2007-2008. Knee pain was defined as pain around the knee for most days of at least a month. Participants without knee pain at baseline who developed knee pain during the subsequent 10 years were defined as incident cases. Participants with knee pain at baseline who reported worsening of symptoms, improvement of symptoms, no change in symptoms, or who underwent TKR during the past 10 years were defined as outcome cases. Other measures included: age of onset and time from baseline to the first episode of knee pain. Putative risk factors measured at baseline included age, gender and body mass index (BMI); risk factors assessed at follow-up included knee malalignment and foot angulation. Relative risk (RR) was estimated using odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) depending on outcomes. Confounding factors were adjusted using logistic regression or COX regression. Results: 9,429 participants were questioned at baseline (2,868 knee pain positive/6,397 knee pain negative). After 10 years, 5,479 were eligible for follow-up. Of them 3,109 responded and 424 underwent x-rays at both baseline and follow-up. The baseline age of this cohort ranged between 40-83 years, with a mean age of 57 years old; 1,725 (55.5%) were women. The incident rate for knee pain cases during the 10 year follow-up period was 742/2,156 (34.4%); this was similar in men (32%) and women (35%). During the 10 year period 250 (27.4%) of the 914 people with pain at baseline experienced worsening of their symptoms, with 81 (8.9%) requiring total knee joint replacements (TKR). A number of risk factors were explored. Obesity (OR 2.19; 95%CI 1.49, 3.22) and varus malalignment (OR 2.82; 95%CI 1.57, 5.06) significantly associated with incident knee pain, whereas back pain (aOR 1.47; 95%CI 1.02, 2.10) and physical work (aOR 1.88; 95%CI 1.02, 3.50) were related to poor outcome. Conclusions: For people over the age of 40 years old, 1 in 3 will develop significant knee pain in the next 10 years. Of people with knee pain, 1 in 4 will worsen over a 10 year period and 1 in 11 will require surgery. A number of risk factors were identified including both systemic/constitutional and more local biomechanical factors. This could have practical implications for primary and secondary prevention particularly in relation to modifiable risk factors, such as reduction in BMI, occupational protection of the knees and possible adjustment of knee malalignment.
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Wills, Andrew K. "Gait kinematics and risk factors for overuse anterior knee pain." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2006. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844510/.

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Overuse anterior knee pain (AKP) is precipitated by activity and affects up to 30% of young and active populations. There is little empirical evidence for the multitude of cited risk factors for the condition and a lack of prospective studies. The main aim of this PhD was to examine the role of gait kinematics as a risk factor for AKP. The first study examined variables other than gait that may need to be controlled or statistically adjusted for in future studies to avoid masking true risk factors or effects. A prospective study of military recruits was undertaken into the effect of prior activity levels, aerobic fitness and social and medical history on the development of AKP. The incidence of AKP was high (8.6%; 95% CI: 6.8-10.4) despite the short 12-week exposure to training. Heavy smokers (odds ratio (OR): 6.37) and individuals with a previous ankle injury (OR; 2.48) had an increased risk of AKP that was independent of lifestyle factors. The association between 3D gait kinematics and patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) was then explored prospectively. Principle components analysis was applied to reduce the gait data into its main factors and multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the association between these factors and PFPS. Three factors from treadmill running explained 47% of the variance between individuals who developed PFPS and those that remained injury-free. These factors contained increased hip and tibial internal rotation, increased hip adduction and decreased knee internal rotation during stance. These results contradicted findings from case-control studies. The association between variability in gait movement patterns and PFPS was assessed using the continuous relative phase method. The main risk factor was reduced inter-stride variability in the joint coordination relationships that contained tibial rotation. The main limitation of the gait study was the small sample size of the PFPS group (n=7). A study was thus undertaken to cross-validate the findings in a new sample with PFPS. This new sample was captured using a 3-year follow up study of the original gait cohort. The results were not replicated in the new PFPS group, and there were no other gait characteristics correlated with PFPS. The lack of validation was attributed to differences in the symptom-complex between the case groups of the two studies. To date, all published evidence for an association between gait and AKP originates from case-control studies. The key issue with this design is inferring the correct temporal sequence of a finding. Thus, to assess the effect of PFPS on gait and inform the interpretation of these studies, a repeated measures study of 6 subjects before and after the onset of PFPS was undertaken. Despite the mild symptoms of the group and the absence of pain during testing, the subjects showed some subtle gait inhibition post onset of PFPS. This questions the use of the case-control study to validly quantify risk factors in gait. Future research should cross-validate the significant risk factors found' in these studies, explore other potentially salient variables such as patellofemoral alignment and examine the causes of these risk factors. It is hoped that such work will benefit the prevention and treatment of AKP.
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Boling, Michelle Clara Padua Darin A. "A prospective investigation of biomechanical risk factors for anterior knee pain." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1740.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Interdisciplinary Human Movement Science School of Medicine." Discipline: Human Movement Science; Department/School: Medicine.
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Kerr, Gillian. "Cerebrovascular diseases, vascular risk factors and socioeconomic status." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1892/.

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Cerebrovascular disease, has an enormous, and increasing, impact on global health. As well as causing clinical stroke, cerebrovascular disease is thought to be a major contributor to cognitive decline and dementia. Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with risk of stroke. Those in the lowest SES group are estimated to be at twice the risk of stroke compared to those in the highest SES group. Those with low SES may also have a more severe stroke and a poorer outcome. It is imperative that the extent and mechanism of this association is clarified. This thesis aims to determine if the association between SES and stroke is explained by a greater prevalence of traditional vascular risk factors amongst those of low SES. It also explains the link with a novel risk factor, poor oral health. Lastly it addresses the long-term cognitive outcome in older people at risk of vascular disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to establish if vascular risk factors explain the association between SES and stroke incidence / post-stroke mortality. This demonstrated that lower SES was associated with an increased risk of stroke and that a greater burden of vascular risk factors in those with low SES explained about 50% of the additional risk of stroke. However this meta-analysis could not clarify what vascular risk factors are most critical. Low SES was also associated with increased mortality risk in those who have a stroke although study results were heterogeneous and this link was not readily explained by known vascular risk factors. A prospective study of 467 consecutive stroke and transient ischameic attack (TIA) patients from three Scottish hospitals was undertaken with the aim of establishing whether those with low SES carry higher levels of vascular risk factors, have a more severe stroke and have equal access to stroke care services and investigations. Stroke / TIA patients with low SES were younger and more likely to be current smokers but there was no association with other vascular risk factors /co-morbidity. Those who had lower SES had a more severe stroke. The lowest SES group were less likely to have neuroimaging or an electrocardiogram although differences were not significant on multivariate analysis. There was however equal access to stroke unit care. A secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of 412 stroke patients was conducted. The aim was to explore oral health after acute stroke and assess if poor oral health explains the association between SES and stroke. Dry mouth amongst acute stroke patients was very common, however there was no association between oral health and low SES. There was an association of dry mouth with pre-stroke disability and Urinary Tract Infection. There was also a link with oral Candida glabrata colonisation, although the clinical relevance of this is uncertain. In the acute phase after stroke there was no convincing association of dry mouth with dysphagia or pneumonia. Therefore there was no association between SES and poor oral health as measured in this study but oral health may still be part of the explanation of the association between SES and acute stroke and this needs further investigation. Vascular disease is an important contributor to cognitive decline and dementia. Low SES may be associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline in later life and vascular disease may be a mediating factor. More effective prevention of vascular disease may slow cognitive decline and prevent dementia in later life, particularly in low SES groups. Lipid lowering with statins might be effective in preventing dementia but so far evidence from randomised control trials does not show benefit from statins in preventing cognitive decline and dementia. However the duration of follow-up in these trials was short and there may be benefit in the long-term. My aim was therefore to establish if long-term follow-up of the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) study was feasible. I found that it was feasible to follow-up 300 elderly survivors from the Scottish arm of the PROSPER study and the methods could be extended to the whole group. As expected nearly half of the PROSPER participants were dead. Additionally a large proportion of traceable participants had significant cognitive impairment. Smoking cessation, control of blood pressure and management of other vascular risk factors should be made a priority in areas of low SES. Additionally further research is needed to fully clarify the association between SES and stroke incidence. Avenues for exploration might include the possibilities of poorer access to effective stroke care, reduced uptake of care and poorer oral health in lower SES groups. In addition public health campaigns regarding smoking cessation should be directed at lower SES groups. I have shown that a large scale follow-up of the PROSPER participants is feasible and may determine new and novel risk factors for dementia and assess the long-term effect of a period of treatment with pravastatin.
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Hurtig, Wennlöf Anita. "Cardiovascular risk factors in children /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-179-2/.

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Bottomley, Nicholas J. "Anteromedial osteoarthritis : a surgical perspective of incidence, progression and risk factors." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:34c87265-bbae-4018-b120-ef1d6bed73aa.

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Anteromedial osteoarthritis of the knee (AMOA) has been defined anatomically, histologically and radiologically and yet little is known about the epidemiology of the disease or the risk factors involved in the development of the disease. The broad aim of this thesis was to combine clinical insight with the utilisation of modern, large epidemiological datasets to provide information to inform better the clinical management of patients with AMOA. Specifically, the prevalence and incidence of AMOA, the time taken to progress from early disease to severe disease that may require surgical intervention, the radiological characterisation of disease and the assessment of mechanical risk factors implicit in the development of this pattern of disease are investigated. A cross-sectional study of the radiological prevalence of AMOA in a symptomatic cohort in a specialist secondary care knee clinic showed that AMOA was the commonest pattern of knee OA, present in more than 60% of symptomatic subjects. Less than 25% of subjects with AMOA presented with advanced or 'bone-on-bone' disease, emphasising the clinical importance of understanding the progression from earlier stages of disease to this advanced stage. A 20-year longitudinal radiographic study was performed on 1000 women to describe the prevalence, incidence and progression of AMOA. The prevalence of AMOA was 43% and the incidence over 20-years was 0.4. Life table analysis showed that the risk of developing advanced AMOA in a previously normal knee was 2.6%. Of those subjects with early radiological AMOA, 11% progressed to advanced 'bone-on-bone' disease within 10 years and 37% within 20 years. The role of mechanical risk factors in the development of AMOA showed that both anatomical limb and proximal tibial alignment were significantly more varus aligned in those that developed AMOA at 20-years. Assessment of the shape of the medial tibial plateau in a longitudinal MRI study showed that the angle of the upslope at the anterior aspect of the plateau was significantly increased in the group that subsequently developed AMOA. To enable AMOA to be studies in future MRI studies, the MRI description of the disease was defined. In summary, AMOA was shown to be the most common pattern of knee OA both in symptomatic surgical cohorts and in the community. The progression of the disease from an early stage to an advanced stage, which may require surgical intervention, was described for the first time. To enable better the recognition of AMOA in modern epidemiological studies, the MRI description of AMOA was defined and the clinical relevance of modern MRI was discussed. The anatomical alignment of the limb, the alignment of the proximal tibia and the morphology of the tibial plateau were all shown to have a role in the development of AMOA. Addressing these mechanical factors may provide a therapeutic surgical target for the management of patients with AMOA.
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Ekegren, Christina Louise. "Agreement and validity of observational risk screening guidelines in evaluating ACL injury risk factors." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1622.

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Study Design: Methodological study. Objectives: To examine the agreement and validity of using observational risk screening guidelines to evaluate ACL injury risk factors. Background: Post-pubescent females have an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury compared with their male counterparts partly due to their high-risk landing and cutting strategies. There are currently no scientifically-tested methods to screen for these high risk strategies in the clinic or on the field. Methods and Measures: Three physiotherapists used observational risk screening guidelines to rate the neuromuscular characteristics of 40 adolescent female soccer players. Drop jumps were rated as high risk or low risk based on the degree of knee abduction. Side hops and side cuts were rated on the degree of lower limb 'reaching'. Ratings were evaluated for intrarater and interrater agreement using kappa coefficients. 3D motion analysis was used as a gold standard for determining the validity of ratings. Results: Acceptable intrarater and interrater agreement (k≥0.61) were attained for the drop jump and the side hop, with kappa coefficients ranging from 0.64 to 0.94. Acceptable sensitivity (≥0.80) was attained for the side hop and the side cut, with values ranging from 0.88 to 1.00. Acceptable specificity (≥0.50) was attained for the drop jump, with values ranging from 0.64 to 0.72. Conclusion: Observational risk screening is a practical and cost-effective method of screening for ACL injury risk. Based on levels of agreement and sensitivity, the side hop appears to be a suitable screening task. Agreement was acceptable for the drop jump but its validity needs further investigation.
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So, Hon-cheong, and 蘇漢昌. "Genetic architecture and risk prediction of complex diseases." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4452805X.

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Heath, Douglas. "Factors Affecting Occupant Risk of Knee-Thigh-Hip Injury in Frontal Vehicle Collisions." Digital WPI, 2010. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/422.

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Every year, millions of people are killed or injured in motor vehicle accidents in the United States. Although recent improvements to occupant restraint systems, such as seatbelts and airbags, have significantly decreased life threatening injuries, which usually occur to the chest or head, they have done little to decrease the occurrence of lower extremity injuries. Although lower extremity injuries are not usually life threatening, they can result in chronic disability and high psychosocial cost. Of all lower extremity injuries, injuries to the knee-thigh-hip (KTH) region have been shown to be among the most debilitating. This project used a finite element (FE) model of the KTH region to study injury. A parametric investigation was conducted where the FE KTH was simulated as a vehicle occupant positioned to a range of pre-crash driving postures. The results indicate that foot contact force and knee kinematics during impact affects the axial force absorbed by the KTH region and the likelihood of injury. The results of the study could be used to reevaluate the lower extremity injury thresholds currently used to regulate vehicle safety standards. Also, the results could be used to provide guidelines to vehicle manufacturers for developing safer occupant compartments.
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Lo, Ling-fun, and 盧玲芬. "Cardiac risk factors in Hong Kong adults." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B25797463.

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(Uncorrected OCR) Abstract Many studies have been conducted in Caucasian populations on the optimal body mass index cut-off for obesity, as well as the relationship between body mass index and percentage body fat and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors. However, few studies of this kind have been conducted in the Hong Kong Chinese population, This research is deemed to be important due to ethnic differences between Asians and Caucasians, Therefore, this dissertation aims to determine any ethnic differences from a sample of the local Hong Kong Chinese population, in order to advance health care policies controlling known cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 800 subjects were randomly selected from a pool of subjects participated in a Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence study conducted in 1994-1996. These subjects were contacted and 453 disease-free subjects (210 males and 243 females) consented to participate in the current study, Data collected included serum and blood pressure measurements, body mass index, percentage body fat measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and a self-completed cardiovascular risk factor questionnaire, The mean age of the 453 subjects was 51.64 years (SD=12.3). When obesity was defined as percentage body fat ~ 25 and 2: 30 in males and females respectively, 23 kg/m2 was found to be the optimum cut-off value, with 78% correct classification (95% CI = 69%-87%). The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 88% (95% CI = 81 %-95%) and 67% (95% CI = 57%-77%) respectively. On the other hand, if obesity was defined as percentage body fat ~ 25 and 2: 35 in males and females respectively, then 25 kg/m2 was found to be the best cut-off value with 82% correct classification (95% CI = 74%-90%). The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 78% (95% CI = 69%-87%) and 85% (95% Cl = 78%-92%) respectively. Moreover, body mass index was found to be quadratically body fat. The quadratic relationship did not appear two genders, except that the percentage body fat of of females by 9.97 (SE=0.33). Finally, except for total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and fasting glucose, body mass index did not provide any substantial information additional to percentage body fat on serum and blood pressure measurements. was the only measure on which percentage body fat did additional to body mass index. When waist-hip body mass index and percentage body fat,. except for body mass index did not have additional information on measurements when percentage body fat or/and [n conclusion, the optimal body mass index cut-off for obesity in Hong Kong Chinese was lower than the 30kg/m2 recommended by the World Health Organization, a clear reflection of ethnic difference between Asians and Caucasians. The quadratic relationship between percentage body fat and body mass index was similar in Hong Kong Chinese as in Caucasians and Blacks. Moreover, percentage body fat together with waist-hip-ratio were found to be better indicators of cardiovascular risk factors in Hong Kong. This was the first time such findings were found in the Hong Kong Chinese population. II
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Books on the topic "Knee Diseases Risk factors"

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P, De Bono D., ed. Cardiovascular risk factors. London: Gower Medical Pub., 1993.

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1961-, Gaziano J. Michael, ed. Atlas of cardiovascular risk factors. Philadelphia: Developed by Current Medicine, 2005.

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F, Johanson John, ed. Gastrointestinal diseases: Risk factors and prevention. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1997.

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Ogata, Yorimasa, ed. Risk Factors for Peri-implant Diseases. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39185-0.

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Roehrig, Karla L. Risk factors and disease prevention. Columbus, Ohio (456 Clinic Dr., Columbus 43210): Dept. of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, 1985.

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M, Gotto Antonio, ed. Multiple risk factors in cardiovascular disease. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.

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Brockway, Ilona. Risk factors contributing to chronic disease. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012.

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Lautenschlager, Irmeli. Cytomegalovirus infections: Risk factors, causes and management. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Maga, Asofa'afetai. American Samoa NCD risk factors: STEPS report. [Pago Pago, American Samoa: Department of Health], 2007.

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Clinical manual of total cardiovascular risk. London: Springer, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Knee Diseases Risk factors"

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Seo, Jeong Hun. "Risk Factors." In Diseases of the Gallbladder, 157–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6010-1_15.

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Kim, Ok-Gul, and Seung-Suk Seo. "Etiology and Risk Factors." In A Strategic Approach to Knee Arthritis Treatment, 55–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4217-3_3.

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Weber, Alexander E., Bernard R. Bach, and Asheesh Bedi. "How Do We Eliminate Risk Factors for ACL Injury?" In Rotatory Knee Instability, 465–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32070-0_39.

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Eriksen, Michael, and Carrie Whitney. "Risk Factors: Tobacco." In Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, 115–36. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7594-1_8.

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Combarros, Onofre. "Genetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease." In Neurodegenerative Diseases, 49–64. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6380-0_4.

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Clerici, Francesca. "Nongenetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease." In Neurodegenerative Diseases, 77–92. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6380-0_6.

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Vannuccini, Silvia, Michela Torricelli, Filiberto Maria Severi, and Felice Petraglia. "Risk Factors for Gestational Diseases." In Neonatology, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18159-2_151-1.

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Vannuccini, Silvia, Michela Torricelli, Filiberto Maria Severi, and Felice Petraglia. "Risk Factors for Gestational Diseases." In Neonatology, 27–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_151.

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De Bonis, Maria, Michela Torricelli, and Felice Petraglia. "Risk Factors for Gestational Diseases." In Neonatology, 21–25. Milano: Springer Milan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1405-3_4.

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Ferrari, Raffaele, Claudia Manzoni, and Parastoo Momeni. "Genetic Risk Factors for Sporadic Frontotemporal Dementia." In Neurodegenerative Diseases, 147–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Knee Diseases Risk factors"

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Oladejo, R. A., and B. T. Achori. "Development of a Risk-Factor Model for Predicting Occurrence of Knee Osteoarthritis." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p40.

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This study identified the required risk factors for Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA) patients and formulated a predictive model based on the identified variables. Extensive review of related work was done so as to understand the body of knowledge surrounding musculoskeletal related diseases and to identify knee osteoarthritis as one of the diseases under musculoskeletal condition as well as elicit the risk factors for it, these were validated from medical experts. The model to forecast knee osteoarthritis was formulated comparing four supervised machine learning algorithms namely Naïve Bayes, Multilayer perceptron, C4.5 Decision Tree and Support Vector Machine. The result of the model showed an accuracy of 97.59% considering the 36 initially identified attributes using no feature selection method, the results also showed the minimum number of variables relevant for knee osteoarthritis condition. Further results showed that all identified variables are relevant for effective and efficient development of a prognostic model for knee osteoarthritis. The study concluded that age as the most important variable for KOA and that all 36 identified attributes are relevant for predicting the risk of KOA. Keywords: Knee osteoarthritis, Prognostic Model, Machine learning.
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Walter, Jonathan P., Scott A. Banks, Darryl D. D’Lima, and Benjamin J. Fregly. "Prediction of Internal Contact Forces at the Knee From External Measurements." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193169.

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As the baby boomer generation ages, knee osteoarthritis (OA) will become increasingly prevalent in our society. Articular cartilage damage in the knee is highly dependent upon subject-specific kinematics and load distribution inside the joint. In particular, researchers have hypothesized that overloading of the medial compartment is a primary contributing factor to the development of the disease [1]. However, since medial compartment load cannot be measured non-invasively in vivo, researchers typically use the external knee adduction moment during stance phase as a surrogate measure. This quantity has been correlated with the medial tibial contact force measured from an instrumented knee implant [2] and with the risk of disease progression over time [3].
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Melikoglu, M. Alkan, and A. Kul. "AB0809 Fall risk and related factors in knee osteoarthritis." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.3072.

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Alekseeva, L., S. Anikin, N. Kashevarova, E. Sharapova, E. Taskina, T. Korotkova, T. Raskina, et al. "FRI0545 Risk factors predicting radiological progression of knee osteoarthritis." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2018, Amsterdam, 13–16 June 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.2089.

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Doherty, M. "SP0005 Risk factors for osteoarthritis." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, Annals of the rheumatic diseases ARD July 2001. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2001.27.

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Wu, Weiwei. "Statistical Analysis of Risk Factors for Generalized Cervical Diseases." In International Conference on Health Big Data and Intelligent Healthcare. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011371100003438.

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Mutiara, E., Syarifah, and L. D. Arde. "Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases in Medan City." In International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010081006210627.

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Reynosa-Silva, Ileana Cecilia, Dionicio Ángel Galarza-Delgado, Iris Jazmin Colunga-Pedraza, José Ramón Azpiri-López, Iván de Jesús Hernández-Galarza, Karla Paola Cuéllar-Calderón, Marielva Castro-González, and Carolina Marlene Martínez-Flores. "THU0682 UNDERDIAGNOSIS OF TRADITIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.945.

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Masyan, H., NS Esatoglu, AM Celik, V. Hamuryudan, H. Yazıcı, and E. Seyahi. "THU0317 Cardiovascular risk factors and comorbid diseases in takayasu arteritis." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.6280.

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Pijalović, Velma, Jasmina Selimović, and Tea Mioković. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS: THE EXAMPLE OF SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." In HEALTH MANAGEMENT WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi2018.177.04.

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Reports on the topic "Knee Diseases Risk factors"

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Huang, XiMeng, ZeXi Yang, and Ying Huang. Lateral Wedge Insoles for Reducing Biomechanical Risk Factors for Medial Knee Osteoarthritis after a period of time: a meta-analysis of controlled randomized trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review Protocols, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.3.0015.

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Huang, Xi-Meng, Ze-Xi Yang, and Ying Huang. Physical Therapy and Orthopedic Equipment-induced Reduction in the Biomechanical Risk Factors Related to Knee Osteoarthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.9.0054.

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Trachunthong, Deondara, Suchintana Chumseng, Worrayot Darasawang, and Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul. Risk Factors and National Burden of Selected Noncommunicable Diseases in People Living with HIV: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and, Disability-Adjusted Life Years protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0018.

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Review question / Objective: 1. Are the prevalence/incidence of four major groups of NCDs including MetS, DM, CVD, and CKD different among adults with and without HIV infection? 2. Are there relationships between HIV status, ART (ART use, short and long-term effects of ART), traditional risk factors (BMI), and the development of four major NCDs? 3. Does the trend of NCDs burden attributable to HIV in Thailand increase according to the time? Information sources: 1. Electronic databases: the following databases will be searched: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library Thai journals online (ThaiJO), Thai digital collection (TDC), Thai journal index (TJI), and Thai-journal citation index (TCI). 2. Authors or experts in the field will be contacted through emails for any relevant data, results and information.
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Lines, Lisa M., Marque C. Long, Jamie L. Humphrey, Crystal T. Nguyen, Suzannah Scanlon, Olivia K. G. Berzin, Matthew C. Brown, and Anupa Bir. Artificially Intelligent Social Risk Adjustment: Development and Pilot Testing in Ohio. RTI Press, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2022.rr.0047.2209.

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Prominent voices have called for a better way to measure, predict, and adjust for social factors in healthcare and population health. Local area characteristics are sometimes framed as a proxy for patient characteristics, but they are often independently associated with health outcomes. We have developed an “artificially intelligent” approach to risk adjustment for local social determinants of health (SDoH) using random forest models to understand life expectancy at the Census tract level. Our Local Social Inequity score draws on more than 150 neighborhood-level variables across 10 SDoH domains. As piloted in Ohio, the score explains 73 percent of the variation in life expectancy by Census tract, with a mean squared error of 4.47 years. Accurate multidimensional, cross-sector, small-area social risk scores could be useful in understanding the impact of healthcare innovations, payment models, and SDoH interventions in communities at higher risk for serious illnesses and diseases; identifying neighborhoods and areas at highest risk of poor outcomes for better targeting of interventions and resources; and accounting for factors outside of providers’ control for more fair and equitable performance/quality measurement and reimbursement.
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Daudelin, Francois, Lina Taing, Lucy Chen, Claudia Abreu Lopes, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, and Hamid Mehmood. Mapping WASH-related disease risk: A review of risk concepts and methods. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/uxuo4751.

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The report provides a review of how risk is conceived of, modelled, and mapped in studies of infectious water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) related diseases. It focuses on spatial epidemiology of cholera, malaria and dengue to offer recommendations for the field of WASH-related disease risk mapping. The report notes a lack of consensus on the definition of disease risk in the literature, which limits the interpretability of the resulting analyses and could affect the quality of the design and direction of public health interventions. In addition, existing risk frameworks that consider disease incidence separately from community vulnerability have conceptual overlap in their components and conflate the probability and severity of disease risk into a single component. The report identifies four methods used to develop risk maps, i) observational, ii) index-based, iii) associative modelling and iv) mechanistic modelling. Observational methods are limited by a lack of historical data sets and their assumption that historical outcomes are representative of current and future risks. The more general index-based methods offer a highly flexible approach based on observed and modelled risks and can be used for partially qualitative or difficult-to-measure indicators, such as socioeconomic vulnerability. For multidimensional risk measures, indices representing different dimensions can be aggregated to form a composite index or be considered jointly without aggregation. The latter approach can distinguish between different types of disease risk such as outbreaks of high frequency/low intensity and low frequency/high intensity. Associative models, including machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI), are commonly used to measure current risk, future risk (short-term for early warning systems) or risk in areas with low data availability, but concerns about bias, privacy, trust, and accountability in algorithms can limit their application. In addition, they typically do not account for gender and demographic variables that allow risk analyses for different vulnerable groups. As an alternative, mechanistic models can be used for similar purposes as well as to create spatial measures of disease transmission efficiency or to model risk outcomes from hypothetical scenarios. Mechanistic models, however, are limited by their inability to capture locally specific transmission dynamics. The report recommends that future WASH-related disease risk mapping research: - Conceptualise risk as a function of the probability and severity of a disease risk event. Probability and severity can be disaggregated into sub-components. For outbreak-prone diseases, probability can be represented by a likelihood component while severity can be disaggregated into transmission and sensitivity sub-components, where sensitivity represents factors affecting health and socioeconomic outcomes of infection. -Employ jointly considered unaggregated indices to map multidimensional risk. Individual indices representing multiple dimensions of risk should be developed using a range of methods to take advantage of their relative strengths. -Develop and apply collaborative approaches with public health officials, development organizations and relevant stakeholders to identify appropriate interventions and priority levels for different types of risk, while ensuring the needs and values of users are met in an ethical and socially responsible manner. -Enhance identification of vulnerable populations by further disaggregating risk estimates and accounting for demographic and behavioural variables and using novel data sources such as big data and citizen science. This review is the first to focus solely on WASH-related disease risk mapping and modelling. The recommendations can be used as a guide for developing spatial epidemiology models in tandem with public health officials and to help detect and develop tailored responses to WASH-related disease outbreaks that meet the needs of vulnerable populations. The report’s main target audience is modellers, public health authorities and partners responsible for co-designing and implementing multi-sectoral health interventions, with a particular emphasis on facilitating the integration of health and WASH services delivery contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 (good health and well-being) and 6 (clean water and sanitation).
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Steinmann, Peter. Do interventions for educating traditional healers about STDs and HIV improve their knowledge and behaviour? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170409.

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Traditional healers are important healthcare providers in a number of societies for a variety of healthcare concerns, including sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV. However, some traditional healing practices are risk factors for HIV infection, such as male circumcision using unsterilized equipment. The provision of training for traditional healers about STDs, HIV and evidence based medicine is seen as a way to improve their knowledge, reduce risk behaviours, and improve acceptance of and collaboration with formal health services. Training could also increase referrals to the formal health services.
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FEDOTKINA, S. A., O. V. MUZALEVA, and E. V. KHUGAEVA. RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF TELEMEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-0-615-67320-2-4-22.

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Introduction. The economic losses associated with disability due to diseases of the circulatory system, as well as the costs of providing medical care to patients suffering from heart and vascular diseases, are increasing annually. The state preventive measures currently being carried out are of a delayed nature. The results of the medical examination of the population of the Russian Federation in recent years (2015-2019) indicate that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, is at a fairly high level. In the middle of the last century, the Concept of risk factors for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases were formulated, in the structure of which cardiovascular diseases, including arterial hypertension, occupies one of the primary positions. The concept is based on the results of promising epidemiological studies, and, at present, is a methodological basis for planning and organizing primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the study. Based on the analysis of literary sources (including foreign ones) containing experience in the use of telemedicine technologies, to assess their significance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, as well as forecasting improvements in the quality of medical care when adapting to the use of clinical recommendations. Materials and methods. The article provides an analytical review of the use of modern telemedicine technologies in the prevention of hypertension. The results of the study and their discussion. The analysis of literary sources has shown that in the context of the progress of information and telecommunication technologies in the healthcare system, a fundamentally new direction has appeared in the organization and provision of medical care to the population - telemedicine, which will ensure the modern level of prevention, detection and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, and also determines positive medical, social and economic performance indicators. To date, updates in the legislative framework of the Russian Federation are aimed at ensuring that medical care with the use of telemedicine technologies is more widespread, taking into account the standards of medical care and clinical recommendations. Conclusion. Based on a review of literature sources, it has been established that the modern solution to the problem of improving the quality of medical care for patients, including those with hypertension, diseases is medical care using telemedicine technologies that prove their medical, social and economic effectiveness.
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Adlakha, Deepi, Jane Clarke, Perla Mansour, and Mark Tully. Walk-along and cycle-along: Assessing the benefits of the Connswater Community Greenway in Belfast, UK. Property Research Trust, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/ghcj1777.

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Physical inactivity is a risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, and a mounting global health problem. It is likely that the outdoor physical environment, together with social environmental factors, has a tendency to either promote or discourage physical activity, not least in cities and other urban areas. However, the evidence base on this is sparse, making it hard to identify the best policy interventions to make, at the local or city level. This study seeks to assess the impact of one such intervention, the Connswater Community Greenway CCG), in Belfast, in Northern Ireland, UK. To do that it uses innovative methodologies, ‘Walk-along’ and ‘Cycle-along’ that involve wearable sensors and video footages, to improve our understanding of the impact of the CCG on local residents. The findings suggest that four characteristics of the CCG affect people’s activity and the benefits that the CCG created. These are physical factors, social factors, policy factors and individual factors. Each of these has many elements, with different impacts on different people using the greenway.
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Wierup, Martin, Helene Wahlström, and Björn Bengtsson. How disease control and animal health services can impact antimicrobial resistance. A retrospective country case study of Sweden. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2021.nf.3167.

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Data and experiences in Sweden show that it is possible to combine high productivity in animal production with the restricted use of antibiotics. The major key factors that explain Sweden’s success in preventing AMR are: Swedish veterinary practitioners were aware of the risk of AMR as early as the 1950s, and the need for prudent use of antibiotics was already being discussed in the 1960s. Early establishment of health services and health controls to prevent, control and, when possible, eradicate endemic diseases reduced the need for antibiotics. Access to data on antibiotic sales and AMR made it possible to focus on areas of concern. State veterinary leadership provided legal structures and strategies for cooperation between stakeholders and facilitated the establishment of coordinated animal health services that are industry-led, but supported by the State.
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Newman-Toker, David E., Susan M. Peterson, Shervin Badihian, Ahmed Hassoon, Najlla Nassery, Donna Parizadeh, Lisa M. Wilson, et al. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer258.

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Objectives. Diagnostic errors are a known patient safety concern across all clinical settings, including the emergency department (ED). We conducted a systematic review to determine the most frequent diseases and clinical presentations associated with diagnostic errors (and resulting harms) in the ED, measure error and harm frequency, as well as assess causal factors. Methods. We searched PubMed®, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL®), and Embase® from January 2000 through September 2021. We included research studies and targeted grey literature reporting diagnostic errors or misdiagnosis-related harms in EDs in the United States or other developed countries with ED care deemed comparable by a technical expert panel. We applied standard definitions for diagnostic errors, misdiagnosis-related harms (adverse events), and serious harms (permanent disability or death). Preventability was determined by original study authors or differences in harms across groups. Two reviewers independently screened search results for eligibility; serially extracted data regarding common diseases, error/harm rates, and causes/risk factors; and independently assessed risk of bias of included studies. We synthesized results for each question and extrapolated U.S. estimates. We present 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) or plausible range (PR) bounds, as appropriate. Results. We identified 19,127 citations and included 279 studies. The top 15 clinical conditions associated with serious misdiagnosis-related harms (accounting for 68% [95% CI 66 to 71] of serious harms) were (1) stroke, (2) myocardial infarction, (3) aortic aneurysm and dissection, (4) spinal cord compression and injury, (5) venous thromboembolism, (6/7 – tie) meningitis and encephalitis, (6/7 – tie) sepsis, (8) lung cancer, (9) traumatic brain injury and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, (10) arterial thromboembolism, (11) spinal and intracranial abscess, (12) cardiac arrhythmia, (13) pneumonia, (14) gastrointestinal perforation and rupture, and (15) intestinal obstruction. Average disease-specific error rates ranged from 1.5 percent (myocardial infarction) to 56 percent (spinal abscess), with additional variation by clinical presentation (e.g., missed stroke average 17%, but 4% for weakness and 40% for dizziness/vertigo). There was also wide, superimposed variation by hospital (e.g., missed myocardial infarction 0% to 29% across hospitals within a single study). An estimated 5.7 percent (95% CI 4.4 to 7.1) of all ED visits had at least one diagnostic error. Estimated preventable adverse event rates were as follows: any harm severity (2.0%, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6), any serious harms (0.3%, PR 0.1 to 0.7), and deaths (0.2%, PR 0.1 to 0.4). While most disease-specific error rates derived from mainly U.S.-based studies, overall error and harm rates were derived from three prospective studies conducted outside the United States (in Canada, Spain, and Switzerland, with combined n=1,758). If overall rates are generalizable to all U.S. ED visits (130 million, 95% CI 116 to 144), this would translate to 7.4 million (PR 5.1 to 10.2) ED diagnostic errors annually; 2.6 million (PR 1.1 to 5.2) diagnostic adverse events with preventable harms; and 371,000 (PR 142,000 to 909,000) serious misdiagnosis-related harms, including more than 100,000 permanent, high-severity disabilities and 250,000 deaths. Although errors were often multifactorial, 89 percent (95% CI 88 to 90) of diagnostic error malpractice claims involved failures of clinical decision-making or judgment, regardless of the underlying disease present. Key process failures were errors in diagnostic assessment, test ordering, and test interpretation. Most often these were attributed to inadequate knowledge, skills, or reasoning, particularly in “atypical” or otherwise subtle case presentations. Limitations included use of malpractice claims and incident reports for distribution of diseases leading to serious harms, reliance on a small number of non-U.S. studies for overall (disease-agnostic) diagnostic error and harm rates, and methodologic variability across studies in measuring disease-specific rates, determining preventability, and assessing causal factors. Conclusions. Although estimated ED error rates are low (and comparable to those found in other clinical settings), the number of patients potentially impacted is large. Not all diagnostic errors or harms are preventable, but wide variability in diagnostic error rates across diseases, symptoms, and hospitals suggests improvement is possible. With 130 million U.S. ED visits, estimated rates for diagnostic error (5.7%), misdiagnosis-related harms (2.0%), and serious misdiagnosis-related harms (0.3%) could translate to more than 7 million errors, 2.5 million harms, and 350,000 patients suffering potentially preventable permanent disability or death. Over two-thirds of serious harms are attributable to just 15 diseases and linked to cognitive errors, particularly in cases with “atypical” manifestations. Scalable solutions to enhance bedside diagnostic processes are needed, and these should target the most commonly misdiagnosed clinical presentations of key diseases causing serious harms. New studies should confirm overall rates are representative of current U.S.-based ED practice and focus on identified evidence gaps (errors among common diseases with lower-severity harms, pediatric ED errors and harms, dynamic systems factors such as overcrowding, and false positives). Policy changes to consider based on this review include: (1) standardizing measurement and research results reporting to maximize comparability of measures of diagnostic error and misdiagnosis-related harms; (2) creating a National Diagnostic Performance Dashboard to track performance; and (3) using multiple policy levers (e.g., research funding, public accountability, payment reforms) to facilitate the rapid development and deployment of solutions to address this critically important patient safety concern.
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