Journal articles: 'Kingdom of Tonga'

1

James, Kerry. "The Kingdom of Tonga." Contemporary Pacific 12, no. 1 (2000): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cp.2000.0015.

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MARINOV, MILEN, and THOMAS DONNELLY. "Teinobasis fatakula sp. nov. (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae), found on ‘Eua Island, Kingdom of Tonga." Zootaxa 3609, no. 6 (February 4, 2013): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.6.4.

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A recent study of the 'Eua Island in the Kingdom of Tonga has yielded a small Odonata fauna including the new species Teinobasis fatakula (Holotype ♂: Kingdom of Tonga, ‘Eua Island, 21.3781o S, 174.9346o W, elevation 175 m; 14 July 2012, M. Marinov leg.). Because 'Eua has aquatic habitats unique within the Kingdom of Tonga, the new species is very likely endemic to that island and represents an extension of the verified range of the genus of at least 2800 km.

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Moala, Jale. "REVIEW: Courageous media catalyst fuelling change behind kingdom's facade." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2003): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v9i1.768.

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Review of Island Kingdom strikes Back: The Story of an Independent Island Newspaper- Taimi 'o Tonga, by Kalafi Moala. Auckland: Pacmedia Publishers, 2002, 304 pp. ISBN: 0 473 08687 5. If publisher Kalafi Moala had wanted to bring attention to Tonga's lopsided political system he couldn't have done it better than writing Island Kingdom Strikes Back. Since its release in late 2002, the book has continued to fuel debate about the way Tonga is governed by providing a window through which we can see behind the kingdom's friendly facade. Obviously the book isn't a favourite reading in Tonga's royal palace and in the months that followed its release no effort was spared by the kingdom to strike back.

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Kalavite, Telesia. "Tongan translation realities across Tā ('Time') and Vā ('Space')." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00004_1.

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Abstract The kingdom of Tonga known as the Friendly Islands is a bilingual country where the official languages are Tongan (lea faka-Tonga) and English (lea faka-Pilitānia). In a bilingual environment like Tonga, the ability to translate effectively between the two languages is a fundamental skill to communicate well and to achieve academic success. The main focus of this article is to approach translation through a sociocultural lens, and more specifically, through a Tongan-inspired tāvāist perspective: 'Okusitino's Māhina's Tā‐Vā ('Time‐Space') Theory of Reality. This theory has influenced a range of practices from many disciplines and social activities, such as translation. Theorizing translation in and across Tā ('time') and Vā ('space') informs the relationships between languages, cultures and educational backgrounds in the transmission of 'ilo ('knowledge') and poto ('skills') among all members of the society. In exploring the theory this article will consider two translation case studies of English to Tongan literature: Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland (1865) and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince (1943).

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Worthy, Trevor H., and David V. Burley. "Prehistoric avifaunas from the Kingdom of Tonga." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 998–1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz110.

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Abstract Avifaunas derived from Lapita archaeological sites excavated between 2004 and 2014 from four sites in the Vava'u Group and two on Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga are described, revealing birds encountered by the first human arrivals. A total of 741 identifiable bones revealed 24 avian taxa, among which terrestrial birds, especially rails, pigeons and parrots, were the most abundant. At a minimum, eight taxa, or 50% of the original non-passerine land bird diversity in the sample, are globally extinct. These include two megapodes (Megapodius alimentum and a larger unnamed megapode), three pigeons (a large Caloenas sp. indet., Didunculus placopedetes and Ducula shutleri sp. nov.), two rails (Hypotaenidia vavauensis sp. nov. and an unnamed one) and the parrot Eclectus infectus. The rail H. vavauensis was restricted to Vava'u and was flightless, with reduced wings, and larger than Hypotaenidia woodfordi of the Solomons, the largest congener hitherto found in the Pacific. The pigeon Du. shutleri was volant, but was the largest species in its genus and was widespread in the Kingdom. The evolution of Tongan avifaunas is related to varying ages (Pliocene to Pleistocene) of the island groups, where geological youth apparently precluded true giantism in the fauna.

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Cottino, Gaia. "Obesity "epidemic" in the Kingdom of Tonga." Journal des anthropologues, no. 138-139 (October 15, 2014): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/jda.4416.

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Whistler, W. Arthur. "Herbal medicine in the Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 31, no. 3 (March 1991): 339–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90020-e.

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Morrison, R. J., and P. L. Brown. "Trace metals in Fanga’uta Lagoon, Kingdom of Tonga." Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, no. 1 (January 2003): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00419-8.

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Pearson, MN, and SP Pone. "Viruses of Vanilla in the Kingdom of Tonga." Australasian Plant Pathology 17, no. 3 (1988): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/app9880059.

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10

Cass, Philip. "REVIEW: Noted: Documentary exposes dark side of Tongan diaspora." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 25, no. 1&2 (July 31, 2019): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v25i1and2.497.

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Gangsters in Paradise—The Deportees of Tonga. Documentary. 2019. Director: Ursula Williams. Vice/Zealandia.‘IT’S LIKE crabs being stuck in a bucket scratching each other to get out.’‘It’s like rubbish dumping.’Those are two views about the crisis facing Tonga as countries like the United States, Australia and New Zealand deport criminals to the kingdom.

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SAWATA, Susumu, Hiroshi HIDAKA, Hiroko YASUDA, Kenichi TOMOMATSU, Rihei SATO, and Hiroshi OKA. "Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the Kingdom of Tonga." Japanese Heart Journal 29, no. 1 (1988): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/ihj.29.11.

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12

Colagiuri, S., R. Colagiuri, S. Na'ati, S. Muimuiheata, Z. Hussain, and T. Palu. "The Prevalence of Diabetes in the Kingdom of Tonga." Diabetes Care 25, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.8.1378.

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13

Drake, Donald R., Timothy J. Motley, W. Arthur Whistler, and Clyde T. Imada. "Rain forest vegetation of 'Eua Island, Kingdom of Tonga." New Zealand Journal of Botany 34, no. 1 (March 1996): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1996.10412694.

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14

Done, P. "LAND AND THE LAW IN THE KINGDOM OF TONGA." Survey Review 34, no. 268 (April 1998): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sre.1998.34.268.389.

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15

Kulufeinga ‘Anisi Bloomfield, Jayasekhar Somasekharan, Tevita Lautaha,, and ‘Ilaisaane ‘OliviaTu’ itupou Maile Tahafitu Fa’ase’e. "Traversing the topsy-turvy terrains: The coconut sector in Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Plantation Crops 45, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19071/jpc.2017.v45.i2.3303.

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Coconuts are inextricably linked to the culture, tradition and economy of Tonga from time immemorial. Although coconut sector enjoyed a predominant position in the national economy until the late 1980s, thereafter the sector has experienced a downfall. The 1990s and 2000s witnessed a stagnant coconut economy in Tonga and in the recent times, the role played by the sector has become insignificant. The comparative position of Tonga with respect to the major Pacific islands, in terms of production, trade and competitiveness is not advantageous to the country. The contribution of coconut sector in the national economy and export earnings has been dwindling in recent years. It was also seen that the export diversification in products and markets are absent. There are only a few exporters operating in the sector, therefore the benefit of perfect competition and economy of scale is not realized. In contrast, the coconut sector in Tonga still has the potential to provide year round income to the farmers. Therefore, the sector needs an adequate impetus in all the nodes from production to the exports, with plausible options and strategies to make it sustainable.

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Sluys, R., and LRG Cannon. "A new marine triclad from the west Pacific (Platyhelminthes : Tricladida : Maricola)." Invertebrate Systematics 3, no. 2 (1989): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9890149.

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17

STEADMAN, DAVID W., and OONA M. TAKANO. "A new genus and species of pigeon (Aves, Columbidae) from the Kingdom of Tonga, with an evaluation of hindlimb osteology of columbids from Oceania." Zootaxa 4810, no. 3 (July 13, 2020): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4810.3.1.

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The region from New Guinea through Oceania sustains the world’s most diverse set of columbids. We describe osteological characters of the hindlimb (femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus) that divide the Papuan-Oceanic pigeons and doves into three groups based on functional morphology: “arboreal” (Hemiphaga, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Drepanoptila, Gymnophaps), “intermediate” (Columba, Macropygia, Reinwardtoena), and “terrestrial” (Gallicolumba [includes Alopecoenas], Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, Chalcophaps, Geopelia, Henicophaps, Caloenas, Didunculus, Otidiphaps). The arboreal and terrestrial groups are each distinctive osteologically, especially in the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, which are short relative to the femur in the arboreal group, and long relative to the femur in the terrestrial group. The intermediate pigeons are more similar to arboreal than to terrestrial pigeons, but nonetheless fit in neither group. To estimate the phylogenetic relationships among or within these three groups is somewhat tentative using hindlimb osteology alone, although all five genera of arboreal pigeons have independent molecular evidence of relatedness, as do most of the genera of terrestrial pigeons. Using the hindlimb and other osteological data as a framework, we describe a new extinct genus and species of pigeon, Tongoenas burleyi, from Holocene archaeological and Pleistocene paleontological sites on six islands (Foa, Lifuka, `Uiha, Ha`afeva, Tongatapu, and `Eua) in the Kingdom of Tonga. Tongoenas was a large-sized member of the “arboreal” pigeon group, with osteological characters that relate it to Ducula, Gymnophaps, and Hemiphaga (generally canopy frugivores) rather than with the “terrestrial” pigeons (more ground-dwelling and granivorous) such as Gallicolumba, Trugon, Microgoura, Goura, etc. (others listed above). Among volant columbids, living or extinct, only the species of Goura (from New Guinea) are larger than Tongoenas. From most of the same prehistoric sites, we also report new material of the nearly as large, extinct pigeon Ducula shutleri Worthy & Burley, recently described from islands in the Vava`u Group of Tonga. Thus, D. shutleri also was widespread in Tonga before human impact. The prehistoric anthropogenic loss in Tonga of Tongoenas burleyi, Ducula shutleri, and other columbids undoubtedly had a negative impact on the dispersal regimes of Tongan forest trees. At first human contact about 2850 years ago, at least nine species of columbids in six genera inhabited the Tongan islands, where only four species in three genera exist today.

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18

Burley, David V., and Sean P. Connaughton. "First Lapita Settlement and its Chronology in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga." Radiocarbon 49, no. 1 (2007): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041965.

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Beginning approximately cal 1400 BC, Austronesian-speaking Lapita peoples began a colonizing migration across Oceania from the Bismarck Archipelago to western Polynesia. The first point of entry into Polynesia occurred on the island of Tongatapu in Tonga with subsequent spread northward to Samoa along a natural sailing corridor. Radiocarbon measurements from recent excavations at 4 sites in the northern Vava'u islands of Tonga provide a chronology for the final stage of this diaspora. These dates indicate that the northern expansion was almost immediate, that a paucity of Lapita sites to the north cannot be explained as a result of lag time in the settlement process, and that decorated Lapita ceramics disappeared rapidly after first landfalls.

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Fall, Patricia L. "Vegetation Change in the Coastal-Lowland Rainforest at Avai'o'vuna Swamp, Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga." Quaternary Research 64, no. 3 (November 2005): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.003.

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AbstractAvai'o'vuna Swamp, a small coastal wetland in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga, produced a 4500-year pollen and sediment record. Results are: (1) a mid-Holocene sea level highstand is confirmed for Tonga between about 4500 and 2600 14C yr B.P.; marine clay contains pollen from mangroves (Rhizophora mangle), coastal forest trees (Barringtonia asiatica and Cocos nucifera), and rainforest trees (Alphitonia, Rhus, Hedycarya and Calophyllum). (2) Microscopic charcoal first appeared at 2600 14C yr B.P., coincident with the arrival of Polynesians. (3) Cocos, Pandanus, Excoecaria, Macaranga, and Elaeocarpaceae pollen reflects the establishment of a mixed coastal-lowland rainforest in the last 2500 years. (4) The loss of Hedycarya, Elaeocarpus, Calophyllum, and Guettarda and the reduction of Terminalia and taxa in the Papilionaceae family by about 1000 years ago may be due to habitat destruction and the loss of dispersal capabilities of some species through the extinction of the two largest pigeons in Tonga.

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20

Cass, Philip, and Michael Field. "PREVIEW: Tonga needs Pōhiva’s message so kingdom can move forward." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 302–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v26i1.1110.

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THE LATE Tongan Prime Minister ‘Akilisi Pōhiva was a clear visioned man whose message was still current, according to veteran Pacific journalist Michael Field. Field, who is writing a biography of Pōhiva, says a book about his life will be useful to the kingdom. Tongans needed Pōhiva’s message, he said (Field, 2020).

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21

HIDAKA, HlROSHI, SUSUMU SAWATA, HIROKO YASUDA, KENICHI TOMOMATSU, RIHEI SATO, and HlROSHI OKA. "-232-PREVALENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN THE KINGDOM OF TONGA." Japanese Circulation Journal 50, no. 6 (June 20, 1986): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/jcj.50.527_2.

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22

Savae, T., and Ronald I. Grenfell. "The evolution of land tenure in the Kingdom of Tonga." Australian Surveyor 39, no. 4 (December 1994): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050326.1994.10441632.

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Latu, T. Savae, and Ronald I. Grenfell. "The Evolution of Land Tenure in the Kingdom of Tonga." Australian Surveyor 39, no. 4 (December 1994): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050329.1994.10558458.

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Rinke, Dieter. "Notes on the Avifauna of Niuafo'ou Island, Kingdom of Tonga." Emu - Austral Ornithology 86, no. 2 (June 1986): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9860082.

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Veatupu, Loma, Viliami Puloka, Moira Smith, Christina McKerchar, and Louise Signal. "Me’akai in Tonga: Exploring the Nature and Context of the Food Tongan Children Eat in Ha’apai Using Wearable Cameras." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101681.

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Unhealthy food consumption is a key driver of the global pandemic in non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The Government of Tonga has prioritised NCD prevention due to the very high rates of NCDs in the Kingdom. This research examines the nature and context of the me’akai (food) consumed by Tongan children in Ha’apai using wearable cameras. Thirty-six randomly selected 11-year-old children used wearable cameras to record their lives for three days, as part of the wider Kids’Cam Tonga project. Images were analysed to assess the participants’ food consumption according to a new data analysis protocol for Tonga. Core foods were defined as including breads and cereals, fresh fruit, vegetables, meat and alternatives, and staple vegetables. Non-core food types included confectionery, unhealthy snack foods, edible ices, and processed meat. Tongan researchers led the research in partnership with the Government of Tonga. Overall, children were observed to have consumed a mean of 4.5 (95% CI 3.3, 6.7) non-core and 2.3 (95% CI 1.8, 2.9) core foods per 10 h day, excluding mixed meals. Unhealthy snack foods, confectionary, and cookies, cakes, and desserts were the most commonly consumed non-core foods, and fresh fruit was the most frequently consumed core food. Snacking was the most frequent eating episode observed, with children snacking on non-core foods four times a day (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5 to 6.2) compared to 1.8 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.6) core food snacks per day. Most commonly, children were observed eating at home, at school, and on the road while out walking. The most common sources of food were the home, other children, and the supermarket. On average, children consumed one purchased product per day, almost all (90%) of which were non-core. Children were also observed eating an average of just less than one mixed meal per day. Less than half (45.2%) of all mixed meals observed were traditional foods. This research illustrates the presence, and likely dominance, of energy-dense nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods in the diet of these Tongan children. It highlights a transition from a traditional diet and suggests that these children live in an obesogenic environment, one that promotes obesity as a normal response to an abnormal environment. The findings support efforts by the Government of Tonga for the implementation of a healthy School Food Policy, junk food taxes, and initiatives to ban the importation of EDNP foods. This study has relevance for other Pacific Island nations and all nations concerned with addressing obesity and other diet-related NCDs.

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Newland, H. S., A. J. Woodward, L. A. Taumoepeau, N. S. Karunaratne, and I. G. Duguid. "Epidemiology of blindness and visual impairment in the kingdom of Tonga." British Journal of Ophthalmology 78, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.78.5.344.

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Harding, Jon S., Culum Brown, Felicity Jones, and Russell Taylor. "Distribution and habitats of mosquito larvae in the Kingdom of Tonga." Australian Journal of Entomology 46, no. 4 (November 2007): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2007.00610.x.

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28

OHASHI, JUN, IZUMI NAKA, RYOSUKE KIMURA, KATSUSHI TOKUNAGA, MINATO NAKAZAWA, YUJI ATAKA, RYUTARO OHTSUKA, TSUKASA INAOKA, and YASUHIRO MATSUMURA. "HLA-DRB1 polymorphism on Ha’ano island of the Kingdom of Tonga." Anthropological Science 114, no. 3 (2006): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.050907.

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29

Nielssen, Olav, Atsumi Fukui, Lisa Fawkner, and Kipling Walker. "Va’a fakalelei ‘atamai: restoring the mind in the Kingdom of Tonga." Australasian Psychiatry 22, no. 2 (February 10, 2014): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856214520792.

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Moore, Sean E., Heather Young Leslie, and Carrie A. Lavis. "Subjective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction in the Kingdom of Tonga." Social Indicators Research 70, no. 3 (February 2005): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-1541-z.

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31

Burley, David V. "As a prescription to rule: the royal tomb of Mala'e Lahi and 19th-century Tongan kingship." Antiquity 68, no. 260 (September 1994): 504–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047013.

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The tangled dynastic history of Tonga, celebrated kingdom of western Polynesia, offers a rare chance to study the place of monumental burial-places in a chieftains’ society. Disentangling the story, at a remove of not many centuries, is not a simple business.

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Bohnenstiehl, DelWayne R., Robert P. Dziak, Haru Matsumoto, and T. K. Andy Lau. "Underwater acoustic records from the March 2009 eruption of Hunga Ha'apai-Hunga Tonga volcano in the Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 249 (January 2013): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.08.014.

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CHAKRABORTY, RABINDRA NATH. "Sharing rules and the commons: evidence from Ha'apai, Tonga." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 4 (August 2004): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001597.

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This paper argues that sharing rules have served to reduce the inefficiency caused by common pool externalities in many developing societies. To this end, a two-sector model of renewable resource use is employed where sharing rules are interpreted as implicit resource taxes. The model is applied to the island economy of Lofanga in the Kingdom of Tonga. The model generates a growth pattern which is consistent with the observed time paths of population and the resource stock. Cyclical fluctuations are weak even in the absence of resource taxation because the intrinsic growth rate of the resource is high.

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Fonua, Sonia M. "The Manulua Framework: how combining multiple research methodologies and theoretical or conceptual frameworks strengthens research with Tongan participants." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11771801211017557.

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When researching with Moana (ocean) or Pacific peoples, a key research consideration is which methodological approach will best acknowledge, engage, and value what is shared. The Manulua (two birds) Framework explores the experiences of successful Tongan science learners in Aotearoa New Zealand and the Kingdom of Tonga. The Manulua Framework draws on four very different theoretical or conceptual frameworks and methods, complementing (1) Tongan and Moana or Pacific approaches to research with aspects of (2) critical realism, (3) relationality through vā (space), and the (4) multiscience framework. Epeli Hau’ofa’s seminal essay Sea of Islands, and the articles of support and critique found in A New Oceania helped situate Oceania as the context, connector, and source of my participants’ stories. This article describes how this combination acknowledged Moana or Pacific values, protocols, knowledge, and beliefs during data collection, analysis, and reflection, offering a way for researchers to consider how to draw upon multiple theoretical or conceptual frameworks and methods in their work.

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Franklin, Janet, and Sergio J. Rey. "Heterogeneous tree recruitment following disturbance in insular tropical forest, Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 6 (September 9, 2016): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000456.

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Abstract:What factors are related to establishment dynamics following disturbance in late-successional versus second-growth tropical forests of the Pacific islands? Are those relationships robust to interannual fluctuations in establishment? In three sites juveniles were enumerated in 30 (5 × 5-m) subplots within 45 × 50-m tree plots in 2004 and 2005, 2.5 and 3.5 y following a Category-3 tropical cyclone (hurricane), in the Vava'u Island Group, Kingdom of Tonga. Recruitment was almost three-fold greater in the second sample period. Spatial pattern of focal species density was related to density of other juveniles, proximity of conspecific adults and canopy cover in the two years using Seemingly Unrelated Regression. Shade-tolerant species were the most abundant recruits in late-successional sites, establishing near-conspecific adults and other juveniles, while shade-establishing species were recruiting in gaps in second-growth forest where they also constitute the canopy trees. This pattern, observed in both years, reinforces divergent successional trajectories for second-growth and late-successional forest.

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Woodward, A., H. Newland, and M. Kinahoi. "Smoking in the Kingdom of Tonga: a report from a national survey." Tobacco Control 3, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.3.1.41.

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37

Herrscher, Estelle, Jack N. Fenner, Frédérique Valentin, Geoffrey Clark, Christian Reepmeyer, Laurie Bouffandeau, and Guy André. "Multi-isotopic analysis of first Polynesian diet (Talasiu, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga)." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 18 (April 2018): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.01.012.

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38

Underhill, Steven J. R., Soane Patolo, Yuchan Zhou, and Sarah Burkhart. "The Agriculture–Nutrition–Income Nexus in Tonga: Is Postharvest Loss Undermining Horticulture Market Efficiency in Tonga?" Horticulturae 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6040061.

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The Kingdom of Tonga has one of the highest rates of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the world. Initiatives to promote pro-health dietary behaviour are possibly being compromised by poor or inconsistent consumer accessibility to affordable and safe fresh fruits and vegetables, referred to as the agriculture–nutrition–income nexus. While donors increasingly focus on nutrition-sensitive agriculture across the Pacific, there is little contemporary information concerning Tonga’s domestic horticultural distribution and market system, particularly in regards to food loss. This study surveyed 292 municipal and road-side vendors on Tongatapu and ‘Utu Vava’u Islands, with the aim of mapping and analyzing horticultural markets and farm supply, transport logistics, and quantifying postharvest practice and market loss. Tonga’s domestic horticultural market structure consists of a central municipal market and on Tongatapu Island, a supplementary network of urban and rural based road-side vendors. There is limited inter-island trade, with most farms located within 25 km of the central municipal market. Mean postharvest horticultural loss was very low, at 1.4% to 5.3%, with road-side vendors more vulnerable to loss. This level of loss was thought to reflect short intra-island transport distance, the type of crops being traded, and rapid market throughput, rather than a level of value chain efficiency. Vendors regulated market supply volume and price discounting and were the principal strategies to mitigate postharvest loss. While low levels of postharvest loss, short transport logistics, and fast market throughput are consistent with a relatively efficient horticulture market system, vendor practice may be impeding fresh fruit and vegetable accessibility.

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39

Keane, Lewis, Emma Sherry, Nico Schulenkorf, Joel Negin, Ding Ding, Adrian Bauman, Edward Jegasothy, and Justin Richards. "Personal, Social, and Environmental Mediators Associated With Increased Recreational Physical Activity in Women and Girls in the Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1100–1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0630.

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Background: The purpose of this paper was to identify personal, social, and environmental mediators of recreational physical activity (PA) in a 6-month netball-based intervention for women and girls in Tonga. Methods: Tonga Netball’s “low-engagement village program” was implemented in 10 villages and aimed to increase the recreational PA levels in women and girls through a comprehensive, structured community-level netball program addressing key barriers to participation. In a mixed-methods approach, these mediating barriers were identified through qualitative interviews based on the socioecological model. Quantitative measures for mediators and recreational PA were then developed, and data from 301 women and girls were collected. Standard mediation analyses methods were then applied. Results: Program participation appeared to significantly increase PA levels. Statistically significant personal mediators were body issues, preferring competitions, and clothing. Social mediators were support from sports council, community leaders, friends, and church. Environmental mediators were travel time and access to balls, bibs, and umpires. Conclusion: A comprehensive community-level program addressing key participation barriers can increase recreational PA among women and girls in Tonga. Triangulating these results with mediation analyses of variables on the causal pathway can strengthen our understanding of causation and inform funding prioritization for critical program components in similar contexts.

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Fullerton, R. A., L. Taufa, J. L. Vanneste, J. Yu, D. A. Cornish, and D. Park. "First Record of Bacterial Crown Rot of Papaya (Carica papaya) Caused by an Erwinia papayae-Like Bacterium in the Kingdom of Tonga." Plant Disease 95, no. 1 (January 2011): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-10-0455.

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Symptoms resembling papaya bacterial crown rot (1,3) attributed to Erwinia papayae were first observed on ‘Waimanalo’ and ‘Solo Sunrise’ papaya on the island of Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga in July 2009. Spreading, dark green, water-soaked lesions formed on juvenile stem tissue and developed into a foul-smelling, wet rot that destroyed large sections of the stem. Coalescing, brown, angular, marginal, and intercostal lesions killed large areas of the lamina. Elongated lesions on petioles resulted in breakage and leaf death. Symptoms on stems typically moved toward the crown with the growing point being killed or the whole crown breaking off at a canker below. Isolations at 28°C on King's medium B (KB) yielded slow-growing, raised, white, mucoid colonies that produced a conspicuous, nondiffusable blue pigment in the medium. Two-day-old suspensions (1 × 108 CFU/ml) of two cultures were injected into juvenile stem tissue, petioles, and laminae of four healthy papaya seedlings of ‘Solo Sunrise’ with a sterile 1-ml insulin syringe. Sterile water was used as a negative control. Typical water-soaked lesions appeared at all bacterial inoculation sites on all plants within 5 days but not on controls. Pigment-producing colonies similar to those used for inoculation were reisolated from four different stem lesions. Bacteria isolated from diseased tissues were gram negative, facultative anaerobes, oxidase negative, nonfluorescent on KB, induced a hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves, but could not cause soft rot on potato slices. Those characteristics, combined with blue pigment production, are consistent with the bacterium E. papayae. A partial sequence of the 16S rDNA gene of ~804 bp was amplified from four Tongan isolates (ICMP18248–18251) using primers 27f and 1492r (4). Sequences of these strains were 100% identical to each other (GenBank Nos. HQ286366–HQ286369), 99 and 98% identical to the 16SrDNA sequences of E. mallotivora strains LMG2708 (Z96084.1) and DSM4565 (AJ233414.1) respectively, and 97% identical to the 16SrDNA sequence of E. papayae strain NCPPB 4294 (AY131237.1). E. mallotivora and E. papayae cause different diseases, a leaf spot on Mallotus japonicus (2) and bacterial canker on papaya, respectively. They are closely related and in the laboratory are distinguished by only very few biochemical characteristics (1). E. papayae produces a blue pigment on KB and can utilize arabinose but not mannitol. E. mallotivora does not produce a blue pigment and can utilize mannitol but not arabinose. The four Tongan strains produced a blue pigment and could utilize mannitol and arabinose. Symptoms caused by the strains isolated from Tonga are typical of those caused by E. papayae and the strains identified share most of the characteristics of E. papayae. Because the Tongan strains were able to utilize mannitol as well as arabinose and their 16S rDNA was only 97% similar to E. papayae, these strains are referred to as an E. papayae-like bacterium. The taxonomic position of these isolates will be resolved with techniques such as Multilocus Sequence Typing analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this highly destructive papaya disease in the Kingdom of Tonga and of a pathogen closely related to E. papaya in the country. References: (1) L. Gardan et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 54:107, 2004. (2) M. Goto. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26:467, 1976. (3) N. H. Maktar et al. New Dis. Rep. 17:4, 2008. (4) F. Martin-Laurent et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2354, 2001.

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Valentin, Frederique, Geoffrey Clark, Philip Parton, and Christian Reepmeyer. "Mortuary practices of the first Polynesians: formative ethnogenesis in the Kingdom of Tonga." Antiquity 94, no. 376 (July 2, 2020): 999–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.89.

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Rinke, Dieter. "The Avifauna of 'Eua and its Off-Shore Islet Kalau, Kingdom of Tonga." Emu - Austral Ornithology 87, no. 1 (March 1987): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9870026.

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Göth, Ann, and Uwe Vogel. "Notes on breeding and conservation of birds on Niuafo'ou Island, Kingdom of Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 2 (1999): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990103.

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Niuafo'ou lies very isolated in the Pacific, is well forested and not densely populated by humans. These facts as well as the lack of larger rat species make it a refuge for birds rare elsewhere in the region. This paper covers all 17 breeding species and gives breeding data for 14 of them, collected from October 1991 to December 1992. Ten species had a well-defined breeding season of 2?7 months somewhere between September and April, which often differed from other adjacent islands: Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus Iherminieri, Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa, Banded Rail Rallus phillippensis, Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis, Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio, Barn Owl Tyto alba, Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer, Polynesian Starling Aplonis tabuensis nesiotes, and Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus. The Blue-crowned Lorikeet Vini australis nested in October, November and July. It did not only breed in tree hollows, but also inside a rotten log on the ground. Other observations suggest that it visits ground holes as well, either for nesting or resting. A breeding colony of Audubon's Shearwater is the first one confirmed for Tonga. Four species nested in the wet and dry season: White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus, Pacific Reef-heron Egretta sacra, Pacific Pigeon Ducula pacifica and Polynesian Megapode Megapodius pritchardii. Since September to March is the main breeding season for birds on Niuafo'ou, it is proposed that hunting and egg collecting, both important parts of the local tradition, are restricted to the other months of the year. In case of the endangered Polynesian Megapode we suggest a restriction of egg collecting and propose a translocation programme to another island. Additionally, we suggest that the islets in the crater lake become protected as they are free of feral cats, and some birds occur in higher densities there. Niuafo'ou also deserves attention as resting place for six vagrant and migrant species; large numbers of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus pacificus are hunted when they visit between October and June.

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Nelson, Joanna, Jesse J. Waggoner, Malaya K. Sahoo, Philip M. Grant, and Benjamin A. Pinsky. "Encephalitis Caused by Chikungunya Virus in a Traveler from the Kingdom of Tonga." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 52, no. 9 (June 23, 2014): 3459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01288-14.

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Webster, Fiona J., Philippa J. Cohen, Siola’a Malimali, Mele Tauati, Karen Vidler, Sione Mailau, Lavinia Vaipuna, and Viliami Fatongiatau. "Detecting fisheries trends in a co-managed area in the Kingdom of Tonga." Fisheries Research 186 (February 2017): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2016.08.026.

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Steadman, David W., Aimée Plourde, and David V. Burley. "Prehistoric Butchery and Consumption of Birds in the Kingdom of Tonga, South Pacific." Journal of Archaeological Science 29, no. 6 (June 2002): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0739.

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REEPMEYER, CHRISTIAN, REDBIRD FERGUSON, FRÉDÉRIQUE VALENTIN, and GEOFFREY R. CLARK. "The stone adze and obsidian assemblage from the Talasiu site, Kingdom of Tonga." Archaeology in Oceania 56, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arco.5223.

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BURLEY, DAVID V., MARSHALL WEISLER, and KEVAN EDINBOROUGH. "Additional U/Th dates for the Lapita settlement of Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga." Archaeology in Oceania 56, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arco.5228.

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Morris, Noah. "Learning probability in the Kingdom of Tonga: the influence of language and culture." Educational Studies in Mathematics 107, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10649-020-10022-z.

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Taufa, Taitusi, Ramesh Subramani, Peter Northcote, and Robert Keyzers. "Natural Products from Tongan Marine Organisms." Molecules 26, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154534.

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The islands of the South Pacific Ocean have been in the limelight for natural product biodiscovery, due to their unique and pristine tropical waters and environment. The Kingdom of Tonga is an archipelago in the central Indo-Pacific Ocean, consisting of 176 islands, 36 of which are inhabited, flourishing with a rich diversity of flora and fauna. Many unique natural products with interesting bioactivities have been reported from Indo-Pacific marine sponges and other invertebrate phyla; however, there have not been any reviews published to date specifically regarding natural products from Tongan marine organisms. This review covers both known and new/novel Marine Natural Products (MNPs) and their biological activities reported from organisms collected within Tongan territorial waters up to December 2020, and includes 109 MNPs in total, the majority from the phylum Porifera. The significant biological activity of these metabolites was dominated by cytotoxicity and, by reviewing these natural products, it is apparent that the bulk of the new and interesting biologically active compounds were from organisms collected from one particular island, emphasizing the geographic variability in the chemistry between these organisms collected at different locations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Kingdom of Tonga'

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