Dissertations / Theses: 'Kirkjur'

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O'Driscoll, Cornelius Dylan. "Throwing water over the tinderbox : an alternative for Kirkuk." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14954.

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Since the United States’ (US) invasion of Iraq in 2003 there has been an intensification of the battle between the rival ethnonationalisms for the control of Kirkuk. Kurds, Arabs and Turkmen are all trying to manoeuvre their ethnic group into positions of power in Kirkuk and as a result the governance has suffered. There has been little in the way of negotiations in order to reach a settlement on the issues that create conflict in Kirkuk. This thesis examines all the issues of conflict and proposes a resolution that deals with them all. The original contribution to the knowledge is the depth of the analysis, which has resulted in a thorough framework that includes all the details necessary to implement it and proposes methods that have not been put forward for Kirkuk before, such as: an international committee, the available cross border institutions, a multi-capital city, the creation of a new province, and making decisions in the council based on a weighted majority of 60% with 40% of two of the main three ethnic groups being in favour. Prior to this thesis, analyses on Kirkuk have been brief, have not addressed all the issues of conflict, and have only given general ideas without following through on them. Additionally this thesis has developed liberal consociational theory with regards to trans-regional self-determination disputes. Therefore, the concepts of cross border institutions, demilitarisation, multi-capital city, special status, international committee and regional power sharing are analysed within this context, thus furthering the consociational theory. This thesis includes an analysis of the relevant theories on power sharing in order to place Kirkuk within these. It is through this analysis that this thesis proposes a liberal consociational settlement for Kirkuk that addresses all the issues of dispute. In this thesis conflicts are viewed as not existing within a static status quo, but rather as being ever-changing. In acknowledging the ever-changing nature of conflicts, the thesis makes forecasts of socioeconomic changes, as these too impact upon the dynamics and what is effectively possible in any resolution.

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Akyol, Harun. "The Iraqi Kurdish national discourse analysis in the crisis of Kirkuk." Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635546.

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The main objective of this thesis is to critically analyse the official Iraqi Kurdish National Discourse (KND) constructed by the two main Kurdish parties the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in the struggle for the future status of Kirkuk. By deploying a post structuralist account of political discourse theory, as developed by Laclau and Mouffe, this thesis will try to answer three key questions; how was the official Kurdish National Discourse for Kirkuk discursively constructed by the main ruling parties?

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Rashid, Nuri [Verfasser]. "Perspektiven des Entwicklungs- und Wiederaufbauprozesses der interkulturellen Stadt Kirkuk/Irak / Nuri Rashid." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2009. http://d-nb.info/100181018X/34.

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Quesnay, Arthur. "Ordres partisans, politiques identitaires et production du social : le cas de Kirkouk, Irak (2003 - 2018)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D009.

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Régulièrement décrite comme le fruit d'un conflit identitaire déclenché par des interventions extérieures, la guerre civile irakienne est d'abord le résultat d'une intense compétition partisane. À travers une enquête de terrain menée de 2010 à 2017 au sein du gouvernorat de Kirkouk, cette thèse montre la manière dont les partis irakiens pénètrent l'État et produisent la société. En particulier, notre travail interroge la manière dont les partis captent les ressources étatiques qui leur permettent la mise en place de politiques d'ingénieries démographiques, la violence étant par ailleurs une modalité d'action centrale du jeu politique. En conséquence, une nouvelle hiérarchie communautaire s'installe qui modifie les structures socio-économiques et la vie quotidienne de la population. À partir de 2011, les inégalités qui résultent de ces transformations encouragent des protestations unanimistes (et non communautaires), mais la violence interdit le développement de ce mouvement et la marginalisation des Arabes sunnites facilitera finalement l'émergence de l'État islamique. Entre 2014 et 2017, la guerre contre l'EI radicalise encore les projets politiques de l'ensemble des partis, mais aboutit paradoxalement à un renforcement de l'État qui revient par le biais d'une politique de décharge milicienne et parvient à reprendre Kirkouk aux partis kurdes irakiens en octobre 2017
Regularly described as the result of an identity conflict triggered by external interventions, the Iraqi civil war is first and foremost the result of intense partisan competition. Through an investigation conducted from 2010 to 2017 in the Kirkuk governorate, this thesis demonstrates how Iraqi parties penetrate the state and produce society. In particular, my work questions how parties capture the state resources that enable them to implement demographic engineering policies, violence being also a central modality of action in the political game. As a result, a new identity hierarchy is emerging that is changing the socio-economic structures and daily lives of the population. From 2011, the inequalities resulting from these transformations will encourage unanimous (and not sectarian) protests, but violence ultimately prohibits the development of this movement and the marginalization of Sunni Arabs will ultimately facilitate the emergence of the Islamic State. Between 2014 and 2017, the war against lS further radicalizes the political projects of all political parties, but paradoxically leads to a strengthening of the State, which returns through a devolution of power in favor of militias and, in October 2017, manages to take Kirkuk back from the Iraqi Kurdish parties

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Bet-Shlimon, Arbella Herutha. "Kirkuk, 1918-1968: Oil and the Politics of Identity in an Iraqi City." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10533.

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In this dissertation, I use methodological approaches from studies of urbanism, oil modernity, nation building, and identity formation to analyze the relationships between urban change, oil, state integration, and the politicization of group identities in the multiethnic Iraqi city of Kirkuk from 1918 to 1968. I argue that, in early to mid-twentieth-century Kirkuk, the oil industry, Baghdad’s policies, and the British neocolonial presence interacted with local conditions to produce the crystallization of ethnic group identities within a nascent domain of local politics. I find that at the time of the formation of the Iraqi state in the early 1920s, group identities in Kirkuk were fluid and local politics did not align clearly with ethnicities or other self-identities. Instead, they were largely subsumed under relations between more powerful external entities. Kirkukis’ political loyalties were based on which entity best served their interests—or, as was often the case, were positioned against a side based on its perceived hostility to their concerns. These political dynamics began to shift with Kirkuk’s incorporation into Baghdad’s domain, the beginnings of the Iraq Petroleum Company’s exploration just northwest of urban Kirkuk, and the end of British mandate rule. The Iraqi central government’s integration efforts exacerbated fault lines between emergent Kurdish, Turkmen, and Arab ethnic communities at a time when the city’s population and its urban fabric were growing rapidly. The oil industry, which provided the livelihood for a substantial percentage of Kirkuk’s population, became the focus of Communist-led labor organization. Consequently, the Iraqi government, the British government, and the oil company attempted to counter Communist influence through urban development schemes. The combination of urban growth and the expansion of discursive activities stimulated the emergence of a distinct civic identity and an accompanying arena of local politics in which Kirkuk’s ethnic communities were deeply invested. After the destabilizing effects of the Iraqi revolution in 1958, a cycle of intercommunal violence began in Kirkuk along increasingly apparent ethnic lines. Escalating conflict between Baghdad and the Kurdish movement for control of Kirkuk after 1958 fueled these tensions further. The reverberations of the revolution’s aftermath are still evident today.

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Ali, Suhailah. "Evidence based strategies to establish population-based cervical cancer screening in Kirkuk, Iraq." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11872.

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Background: Cervical cancer may be fatal to women if not identified and treated early. In Iraq, cervical cancer ranks as the 10th most frequent cancer among women between 15-44 years of age, with about 291 new cervical cancer cases diagnosed annually. Cervical cancer can be prevented in two ways: primary prevention aimed at preventing HPV infection through prophylactic HPV vaccinations; and secondary prevention aimed at preventing precancerous lesions from progressing into invasive lesions through screening. Cervical cancer screening is under researched in Iraq. It is clear that Iraq’s years of isolation and disorder has resulted in a loss of research capacity. Aim: To provide evidence–based strategies to establish population based cervical cancer screening services in Iraq. Methods: A mixed methods sequential exploratory design was used; an iterative mixed method approach which included the triangulation of qualitative, quantitative and systematic review methods. Results of all phases were used to develop an emergent theory around the barriers for establishing cervical screening programme and to provide evidence to enhance cervical cancer screening services to be established in Iraq. Findings: The findings from the systematic review indicated significant health inequalities for Arab Muslim women, in that no population-based cervical cancer screening programmes have been implemented in most of Western Asian and Middle Eastern Arab countries. Findings from the qualitative phase revealed gap in theoretical and practical knowledge among the health care professionals regarding cervical cancer screening programmes with a lack of the capacity and infrastructure to establish population based cervical screening programme in Kirkuk, Iraq. Also, results suggest that the health behaviour of women living in Kirkuk is influenced by cultural ‘stigma’ around the word ‘cancer’, in addition to women’s lack of awareness in relation to smear test and cervical screening. Conclusion: Women in Iraq are more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced, rather than early stage of cervical cancer. These women should be targeted by cervical cancer screening and health education programmes. Policy makers need to improve the cervical screening infrastructure and make the cervical screening service more accessible to women. The current opportunistic cervical screening services are insufficient; there is an urgent need to developing cervical cancer intervention programmes.

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7

Ghafur, Ala. "Sedimentology and reservoir characteristics of the oligocene-early miocene carbonates (Kirkuk group) of southern Kurdistan." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/43598/.

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Kirkuk Group Formations (in addition to Avanah and Jaddala Formations) of southern Kurdistan were studied in order to determine biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphic relationships, in addition to major sediment producing environments and type of platform configuration. As well as to determine the paragenetic sequences with special attention to micrite diagenesis and its effect on microporosity. Five biozones were identified in the study area in which two of them from Middle- Late Eocene: Alveolina biozone (AL) and Discocyclina biozone (DI) with three biozones from the Oligocene-Early Miocene of Kirkuk Group: Nummulites fichteli biozone (NF); Praerhapydionina delicata biozone (PD) and Austrotrillina howchini biozone (AH). Twenty two microfacies were identified and interpreted as having been deposited in a ramp setting based on lateral variations of the microfacies; gradual deepening with no evidence of slope break or effective barrier. A depositional model has been generated from the overall palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the microfacies in which the analysed microfacies indicates palaeoenvironments ranging from terrestrial to open marine settings; nine major depositional environmental zones have been identified and correlated with the standard Cenozoic ramp model of Buxton and Pedley (1989). These zones distributed across the ramp setting dipping southwest, in which zone 1 is terrestrial deposit; zone 2, 3, 4 and 5 are belonging to inner ramp; zone 6, 7 and 8 are belong to middle ramp and zone 9 is belong to outer ramp and basinal settings. A paragenetic sequence has been derived recording eleven diagenetic processes affecting the Kirkuk Group which are subdivided into an eogenetic, mesogenetic and telogenetic stages. Furthermore, micrite matrices were studied from both shallow and deeper marine settings using SEM, trace elements and carbon/oxygen isotopes; the result shows the different sources; inner-mid ramp muds have a hemi-pelagic source and could have been mostly sourced from high-Mg calcite benthic foraminifera and red algae, and possible partial aragonite dominating; in contrast, the outer ramp matrices, were sourced from plankton, are largely composed of low-Mg calcite, as they are mineralogically stable. Although the exact origin would be difficult to ascertain after diagenesis. From the above two different rock fabrics, two distinct pore systems were identified: (1) low microporosity inner-mid ramp microfacies, it was sourced from metastable precursors and were recrystallized and replaced under meteoric waters, undergoing loss of primary porosity; (2) higher microporosity outer ramp/basinal microfacies, composed of more stable low-Mg calcite that underwent less recrystallization and retained some primary porosity. The Kirkuk Group succession comprises of two shallowing upward 4th order cycle within one 3rd order cycle located between two unconformable surfaces at lower and upper boundaries which can be correlated to the global regression of sea level. The first 4th order cycle is located at Rupelian and composed of only the Sheikh Alas Formation and the second 4th order cycle is located at Chattian-Early Aquitanian and composed of the Bajawan, Anah, Azkand and Ibrahim Formations. Two different depositional sequences with different thicknesses were developed due to the synsedimentary Khanaqin Basement Fault which cross-cuts the study area and was activate during deposition.

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Saeed, Nawshirwan Hussen. "Governance in post-2003 Kirkuk : power-sharing in a divided society and prospects for consociational democracy." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3347.

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This thesis explores how the problem of governance should be solved in the divided city of Kirkuk. As a microcosm of Iraq, Kirkuk has invariably refracted the overall climate of the country. Accordingly, one of the main problems of Kirkuk is its unresolved governance model that, if solved, could positively affect the political stability in the city. To solve this problem, this research suggests the adoption of a specific form of a consociational power-sharing arrangement. In the literature, a contrast is often drawn between ‘corporate’ and ‘liberal’ forms of consociations. However, this study argues that the adoption of a combination of both the corporate and the liberal forms of consociational power-sharing is crucial to addressing the demands of each ethnic group in the city and for maintaining political stability and diversity. But it also argues that building a lasting peace in Kirkuk cannot be achieved only by focusing on a top-down elite-level solution, rather bottom-up initiatives through creating bridging social capital at the grassroots level are necessary. In other words, it argues that the problem of governance can be solved in Kirkuk by taking advantage of the elements of two main theories of conflict management, accommodation (consociationalism) and integration (bridging social capital). This conclusion is based on two sources of evidence. First, the Iraqi legal documents such as the constitution and the laws issued by the Iraqi Council of Representatives, and secondly, empirical evidence collected from the political elites of Kirkuk, the Kurdistan Region and Baghdad.

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9

Qader, Asoss M. [Verfasser], and Gernot [Gutachter] Wilhelm. "Arrapḫa (Kirkuk) von den Anfängen bis 1340 v. Chr. nach keilschriftlichen Quellen / Asoss M. Qader. Gutachter: Gernot Wilhelm." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1111887381/34.

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Mørk, Max Ingar. "Før tårnene faller. : Om forvaltning, drift, vedlikehold og utvikling (FDVU) av kirker, med spesiell vekt på kirkene i Møre bispedømme." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-408.

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Before the Steeples Fall

Facility Management (FM) techniques applied to churches, with emphasis on the churches of the Diocese of Møre

The church is a building old and tall,

Standing though steeples are falling.

Fell into ruins steeples all,

Bells are still chiming and calling…

N. F. S. Grundtvig, 1837

This hymn describes the churches as old tumbledown buildings, and throughout history many churches have suffered this fate. On the other hand, few buildings have received as much attention and care as the churches. In the year 1024, the assembly of Moster decided that the King was to be responsible for providing the priests while the people were to maintain the churches. Since then, the building and maintenance of the parish church has been the largest task of the Norwegian local community, at least until the last part of the 19.th century.

What is the state of our churches today? How do we manage them through their life cycle before the steeples fall? And how should we best take care of them to avoid letting them fall into a state of decay and disrepair? The Facility Management (FM) project – and this dissertation – discusses these questions

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11

Bootee, Diyar. "Kurdistan et pétrole : Enjeux économiques et politiques aux niveaux local, régional et national 2003-2018." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH04.

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Ce projet est une thèse doctorale en économie politique et l’étude vise à diagnostiquer un grand nombre de fondements et d’éléments théoriques et pratiques nécessaires à la mise en évidence de l'aspect économique et politique des problèmes qui y sont abordés. Ensuite, qui sont les Kurdes et pourquoi veulent-ils le droit à l’autodétermination ?Quel est le rôle du pétrole dans le conflit de la région et dans le développement de la question kurde et quel est celui de la corruption ? Quel est le processus de démocratisation dans la région pour analyser ces aspects comme une logique qui peut être adoptée dans la région du Kurdistan d'Irak pour analyser ces problèmes.L’émergence du pétrole dans la région du Kurdistan irakien a été un événement important pour les Kurdes, en particulier dans le contexte de leurs relations économiques avec les pays étrangers et les pays de la région.Enfin, l'étude passe également en revue les mécanismes qui contribuent à la complexité du problème de Kirkouk et des territoires disputés, ainsi que le rôle des pays limitrophes et étrangers. L’étude comporte plusieurs chapitres et un certain nombre de conclusions pour contribuer à cette recherche
This project is a doctoral thesis on the political economy, and the study aims to diagnose many of the foundations and theoretical and practical elements needed to show The economic and political side of the problems of this study, and then who the Kurds are and why they want the right to self-determination, what the role of oil is in the conflict in the area and the development of the Kurdish issue, and the role of corruption in it, and what is the process of democratization in the region, in general, in addition to analyzing these aspects as a logic can be adopted in the Kurdistan region of Iraq to analyze these problems. Also, the emergence of oil in the region of Iraqi Kurdistan has been an important event for the Kurds, especially in the context of their economic relations with foreign and regional countriesFinally, the study also reviews mechanisms that contribute to the complexity of the problem of Kirkuk and the disputed areas, and the role of neighbors and foreign countries in the problem of Kirkuk. The study brings several chapters and a number of conclusions to contribute to this research

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Rasoul, Muhammed Rasoul Verfasser], Birgit [Gutachter] [Schäbler, and Alexander [Gutachter] Thumfart. "History of Kirkuk from the beginning of the nineteenth century until becoming part of the Iraqi Monarchy in 1925 / Muhammed Rasoul Rasoul ; Gutachter: Birgit Schäbler, Alexander Thumfart." Erfurt : Universität Erfurt, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1215976585/34.

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Sahib, Layth Y. [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Schüth, Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Henk, Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker, and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Hinderer. "Crude oil and oil brine seeps: sources, detection and environmental effects in soil and water, Kirkuk NE Iraq / Layth Y. Sahib ; Christoph Schüth, Andreas Henk, Matthias Becker, Matthias Hinderer." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1192911989/34.

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Sahib, Layth [Verfasser], Christoph Akademischer Betreuer] Schüth, Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Henk, Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] [Becker, and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Hinderer. "Crude oil and oil brine seeps: sources, detection and environmental effects in soil and water, Kirkuk NE Iraq / Layth Y. Sahib ; Christoph Schüth, Andreas Henk, Matthias Becker, Matthias Hinderer." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-88381.

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Sahib, Layth [Verfasser], Christoph Akademischer Betreuer] Schüth, Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Henk, Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker, and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hinderer. "Crude oil and oil brine seeps: sources, detection and environmental effects in soil and water, Kirkuk NE Iraq / Layth Y. Sahib ; Christoph Schüth, Andreas Henk, Matthias Becker, Matthias Hinderer." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1192911989/34.

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Kh, hussen Murad. "Developments In Northern Iraq And Turdish-iraqi Relations 1990-2005." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606803/index.pdf.

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This study is a historical analysis of Turkish-Iraqi relations from the Gulf War of 1990 up to the Iraqi elections of 2005 and the end of Transitional Administration Law (TAL) and prior to the permanent constitution. This study attempted to explain how Turkish-Iraqi relations entered into a new phase with the Gulf War of 1990. In this year, Iraq invaded Kuwait. Following this invasion, Iraq was attacked by coalition forces and at the end of this war, Iraq was nearly divided when a safe haven was created for the Kurds in northern Iraq. In this regard, this thesis paid attention to three factors that had significant impact on the foreign policy of Turkey towards Iraq: a de facto Kurdish state in northern part of this country and apprehension about the possibility of an independent Kurdish state, the existance of PKK in northern Iraq as a result of a power vacuum there and concerns about the future fate of Turkomans in Iraq and attempts to protect their rights. This study has demonstrated how Kurdish question has influenced Turkey&rsquo
s policy towards Iraq and restricted its options.

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17

Sofi, Dana. "Interetnisk konflikt eller samförstånd : En studie om etnopolitik i Kurdistan/Irak." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8516.

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This thesis concerns the differences in how ethinic groups co-exist in two different environments in the same country, with a focus on the ethno-political. My research questions are: Why are ethnic or interpersonal relations characterized differently in different regions? How and why do conflicts or agreements arise in specific environments? The aim is to understand the connection between inter-ethnic relations and environmentally specific factors. I am concerned with those mechanisms and processes which determine the type of ethnic relation – as conflict or mutual understanding - in specific environments. The thesis uses case studies of two contrasting multiethnic cities with different interethnic relations – Erbil and Kirkuk in Kurdistan/Iraq. My explanatory model consists of four main factors: I) historical factors in terms of critical events; II) institutional factors such as institutional efficiency and security; III) structural factors such as group size, territorial base and different tolerance systems; and IV) social relational factors such as the significance of inter-ethnic contacts and social capital. The empirical work demonstrates that the relations between the above mentioned factors in the respective environments determine the outcome of the inter-ethnic relations. The results show that one factor can be more important than another factor, but how the factors impact upon one another and under what circumstances is of significance. The presentation of environmentally specific differences shows that ethnic groups do not have static boundaries and are not necessarily hostile to one another. Conflict is not the given form of relationship between ethnic groups. That is, the result can be read as a critique of those who necessarily see potential conflicts between groups with cultural differences and those who essentialize cultural groups. In this context one can see a chain of interrelated factors; the relevance of which is dependent on the specific situation. Some of the negative factors that can increase the possibility of conflict and decrease the possibility for peaceful co-existence include: Instability in the political climate; insecurity; institutional ineffectiveness; segregation; undefined relations of power; and an ethnic composition maintaining the balance of power. If these factors combined result in a high level of complexity, which makes ethnicity stand out in terms of ethnic competition, the likelihood of ethnic conflict is significant.

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Qader, Asoss M. "Arrapḫa (Kirkuk) von den Anfängen bis 1340 v. Chr. nach keilschriftlichen Quellen." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126646.

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Verschiedene historische und geographische Faktoren führten zur geschichtlichen Kontinuität der Existenz der Stadt Arrapḫa über etwa 4000 Jahre bis hin zum heutigen Kirkuk. Darunter zählen besondere Vorteile der Standortwahl der ursprünglichen Siedlung1117, welche heute als Zitadelle von Kirkuk bezeichnet wird. Eine künftige archäologische Ausgrabung in der Zitadelle von Kirkuk mithilfe der überlieferten Quellen aus den genannten Perioden lässt sicherlich ein genaues Bild über die Struktur der Stadt geben
Arrapḫa (Kirkuk) from the beginning until 1340 BC according to cuneiform texts

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Sahib, Layth Y. "Crude oil and oil brine seeps: sources, detection and environmental effects in soil and water, Kirkuk NE Iraq." Phd thesis, 2019. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/8838/1/Sahib_2019.pdf.

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Natural hydrocarbons have extensively contaminated both the hydro-lithospheres, damaging the environment and the health of the people living in the Kirkuk region of North-East Iraq, which is an area with a world´s significant crude oil reserves as well as various hydrocarbon seeps and brines. The study area is located in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, within the Low Folded Zone in the northeast of the Mesopotamia basin. Complex fracture systems and faults frequently cut across the Eocene, and middle Oligocene limestone reservoirs and the evaporates Miocene cap rock. High-density maps of the detected faults and lineaments within Fatha Formation have interpreted as potential seepage locations, even for seeps that are not exposed on the surface. The present thesis aims to investigate hydrocarbon seeps, and oil brine seeps contamination impact on the surface, groundwater as well as the soil’s physical and chemical properties. Therefore, various methods were used starting by identifying the origin of the seeps as a base to assess the source and ending by estimating the contamination level of hydrocarbons and related brines in water and soil directly or remotely. The essential concept of the present thesis is based on the known hydrocarbon seepage sits – which were recorded for hundreds of meters on the surface – and the sub-surface properties of the stratigraphy and hydrogeology conditions. In addition to the several reports and studies, the primary data source was based on the wide variation of the collected samples, i.e., crude oil and brine water samples from the selected oil reservoir to define the reservoir characterization and migration level. Moreover, the reservoir oil types were used to compare them with surface crude oil seeps samples. The surface and groundwater from the selected location and different aquifers beside soil and rock samples explained the aquifer's recharge and led to the appropriate speculation of the hydrodynamic and hydrogeological conditions. The measurements included: a) oil density, organic and inorganic components and biomarkers for crude oil samples, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAHs; b) hydrochemistry, stable isotopes; and c) the spectral reflectance behavior of crude oil and different contaminated soil samples, organic components (organic carbon (OC) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs)) and x-ray diffraction to explain the chemical composition of the soil samples. The multiple data were transformed into one database, and the results were used to complete the final hypotheses in a conceptual model, which explains the mixing mechanism of crude oil and brine seeps with the surrounding environment. The strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) showed the mixing processes between shallow groundwater resources, uprising oil field brines and differentiates it from the dissolution of gypsum and halite from the Fatha Formation. The final discussion and conclusions connect all of the results and try to simulate the sub-surface hydraulic conductivity and highlight the contamination zones that were explained in the final comprehensive conceptual model, enriching our knowledge of the petroleum and the hydrogeology systems of the selected fields within the Zagros fold-thrust belt. The obtained results mainly highlight the reasons behind the environmental consequences that can be a threat to the human health. The conclusion of this study opens the door to compare the findings with other locations within the study region, which contains similar complex stratigraphy and structures.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Kirkjur'

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