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1

Milner, Nicky. "Incremental growth of the European oyster Ostrea edulis seasonality information from Danish kitchenmiddens /." Oxford, England : Archaeopress, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=nC9mAAAAMAAJ.

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2

Pollard, Tony. "A study of marine exploitation in prehistoric Scotland, with special reference to marine shells and their archaeological contexts." Connect to e-thesis, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/743/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 1994.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, 1994. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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3

Chance, Dane Robert. "A preliminary qualitative investigation of volatile organics in the Mya Arenaria shell for the possible determination of subsistence processing history." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/689.

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4

Brooks, Emma, and n/a. "Selectivity versus availability: patterns of prehistoric fish and shellfish exploitation at Triangle Flat, western Golden Bay." University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 2002. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070508.145145.

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This thesis sets out to examine issues of selectivity and availability in fishing and shellfish gathering by pre-European Maori at Triangle Flat in western Golden Bay. Faunal remains from four archaeological sites have revealed new and valuable information about economic subsistence practices in this region. It is proposed that exploitation of these important coastal resources was based on factors other than the availability of, proximity to resource patches. Evidence from the Triangle Flat sites is compared to that from Tasman Bay and the southern North Island to gain a regional perspective on fishing and shellfish gathering strategies. The most definitive evidence for selective targeting is provided by tuatua, an open beach species that has been found to dominate in sites based adjacent to tidal mud and sand flats. Also of interest is the dominance of mud snail in a site that is adjacent to large cockle and pipi beds. When regional sites were examined it was found that this pattern was also recorded for the site of Appleby in Tasman Bay. Selectivity in fishing strategies is also apparent with red cod and barracouta dominating the Triangle Flat assemblages. This pattern conforms to evidence from both eastern Golden Bay and Tasman Bay but does not reflect evidence from the southern North Island. Of particular interest is the apparent dearth of snapper in the sites at Triangle Flat, since snapper abounds in the area today. An explanation based on climatic change is considered to be the most feasible. This indicates that enviromentalal availability was at least in part responsible for the archaeological evidence of fishing. The consistency of the catch of red cod and barracouta in Golden Bay, and the pattern of shellfishing preferentially for tuatua suggests that cultural choice was also a significant selective factor.
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5

McKechnie, Iain. "Five thousand years of fishing at a shell midden in the broken group islands, Barkley Sound, British Columbia /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2170.

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6

Robbins, John A. "Stable isotopes, marine paleoclimates, and human subsistence on California's Channel Islands." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1442835.

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Thesis (M.S. in Geology)--S.M.U., 2007.
Title from PDF title page (viewed Mar. 18, 2008). Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-05, page: 2387. Adviser: Robert Gregory. Includes bibliographical references.
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7

Pegg, Brian Peter. "The taphonomic history of the vertebrate faunal assemblage from British Camp, San Juan Islands, Washington." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ51445.pdf.

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8

Broughton, John Michael. "Resource depression and intensification during the late Holocene, San Francisco Bay : evidence from the Emeryville shellmound vertebrate fauna /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6465.

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9

Hall, Barbara Ann. "Domestic refuse and residential mound formation in La Mixtequilla, Veracruz, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185656.

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The Mesoamerican residential mound is a basic unit of archaeological analysis. The way mounds form has implications for reconstructing past social organization. Studies of formation processes assume that characteristics of refuse are the result of depositional history. Tracing the history of archaeological deposits is the first step toward understanding the social and economic milieu of the prehistoric household. The traces of mound formation processes particularly are evident in ceramics. This study examines measures such as density, mean size, and variation in size and wear, to determine their utility in ascertaining depositional history, including discard practices, erosion, and trampling. The measures are tested with the Exploratory Data Analysis method using visual inspection of the data for patterns and examination of exceptional cases. Density by weight and mean sherd size were found to be particularly useful and simple measures for differentiating archaeological deposits. The characteristics of artifacts in a deposit provide the basis for reconstructing the formation of mounds. Earthen residential mounds like those of Veracruz are low and broad and usually lack imperishable construction materials. Unlike Maya housemounds, which often use fill for mound construction, earthen mound formation resembles (on a smaller scale) the formation of tells, the remains of ancient villages and towns in Western Asia. For both tells and earthen mounds, the erosion of houses forms the bulk of mound sediments. Residential mound growth is more by gradual accretion than by deliberate construction, and is due to six main formation processes. These are: (1) the erosion of wattle-and-daub construction material, which contribute to mound sediments; (2) the gradual accretion of sediments and artifacts; (3) horizontal erosion of daub and artifacts; (4) secondary refuse deposition; (5) the occasional use of fill to expand or level the mound; and (6) the development of a humic topsoil layer commonly damaged by plowing. Through refuse characteristics it is possible to reconstruct mound growth, use of space, and the location of structures and refuse dumps. These formation processes distinguish earthen mound development in many parts of Mesoamerica.
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10

Kleyn, Philippa May. "Mapping and prediction of archaeological sites of habitation by modern humans using GIS and expert mapping on the south coast of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018662.

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South Africa contains many archaeological resources including shell middens from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA). These shell middens give researchers insight into the behaviour of modern humans where the first fossil evidence appears in Africa around 200 000 years ago (Klein, 2008). Research into shell middens is therefore vital to understand the origin of human kind. This study investigates whether Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is a useful tool for predicting locations of unknown shell midden sites using the characteristics of known areas of modern human habitation. This was done using suitability analysis and expert mapping techniques. Ground truthing of the results of the desktop analysis revealed that GIS is not a useful tool for predicting sites of modern habitation as the characteristics that determine human habitation are too variable.
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11

Hamlet, Laura Elisabeth. "Anthropic sediments on the Scottish North Atlantic seaboard : nature, versatility and value of midden." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21175.

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Traditionally archaeology has referred to the anthropic sediments accumulated around prehistoric settlements with the blanket term ‘midden’. This is now recognised as an inadequate term to describe the complex formation processes and functions represented in these sediments. This thesis reviewed the body of evidence accumulated over the past century of research into Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements on the islands of the Scottish North Atlantic seaboard and extrapolated the many occurrences of ‘midden’. Several contexts emerged for these sediments including interior floors, hearths, exterior occupational surfaces, dumped deposits, building construction materials and abandonment infill. In addition, ‘midden’ is described added to cultivated soils to form fertile anthrosols. The way in which prehistoric communities exploited this material for agriculture and construction has been described through geoarchaeological research which implied that to past communities ‘midden’ was a valuable resource. This led to the formation of a model based upon a human ecodynamics framework to hypothesise sediment formation pathways. Rescue excavation at the Links of Noltland, Westray provided an opportunity to conduct a holistic landscape and fine resolution based study of Neolithic and Bronze Age settlement to test this model. The research incorporated auger survey, archaeological and geoarchaeological excavation, thin section micromorphology and SEM EDX analyses. Sediments identified in literature review and recovered from the field site were described using this toolkit and set within a cultural and environmental context. Results demonstrate that anthropic materials were incorporated into all contexts examined. Discrete burning and maintenance activities were found to have taken place during the gradual accumulation of open-air anthropic sediments whilst incorporation of fuel residues and hearth waste into floors lead to the gradual formation of ‘living floors’ inside structures. An unexpected discovery was evidence of animal penning within late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age settlement and the in situ burning of stabling waste. Three types iv | P a g e of land management strategy which relied upon the input of anthropic sediments were evidenced and the range and extent of anthropic inclusions in the landscape recorded. Spatial interpolation of auger survey data utilised a new sub-surface modelling technique being developed by the British Geological Survey to explore soil stratigraphic relationships in 3D. SEM EDX analysis supported micromorphological analysis providing chemical data for discrete inclusions and assisting in the identification of herbivore dun ash and the Orcadian funerary product ‘cramp’. SEM EDX analysis was also applied to fine organo-mineral material for statistical testing of nutrient loadings across context groups. It was found that anthropic sediments were enriched in macro and intermediate plant nutrients Mg, P, K, S and Ca compared to geological controls, and the application of anthropic material to cultivated soils improved soil fertility for the three observed land management practices. The versatility of anthropic sediments was explored through discussion of context groups based upon the results of this research and the potential significance of this material to prehistoric communities is explored.
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12

Fingerhut, Raetz Doria Lee. "Bone tool assemblages as an aid to shell mound site typologies on the Northwest coast." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3929.

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Fifteen bone tool assemblages from shell midden sites were compared. Three of these are unpublished sites from Prince Rupert Harbor. They were grouped using cluster analysis. Inter and intragroup variation in bone tool assemblage structure was analyzed. One of the objectives of this study was to generate hypotheses about the function of the unpublished sites by comparing their bone tool assemblages with those from sites which are better understood by looking for underlying patterns in the bone tool assemblages. Other objectives were to test the utility of using bone tool assemblages as a diagnostic tool in analyzing sites and to test the utility of the cluster analysis procedure with this data set. Hypotheses were developed identifying possible site usage at the three Prince Rupert Harbor sites, Boardwalk (GbTo-31), Garden Island (GbTo-23), and Grassy Bay (GbTn-1). Bone tool assemblages were shown to be a useful aid in site analysis and cluster analysis was quite useful in identifying existing patterns in these data.
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13

Klokler, Daniela. "Food for Body and Soul: Mortuary Ritual in Shell Mounds (Laguna - Brazil)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193697.

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Large, conical mounds known as sambaquis form the contours of prehistoric settlement, resource procurement, and ritual along the southern coast of Brazil. This research examines faunal remains from Jabuticabeira II, a large shell mound exclusively used as a cemetery for approximately 1000 years (between 2500 - 1400 BP). Its complex stratigraphy alternates between dark burial deposits and light, thick layers of shells. Various groups used neighboring burial areas simultaneously, and faunal analysis of these burial deposits suggests that animals, especially fish, played an integral role in feasts performed to honor the dead.Detailed investigation of feast remains from 12 funerary areas indicates recurrent use of the same resources during the events, especially catfish and whitemouth croaker. Mammals and birds were also part of the ritual and were deposited in association with burial pits, especially during the final episode of construction. The remains of feasts were then used to fill the funerary areas and demarcate the domain of the dead. Recurrent depositional episodes of massive amounts of shell valves eventually formed a large mound, and the building materials were carefully selected to emphasize the opposition between interment areas and covering layers.The results primarily indicate strong continuity in the feasts. A dramatic shift in the materials used to build the mound during the final period of its construction does not coincide with a change in the faunal assemblage. Examination of Brazilian ethnography sheds light on several aspects of mortuary ritual and explains the association of features discovered at the site. Feasts incorporated resources accessible to all group members, and reinforced the connection of groups with estuarine landscape. The identification of bounded deposits that can be assigned to specific affinity groups allows studies of the nature of social relationships. This permitted the development of a sampling strategy that targeted social units, a breakthrough approach. The unique access to affinity groups can answer questions about the behavior of these social units and the association of their members.
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14

Laurie, Eva Mary. "An investigation of the common cockle (Cerastoderma edule (L.)) : collection practices at the kitchen midden sites of Norsminde and Krabbeshol, Denmark." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440730.

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15

Laurie, Eva M. "An investigation of the common cockle (Cerastoderma edule (L)) : collection practices at the kitchen midden sites of Norsminde and Krabbesholm, Denmark /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2008. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0903/2008472338.html.

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16

Robson, Harry. "Evaluating the change of consumption and culinary practices at the transition to agriculture : a multi-disciplinary approach from a Danish kitchen midden." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10563/.

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Due to the excellent conditions for preservation of anthropogenic materials, the introduction of domesticated fauna and flora into southern Scandinavia, ca. 3950 cal BC, has been debated for over 165 years. In order to test questions relating to the nature and timing of this cultural change, the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, a number of archaeological and biomolecular techniques have been applied in recent decades. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses of human bone collagen is one such method that has been regularly performed. Interestingly, every study has argued for a dramatic or sudden dietary change (Tauber 1981) despite evidence to the contrary (Milner et al. 2004). However, there has not been a single study that has employed a range of techniques to materials derived from one site in order to evaluate the change of consumption and culinary practices across the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. This thesis uses a combination of stable isotope analyses (carbon, nitrogen and sulphur) and radiocarbon dating of human bone collagen to reconstruct long-term dietary practices, and place these individuals into context. In order to provide an indication as to when the site was occupied, incremental growth line analysis of the European oyster (Ostrea edulis) was undertaken. In addition, organic residue analysis of ceramic vessels was performed to explore food consumption as well as culinary practices. Furthermore, an archaeoichthyological analysis was carried out to reconstruct the subsistence economy. This marks the first large-scale application of these methods to materials derived from one kitchen midden. Furthermore, it includes materials derived from 32 additional contemporaneous sites. The combined results demonstrate a degree of complexity: some things changed, others remained the same and there was variation both between sites and regions.
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17

Melton, Laura June. "An ecological analysis of archaeological shell material from site 35CS43, Bandon, Oregon." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35767.

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Several archaeological examinations have taken place at site 35CS43 in the modern town of Bandon, on Oregon's southern coast. The site has proven to be complex, including evidence of past use as both a cemetery and living site with specialized areas for the harvest and processing of estuarine resources. The site includes huge quantities of shell found in concentrated refuse heaps or middens. Samples of this shell have been taken over the course of excavations and stored for later consideration and analysis, the results of which should lend to greater theory concerning aboriginal subsistence and culture of the occupants of the lower Coquille river estuary. In this analysis of shell material from 35CS43, several previous shell analyses on the Oregon coast are summarized. A shell sample drawn in 1990 is then quantified and analyzed. Finally, information presented is formulated into a model for future excavations and shell analyses. To understand the shore it is not enough to catalogue its life. Understanding comes only when, standing on a beach, we can sense the long rhythms of earth and sea that sculpted its land forms and produced the rock and sand of which it is composed; when we can sense with the eye and ear of the mind the surge of life beating always at its shore blindly pick up an empty shell and say 'This is a murex.' or 'That is an angel wing.'. True understanding demands intuitive comprehension of the whole life of the creature that once inhabited this empty shell: how it survived amid surf and storms, what were its enemies; how it found food and reproduced its kind, what were its relations to the particular sea world in which it lived.
Graduation date: 1994
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18

Stone, Tim. "Origins of the Weipa Shell Mounds." Master's thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/116885.

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The shell mounds at Weipa on the west coast of Cape York Peninsula are thought by archaeologists to be among the world's largest prehistoric middens. The mounds appear to be composed almost entirely of whole and fragmented shell valves of the cockle Anadara granosa and artefacts have been recovered from them. Stone (1989), however, proposed that the tall, steep-sided shell mounds were not built by shellfishing Aborigines but by generations of mound-building Scrubfowl Megapodius r einwar dt. This thesis aims to determine the tenability of the Scrubfowl hypothesis by first testing the hypothesis of human origin. It then aims to establish a geographical and chronological context in which to interpret the origins of the shell mounds. From the literature it is evident that physical and biological processes of mound formation are far more certain and universal than cultural processes. Cheniers and barriers are common features of the world's coastlines and may form mounds through quirks of sediment supply or erosion. Mound-building organisms include megapodes, termites and ants, alligators and crocodiles, and fossorial rodents. Human occupation mounds are distinguishable by architectural features and related cultural remains. Mounds of doubtful human origin include the shell mounds of the Americas, Europe and southeast Asia. These mounds have morphostratigraphic features which strongly suggest that they are natural shoreline deposits, not massive shell middens. In the Andaman Islands, New Caledonia and southeastern Australia there are also mounds considered cultural in origin which may have been built by megapodes. The hypothesis that the Weipa shell mounds are the result of repeated Aboriginal shellfishing and occupation has been tested by dating a sequence of ten shells from the Kwamter mound. The results show that most of the shells in the sequence are roughly the same radiocarbon age. This casts serious doubt on the hypothesis of human origin. An examination of the interior surfaces of a selection of shell valves was also undertaken to determine if the shells contain any evidence for shellfish death offshore. Although microborings likely to have been produced by endolithic cyanobacteria were recorded, it is possible that these are post-depositional in origin as seven genera of cyanobacteria have been cultured from the shells. Mapping and auguring of coastal deposits at two locations along the Mission River has revealed the natural origins of some of the Weipa shell mounds. Essentially, the growth of the mounds reflects the development of the local chenier plains. Shell mounds have formed where the sea has concentrated coarse Anadara granosa shell whereas mounds composed of sand and gravel are present where these sediments predominate. At Prumanung whole Anadara valves have been transported by wave-action to the crest of the modem beach forming a coarse shell berm. At Uningan the prominent shell mounds originated as small, isolated shell cheniers. The hypothesis that Scrubfowl have transformed these natural shell deposits into tall, steep-sided mounds is tenable. Habitats favourable to Scrubfowl are associated with each location. Stanner's (1961) belief in the natural origins of the Weipa shell mounds is supported by this thesis. Only the mound-building Scrubfowl is needed to explain their unusual shapes and vertical exaggeration. The strong likelihood that these mounds are natural shell deposits raises serious questions about basic principles of shell midden archaeology. It is concluded that new methods for distinguishing between natural and cultural shell deposits are needed.
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19

Windham, Rachel Jeannine. "Subsistence, butchery, and commercialization in Knox County, Tennessee." 2003. http://etd.utk.edu/2003/WindhamRachelJeannine.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2003.
Title from title page screen (viewed Mar. 29, 2004). Thesis advisor: Walter E. Klippel. Document formatted into pages (ix, 135 p. : ill. (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-127).
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20

Herrmann, Nicholas Paul. "Biological affinities of archaic period populations from west-central Kentucky and Tennessee." 2002. http://etd.utk.edu/2002/HermannNicholas.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2002.
Title from title page screen (viewed Feb. 27, 2003). Thesis advisor: Lyle W. Konigsberg. Document formatted into pages (xii, 208 p. : ill., maps (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-202).
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21

Gard, Howard A. "The role of southern Oregon's coastal islands in prehistoric subsistence." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/38083.

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The portion of the Oregon coast extending from Cape Blanco south into California has long been recognized as a distinct physiographic region, with probable ramifications for prehistoric subsistence and settlement patterns. Several researchers have proposed models outlining a greater reliance upon marine/littoral resources among groups within this region, while more northerly groups exhibited a higher reliance upon estuarine resources. Current knowledge about regional prehistoric subsistence practices, based upon the archaeological record and ethnographic sources, was correlated with the distribution and relative abundance of exploited and potentially exploitable marine species. These data suggest that the abundant coastal rocks and islands found along this section of the Oregon coast serve to concentrate diverse and abundant animal resources within a confined area, allowing for ease of exploitation. Therefore, the rocks and islands were of potential economic importance to aboriginal groups. To support this hypothesis archaeological subsurface testing was undertaken on the only previously recorded offshore island site, and an archaeological sample survey was conducted on additional rocks and islands along this section of coastline to determine their utilization by native peoples. Two additional prehistoric sites were recorded. The results of these investigations are herein presented, and directions for future research are discussed.
Graduation date: 1991
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22

Sim, Robin. "The archaeology of isolation? : prehistoric occupation in the Furneaux Group of Islands, Bass Strait, Tasmania." Phd thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110266.

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Early European explorers were puzzled by the absence of Aboriginal populations on the larger more remote larger islands of the Bass Strait as at least King and Flinders Islands appeared capable of supporting human populations. Subsequent discoveries of stone artefacts on several of the Bassian islands were variously ascribed to human occupation during the landbridge phase or historic times, when Aboriginal Tasmanians had been taken to the islands by sealers and by G.A. Robinson for resettlement However, the discovery of shell midden sites on Flinders Island in the 1970s brought ne\v perspectives to the previous artefact finds - these prehistoric midden sites suggested people had been living on or visiting Flinders Island after the inundation of the Bassian landbridge. Radiocarbon dating of the midden sites on Flinders Island indicated that people were on Flinders Island until about 4,500 BP but absent in more recent times. The aim of the research was to investigate why it should be that evidence of human occupation on Flinders Island disappears from the archaeological record about 4,500 years ago, some 5,000 years of so after insulation. The primary step in this investigation was to determine whether the habitation ceased due to the island being abandoned, or whether it was a case of in situ extinction of the island population. Lampert (1979) had investigated a similar mid-Holocene habitation cessation on Kangaroo Island, and although concluding that the population probably died out he could not dismiss the alternative possibility that people had watercraft and had ceased visiting or living on the island about 4,000 years ago. Unlike Kangaroo Island, the Fumeaux Group had outer islands which enabled the issue of watercraft use to be investigated and thus resolve the primary question of island abandonment or extinction. Results of surveys of the Outer Islands indicated that people in the Furneaux region in prehistoric times did not have watercraft and thus the mid-Holocene middens on Flinders Island were deposited by an isolated relict population. Subsequent excavations on Badger and Prime Seal Islands in the Furneaux Group indicated that people had not only been stranded on Flinders Island by the post-glacial sea level rise, but had been occupying the area from at least 23,000 years ago in late Pleistocene times. The evidence from Beeton Rock.shelter and Mannalargenna Cave suggests relatively low levels of human occupation from about 23,000 BP until the early Holocene when the post-glacial sea level rise resulted in the formation of the outer islands and severed overland access to these peripheral Fumeaux areas. A more intense phase of occupation is evident behveen about 18,000 BP and 15,500 BP, and it is argued that this phase reflects a greater mobility of people in the region during the last glacial maximum. The adaptation of stone working techniques to locally available fossil shell resources, and the continued practice of shell working for ten or more thousand years or so, suggests that these sites may have been part of a northeast Tasmanian cultural system focused on the plains of the Bassian region. Despite the rapid onset of the terminal Pleistocene marine transgression, people remained in the Furneaux region. As the sea level continued to rise, fragmenting the Furneaux peninsula into the Furneaux Islands, people retreated toward the more upland areas that today comprise Flinders Island. The chronology of site abandonment in both the outer island excavations tracks the contracting land-use pattern in the region as areas were abandoned corresponding with retreating shorelines. Lltimately a group of people became stranded on Flinders Island and lived there in isolation until about 4,000 or so years ago. The Flinders Island habitation cessation coincides with major changes in the archaeological record in mainland Australia and Tasmania, and a similar disappearance of evidence of human occupation on Kangaroo Island. Furthermore, these changes also coincide with a mid-Holocene climatic shift associated with the onset of the ENSO (El Nifto Southern Oscillation) cycle which brought about droughts and fires to the southeast Australian region. The demise of the Flinders Island population had been previously interpreted in light of the devolutionary cultural model posited for the Aboriginal Tasmanians by Jones (1977b). These interpretations suggested that Flinders Island represented a microcosm of the purported trajectory for Tasmania, played out to its ultimate conclusion. This proposition is examined in light of the cultural and palaeoenvironmental evidence from the Furneaux region and a number of case studies of island extinctions and abandonments. These other examples include a range of chronologically, geographically and culturally diverse societies and provide both biogeographic and cultural models for human habitation cessation on islands.
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Binneman, Johannes Nicolaas Francois. "Symbolic construction of communities during the Holocene Later Stone Age in the South-Eastern Cape." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20828.

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A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 1995.
The main concern of this study is the investigation of the events which initiated the symbolic construction of communities in the south-eastern Cape during the Holocene Later Stone Age. To understand and to explain the relationships which existed between different groups in this region a social approach was followed. The data presented in this thesis are a summary of the results obtained from a large number of open-air shell middens, a coastal shelter, Kabeljous River Shelter 1, two coastal caves, Klasies River Caves 1 and 5 along the Cape St Francis coast and The Havens Cave, one of several sites excavated in the adjacent Cape mountains. Lithic evidence from the coastal sites indicates that during the past ·+500 years two distinctly different stone tool industries co-existed side by side along the south-eastern Cape coast. Caves were first occupied between 5800 and 4200 BP by groups with a typical Wilton Industry. At ca 3000 BP the Wilton Indu.rry was 'replaced' in the caves by a macro lithic quartzite cobble industry, named the Kabeljous Industry, but was still present in open-air shell middens until ca 1900 BP. At Klasies River Cave 5 both industries were Pl esent in the cave from 4200 BP to ca 3000 BP. There are no marked differences in the subsistence activities between the two different lithic industries and therefore it is argued that the Kabeljous industry does not reflect technological adaptation to a coastal environment. Instead I argue that the stone tools, as part of material culture production, played an active role in communicating information between groups. Central to the understanding of these social relationships are the concepts of power relations and inclusion. Style was the medium through which groups expressed symbolic group identity and maintained social boundaries. Important however, is the fact that the power rclutinns generated by symbolic identity expression was not aimed at excluding ether groups from their territory, but rather at. inclusion.
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