Journal articles: 'King of Bitters'

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Thakur, Ajit Kumar, Shyam Sunder Chatterjee, and Vikas Kumar. "Adaptogenic potential of andrographolide: An active principle of the king of bitters (Andrographis paniculata)." Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.002.

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Casamonti, Marta, Laura Risaliti, Giulia Vanti, Vieri Piazzini, Maria Camilla Bergonzi, and Anna Rita Bilia. "Andrographolide Loaded in Micro- and Nano-Formulations: Improved Bioavailability, Target-Tissue Distribution, and Efficacy of the “King of Bitters”." Engineering 5, no. 1 (February 2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.12.004.

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BASAK, Ajoy, Sam COOPER, Andreé G. ROBERGE, Upen K. BANIK, Michel CHRÉTIEN, and Nabil G. SEIDAH. "Inhibition of proprotein convertases-1, -7 and furin by diterpines of Andrographis paniculata and their succinoyl esters." Biochemical Journal 338, no. 1 (February 8, 1999): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3380107.

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Studies were performed to investigate the prohormone/proprotein convertase (PC)-inhibitory properties of chemical constituents of the medicinally active plant Andrographis paniculata (AP; from the family Acanthaceae), also known as ‘King of Bitters ’. Among the individual components tested against the clinically important convertases, furin and PC1, neoandrographolide (a C3 O-glucoside derivative of the major constituent andrographolide) exhibited the highest inhibitory action with an IC50 of 53.5 µM against furin. The data further revealed that although andrographolide, the major bitter principle of AP, exhibited a relatively small enzyme inhibition (IC50 = 1.0 mM and Ki = 200 µM against furin), upon succinoylation, its inhibitory action against the above convertases was enhanced significantly with a Ki in the low micromolar range (< 30 µM), suggesting that a specific structural modification of the andrographolide skeleton may be exploited to develop a new class of non-peptide inhibitors of PCs. When tested against PC7, these succinoylated derivatives of andrographolide also displayed strong inhibitory action, with Ki values again in the low micromolar range. This potentially interesting observation may be attributed to the reported anti-HIV property of 14-dehydroandrographolide succinic acid monoester (DASM). It is suggested here that DASM, by virtue of this protease inhibitory property, possibly acts by suppressing the proteolytic cleavage of envelope glycoprotein gp160 of HIV, which is known to be PC-mediated, particularly by furin and PC7.

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Jayakumar, Thanasekaran, Cheng-Ying Hsieh, Jie-Jen Lee, and Joen-Rong Sheu. "Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology ofAndrographis paniculataand Its Major Bioactive Phytoconstituent Andrographolide." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/846740.

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Andrographis paniculata(Burm. F) Nees, generally known as “king of bitters,” is an herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae. In China, India, Thailand, and Malaysia, this plant has been widely used for treating sore throat, flu, and upper respiratory tract infections. Andrographolide, a major bioactive chemical constituent of the plant, has shown anticancer potential in various investigations. Andrographolide and its derivatives have anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models asthma, stroke, and arthritis. In recent years, pharmaceutical chemists have synthesized numerous andrographolide derivatives, which exhibit essential pharmacological activities such as those that are anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, antifeedant, and antiviral. However, what is noteworthy about this paper is summarizing the effects of andrographolide against cardiovascular disease, platelet activation, infertility, and NF-κB activation. Therefore, this paper is intended to provide evidence reported in relevant literature on qualitative research to assist scientists in isolating and characterizing bioactive compounds.

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Chandrasekaran, C. V., P. Thiyagarajan, H. B. Deepak, and Amit Agarwal. "In vitro modulation of LPS/calcimycin induced inflammatory and allergic mediators by pure compounds of Andrographis paniculata (King of bitters) extract." International Immunopharmacology 11, no. 1 (January 2011): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2010.10.009.

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Sadhana H M, Suresh Joghee, and Hamsalakshmi. "Andrographis Paniculata – A Review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 5395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3162.

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Andrographis paniculata (AP) is commonly known as creat or green chiretta belongs to the family Acanthaceae. It is also known as Kalmegh and popularly called as King of bitters. It was widely used in the traditional system of medicines such as Siddha system, Ayurvedic system and Chinese medicine for the regular treatment of a common cold. Some of the reported health benefits are Antidiabetic, Antipyretic, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Antimalarial, Anti-cancer, Antityphoid, Anti-diarrhoea, antioedema, etc. Whole plant possesses medicinal property and leaves are explicitly used for therapeutic care. The plant contains four major diterpenoids such as andrographolide, neoandrographolide,14-deoxyandrographolide, 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and also includes other phytoconstituents such as flavonoidssesquiterpene lactones, etc. Andrographolide is found as major constituent in the leaves and reported for a wide variety of pharmacological activities. The purpose of this review is to brief the plant's literature survey via internet sources such as google scholar and PubMed providing a medium to explain the plant's ethnobotany information on conventional usage, essential chemical constituents and selected plant pharmacology activities are obtained from existing research articles to frame the review. The present analysis also illustrates the pharmacological and phytochemical characteristics of Andrographis paniculata from which researchers may get benefited for further qualitative research.

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PRIBADI, EKWASITA RINI. "KAJIAN KELAYAKAN USAHATANI POLA TANAM SAMBILOTO DENGAN JAGUNG." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 13, no. 3 (June 25, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v13n3.2007.98-105.

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ABSTRAK Sambiloto (Andrografis paniculata Nees) secara alami hidup subur di antara tegakan hutan. Hal ini megindikasikan bahwa tanaman ini toleran terhadap naungan. Kajian pola tanam jagung dan sambiloto diharapkan mendorong efisiensi produksi dan meningkatkan daya saing. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Cimanggu Bogor pada tanah Latosol, ketinggian 240 m dpl, tipe iklim A. Penanaman pada bulan Nopember 2003 dan panen mulai bulan Maret 2004 selama 5 kali panen dengan selang setiap 2 bulan. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) 6 kali ulangan dengan 4 perlakuan, yaitu : (1) monokultur sambiloto, (2) sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, (3) sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 120 cm x 20 cm, (4) sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm. Bibit sambiloto disemaikan selama 2 bulan dan ditanam dengan jarak tanam 30 cm x 40 cm, dipupuk dengan 10 ton pupuk kandang, 150 kg urea, 150 kg SP-36, dan 150 kg KCl per ha. Pupuk kandang, SP-36, dan KCl seluruhnya diberikan pada saat tanam. Urea diberikan masing-masing 1/3 bagian pada umur 0, 1, dan 2 BST (Bulan Sesudah Tanam). Untuk setiap ha tanaman jagung dipupuk dengan 5 ton pupuk kandang, 300 kg SP-36, dan 200 kg KCl yang diberikan pada saat tanam, dan 300 kg urea diberikan masing-masing 1/2 bagian pada umur 0, dan 1 BST. Benih jagung (Hibrida lokal R-01) ditanam 2 butir per lubang tanam, ditanam 2 kali selama musim tanam yaitu pertama 2 minggu sebelum penanaman sambiloto, dan penanaman kedua 75 hari setelah penanam jagung yang pertama. Data input-output usahatani dianalis secara deskriptif dilanjutkan dengan analisis B/C rasio dan sensitivitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mutu simplisia semua pola tanam memenuhi standard Materia Medika Indonesia. Produktivitas sambiloto per m 2 makin menurun dengan kerapatan pola tanam; pada pola monokultur diperoleh hasil 1,1 kg/m 2 sedangkan pada pola tanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm menghasilkan 0,5 kg/m 2 terna basah. Produktivitas jagung per m 2 meningkat dengan makin rapatnya pola tanam yaitu mencapai 13,3 tongkol pada jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, dan 22,2 tongkol pada jarak tanam jagung 90 cm x 20 cm. Biaya produksi sambiloto sebagian besar untuk bibit (Rp. 300/tanaman); biaya bibit tertinggi pada pola tanam monokultur yaitu 66,5% dari total biaya usahatani dan terendah pada pola tanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm yaitu 36%. Untuk menekan biaya usahatani disarankan petani melakukan penyemaian benih sendiri. Pola tanam sambiloto dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm, paling layak secara finansial dengan pendapatan bersih mencapai Rp1.188.360 dan B/C rasio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 lahan dan memberikan sumbangan lebih dari 20% terhadap pendapatan petani sebagai manager usahatani, mempunyai daya adaptasi yang cukup fleksibel terhadap perubahan biaya produksi dan harga produk, serta memberikan tambahan pendapatan bersih (keuntungan sebesar) Rp.51.675/1.000 m 2 lahan dibandingkan pola monokultur. Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, jagung, polatanam, usahatani, produksi, Jawa Barat ABSTRACT Feasibility study of king bitter and corn cropping pattern King bitter (Andrografis paniculata Nees) is naturally grown wildly under forest trees. This indicates that the plant is shade tolerant. The cropping pattern of the plant with corn was expected to improve its production efficiency and compatibility. The experiment was conducted in the Cimanggu Experimental Garden Bogor, Latosol soil type, elevation 240 m above sea level, climate type A of Schmidt and Fergusson. Planting was done November 2003. The experiment was designed in a randomized block with 6 replications. Treatments were (1) monoculture of king bitter cropping pattern, (2) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20 cm) cropping pattern, (3) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 120 cm x 20 cm) cropping pattern, (4) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm) cropping pattern. King bitter was planted at 30 cm x 40 cm spacing, fertilized with 10 tons manure + 150 kg SP-36 + 150 kg KCl and 150 kg urea fertilizer was applied one of third dosage in 0, 1, and 2 months after planting. Corn was grown twice during the experiment; first was planted 2 weeks prior to planting of the king bitter, and second was 75 days after the first planting. Corn was fertilized with 5 tons manure + 300 kg SP36 + 200 kg KCl per ha, and 300 kg urea fertilizer was applied half dosage in 0, and 1 months after planting. First harvest of the king bitter was done in March 2004, followed with 5 harvests every 2 months. Farming efficiency was analyzed using descriptive analysis, B/C ratio and sensitivity analysis. The results showed that quality of dry raw material of king bitter matched with MMI standard. Productivity of king bitter decreased by the increasing population of corn in cropping pattern, in monoculture bitter king productivity was 1.1 kg/m 2 decreased to 0.5 kg/m 2 in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm). In opposite, the productivity of corn increased by the increasing population of corn in cropping pattern, that were 13.3 cobs/m 2 in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20 cm) increased to 22.2 cobs /m 2 in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm). Most of king bitter production cost (Rp. 300/polybag),is for seedlings. In monoculture of king bitter, seedling cost of king bitter was 66,5% of production cost, and in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm) the seedling cost was 36% of production cost. To reduce production cost, farmers suggested to produce the seedlings by themselves. The study suggested that the best cropping pattern was king bitter planted with corn at 90 cm x 20 cm planting space. This cropping pattern financially acceptable as it raised income as much as Rp.1,188,360, B/C ratio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 and gave more then 20% of management income which was more adaptable to fluctuation production cost and price of product, and gave Rp. 51,675/1.000 m 2 net benefit compared to monoculture of king bitter Key words: Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, corn, cropping pattern, farming, production, West Java

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Saeed, S. T., A. Khan, and A. Samad. "First Report on the Molecular Identification of Phytoplasma (16SrII-D) Associated with Witches' Broom of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) in India." Plant Disease 99, no. 1 (January 2015): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-14-0854-pdn.

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Andrographis paniculata (family Acanthaceae), also known as “King of Bitters” or Kalmegh, is an important medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases. It has antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant properties (1). During June 2014, while performing a routine survey of the commercial trial fields of Kalmegh at Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India, typical phytoplasma disease symptoms such as virescence, proliferation, and witches' broom along with little leaf and stunted growth were observed. The disease incidence was estimated to be approximately 7 to 10%. To ascertain the presence of phytoplasma, 16 samples of leaves were collected from nine different field sites, and total genomic DNA was extracted from the symptomatic and symptomless Kalmegh plants by the CTAB method. Direct and nested PCR assays were performed targeting the 16S rDNA using generic phytoplasma primer pairs P1/P6 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (2). Resulting bands of the expected size (1.5 kb and 1.2 kb, respectively) were amplified from symptomatic plants. No amplification was observed with DNA from asymptomatic plant samples. The purified nested PCR products were cloned into E. coli DH5α, using the pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, United States) and sequenced with primers M13For/M13Rev using an automatic sequencer (ABI Prism, Perkin Elmer) at CIMAP. The sequence was analyzed by BLASTn and found to share 99% similarity with Echinacea witches'-broom phytoplasma and Sesame phyllody phytoplasma strain (GenBank Accession Nos. JF340080 and KF612966, respectively), which belong to the 16SrII-D group. The sequence was deposited in NCBI as GenBank Accession No. KM359410. A phylogenetic tree using MEGA v5.0 (4) was constructed with 16S rDNA; consensus sequences of phytoplasmas belonging to distinct groups revealed that the present phytoplasma clustered with the 16SrII group. iPhyClassifier software was used to perform sequence comparison and generate a virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profile (5). On the basis of iPhyClassifier, the 16S rDNA sequence analysis of our isolate showed 99.2% similarity with that of the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australasiae’ reference strain (GenBank Accession No. Y10097), which belongs to 16Sr group II. The virtual RFLP pattern of F2n/R2 fragment was most similar to the 16SrII-D subgroup (similarity coefficient of 0.91) but showed a difference in profile with HpaI, HhaI, and MseI enzymes. Several bacterial/fungal and viral diseases have been reported on A. paniculata (3); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of witches' broom disease in India and the first record of a 16SrII-D group phytoplasma on Kalmegh. Its presence in Kalmegh is of great significance due to its commercial interest. References: (1) S. Akbar. Altern. Med. Rev. 16:1, 2011. (2) D. E. Gundersen and M. Lee. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35:144, 1996. (3) A. Khan and A. Samad. Plant Dis. 98:698, 2014. (4) K. Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28:2731, 2011. (5) Y. Zhao et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59:2582, 2009.

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Yang, Shuo, Bo Ding, Fei Ying, Jana Svetlichnaya, Austin Tom, Sheila Prachand, Yanzhuang Wang, and Leo I. Gordon. "Foxo 3a Signaling Mediates Apoptosis in Lymphoma Cells By the Diterpenoid Lactone Andrographolide (Andro), the Active Component of Andrographis Paniculata." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.2760.2760.

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Abstract Introduction: Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone isolated from Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitters), an herbal medicine used in Asia. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antiviral, and immune-stimulant properties. Furthermore, it has been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in lymphoma, leukemia and other solid tumor cell lines. We have shown that Andro caused ROS-dependent apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines and in primary tumor samples that was mediated through mitochondrial pathways and enhanced by depletion of GSH and inhibited by NAC or the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (Yang et al Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16(19):4755). We hypothesized that the tumor suppressor, FOXO3a may be involved in signaling pathways that lead to apoptosis and to test that hypothesis we investigated the role of FOXO3A in Andro induced signaling in lymphoma. Methods: We studied the Burkitt p53-mutated Ramos cell line, the mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) line Granta, the transformed follicular lymphoma (FL) cell line HF-1, and the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell line SUDHL4, as well as primary cells from patients with FL and MCL. We transfected shRNA FOXO3a by electroporation to build stable cells with constant knockdown of FOXO3a in Ramos and SUDHL4 cell lines. We then compared the cell viability (MTT and Golgi fragmentation), apoptosis (Annexin V by flow), c-MYC and Bcl2 expression, death receptors 4 (DR4) expression and cell cycle related proteins in wild type and FOXO3a knockdowns. Results: We found that Andro resulted in nuclear translocation of FOXO3a in Ramos at early time points. We found that shRNA stable knockdown of FOXO3a in Ramos and SUDHL4 cell lines protected cells (Ramos and SUDHL4) from Andro-induced apoptosis (Figure 1). Moreover, in multiple cell lines, we found that Andro decreased c-MYC expression, which was abrogated in part by FOXO3A knockdown compared with wild type cells. Similarly, reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential by Andro is abrogated in the FOXO 3a knockdown cells. These data suggest that FOXO3a regulates c-MYC stabilization by mitochondrial proteins (for example TFAM and MAD-1). In the Granta cell line, derived from Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) and in an MCL patient sample, Andro reduced c-MYC expression. We also found that Andro induced Death Receptor 4 (DR4) at the mRNA and protein level in Granta cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cell cycle control proteins Aurora, p21, p27 (the latter 2 regulated by FOXO3a), are also increased by Andro. When cell death was measured by Golgi fragmentation and subsequent collapse, we found that Andro induced Golgi fragmentation in Granta and SUDHL4 cells Conclusion: Andro-induced lymphoma cell apoptosis is mediated through multiple signaling pathways, including FOXO3a, which appears to play a significant role, perhaps by regulating c-MYC stabilization and BCL2 expression and cell cycle proteins. These data suggest that this novel diterpenoid lactone compound deserves further pre-clinical and clinical testing in malignant lymphoma. Figure 1. Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Yang, Shuo, Andrew M. Evens, Savita Bhalla, Sheila Prachand, Amareshwar Singh, and Leo I. Gordon. "Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis in Lymphoma by the Diterpenoid Lactone Andrographolide (Andro), the Active Component of Andrographolis Paniculata." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 2710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.2710.2710.

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Abstract Abstract 2710 Poster Board II-686 Introduction/Background: Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone isolated from Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitters), an important herbal medicine used in China and other Asian countries to treat a range of diseases, such as respiratory infection, fever, bacterial dysentery and diarrhea. The major bioactive component extracted from Andrographis paniculata is andrographolide. The three hydroxyls at C-3, C-19 and C-14 are responsible for its biological activities. Recently, the anti-cancer properties of andrographolide have been recognized, and it has been tested in human patients. We hypothesized that the mechanism of cell death may depend on caspase activation and mitochondrial mediated cell death pathways. Methods: Using cells lines Ramos (p53 mutated Burkitts lymphoma (BL)), HF-1 (follicular lymphoma (FL)), SUDHL-4 (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)) and Granta (mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)) we measured cellular cytotoxicity by MTT and apoptosis and quantified by Annexin V-FITC and PI with flow cytometry using FACS. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined by oxidation of H2DCFDA to dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and quantified by fluorescence intensity and read by flow cytometry. We investigated the mechanism of apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines and patient samples by measuring caspase activation and PARP cleavage by Western blot and Bax conformational change by immunoflourescence. Further, we dissected the influence of the Bax/Bak pathway by using Bax−/−/Bak−/− mouse endothelial fibroblasts (MEFS). Results: We found that andrographolide inhibited survival in all cell lines and was dose and time dependent (IC50 from 15-40uM in cell lines), and was accompanied by ROS production. Cell death was a result of apoptosis and was also dose and time dependent and inhibited by the anti- oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and enhanced by the glutathione (GSH) depleting agent buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and accompanied by PARP cleavage. Similar data were extant in fresh samples from patients with FL, DLBCL, and MCL and there was activation of caspases 3, 8 and 9 in all cell lines and in all patient samples. In order to determine if mitochondrial pathways are involved in cell death, we studied Bax conformational change with the 6A7 monoclonal antibody, which specifically binds Bax protein with conformational change. We found that andrographolide induced Bax conformational change in SUDHL4 and HF1 and similarly in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma pt samples and that this was accompanied by translocation of Bax to the mitochondria in SUDHL-4 (Figure bottom left) and HF-1 (Figure bottom right). Next, using mouse endothelial fibroblast (MEFs) Bax/Bak knockouts (MEFBAX−/−/BAK−/−), we found that andrographolide-induced apoptosis (Figure top left) and change in mitochondrial membrane potential (Figure top right) was mediated through Bax/Bak. Conclusion: This is the first demonstration that andrographolide causes ROS-dependent apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines and in primary tumor samples, and the mechanism appears to proceed through intrinsic and extrinsic caspase pathways and is associated with Bax/Bak mitochondrial translocation. Further studies of diterpenoid lactones in lymphoma are warranted. Disclosures: Gordon: Cure Tech: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

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DJIWANTI, SETYOWATI RETNO, and SUPRIADI SUPRIADI. "EKOBIOLOGI NEMATODA HAWAR DAUN (Aphelenchoides fragariae) PADA TANAMAN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata)." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 17, no. 3 (June 19, 2020): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v17n3.2011.95-101.

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ABSTRAKNematoda hawar daun (Aphelenchoides fragariae) merupakan salahsatu kendala dalam budidaya tanaman obat sambiloto (Andrographispaniculata). Informasi tentang perilaku dan cara pengendalian nematodapada tanaman sambiloto masih sangat terbatas. Dalam rangka mencari carapengendalian nematoda yang efektif, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui ekobiologi nematoda tersebut seperti kisaran inang, sumberinokulum, dan pestisida. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca,dan kebun percobaan Balittro pada tahun 2006-2008. Studi kisaran inangalami dilakukan dengan mengamati karakteristik gejala khas penyakit,ekstraksi, dan karakterisasi morfologi nematoda dari sampel daun-daungulma yang tumbuh di pembibitan dan pertanaman sambiloto. Studi sum-ber penularan nematoda dilakukan dengan metode bioassay, yaitu denganmengamati gejala hawar daun dan jenis nematoda pada bibit sambilotoyang ditanam pada beberapa macam media tumbuh (tanah steril dicampurdengan beberapa macam jenis bahan organik seperti pupuk kandang,kompos, pupuk organik, dan potongan daun-daun sambiloto sakit).Sedangkan studi sensitivitas nematoda terhadap pestisida sintetik dannabati dilakukan di rumah kaca dan di lapang. Hasil penelitian menun-jukkan bahwa 6 jenis gulma, yaitu babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides),pulus hayam (Acalypha lanceolata), calincing (Oxalys sepium), gulmaBorreria sp., gulma daun sirih (Lindernia sp.), dan paku (Pleocnemia sp.)merupakan inang pengganti nematoda A. fragariae. Bahan organik sepertipupuk kandang dan serasah daun sambiloto sakit dalam tanah merupakansumber penting inokulum A. fragariae, tetapi penyebaran utama penyakitterjadi melalui bibit terinfeksi dan kontak fisik antara daun sakit dengandaun sehat. Perkembangan penyakit hawar daun berlangsung selama 2-4minggu setelah infeksi pertama. Senyawa karbofuran (2-5 g/tanaman),CNSL (cashew nut shell liquid) (0,5-1,0%), tepung (10,0-15,0 g/tanaman),dan ekstrak biji mimba (0,5-1,0%) efektif menekan populasi A. fragariae.Penanaman bibit sehat, sanitasi kebun, penggunaan pupuk kandang yangbenar-benar matang, dan aplikasi pestisida merupakan faktor pentingdalam pengendalian penyakit hawar daun nematoda pada sambiloto.Kata kunci: Andrographis paniculata, sambiloto, nematoda hawar daun,Aphelenchoides fragariae, ekobiologiABSTRACTBioecology of Leaf Blotch Nematode (Aphelenchoidesfragariae) on King of Bitter Plant (Andrographispaniculata)Leaf blotch nematode (Aphelenchoides fragariae) is one of the mostimportant constrains on cultivation of king of bitter plant (Andrographispaniculata). Information on the bioecology and control method of thenematode is still limited. In relation to finding an effective control methodof the nematode, this study aimed to evaluate several bioecological factorsof the nematode, such as its host range, inoculums source, and sensitivityof the nematode to several chemicals. The studies were conducted inlaboratory, green house, and experimental station of the IndonesianMedicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute in 2006-2008. Naturalhost range of the nematode was studied by examining the typical diseasesymptoms on leaves of several weeds grown in the nursery and field of theking of bitter plants, followed with extraction and morphologicalexamination of nematodes. Infection source of the nematode was carriedout by bioassay method using healthy king of bitter seedlings grown onsoil planting medium incorporated with suspected infection sources suchas animal manure, compost, organic fertilizer, and diseased leaf cutting ofthe plants. Sensitivity of the nematode to several pesticides (carbofuran,neem seed powder, neem seed extract, and cashew nut shell liquid) wasconducted in the green house and field. The results showed that six weedssuch as Ageratum conyzoides, Acalypha lanceolata, Oxalys sepium,Borreria sp., Lindernia sp., and Pleocnemia sp. grown in the nursery andfield of king of bitter plantation were infected with the nematode; thereforethese plants are natural alternate hosts of A. fragariae. Organic animalmanure and infected fallen leaves of the king of bitter were importantsources of inoculums of A. fragariae, however, main spread of the diseasewas through infected seedlings and direct contact between healthy andinfected leaves. Leaf blotch disease development occurred 2-4 weeks afterfirst infection. Chemicals such as carbofuran (2-5 g/plant), cashew nutshell liquid (0.5-1.0%), neem seed powder (10.0-15.0 g/plant) and extract(0.5-1.0%) were effectively suppressed the nematode. Planting disease-free seedlings, sanitation, and application of well-decomposed animalmanure and certain chemical pesticides are important factors to control theleaf blotch nematode on king of bitter plant.Key words: Andrographis paniculata, king of bitter, leaf blotchnematode, Aphelenchoides fragariae, bioecology.

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Newton, John A. "The Trial of Bishop King (Read v Bishop of Lincoln)." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 5, no. 25 (July 1999): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00003616.

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The trial of Bishop Edward King (1829–1910) and the judgment which issued from it proved a landmark in the history of the Victorian Church of England. The judgment was also a turning point in the history of the Catholic Revival, and the bitter series of ritual disputes to which it gave rise. Edward Norman categorised the trial as ‘One of the most important, as well as one of the most extraordinary episodes in the religious history of the nineteenth century.’ R. W. Church, Dean of St Paul's, hailed the judgment as ‘The most courageous thing that has come out of Lambeth for the last 200 years.’ Others, inevitably, given the passions roused by the ritualist controversy, took a more jaundiced view; but few serious Church people were indifferent to the result.

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Ryazanova, T. V. "Bitter crab syndrome in two species of king crabs from the Sea of Okhotsk." Russian Journal of Marine Biology 34, no. 6 (November 2008): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063074008060102.

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Yang, Shuo, Andrew M. Evens, Sheila Prachand, and Leo I. Gordon. "The Diterpenoid Lactone Andrographolide (ANDRO) Stimulates Autophagy and Induces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Dependent Apoptosis in Lymphoma Cell Lines." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4991.4991.

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Abstract ANDRO is a diterpenoid lactone isolated from Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitters), an important herbal medicine used in China. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-viral and immunostimulant properties. It has also been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in HL-60 (leukemia), PC-3 (prostatic adenocarcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer), HepG2 (liver cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer) and HCT116 (colorectal cancer) cell lines. The diterpenoids have been found to generate ROS and may increase apoptosis by altering the cellular redox state. We hypothesized that ANDRO would lead to cell death in lymphoma cell lines and that the effect may be related to altered cellular redox state. We studied the Burkitt p53 mutated Ramos cell line, the mantle cell lymphoma line Granta and L428, a resistant EBV-negative Hodgkin lymphoma cell line. We found that after incubation with increasing concentrations of ANDRO, there was dose and time-dependent cell death as measured by MTT. The IC50 (concentration that achieved 50% cell proliferation inhibition) at 48h was 20μM for Ramos, 40μM for Granta, and 50μM for L428. ROS was measured by oxidation of 2’7’dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) to dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) following incubation at 1hour (h), 2h, 3h, 5h, 38h, and 48h with ANDRO (20–80μM). ANDRO increased ROS production in all lymphoma cell lines, which was abrogated by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Maximum ROS generation with ANDRO was seen at 48h for Ramos (1.7 fold), 5h for Granta (1.6 fold), and 38h for L428 (2.4 fold). To determine the mechanism of cell death, we measured apoptosis by Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI), and detected by flow cytometry (FACS). Cells were treated with ANDRO in the presence or absence of the reduced glutathione (GSH) depleting agent buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) (100μM) for 28h, 48h, and 72h. We found that the AC50 (concentration that achieved 50% apoptosis) was 40μM for Ramos at 72h, 40μM for Granta at 48h and >80μM for L428 at 48h, while in the presence of BSO it was <10μM for Ramos at 72h, between 30–40μM for Granta at 28h and between 30–40μM for L428 at 48h. Apoptosis was completely blocked, by NAC, both in the presence and absence of BSO. Further, ANDRO induced PARP cleavage and activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9 in Granta and Ramos. Next, we explored the relationship of ANDRO and Forkhead transcription factors. ANDRO caused dephosphorylation of FOXO3a or FOXO1, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and this was reversible by NAC. Downstream proteins of FOXO3a, Bim, p27kip1 and the isoforms of the autophagy-related protein LC3B were upregulated, and this was reversed by NAC. The LC3B isoform-II, which is cleaved from LC3B-I, is a marker of autophagy activation. To determine the role of autophagy in cell death related to ANDRO, we inhibited autophagy with 3-methyladenine (1–2mM) and found significant enhancement of ANDRO-induced apoptosis in Granta and Ramos. Finally, ANDRO induced apoptosis (>60% Annexin-V+/PI+) in malignant B-cells from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (trisomy 12, peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte count 95.2 K/uL, bulky adenopathy) very low concentrations (5μM at 18h) in vitro, which was also reversible with NAC. We conclude that ANDRO induces ROS-dependent apoptosis in lymphoma cell lines and in a primary tumor sample, which is enhanced by depletion of GSH and inhibited by the antioxidant NAC. These effects appear to proceed through caspase activation and inhibition of autophagy, and are in part dependent on signaling through forkhead transcription factors and altered cellular redox pathways. Further studies of diterpenoids as single agents or in combination with other anti-lymphoma agents are warranted.

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Karlsson, Gunnar. "Drög að réttarsögu orðlistar á Íslandi." Lög og bókmenntir 18, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 11–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ritid.18.1.2.

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Medieval Icelandic law contains no provisions about copyright. Authors used without hesitation narrative texts by others, but poets were paid for composing laudatory poems about kings and narrators for telling stories at their courts. The art of storytelling became a speciality of Icelanders, who were also hired to write biographies of Norwegian kings. It was considered reprehensible to use the poetry of others as one's own work. Two Norwegian poets may have got the cognomens skáldaspillir (Destroyer of poets?) and illskælda (Bad or Evil poet?) for plagiarism. An Icelandic poet composed a laudatory poem about a woman but changed it to fit another one, receiving a bitter revenge. In Icelandic sagas stanzas occur frequently and, unlike borrowings in prose, their authors are usually named. In the medieval law of Iceland it is forbidden to compose about people not only derogatory but also laudatory poetry. Conceivably it has been considered to give the author some kind of power over the person who was the subject of the poetry. Proper copyright, though, does not occur in Icelandic law until the beginning of the twentieth century.

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Jenkins, Paul, and Michelle Gilbert. "The King, His Soul and the Pastor: Three Views of a Conflict in Akropong 1906-7." Journal of Religion in Africa 38, no. 4 (2008): 359–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006608x375516.

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AbstractIn 1906-7, in Akwapim, a small kingdom in southern Ghana (then the Gold Coast), a bitter conflict occurred between the king, Nana Kwasi Akuffo, and Kwasi Fianko, a wealthy trader who had been appointed as the king's 'soul' (okra) but who later decided to resign his position and rejoin the Christian community. Two detailed accounts addressed to the Basel Mission were written by an indigenous pastor and his superior, a long-serving missionary. They recount the conflict, the negotiations that ensued, and the complex relations between the king and the Basel Mission community. These reports depict the ambitions and the everyday conduct of a poor king and a wealthy commoner, the one a non-Christian and the other a Christian, in the early years of the twentieth century. They also describe the position of the 'soul' in an Akan court, and the central importance of money in a kingdom lacking important natural resources.

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Ormrod, W. M. "Edward III and His Family." Journal of British Studies 26, no. 4 (October 1987): 398–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385897.

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The chroniclers and poets of the later Middle Ages credited Edward III with many successes, among which the production of a large family rated highly. The king had a total of twelve children, of whom no fewer than nine—five sons and four daughters—survived to maturity (fig. 1). Historians have not always been enthusiastic about the generous provisions made for this large family. Edward's very fecundity, viewed by fourteenth-century writers as a sure sign of God's grace, has been seen as a political liability because it exhausted resources, created a political imbalance between the crown and the younger branches of the royal family, and led ultimately to the deposition of Richard II and the Wars of the Roses.It is possible, however, to view Edward III's family arrangements in a different and rather more favorable light. Since the loss of many of their overseas territories in the thirteenth century, the Plantagenet kings had come to regard their remaining possessions as an inalienable patrimony to be handed on intact from father to eldest son. Unless younger children were able to create titles for themselves in foreign lands, kings had no option but to reward their sons with English earldoms. This was not a policy guaranteed to benefit the crown: the bitter quarrels between Edward II and his cousin Thomas of Lancaster showed very clearly the dangers that might arise when cadet branches of the Plantagenet dynasty became bound up with the English aristocracy.

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Babic, Slobodan, and Cevdet Akyel. "Mutual Inductance and Magnetic Force Calculations for Bitter Disk Coil (Pancake) with Nonlinear Radial Current and Filamentary Circular Coil with Azimuthal Current." Advances in Electrical Engineering 2016 (September 18, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3654021.

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Bitter coils are electromagnets used for the generation of extremely strong magnetic fields superior to 30 T. In this paper we calculate the mutual inductance and the magnetic force between Bitter disk (pancake) coil with the nonlinear radial current and the circular filamentary coil with the azimuthal current. The close form expressed over complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind as well as Heuman’s Lambda function is obtained for this configuration either for the mutual inductance or for the magnetic force. The results of this method are compared with those obtained by the improved modified filament method for the presented configuration. All results are in an excellent agreement.

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Nirubama, K., M. Shabana Begum, G. Rubalakshmi, and M. P. Pachamuthu. "A Green Way Genesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Characterization and Thrombolytic Activity of Andrographis echioides—"A King of Bitter"." Journal of Bionanoscience 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbns.2018.1509.

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Babic, Slobodan. "Analytical and Semi-Analytical Formulas for the Self and Mutual Inductances of Concentric Coplanar Ordinary and Bitter Disk Coils." Physics 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics3020018.

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In this paper, analytical and semi-analytical formulas are presented for the self- and mutual inductance of thin ordinary disk coils and thin Bitter disk coils. The coils lie concentrically in a plane. The ordinary coils are coils with constant current density. The current density of a current carrying Bitter disc is not uniform across its cross-sectional area, but it is a function of the ratio of the inner diameter of the disk to an arbitrary radius within the disk. In this paper, we show the possibility to calculate the mutual and self-inductance of thin disk coils from the real coils of the cross-sections using some valuable conditions. The formulas for the mutual inductance and the self-inductance were obtained in the semi-analytic form as the combination of the elliptic integral of the second kind and a simple integral for the ordinary disk coils. The mutual inductance and self-inductance were obtained in the analytical form as the elliptic integral of the second kind for the Bitter disk coils. The formula for the self-inductance of the ordinary full disk was obtained in the close form. All formulas are given in remarkably simple form and give perfectly accurate results with a significantly small computational time. All cases of either regular or singular (disks in contact or overlapping) are covered. Many presented examples show the excellent numerical agreement with previously published methods.

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Yoshimatsu, Jumpei, Kiyoshi Toko, Yusuke Tahara, Misaki Ishida, Masaaki Habara, Hidekazu Ikezaki, Honami Kojima, Saeri Ikegami, Miyako Yoshida, and Takahiro Uchida. "Development of Taste Sensor to Detect Non-Charged Bitter Substances." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123455.

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A taste sensor with lipid/polymer membranes is one of the devices that can evaluate taste objectively. However, the conventional taste sensor cannot measure non-charged bitter substances, such as caffeine contained in coffee, because the taste sensor uses the potentiometric measurement based mainly on change in surface electric charge density of the membrane. In this study, we aimed at the detection of typical non-charged bitter substances such as caffeine, theophylline and theobromine included in beverages and pharmaceutical products. The developed sensor is designed to detect the change in the membrane potential by using a kind of allosteric mechanism of breaking an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the carboxy group and hydroxy group of aromatic carboxylic acid (i.e., hydroxy-, dihydroxy-, and trihydroxybenzoic acids) when non-charged bitter substances are bound to the hydroxy group. As a result of surface modification by immersing the sensor electrode in a modification solution in which 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid was dissolved, it was confirmed that the sensor response increased with the concentration of caffeine as well as allied substances. The threshold and increase tendency were consistent with those of human senses. The detection mechanism is discussed by taking into account intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which cause allostery. These findings suggest that it is possible to evaluate bitterness caused by non-charged bitter substances objectively by using the taste sensor with allosteric mechanism.

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Frank, Katrin, and Greta Schabram. "Frühe Hilfen und geschlechtliche Vielfalt." Blätter der Wohlfahrtspflege 167, no. 5 (2020): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0340-8574-2020-5-170.

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Die geschlechtliche Identität ist für jeden Menschen von fundamentaler Bedeutung und eine höchstpersönliche Angelegenheit. Sie gilt es zu schützen - und zwar von Geburt an. Die Angebote der Frühen Hilfen können für Kleinkinder und ihre Eltern eine wichtige Stütze sein. Sie können verhindern, dass insbesondere Eltern verfrüht Entscheidungen treffen, die sie später bitter bereuen und die ihr Kind das Leben lang begleiten.

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Chunfei, Tu, Li Xing, Wang Huan, Chen Yuhao, Liang Guoling, and Wang Chunlin. "Impact of Short-term Artificial Low Salinity Stress on the Flavor Quality of Scylla Paramamosain." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i2/ajas21132.

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Scylla paramamosain is a kind of large euryhaline marine crab. As an important physicochemical parameter of seawater, salinity has a great impact on the survival, growth and quality of Scylla paramamosain. This research tested the content of non-volatile flavor substance, lactic acid and taurine on the 0, 1st, 3rd, 7th and 15th day in three salinity gradients (3, 13, 23) with HPLC (High-performance Liquid Chromatography) technology. Results have shown that in low salinity stress, the cumulative amount of free amino acids in muscle of Scylla paramamosain is more than that in hepatopancreas, while the cumulative amount of essential amino acids in hepatopancreas is more than that in muscle. In muscle, contents of three flavor amino acids are ranked as follows: sweet, bitter and delicious amino acid, and in hepatopancreas, it is bitter, sweet and delicious amino acid. The fluctuation rule of free amino acid, essential amino acid and lactic acid in Scylla paramamosain in the low salinity group is similar to that of other salinity control group, while the content of sweet amino acid, bitter amino acid, nucleotide, EUC, taurine is different from that of other salinity control groups.

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Phillips, Jonathan. "Ideas of Crusade and Holy War in De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi (The Conquest of Lisbon)." Studies in Church History 36 (2000): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400014376.

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The Second Crusade (1145-9) was, for the most part, a failure. One of its few successes was the capture of the Muslim-held city of Lisbon by contingents of Anglo-Normans, Flemings, and northern Rhinelanders travelling via the Iberian peninsula en route to the Holy Land. At its full extent the Second Crusade consisted of campaigns in the Levant, the Baltic, and the east coast of Spain, as well as the Lisbon expedition. By far the largest forces went to the Holy Land but, following a calamitous crossing of Asia Minor, the combined armies of the kings of France and Germany, along with the troops of the Latin settlers, retreated from the walls of Damascus after only five days. Because the crusade to the Levant had been preached so successfully by Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux, this dismal outcome attracted bitter criticism from contemporaries. The defeat was ascribed to the treachery of (variously) the Greeks, the Templars, the count of Flanders, and the Latin settlers, or the incompetence of King Louis VII of France and the papal legates. Some commentators believed the crusade to have been the work of the devil. Bernard himself argued that it was the judgement of God that had caused the expedition to fail. Other writers blamed the participants’ motives, most relevantly here the contemporary historian, Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon. He wrote: In the same year [1148] the armies of the emperor of Germany and the French king, which marched out with great pride under illustrious commanders, came to nothing because God despised them…. Meanwhile, a naval force that was made up of ordinary, rather than powerful, men, and was not supported by any great leader, except Almighty God, prospered a great deal better because they set out in humility. Truly ‘God resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble’. For the armies of the French king and the emperor had been more splendid and larger than that which earlier had conquered Jerusalem, and yet were crushed by very much smaller forces and were destroyed like a spider’s web. But no host had been able to withstand the poor men of whom I spoke above, and the large forces who attacked them were reduced to weakness.

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Hans Wafler, Beat, and Rian Beise-Zee. "Bitter taste: an agency agreement in Vietnam goes awry." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-01-2016-0004.

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Subject area The case authentically illustrates a common problem encountered within the business scope of an agent who is representing a European food ingredients manufacturer in an emerging market. The case describes the kind of legal set-up and contracts that are necessary to safeguard the long-term prospective of the business for both parties, the agent and overseas supplier. It explains what each party has to observe in case of a termination of the agency agreement. Study level/applicability This is a longitudinal case study of a market entry by a European food ingredients manufacturer through a foreign-owned third agent. The authors studied how sales developed over the first few years and then concentrated the investigation on the fact that after the sales volume was reached, the overseas manufacturer wants to cancel the agency agreement and do the business directly without getting the agent involved. Case overview This case describes and explains a common problem encountered frequently by overseas manufacturers who want to enter an emerging market through a third-party agent representation. The overseas supplier uses the agent’s service and solid reputation to enter an emerging market with limited exposure to costs and risk. The agent works towards guarding the relationship with the overseas supplier for as long as possible. The development of the relationship illustrates what kind of conditions have to be stipulated in advance to provide an acceptable solution to both parties concerned once they part ways. Expected learning outcomes This research is based on a European food ingredients manufacturer, who was expanding its business in different Asian emerging markets, namely, Vietnam and Cambodia. The agent was a long-time established trading house who acted frequently as agent for overseas companies that wanted to get a foothold in these promising Asian emerging markets. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 5: International Business

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Selvi Lely Rosanti, Sri Subekti, Sudarno,. "Uji Sensitifitas Sari Buah Pare (Momordica charantia L) Pada Bakteri Edwardsiella tarda Dengan Metode Difusi Kertas Cakram Secara In Vitro [Sensitivity Test Of Fruit Bitter Melon Juice (Momordica charantia L) On Bacteria Edwardsiella tarda With Paper Disc Diffusion Method In Vitro]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 4, no. 1 (January 24, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v4i1.11593.

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Abstract One of the problems encountered in fish farming is the disease attack. The attack of disease that was caused by bacteria is a problem that often occur in aquaculture. Traditional medicine is more readily accepted by communities because is cheap and easily available, have been quite familiar with the community. There were various kind of traditional medicine and has been widely studied chemically content and usefulness. Therefore there were still many plants unknown levels of toxicity, therefore need further study. Bacteria E. tarda spread in some countries such as Europe, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, United States, Singapore, and Malaysia. While in Indonesia E. tarda were found in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. The aim of the research is to know the capabilities of the inhibition zone of fruit bitter melon power against the bacteria E. tarda in vitro and knowing whether fruit bitter melon effective in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria E. tarda with gold standard comparator antibiotics Tetracycline. The research was conducted on February 2011 in Bacteriology and Microbiology, laboratory in Fish Quarantine Juanda Sidoarjo district of East Java. The method used in this research is descriptive method that was done in vitro by using sensitivity test of diffusion method with the determination of inhibition zone by comparing with antibiotic inhibition zones. The results showed that bitter melon juice has a bacterial growth inhibition against E. tarda, although when was compared with gold standard antibiotic tetracycline shared considered less sensitive. Observations showed clear zone of bitter melon fruit juice shared with a diameter of 13.3mm, was compared with standard antibiotic tetracycline can inhibit with a minimum diameter of 15mm. Sensitivity test of bitter melon fruit juice will be classified as not susceptible to the bacteria therefore is able to inhibit E. tarda..

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Pierce-Feldmeyer, Alex M., Dave Josephson, Adrianne Johnson, and Robert Wieland. "Perception of Bitter Taste through Time-Intensity Measurements as Influenced by Taste Modulation Compounds in Steviol Glycoside Sweetened Beverages." Beverages 5, no. 3 (August 20, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5030052.

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To limit sugar consumption and maintain sweetness levels in the diet, food and beverage developers often use high potency sweeteners (HPSs) as alternatives. Steviol glycosides are considered a consumer-friendly alternative but they are perceived to have a bitter taste accompanied by sweet and bitter lingering. Recently, taste modulators have been discovered that help to alleviate negative attributes like bitterness of HPSs. To show that taste modulation compounds (TMCs) decrease perceived bitterness associated with steviol glycosides, a trained descriptive panel (n = 9) performed a single-attribute time-intensity (TI) assessment over 2 min. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze TI curves and curve parameters (AUC, Imax and Tmax). Principal components analysis (PCA) was also used to assess TI curves. Results showed that statistically significant results depended on the analysis method. Bitterness perception was shown to persist less over 2 min for steviol glycosides with TMCs when assessing raw scores and parameters. The same was not found using differences from control curves or weighted curves from PCA. These findings demonstrate that particular TMCs may subtly decrease perceived bitterness of steviol glycosides. However, business objectives of TMC use may dictate what kind of analysis method to use when analyzing perceived bitter perception of TMCs over time.

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Vargas-Rodríguez, Claudio Fabián, and José Andrés Carvajal-Villalta. "Influencia de fuentes y concentraciones de saborizantes sobre el consumo de forraje en caprinos." Agronomía Mesoamericana 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v29i3.28402.

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The behavior of caprine to taste stimuli affects the consumption of dry matter (MS), and the inclusion of sensorial stimulators can increase productivity. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate different sources and concentrations of flavoring on forage intake in goats. The research was developed at the Dairy Cattle Experimental Station “Alfredo Volio Mata” of the University of Costa Rica, in Ochomogo, Cartago, Costa Rica during October 2015. A coffee-shop test was used in a block crossover model. Pennisetum purpureum cv King grass mixed with four flavors (acid, bitter, sweet and salty) in five different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0%) was supplied to a group of goats. Goats showed the greater preference for forage mixed with a bitter flavor, and less preference for sweet and salty flavors. The forage intake on a dry basis showed by the animals when the acid flavor was applied, was 0.977 kg/d, when the sweet and salty flavorings were used the intake was 0.855 and 0.822 kg/d, respectively. These differences were significant. The goats consumed 68.28% of the amount of offered forage when the bitter flavor was used, but only consumed 56.43% of what was offered when the forage was acidified. When comparing the inclusion of any flavor with respect to an unflavored control treatment, no significant differences were observed in the consumption of dry matter or the degree of acceptance. No effect on dry matter consumption or acceptance percentage was observed when different concentrations of flavorings were used. The interaction between flavor and flavor concentration did not generate significant differences in any of the evaluated parameters.

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Kabelová, I., M. Dvořáková, H. Čížková, P. Dostálek, and K. Melzoch. "Determination of free amino acids in cheeses from the Czech market." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, No. 3 (July 27, 2009): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1415-cjfs.

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High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with the pre-column derivatisation by AccQ•Tag agent and following determination of these derivates after their separation in reverse phase column followed by fluorescent detection was used for the determination of amino acids in cheeses. The contents of sixteen free amino acids in twenty five cheeses commercially available in the Czech Republic were measured. The total content of free amino acids in the studied cheeses varied in the range from 27 g/kg to 160 g/kg. Among individual amino acids, seven amino acids were more concentrated in all cheese samples and came from three distinctive taste groups: bitter tasting amino acids (leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine), bitter sweet amino acids (proline and valine), and salty-umami amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid). The differences in the contents of the total and individual free amino acids were influenced by the kind of cheese and mainly by the duration and intensity of proteolysis.

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RUSMIN, DEVI, MELATI, S. MELATI, S, WAHYUNI WAHYUN, and SUKARMAN SUKARMAN. "PENGARUH UMUR PANEN TERHADAP VIABILITAS BENIH SERTA HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PRODUKSI TERNA SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata Nees." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 13, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v13n1.2007.21-27.

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ABSTRAK Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap viabilitas benih sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) adalah waktu panen. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh umur panen terhadap viabilitas benih serta hubungannya dengan produksi terna sambiloto. Percobaan dilakukan di KP. Cimanggu dan Laboratorium, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik, dari Maret 2005 – Maret 2006. Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 10 perlakuan stadia umur panen dan 4 ulangan. Stadia umur panen yang diuji yaitu 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, dan 29 hari setelah antesis (HSA). Variabel yang diamati yaitu mutu benih (daya berkecambah benih, kecepatan berkecambah), pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang), serta produksi terna (bobot basah tanaman, bobot kering daun, dan bobot kering batang). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Umur panen benih berpengaruh terhadap daya berkecambah benih dan kecepatan berkecambah benih sambiloto; daya berkecambah dan kecepatan berkecambah tertinggi didapatkan pada umur panen benih 22 dan 21 HSA (67,00 dan 55,00)%; sedangkan daya berkecambah yang terendah diperoleh pada umur panen 18 HSA (23,50)%, (2) Umur panen benih berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman dan jumlah cabang pada tanaman umur 1 bulan. Tinggi tanaman dan jumlah cabang tertinggi berturut-turut didapatkan pada perlakuan umur panen benih 27 dan 26 HSA (39, 63 dan 36,58 cm serta 16,71 dan 16,61 buah); dan (3) Umur panen benih berpengaruh terhadap produksi terna (bobot basah tanaman, bobot kering daun, bobot kering batang) pada umur 3 bulan. Bobot basah tanaman, bobot kering daun, serta bobot kering batang tertinggi didapatkan pada perlakuan umur panen benih 27 HSA (291,25, 28, 27 dan 28,86)g. Bobot basah tanaman, bobot kering daun, serta bobot kering batang terendah didapatkan pada perlakuan 18 HSA (217,09, 22,10 dan 20,24)g. Umur panen benih tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah cabang pada umur 3 bulan. Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata Nees, umur panen, viabilitas, produksi, Jawa Barat ABSTRACT The influence of harvesting time on the seed viability and the relationship with herb yield of king bitter (Andrographis paniculata Nees) One of the main factors influencing the viability of king bitter (Andrographis paniculata Nees) is appropriate harvesting time. Based on this problem a research was conducted to study the relationship between seed maturity and seed viability, and herb yield of king bitter. The research was conducted at Cimanggu Experimental Station and in the laboratory of Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute (IMACRI) from March 2005 to March 2006. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 10 seed maturity stages and 4 replications. Maturity seed tested was 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 days after anthesis. The observations were made on seed quality (percentage of seed germination, and rate of seed germination), plant growth (plant height, number of branches) and herb yield (fresh herb weight, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight). The results of experiment indicated that (1) seed maturity affected seed germination, and rate of seed germination of king bitter; the highest seed germination and germination rate were achieved by seeds harvested at 21 and 22 days after anthesis, (2) stage of seed harvesting affected on the plant height and number of branches at 1 month after planting. The highest plant height and number of branches were found on the treatments of seeds harvested at 26 and 27 days after anthesis, they were 39.63 and 36.58 cm and 16.71 and 16.61; (3) seed maturity also affected herb production, such as wet weight of plants, dry weight of leaf and dry weight of steam at 3 moths after planting. Wet weight of plant, dry weight of leaf and dry weight of stem were achieved at the treatments of seeds harvested at 27 days after anthesis, they were 291.25, 28.27 and 28.86 g. The lowest of wet of plant weight, dry weight of leaf and dry weight of stem were found on the seeds harvested at 18 days after anthesis. They were 217.09, 22.10 and 20.24 g. Moreover, the stage of harvesting did not influence the number of branches at 3 months after planting. Key words: King bitter, Andrographis paniculata Nees, seed maturity, viability, production, West Java

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Krishna, Shivram, and Harikesh Maurya. "A Review on Favorable Approaches of Swietenia macrophylla Plant for the Human Ailments." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 6, no. 03 (September 30, 2018): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.6.3.10.

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Swietenia macrophylla king is herbaceous plant belonging to family Meliaceae was commonly known as Mahogany, found in the Caribbean countries, Central America, West Indies, Indonesia, Malaysia, and South America. It is a large tree with height up to 35 to 40 meters, and the diameter of the wooden trunk reaches up to 125 cm. The outer cover is blackish-brown, till maturation of plant then turned into grayish with the smooth surface, while the flowering condition occurs after the 7 years of maturation. Swietenia macrophylla king extract was evaluated for the hypoglycemic activity of seeds combined with endocarps extracts in hot water and methanol. The seeds have been developed attention in the world in recent years subsequent to the biotechnology research center for discovered various health benefits in the human body. Research scientists exposed the seed contains many natural nutrients and minerals may beneficial for human health condition. It contains three major active constituents i.e., Flavonoids, Saponins, and Bitter Alkaloids. This compound used for the treatment of different disease like analgesic, pyretic, inflammation, cancer, malaria, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coughs and healing and improves the blood circulation in the living system.

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Govaerts, Bert. "De zaak van Rechter Grootaert en de strijd om het Nederlands in Belgisch-Congo. Een symbooldossier uit de jaren vijftig." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 7–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v67i1.12460.

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In 1908 verwierf België de souvereiniteit over de voormalige Congo Vrijstaat, die particulier bezit van koning Leopold II was geweest. De nieuwe kolonie kreeg een soort grondwet, het Koloniale Charter. Artikel 3 daarvan bepaalde dat er in Belgisch-Congo taalvrijheid heerste, maar ook dat de Belgen er dezelfde taalrechten en -bescherming zouden genieten als in het moederland. Uiterlijk tegen 1913 moesten speciale decreten de taalregeling in rechtszaken en in de administratie vastleggen. Die afspraak werd niet gehonoreerd. De decreten kwamen er niet en de kolonie werd in de praktijk exclusief Franstalig. Een klein aantal Vlaamse koloniale ambtenaren verzette zich daar tegen en boekte ook beperkte successen, op plaatselijk niveau. Een doorbraak kwam er pas in de nadagen van de kolonie, toen een Vlaams magistraat, Jozef Grootaert, het recht opeiste om in het Nederlands te vonnissen. Pas na een lang en bitter gevecht, uitgevochten tot op regeringsniveau en mee gekleurd door allerlei persoonlijke motieven, werd uiteindelijk in 1956, meer dan veertig jaar later dan afgesproken, een decreet over het gebruik van de talen bij het koloniale gerecht goedgekeurd. Over een decreet i.v.m. bestuurzaken raakte men het niet meer eens voor de onafhankelijkheid van de kolonie in 1960. In het onafhankelijke Congo was er voor het Nederlands geen (officiële) plaats.________The Case of Judge Grootaert and the struggle for Dutch in the Belgian CongoIn 1908 Belgium acquired the sovereignty over the former Congo Free State, which had been the private property of king Leopold II. The new colony was granted a kind of constitution, the Colonial Charter. Article 3 of this charter provided not only that there would be freedom of language in the Belgian Congo, but also that the Belgians in that country would enjoy the same rights and protection of their language as they had in their motherland. The language regulation for court cases and the administration was to be laid down in special decrees by 1913 at the latest. That agreement was not honoured. The decrees failed to be drawn up and in practice the colony became exclusively French speaking. A small number of Flemish colonial officials resisted against this situation and in fact obtained some limited successes on a local level. A breakthrough finally occurred in the latter years of the colony, when a Flemish magistrate, Jozef Grootaert claimed the right to pronounce judgement in Dutch. Only after a long and bitter struggle that was fought out until the bitter end on a governmental level and that was also characterized by all kinds of personal motives, a decree about the use of languages at the colonial court was finally approved in 1956, more than forty years after it had been agreed. It proved to be no longer possible to reach agreement about a decree concerning administrative matters before the independence of the colony in 1960. In the independent Congo Republic no (official) role was reserved for Dutch.

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Carey, Peter. "Waiting for the ‘Just King’: The Agrarian World of South-Central Java from Giyanti (1755) to the Java War (1825–30)." Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 1 (February 1986): 59–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013603.

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Students of Javanese society have long recognized that the Java War (1825–30), the bitter five-year struggle against European colonial rule in Java, constituted a watershed in the history of modern Indonesia. In his recent textbook, Professor Ricklefs has characterized the year 1830 as ‘the beginning of the truly colonial period in Java’, arguing that the Java War marked the transition point between the ‘trading’ era of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the years of ‘colonial’ exploitation ushered in by Johannes van den Bosch's well known ‘cultivation systems’. In military and political terms, the costly Dutch victory over the javanese made them, for the first time in their three and a half centuries of involvement in the archipelago, the undisputed masters of Java. At the same time, scholars of Javanese Islam have suggested that the defeat of the Javanese leader, Dipanagara (1785–1855), and the religious ideals for which he fought (most notably his goal of strengthening the institutional position of Islam in Javanese society), temporarily undermined the morale and self-confidence of the Islamic communities in Java. Specialists in the history of the central Javanese principalities (vorstenlanden), especially those interested in cultural developments, have also seen the Javanese failure in 1825–30 as a setback to the vitality and independence of the Javanese cultural tradition, a time when Javanese society began to turn in on itself and lose something of its strength and flexibility.

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Boin, Elisa A. S. F., Cláudia M. A. M. Azevedo, João M. S. A. Nunes, and Manuela M. Guerra. "Consumer Acceptability and Descriptive Characterization of Fresh and Dried King Oyster (Pleurotus eryngii) and Hedgehog (Hydnum repandum) Mushrooms." Journal of Food Research 5, no. 4 (July 6, 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n4p55.

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King oyster (Pleurotus eryngii) and hedgehog (Hydnum repandum) mushrooms have great commercial interest due to their nutraceutical and nutritional properties, besides being new products on the market. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acceptability and characterize descriptively fresh and dried Pleurotus eryngii and Hydnum repandum mushrooms. Raw mushrooms were analyzed by descriptive tests and cooked mushrooms were analyzed by hedonic, discriminative and descriptive tests. Descriptive analysis was performed by QDATM method with a semi-trained panel. Acceptability as a guide to consumer trends was assessed as hedonic tests with 20 untrained judges to evaluate appearance, aroma, texture, flavor, and purchase decision. To evaluate the influence of the drying process in sensory characteristics, mushroom risottos were compared by discriminative analysis. Raw fresh hedgehog mushroom was mainly characterized by the presence of teeth, cap waviness and intensity of aroma. Raw dried H. repandum was mainly depicted by the presence of teeth and wrinkles, crunchiness and hardness. Well-defined gills and velvet touch characterized raw fresh P. eryngii. Dried P. eryngii mushroom was crunchy and had different colors of cap and stem. All cooked mushrooms presented average hardness and were slightly umami, watery, chewy and had some umami aftertaste. Cooked Hydnum repandum presented high intensity of aroma and bitter aftertaste. Fresh and dried Pleurotus eryngii were well accepted, as well as fresh H. repandum. Dried H. repandum had low acceptability scores, being thus not recommended to be consumed sautéed, but in sauces or risottos.

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Houbert, Jean. "The Indian Ocean Creole Islands: Geo-politics and Decolonisation." Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 3 (September 1992): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010843.

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Decolonisation was a policy of the West, as well as a process reflecting the radical transformation of the configuration of power in the international system. The Soviet Union, perceived as poised to dominate Eurasia, had to be ‘contained’ lest it expanded into the Rimland and challenged the West at sea. This geo-political obsession was reinforced by the ‘loss of China’ and the outbreak of the bitter struggle between North and South Korea. But the cold war was about ideology as well as military power, and containment was therefore not just a question of building pacts but of fostering the ‘right’ kind of political régimes.

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Smelser, Ronald M. "The Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans: 1945-1952." Nationalities Papers 24, no. 01 (March 1996): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999608408428.

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For over 700 years Czechs and Germans lived together in those lands which in this century would be consolidated as Czechoslovakia. It was not always a harmonious existence, but a kind of symbiosis did develop which sustained the relationship to the point where one group was unthinkable without the other. All of that changed in the twentieth century in an age characterized by awakening, intolerant ethnic nationalism and total war. Indeed, by the end of the Thirty Years' War of this century, the long Czech-German relationship in Bohemia came to a bitter, and seemingly permanent, end through the expulsion of the Germans of Czechoslovakia.

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van den Bussche, Hendrik. "Wie bitte geht's nach oben? – Karriereverläufe von Ärztinnen." XX Die Zeitschrift für Frauen in der Medizin 1, no. 03 (June 2012): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1316275.

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Der Weg an die Spitze ist ein steiler – besonders für Ärztinnen. Oftmals streben Frauen in der Medizin eine Chefarztposition gar nicht erst an. Besonders Ärztinnen mit Kind haben es schwerer als ihre männlichen Kollegen mit Nachwuchs. Woran das liegt und wie diese Situation verbessert werden kann, untersucht das Projekt „Karriereverläufe von Ärztinnen und Ärzten in der fachärztlichen Weiterbildung“ (KarMed).

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Hartmann, Moritz, and Floris de Witte. "Ending the Honeymoon: Constructing Europe Beyond the Market." German Law Journal 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200001905.

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In Greek mythology, King Sisyphus becomes a prisoner of inevitability, existentially condemned to roll a boulder up a hill for the sake of seeing it roll back down immediately. His sense of desperation and futility is reminiscent of Europe today. It has become a prisoner of the circularity of stabilizing inherently unstable markets. And each cycle exacerbates the dominance of the economic over the political, the erosion of democratic paradigms, the indifference of citizens, and the divorce between social reality and its political translation. Political discourse is suspended while “technocrats” redistribute societal resources and aspirations in the name of economic necessity. And we, the Europeans, are sidelined and numbed by the repetitive talk of austerity and economic stability, EFSF and ESM, financial leverage and institutional reforms. All presented as inevitable for the health of the market, as a bitter medicine required to cease the pain. Needless to say, it will not; the pain is systemic.

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Balfour, Sebastian. "‘Bitter Victory, Sweet Defeat.’ The March 1996 General Elections and the New Government in Spain." Government and Opposition 31, no. 3 (July 1996): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1996.tb01191.x.

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As The Results of The General Elections In Spain of 3 March were being announced, the leaders of the two main parties came out of their respective headquarters to greet the crowds of well-wishers. To judge by the expression on their faces, one could be forgiven for thinking that the victors had lost and the losers had won. A jubilant Felipe González, the outgoing Premier, uttered the phrase which serves as the main title of this article. The paradoxical outcome of the election was that in order to form a government, the victors were forced to seek the kind of parliamentary support which they had bitterly decried in the outgoing government and a pact with parties that they had mercilessly attacked during the previous legislature.

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Retamales, Jorge B., Claudio Valdes, and Verónica Donoso. "565 Evaluation of the Massive Use of Magnesium Infiltration to Predict Bitter Pit in Apples." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 543E—544. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.543e.

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Bitter pit (BP) is the main physiological disorder of apples in Chile. Its incidence affects pre- and postharvest handling of the fruit and the profitability of this species. Since 1991, its control and prediction have been studied by this research team through field and laboratory trials. The BP incidence is linked to the fruit Ca concentration; however, fruit Ca analysis has not adequately predicted BP incidence in postharvest. Several authors have proposed Ca/Mg antagonism, which has been the basis to develop a predictive method through fruit Mg infiltration (IMG) 40 days before harvest. IMG has been massively used for two seasons in Chile, with 375 samples processed in 1997 and 1170 in 1998. The industry has been increasing its proportion of the samples processed, from 22% in 1997 to 71% in 1998. The most prominent varieties are `Granny Smith' (GS) > `Braeburn' (BR) > `Royal Gala' (RG) > `Red King Oregon' (RKO). The massive use of IMG has obtained predictive capacities (r2 between BP predicted and BP after 3 months regular cold storage) of 0.8 for `Fuji'; 0.7 for GS, BR, and RG; and 0.58 for RKO. (This reduction in the predictive capacity with regards to the previous research under controlled conditions would, in part, be due to problems in obtaining fruit samples: non-uniform fruit size, inadequate sampling dates, diverse fruit numbers, etc.) Developments are underway to increase the geographical coverage of the service, the predictive capacity of the method for certain cultivars and productive areas and the number of samples processed.

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Li, Long, Yi Qian, Haiming Zhang, Haoyue Han, and Peng Qiao. "Synthesis of LDHs using red mud and bittern and its influence on the flame retardant properties of EVA/LDHs composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 28, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391119857334.

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Red mud (RM) is one kind of basic solid waste produced from aluminum industry. RM is usually stored by the method of land stockpiling, which has caused serious environmental and safety issues. Bittern, a by-product of salt manufacture, is abundant in China. But the utilization rate is low, less than 20%. The disposal of waste bittern has become a challenge that attracts much attention in water industry. In this article, Mg/Al/Fe layered double hydroxides (Mg/Al/Fe-LDHs) were synthesized using the above two wastes by a coprecipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. The XRD results showed that LDHs were successfully synthesized. Then, the flame-retardant properties and thermal properties of Mg/Al/Fe-LDHs in ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/LDHs composites had been tested by cone calorimeter test (CCT), limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density test (SDT), and thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR). The CCT results showed that the heat release rate (HRR) of the EVA/LDHs composites significantly decreased in comparison with that of pure EVA, and EVA2 sample showed the lowest peak value of HRR value of 204.59 kW m−2. The LOI results showed that EVA3 had a highest LOI value of 28.3% in all the samples. The SDT test indicated that Mg/Al/Fe-LDHs were beneficial to the smoke suppression performance of EVA composites. TG-IR results showed that EVA/LDHs composites had better thermal stability than EVA.

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Tronin, Andrei, Nikolay Tokarevich, Olga Blinova, Bogdan Gnativ, Roman Buzinov, Olga Sokolova, Birgitta Evengard, Tatyana Pahomova, Liliya Bubnova, and Olga Safonova. "Study of the Relationship between the Average Annual Temperature of Atmospheric Air and the Number of Tick-Bitten Humans in the North of European Russia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 8006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218006.

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In recent decades, a considerable increase in the number of tick-bitten humans has been recorded in the north of European Russia. At the same time, significant climatic changes, such as an increase in air temperature, were noticed in this region. The northern border of the ixodidae distribution area lies in the north of European Russia, therefore the analysis of the population dynamics is of particular interest regarding the possible impact of the climate changes. Unfortunately, in such a large territory field, studies on tick abundance are very difficult. In our study, the official statistics for the number of tick-bitten humans were used. This kind of statistical analysis has been conducted in the Russian Federation for many years, and can be used for the estimation of climate change impact on tick abundance. Statistical data on tick-bitten humans have been collected in three large regions for several decades. For the same regions, the average annual air temperature was calculated and modeled. An S-shaped distribution of the number of victims depending on the average annual air temperature was established, which can be described as “Verhulst’s law”, or logistic function. However, the development of the population does not depend on time, but on the temperature of the ambient air.

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JANUWATI, M., and NUR MASLAHAH. "PENGARUH TINGKAT PEMBERIAN AIR PADA TIGA AKSESI SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata Nees )TERHADAP MUTU DAN PRODUKSI SIMPLISIA." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 14, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v14n2.2008.54-60.

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ABSTRAK Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian air terhadap tiga aksesi sambiloto untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan mutu simplisia. Dilaksanakan di rumah kaca Balittro (Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik), Bogor, dari bulan Juni sampai Desember 2006. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah petak terbagi, dengan ulangan tiga kali. Petak utama adalah aksesi sambiloto (3 nomor) yaitu Cmg-1, Cmg 2, dan Blali-1, anak petak adalah pemberian air (5 perlakuan) yaitu 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 7 mm/hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada interaksi antara aksesi sambiloto dan tingkat pemberian air terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang dan luas daun), kecuali pada produksi berat segar 2 bulan setelah tanam (BST) dan produksi berat kering pada 4 BST. Perlakuan Cmg-2 dikombinasi dengan pemberian air 5 mm/hari menghasilkan berat segar dan kering tertinggi. Perlakuan pemberian air 3-7 mm/hari/tanaman dapat menghasilkan produksi dan mutu simplisia yang dapat memenuhi standar Materia Medika Indonesia (MMI) berdasar kadar air, kadar abu, dan kadar sarinya. Dengan demikian kebutuhan air sambiloto setara dengan palawija atau sayur-sayuran. Mutu Blali-1 dan pada perlakuan pemberian air 3 mm/hari menunjukkan kadar sari larut alkohol tertinggi (22,28%) dan Cmg-2 pada perlakuan pemberian air 4 mm/hari menunjukkan kadar sari larut air paling tinggi (28,14%) dan kadar andrografolid simplisia 1,78%. Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata Nees, tingkat pemberian air, produksi, mutu simplisia ABSTRACT The effects of water treatment on some numbers of accessions on the quality and production of the symplicia of sambiloto, the king of bitter (Andrographis paniculata Nees ) The experiment was carried out to study the effect of water treatment three accession of sambiloto, the king of bitter, to increase its productivity and symplicia. The experiment was conducted in the green house of the Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crop Research Institute (IMACRI), Bogor, from June to December 2006. The experiment arranged in split plot design with three replications, The main factor was three accession number of sambiloto i.e. Cmg-1, Cmg-2, and Blali-1, whereas the sub factor was water treatments i.e. 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, and 7 mm/day. The results showed that there was no interaction between the numbers of accessions and water treatment on the plant growth except for fresh weight production at 2 Month After Planting (MAP) and dry weight production at 4 MAP. Cmg-2 treatment combined with water treatment (5 mm/day) produced the highest fresh and dry weight. Water treatment of 3 - 7 mm/day produce the yield and quality that meet standard of the Materia Medika Indonesia (the material medical of Indonesia) based on the water, ash, and gist contents. Therefore, water necessity of sambiloto is evenly balanced with secondary crops or vegetables. The quality of Blali-1 on the water treatment of 3 mm/day indicated the highest dissolved gist of alcohol (22.28%) meanwhile the Cmg-2 on the water treatment of 4 mm/day showed the highest dissolved gist of water (28.14%) and andrographolid content of symplicia is 1.78%. Key words : King of bitter, Andrographis paniculata Nees, water treatment, yield, quality of symplicia

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Tracey, Joshua. "Surveying the Nomenclature of Geologic Time." Earth Sciences History 8, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.8.2.cv506tk65l518760.

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Publication in 1976 of the International Stratigraphic Guide climaxed a movement toward unification of nomenclature begun a century earlier when an American committee formed to promote an international meeting of geologists. American stratigraphic practice during the remainder of the 19th Century developed chiefly through the needs of the United States Geological Survey for uniform standards in geologic nomenclature and cartography. The requirement for maps which were usable by the intelligent layman for practical purposes led Directors King and Powell to emphasize the mapping of lithology, rather than time units delineated faunally. This approach was not universally accepted and led to bitter dispute. H. S. Williams and C. D. Walcott deserve credit for clarifying the distinction between terms for time and terms for rocks. Under Director Walcott, the 1890 codification of Powell was modified and formalized into the 1904 "Rules" of the U.S. Geological Survey. A major distinction was the placing in separate sections those rules concerned with lithologic units and those concerned with time and correlation. This dual classification, fundamental to all United States and North American stratigraphic codes during this century, has become a guiding principal in the international efforts at standardization of usage.

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45

Van Caenegem, R. C. "Historical Reflections on Progress and Tradition." European Review 22, no. 1 (February 2014): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000719.

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Reflecting on the tension between progressives and traditionalists in present-day Egypt, the author surveys comparable conflicts in the European past. In nineteenth-century Britain and Belgium the struggle between liberals and conservatives dominated public life. In eighteenth-century France the progressive forces of the Enlightenment were for a long time in bitter conflict with the traditional defenders of King and Church, until the latter were defeated in the French Revolution. In seventeenth-century England the Puritan Revolution overthrew Stuart absolutism, which was a democratic move, but Cromwell then established his own fundamentalist Republic, which was illiberal. In the sixteenth century Humanists and Protestants were progressive and broke with medieval modes of thought and papal domination, but were opposed by traditional forces around the House of Habsburg and the Counter-reformation, neither party claiming total victory. By the fifteenth century the progressive conciliar movement attempted to democratize the Catholic Church by putting the papal curia under the supreme authority of the general council, an assembly representing Christian people of all nations. This short-lived attempt was foiled by defenders of the traditional papal supremacy.

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Trautner-Kromann, Hanne. "Jewish polemics against Christianity and the Christians in Northern and Southern France from 1100 to 1300." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 7, no. 2 (September 1, 1986): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69407.

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Jewish polemics against Christianity in the Middle Ages show a striking change in contents and in the linguistic form of the texts after the First Crusade. While the texts up to about 1100 are reports on religious discussions between Jews and Christians, often held in a friendly tone, the texts after 1100 contain aggressive or bitter attacks on the Christians. An example of how this was put into words appears in a Jewish text from the 1250s. In seven points the author gives voice to this protest against the introduction by the French king of a number of harsh edicts against the Jews. There is a marked dividing line between the predominantly aggressive texts from Northern France and the more sober ones from Southern France. On the one hand every single Jewish polemical passage should be analyzed as to form and content, including the context and text type in which the passage occurs, on the other hand the passages should be related to each other including their historical background. By this procedure of comparison every single passage can contribute towards creating a more differentiated and comprehensive picture of the conditions of the Jewish minorities in Christian Europe.

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Cassen, Flora. "Philip ii of Spain and His Italian Jewish Spy." Journal of Early Modern History 21, no. 4 (July 31, 2017): 318–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342526.

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A bitter conflict between the Spanish and Ottoman empires dominated the second half of the sixteenth century. In this early modern “global” conflict, intelligence played a key role. The Duchy of Milan, home to Simon Sacerdoti (c.1540-1600), a Jew, had fallen to Spain. The fate that usually awaited Jews living on Spanish lands was expulsion—and there were signs to suggest that King Philip ii (1527-1598) might travel down that road. Sacerdoti, the scion of one of Milan’s wealthiest and best-connected Jewish families had access to secret information through various contacts in Italy and North-Africa. Such intelligence was highly valuable to Spanish forces, and Philip ii was personally interested in it. However, this required Sacerdoti to serve an empire—Spain—with a long history of harming the Jews, and to spy on the Ottomans, widely considered as the Jews’ supporters at the time. This article offers a reflection on Simon Sacerdoti’s story. Examining how a Jew became part of the Spanish intelligence agency helps us understand how early modern secret information networks functioned and sheds new light on questions of Jewish identity in a time of uprootedness and competing loyalties.

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Ramezani, Robabeh, Matikalaee Asghari, and Ali Hosein. "The Impact of Autocracy on Ibn Moataz’s Poem." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 63 (November 2015): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.63.95.

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It is not an easy task to learn complicated political and social situation of Abbasid history and its impact on the behavior of kingdom and ruling classes. Prince Abdullah ibn Moataz is a poet and author and one-night king who entered poetry and literature by autocracy spirit. There are issues like description, wine, glory, pray and epics in his poets, his book namely Al-Badie (Niche) and his proses. He is a poet born in political strangulation and observed assigning and withdrawing frequent Abbasid rulers by Turk commanders including the murderer of his father. Then, by his mother’s ingenuity, he resorted to poetry and literature. He never forgot these bitter memories. However, it was not only influential in his one-day administration, but also it caused his homicide like previous Caliphs. In present paper, in terms of ibn Moataz’s autocratic basis is technically analyzed by his complete poetical works. Also his Shahnameh – type approach on some poetical themes such as description, wine, lyric poem and hunting are decoded. In terms of high social basis in poetical themes and in ibn Moataz’s books, one can learn a right approach on political and social conditions of Abbasid age generally and the atmosphere of Abbasid royal court particularly.

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Bernell, David. "The Curious Case of Cuba in American Foreign Policy." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36, no. 2 (1994): 65–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166174.

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The bitter rivalry between the United States and Cuba has occupied a position as one of the principal political disputes in the Western Hemisphere for the past 35 years. Since the rise of Fidel Castro, the governments of these two countries have placed themselves on opposite sides of almost every major regional and global issue. They have long held vastly different ideas about what constitutes a good and just government, what kind of international behavior is legitimate, and the ends that foreign policy should serve. Moreover, they have not only harbored political differences but also maintained a very intense dislike of one another. The United States has attempted to sustain a picture of Cuba as an international outlaw, the source of much turmoil, crisis, and mischief in the world. Adding a personal dimension to the attacks, the United States has also sought to demonize Castro, creating and continually portraying an image of him as the embodiment of evil.

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Pirnajmuddin, Hossein, and Sara Saei Dibavar. "Liberal Failure." Anafora 7, no. 1 (2020): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29162/anafora.v7i1.7.

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John Updike’s Rabbit, Run addresses the human condition under the reign of capital in the context of a society in transition toward a neoliberal state. By depicting a protagonist preoccupied with desire and consciousness through recounting his immediate experiences, the narrative delineates the confusion inherent in the capitalistic state for the protagonist in search of a way out toward self-actualization. Through the application of possible world theory, it is argued that the imbalance between Rabbit’s counterfactual possible worlds and his actual world accounts for the failure he experiences in his quest. As such, the possible worlds’ disequilibrium, we argue, ultimately leads to Rabbit’s bitter failure in his search; too many possible worlds in their counterfactual state produce a kind of counter-reality where there are too many fantasy/wish worlds, but few obligation worlds, a situation that leads to all the inevitable consequences we witness at the end of Book One of the Rabbit tetralogy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'King of Bitters'

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