Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'King and country'

THIS thesis investigates whether national identity still has a role to play in present-day society, and whether this role can be measured multidimensionally and cross-nationally. In reviewing the existing literature on nations and nationalism, national identity is defined as an abstract social identity based on a belief in an involuntary, historically extended community. Two theoretical mechanisms, cognitive biases and functional interdependence, are identified as potential sources of national identity effects at the indi- vidual level. However, in light of the definition of national identity as being abstract, these mechanisms are also found to be wanting regarding their explanatory power. A major aspect of this thesis is the measurement of national identity, which must take into account the multidimensional nature of the concept and the need for cross-national comparison. National identity is measured along four dimensions: its strength, geographical attachment, evaluation and content. It is found that these represent irreducible aspects of national identity. Furthermore, it is investigated whether national identity is cross-nationally com- parable, both in terms of survey compatibility and equivalence of meaning. A set of novel ideal-types are uncovered using the four dimensions of national identity to characterize countries. Empirically, national identity is associated with individuals' sense of solidarity, although in an unexpected and more general man- ner. Additionally, lower levels of welfare-state benefits and living in post-socialist countries are associated with higher levels of soli- darity. A second analysis provides some plausibility for an indirect national identity political participation mechanism, mediated by social trust and a sense of representation amongst individuals. A further direct relationship between national identity's civic content and political participation found, leading to a discussion on the association between national identity and social cohesion.

Canada in the early twentieth century was a profoundly religious nation, with nearly 95 percent of the population identifying as Christians. The churches were important nation-building institutions, active in social welfare and education, but they also played a more intimate role in the lives of Canadians, determining moral values, providing social gathering points, and offering emotional and spiritual support in difficult times. Throughout the Great War (1914-1918), the churches continued to fulfill these important functions, providing an ideological framework that helped people make sense of the war, understand their duties as both Canadians and Christians, and cope with the sacrifices required of them. This dissertation examines the four major Canadian denominations (Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism, Methodism, and Anglicanism) in French- and English-speaking Canada. It looks first to establish the varying justifications offered for the war by the churches before using them to contextualize the variety of activities undertaken on behalf of the war effort, activities which included prayer and considerable charitable giving in addition to military service. It then examines the difficult final years of the war. In 1917, as conscription divided English and French Canada over the extent of the commitment to the overseas war effort, differing ideas of imperialism, internationalism, and the division between the moral and the political brought conflict both within and between denominations. Finally, an attempt is made to consider how the churches played a role in mourning the war-dead and imbuing the hoped-for peace with a meaning sufficient to justify the immense sacrifices. By using the churches as an interpretive model, this dissertation adds nuance to the Canadian historiography of the Great War, looking beyond the military effort to the experiences of the home front. It also looks to bring together the histories of French and English Canadians, showing the ways in which French-speaking Catholics supported the war in their own way and illuminating some of the conflicting interpretations of the war held by otherwise supportive English-speaking Canadians.

Investigates kin caregiver's perceptions about social workers and child welfare agencies they worked with in caring for court dependent relative children who are/were placed in their care. A stratified random sample from 150 interviews of kin caregivers with dependent relative children maintained by San Bernardino and Riverside County Child Protective Services allowed for qualitative analysis of interview responses that related kin caregiver's perceptions of social workers and social service agencies. Results indicate that some relative caregivers were satisfied with the support they received from social workers/agency staff, while others did not feel supported at all.

The tensions between China and the special administrative region of Hong Kong have increased rapidly during the last decade. Freedomhouse have concluded that Hong Kong is going through a development that is characterized with less freedom, and less democratic reforms and towards a more authoritarian path. This study aims to understand and explain the conflict between Hong Kong and the mainland China from a national- and internal securityconcept. The results indicates that China prioritize its national security first and therefore it wants to preserve the states values. When the citizens of Hong Kong in several ways have protested against the restrictions imposed on them or when the​ one country, two systems-f​ ramework have been perceived as disrespected, Beijing have responded in a maximalistic way. China have defined internal threats to its system and against the party CCP but it have cost the people of Hong Kong's legitimacy towards them, a development of a own national identity and can lead to even more negative economic consequences for the special administrative region of Hong Kong.

Historians of the Middle Ages have long reflected on the chronicles and archival sources of Western Europe, seeking to find the birth of the modern state. This thesis represents one such contribution to this historical problem, exploring the question of political centralization in the kingdom of France during the reigns of Capetian kings between 1151 and 1247. Focusing on the county of Anjou, this thesis contends that local aristocrats not only constructed their own political community but also used local customs to shape the contours of centralization in Anjou. Angevin sources suggest that state-building in France emerged less from conquest and occupation than as the result of cooperation between the political center and peripheral communities. The kings of France benefited from the loyalty of the Angevin political community, while local elites used royal concessions to define and defend their political and legal rights as Angevins.

After the Snow: The Oakland County Child Murders and the Search for the Killer is a work of nonfiction that recounts the murders of four children who lived in the suburbs of Oakland County, Michigan and the subsequent search for their murderer, the Oakland County Child Killer. The first of the four murders occurred in February 1976 and the last in March 1977. This thesis chronicles the unsolved case and the police investigation that began in 1976 and seems close to a successful conclusion in the spring of 2009. Over the course of the last two-and-a-half years, I have conducted lengthy interviews with Cathy King, the sister of one of the victims, and researched primary sources, the Detroit Free Press and the Detroit News, as well as other materials. My research also includes the use of Cathy King’s private and confidential correspondences with people involved in this case.

This study examines the process of recruitment and the social makeup of militiamen in seventeenth-century New England. King Philip's War, 1675--1676, was the first major military crisis the Massachusetts Bay Colony faced. The government responded by impressing over a thousand men, employing a recruitment system that evolved from the colony's founding in the 1630s. The Massachusetts militia system was a hybrid of the English militia with additional safeguards. The founders of Massachusetts believed the English militia of the 1620s overly nationalistic, at the expense of local control. Thus, the Massachusetts system was created to be centralized in command, but local in recruitment. When faced with a military emergency, Massachusetts established composite companies of militiamen to fight the enemy, leaving the town militia companies mostly intact for defense. After 1652, the decision of which men were pressed was made by a unique local institution: the town committee of militia, comprised of civilian and military leaders from the community.;This study includes a social portrait of every militiaman who served during the war from Essex County, Massachusetts and the twelve communities that sent them. Essex towns represented every major community type in colonial Massachusetts and offer the perfect microcosm for understanding military recruitment in seventeenth-century New England. The details of the lives, actions, and family backgrounds of all 357 enlisted soldiers offer a new and superior understanding of early American soldiers and the communities that impressed them.;Conventional historical wisdom asserts that the universal military obligation of the colonies, which forced all males from sixteen-to-sixty to serve, created seventeenth-century armies that mirrored society. This study finds that untrue. The militia committees in every town impressed a large majority of men who had some negative factor in their past, such as: low economic standing, criminal behavior, or short residency. Town committees of militia did not chose men equally from the population; but carefully selected soldiers who would be least missed by the town and its families if they were killed. Even the earliest American soldiers were not representative of their society; they were more the "Rabble" of their communities than their "Flower."

Many communities are currently seeking to balance urban water needs with preservation of sensitive fish habitat. As part of that effort, CE-QUAL-W2, a hydrodynamic and temperature model, was developed for Chester Morse Lake and the lower Cedar River, WA. Chester Morse Lake is approximately 10 km long with a maximum depth at full pool of 40 m. The Cedar River model started immediately downstream of the Chester Morse dam and ended 21 km downstream at Landsburg, where drinking water is diverted for the City of Seattle. This water quality model was coupled with a fish habitat and bioenergetics model for bull trout and was calibrated to temperature data between 2005 and 2008. Bull trout fish bioenergetics parameters were provided by the USGS. The CE-QUAL-W2 model was found to be highly accurate in modeling temperature variation in the lake - at most locations having an average absolute mean error of between 0.5 and 0.8 oC. The Cedar River model had an average absolute mean error of 0.7oC. This tool is designed to allow managers and operators to estimate the impact to fish habitat and growth potential from various management decisions including extent of drawdown, timing/volume of flows, and various pumping operations. Future studies could include incorporating further water quality parameters such as nutrients, algae, and zooplankton as they relate to fish productivity.

Traumatic birth is a term used to describe a wide-range of negative physical and mental birthing events and outcomes. An estimated one-third of women perceive mental trauma during birth. Aside from deterioration of maternal mental health, the effects of perceived traumatic birth can be observed in the entire family. Although research shows the relationship of traumatic birth to mental health, the majority has focused on European or European-American women. The profound psychological impact of birth trauma has been passed off as common to all women without considering culture, race, or context. Little is known about birth trauma experiences of Mexican immigrant women. Since Mexican immigrants comprise the largest ethnic-minority group in the United States attention to perceived traumatic birth on their health status is clear.

The purpose of this dissertation research was to describe and understand the impact of a perceived traumatic birth, the range of responses produced, and the life course context in which it occurs in Latina immigrants from Mexico.

Although recruitment took place in a low-income community-based health center in Fresno, California, most interviews were conducted in the participants’ homes. In addition to field observation and photography, twenty-one interviews were conducted with seven Mexican immigrant mothers who provided first-person accounts of their perceived traumatic births and the life course context in which it occurred. Facilitated by a certified Spanish interpreter, all interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed via an iterative grounded theory process.

The results suggest that, in addition to the birth event, for these Mexican immigrant mothers, the process contributing to perceived traumatic birth is embedded in the profound adversity of their unique life context. The burden of crossing a militarized border, the fear of deportation, and lack of trust, mandates a self-protective silence that obscures both the adversity they endure and the resulting maladaptive psychological responses. Consequently, for Mexican immigrant mothers, undocumented status, adversity, mistrust, and the self-mandated silence that surrounds it, may be major factors affecting not only their perceived traumatic births, but their overall health. Findings inform further research, practice, and policy related to the unique needs of Mexican immigrant mothers.

China is the world´s most populated country with a high percentage of old people. The happiness of old people in Eastern countries is related to the living situation and the family concept. China´s sprit of filial piety and the rules from the government are saying that care for old people is the responsibility of adults in China. Given the country´s rapid development and skewed population growth, Chinese adults have a hard time balancing expectations from their old parents and the demands from the modern society.  The aim of this study was to explore Chinese adults´ perceptions of old Chinese people and the traditional care taking of old people in China today. This is a qualitative study, with four semi-structured interviews with four back-office Chinese adult workers aged between 25-40 years. The interview was conducted in a manufacturing company in Shenzhen and lasted between 25-35 minutes. In the analysing of the data a qualitative content analysis by Yin (2013) was used.  The resultat of this study shows that the respect for the culture is important for the well-being of the old people in China. Old Chinese people consider the financial support from the sons as a proof of a successful Chinese family and that the Chinese people are forced to adapt to the rapid development even within the care taking of old people in China. The result discussion is based on the context of the human being and the theory, Transcultural Care, of Madeleine Leininger and with reflections from previous research. Brought to attention from the discussion was that old people felt a strong need of having their culture respected and valued in order to perceive themselves and to be perceived by others as a valuable human being.  A nurse needs to understand that cultures are inconsistent and at the same time respect the cultural heritage of a patient, and thereby understand the patient as cultural being. The individual culture emerge in a patient when the nurse understands the patient as the individual he/she is. Only then can the nurse offer care which leads to individual well-being, for both old and young people.
Kina är världens mest befolkade land med en stor andel äldre. Äldre människors upplevelse av lycka i östländer relateras ofta till deras boende situation och deras känsla av familjesamhörighet. I Kinas finns den ständiga andan av respekt för sina äldre där också regering säger att det är de vuxna kinesernas ansvar att vårda sina äldre. Den snabba utvecklingen i landet och den skeva befolkningsväxten har resulterat i att vuxna kineser har fått det svårt att balansera kraven som de äldre ställer med kraven från landets samhälleliga moderniseringsprocess.  Syftet med studien var att utforska vuxna kinesers uppfattning av äldre kineser och den traditionella äldrevården i Kina idag. Detta är en kvalitativ studie, med fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuer med kontorsanställda, vuxna kineser i åldrarna 25-40 år. Intervjuerna varade mellan 25-35 minuter och utfördes på ett produktionsföretag i Shenzhen. I analysen av datan användes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med ramar från Yin (2013).   Resultatet av studien visade att respekten för kulturen var viktig för äldre kinesers välmående. Att det finansiella stödet från söner fungerade som ett bevis för familjelycka och att det kinesiska folket har tvingats anpassa sig till den snabba utvecklingen när det gäller vårdandet av äldre kineser.  Resultatet har diskuterats med tidigare forskning och kring den transkulturella omvårdnadsteorin av Madeleine Leininger med fokus på konsensusbegreppet människan. Utifrån denna diskussion framkom det att äldre personer har ett starkt behov av att få sin kultur respekterad och värdesatt för att kunna uppfatta sig själv och bli uppfattad av andra som en värdefull människa. Sjuksköterskan måste förstå att en kultur är föränderlig och samtidigt respektera den nuvarande kulturen hos patienten och på så vis förstå varje patient som en kulturell varelse. Individens kultur uppenbarar sig först när man förstått personen. Först då kan sjuksköterskan erbjuda vård som leder till individuellt välbefinnande, för såväl äldre som yngre patienter.

The largest Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) aggregation at a natural warm-water refuge occurs in Kings Bay, Crystal River, FL. Over the last 32 years, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of Florida have created a network of manatee protection areas within Kings Bay including a year-round refuge designation and seven Federal manatee sanctuaries during the winter manatee season (November 15 – March 31). Aerial survey data collected between 1983 and 2012 was used to examine the seasonal change in manatee distribution within Kings Bay in order to assess the effectiveness of current sanctuary sizes and locations. Regression analysis indicated a significant change in manatee abundance among the winter seasons (p < 0.05). The average winter manatee counts increased by 4.81 animals per year over the 30 year period. In contrast, no significant changes in average or peak manatee abundance was detected among the summer seasons (p = 0.71 and p = 0.45 respectively). The average manatee counts increased by only 0.109 animals per year over the summer periods. Spatially explicit models using Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis revealed a strong correlation between high manatee density and artesian springs during the winter seasons. Highest abundances were identified at three locations: King’s Spring, Three Sisters Springs, and Magnolia Springs. These three locations coincide well with pre-existing sanctuary designations, but additional coverage is needed to support the overflow of manatees outside of sanctuary boundaries. Manatees continued to use Kings Bay in the summer seasons but in lower numbers and densities. Because density patterns were not uniform across summer periods, a heavier reliance on boat speed regulation is recommended to provide adequate protection to the endangered Florida manatee. Within a habitat type, the Magnolia Springs, South Banana Island, and Three Sisters Springs sanctuaries exhibited a significant influence on manatee density, suggesting differences in quality among sanctuaries. Years coinciding with extreme cold weather events also had a significant influence on manatee density. Using GIS to investigate seasonal shifts in manatees can be very informative regarding many issues including habitat selection and may improve the design and management of protected areas.

The concept of inter-country adoptions was reintroduced into the South African legal sphere in The Minister of Social Welfare and Population Development v Fitzpatrick 2000 3 SA 422 (CC), where the constitutionality of section 18(4)(f) of the Child Care Act 74 of 1983, which prohibited inter-country adoptions, was successfully challenged. The decision evoked criticism from all around the world, some in favour of inter-country adoptions and others not. In considering this decision, one also has to keep in mind section 28(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 which affords every child the right to family care or parental care, or to appropriate alternative care when removed from the family environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the inner workings of inter-country adoptions, which are regulated by the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption of 1993 and, nationally, the Children’s Act 38 of 2005. These findings will then be relayed back to the ‘best interests of the child’ principle to determine whether inter-country adoption is in the best interests of the child, or not.
Thesis (LLM (Comparative Child Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Idag är konsumentmarknaden inne i en globaliseringsfas som ständigt växer. Marknader har idag öppnat upp sig, och hela världen tar del av den internationella handeln. Det pågår även en tydlig förändring i konsumentbeteendet världen över, då informationsutbytet nu når ut till hela världen. Konsumenter nöjer sig inte bara med den standard som erbjuds på nära håll utan det specifika behovet har gjort att tillverkningen av varor och produkturvalet idag är enormt stort och tidsödande att välja mellan.Företag kommunicerar med olika typer av påverkan exempelvis, direktreklam och varumärkesannonser för att nå ut till sin målgrupp. Samtidigt som urvalet av produkter och tjänster växer sig allt större, tenderar varumärkesutbudet att bli något mindre då allt starkare internationella aktörer etablerar sig på den globala marknaden, och köper upp eller konkurrerar ut nationella aktörer på marknader världen över. Kina är ett av världens största länder. Den kinesiska ekonomin förväntas ta över platsen som världens största ekonomi ifrån USA till år 2025. Den kinesiska marknaden erbjuder goda tillväxtmöjligheter genom tillgången till de miljontals potentiella kunder i rätt målgrupp som landet har att erbjuda. Vilka möjligheter har Kinesiska varumärken att etablera sig på de västerländska marknaderna och konkurrera mot västerländska varumärken på deras hemmaplan?Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur svenska konsumenter låter sig påverkas av varumärkesursprung och tillverkningsland, samt vilka attityder som råder bland svenska konsumenter för det kinesiska sport och streetwear varumärket Li-Ning. Uppsatsen ämnar även undersöka hur Li-Ning kan bygga upp sin marknadskommunikation för att på bästa sätt bygga upp positiva attityder hos svenska konsumenter. Två empiriska studier utfördes i syftet att mäta konsumenters attityder om tillverkning och ursprungsland. Enkätundersökningens resultat visar att konsumenter helst väljer svenska eller amerikanska varumärken framför kinesiska och att ursprungsland och tillverkningsland spelar mindre roll under produktevalueringen. Resultatet från fokusgruppintervjun visar att det redan från början finns negativa associationer om landet Kina i jämförelse med Sverige och USA.Genom studien har följande slutsatser framkommit. En produkts varumärkesursprung influerar undermedvetet konsumenternas produktevaluering innan ett inköp görs. Varumärkesursprunget betydelse bidrar till fallföretaget Li-Nings svaga varumärkesstyrka på den svenska marknaden. Generellt har svenska konsumenter en negativ attityd gentemot kinesiska varumärken och en bristande tillit till kinesiska företags ansvarstagande. Dock finns det möjligheter för Li-Ning att, genom väl utformad marknadskommunikation, påverka de konsumenter vars negativa attityder inte är alltför djupt inrotade. Svenska konsumenter uppfattar marknadsföringsformen storytelling som förtroendegivande, något som Li-Ning med fördel kan dra nytta av. Det är även viktigt att Li-Ning på inget vis ämnar dölja sitt ursprung utan använder det som en differentieringsfaktor.Today the consumer market has entered a phase of globalization that is constantly growing. Markets have now opened up and the whole world takes part in the international trade. There is also an obvious change in consumer behavior around the world, where information now can be shared throughout the entire globe. Consumers today does not settle with the product standard offered at close range, the specific consumer needs has led to that the production of goods and product ranges is vast and time consuming to choose from. Companies communicate with various types of marketing such as, advertising and direct mail to reach their target audience. While the selection of products and services are growing, the range of brands tend to decrease as strong international players establish themselves in the global market, and compete with local participants in markets worldwide. China is one of the world's largest countries. The Chinese economy is expected to take over the position as the world's largest economy from the U.S. in 2025. The Chinese market offers good growth potential for companies by providing access to millions of potential customers in the desired target group. Can Chinese brands establish themselves on the Western markets and compete against western brands on their home ground?This paper aims to examine how Swedish consumers allow themselves to be influenced by country of origin and country of manufacture, as well as the attitudes prevailing among Swedish consumers for the Chinese sports and street wear brand Li-Ning. The essay will also examine how Li-Ning can design their market communication in the best way to build positive attitudes among Swedish consumers. Two empirical studies were conducted with the aim of measuring consumer attitudes and country of origin effects.The results of the questionnaire survey showed that consumers preferred Swedish or American brands before Chinese brands and that country of origin and country of manufacture aren’t important factors when evaluating product options. The focus group interview shows that Swedish consumers have negative associations towards the country of China in comparison with Sweden and the United States. Through the study the following conclusions have been drawn. A product's country of origin subconsciously influences consumer’s product-assessments before a purchase is made. The Country of Origin-effect contributes to Li-Ning’s weak brand equity in the Swedish market. In general, Swedish consumers have a negative attitude toward Chinese brands and a lack of trust in the Chinese companies’ social responsibilities. However, there are opportunities for Li-Ning to affect the consumers whose negative attitudes aren’t too deeply entrenched through well-designed marketing communication. Swedish consumers perceive storytelling as a trustworthy form of marketing. This is something that Li-Ning can take advantage of. It’s also important that Li-Ning in no way intends to conceal its origin, but instead uses it as a differentiating factor.
Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Criminal Justice
Ph.D.
Prosecutors are powerful actors in the criminal justice system. Scholars make the argument that prosecutors exercise far more control over criminal matters than any other agency (Thomas and Fitch, 1976, p. 509; McDonald, 1979, p. 18-19, Wickersham, 1931) . Over time, various changes have augmented prosecutorial power, ranging from the decision to make the office of the prosecutor an elected one, thereby affording prosecutors independence in carrying out their duties (Misner, 1996, p. 729), to the advent of determinant sentencing, resulting in shifting sentencing discretion away from the courts to the prosecutor (Vorenberg, 1981, p. 1525, 1529). This research hypothesized that community prosecution represents another development that will result in increasing the influence of the office of the prosecutor. Traditionally, prosecutors have been oriented toward successful case disposition. The case-by-case methodology has involved little contact with the community. In addition, the prosecutorial focal point is on felony cases, while lower level offenses generally receive little time or attention. The emergence of community prosecution challenges the traditional prosecution role and its emphasis on the more serious matters and winning cases, and promises positive effects for the "communities" targeted. Through a case study of its application in Kings County, New York, this dissertation explores community prosecution and its impact on the role of the prosecutor and for the community, in the context of a community court implemented in Red Hook, Brooklyn. Focusing on the Red Hook example, the study drew on three principal sources of data to examine the community prosecution innovation, including: a) arrest data, aggregated monthly, for the three police precincts that handle cases originating in Red Hook, covering the years 1998 through 2001 (46 months per precinct, n=138 ); b) precinct level arrest and court case filings for criminal incidents that took place in Red Hook and other Kings County locations for two distinct time periods (the third quarter of 1998, (n = 19,296) and the first quarter of 2001, (n = 22,988)); and c) court case data from the Red Hook Community Justice Center (hereafter, RHCJC) 2000 through 2001 (51 weeks, n=4,088). Several different types of complementary analyses, including HLM, contrasted changes in case types and defendant characteristics in the study locale over time associated with this community-oriented form of prosecution. The analyses also compared these changes to the caseloads from neighboring communities that did not have access to this innovation, where cases were processed in the traditional manner. Specific hypotheses tested about the effects of the community prosecution innovation included the following: 1) Implementation of the community prosecution initiative via the community court will result in an increase in the volume and/or proportion of arrests for minor offenses in precincts operating within the community court's jurisdiction. That increase will not be experienced by precincts not involved with the court. 2) The community prosecution strategy will draw defendants into the Red Hook criminal justice system who would not otherwise have been involved in the system, specifically including greater proportions of young minority males and individuals with no prior criminal histories. This research also involved a limited inquiry into how community members were responding to the community prosecution initiative. Given the purpose of community prosecution, to engage the community in handling its unique crime problems in an effort to make them feel safer, it was of interest to know whether there was any evidence that this happened in Red Hook. To that end, the research drew upon qualitative data, including: a) a series of non-probability based community surveys performed within the Red Hook jurisdiction in 1999 (n=980), 2000 (n=1,744) and 2001 (n=1,169) and b) two focus groups (n=12; n=18) conducted by this researcher in May of 2003. These other data sources provided context, allowing for better understanding the results of the analyses. Findings indicated slight effects of community prosecution in the anticipated direction: The volume of arrests from the Red Hook precincts (Data Set 1) increased slightly after the court was implemented. In addition, findings from the RHCJC caseload (Data Set 3) indicated that post-implementation, misdemeanor cases increased slightly but significantly. Comparisons of the post-implementation caseload filed from Red Hook precinct arrests with the control group (consisting of pre-implementation, Red Hook filings and both pre-and post-implementation filings from the arrests made by the rest of the Kings County precincts (Data Set 2)) indicated that the caseload proportion of misdemeanors in post-implementation Red Hook filings increased significantly when compared with the control group filings. In addition, analysis of Data Set 2 (comparison of caseload characteristics) indicated both a significant increase in the proportion of the post-implementation, Red Hook cases made up of Hispanic defendants, and a significant increase in the caseload proportion consisting of defendants with no prior record of criminal convictions. The primary findings from the qualitative data (Survey and Focus Group Data) indicated that community respondents appeared to be more satisfied with the court system and seemed to feel safer after the RHCJC was implemented. There was also some indication of race based differences in responses: White respondents seemed generally more positive about perceived post-implementation changes in Red Hook than minority respondents.
Temple University--Theses

Feministische Filmtheorien erforschen Kino als kulturelle Institution und untersuchen vor allem seine geschlechtsspezifischen Repräsentationsstrategien, seine Subjektivitätskonzepte und seine geschlechterdifferenten Produktions- und Rezeptionsbedingungen. Ihre Anfänge nahmen sie während der zweiten Frauenbewegung der 1960er Jahre. Gesucht werden u. a. Gegenentwürfe zur männlichen Perspektive populärer Filme, in denen Frauen als passive Objekte fungieren.

Feministische Filmtheorien erforschen Kino als kulturelle Institution und untersuchen vor allem seine geschlechtsspezifischen Repräsentationsstrategien, seine Subjektivitätskonzepte und seine geschlechterdifferenten Produktions- und Rezeptionsbedingungen. Ihre Anfänge nahmen sie während der zweiten Frauenbewegung der 1960er Jahre. Gesucht werden u. a. Gegenentwürfe zur männlichen Perspektive populärer Filme, in denen Frauen als passive Objekte fungieren.

Cette thèse de dimension internationale, n'a pas seulement l'objectif de restituer une histoire de la famille Foix-Béarn-Navarre à partir de leurs archives. Il s'agit plutôt de mettre en évidence les liens complexes entre la famille royale de Navarre et ses archives notamment entre le XVe siècle et le XVIIe siècle, en envisageant le statut et le rôle des archives constituées dans la construction de l'histoire, l'identité et la mémoire de cette maison entre la fin du Moyen Âge et le début de la période moderne.Pour la réalisation de cette thèse, nous avons étudié, entre autre, deux volumineux inventaires réalises au XVIe siècle qui nous ont permis de connaitre l'évolution de l'histoire des archives conservés à l'époque dans le trésor du château de Pau. Concrètement ces deux inventaires marquent une époque importante d'auto-affirmation du pouvoir de la famille royale de Navarre, car le premier des ces inventaires fut d'un grand intérêt pour cette famille dans le processus de création d'un État moderne en Béarn, sous le règne d'Henri II de Navarre, et le deuxième (réalise vers 1580-1582) fut le dernier inventaire de la souveraineté, car à partir de l'arrivé d'Henri III de Navarre au trône de France, les archives du trésor de ce château se fossilisèrent.Nous avons souligner au début de cette résumé la dimension internationale du sujet de cette thèse puisqu'une partie des archives de cette maison royale, conservée actuellement dans les ADPA est en étroite relation avec documents gardés à l'heure actuelle dans l'Archivo General de Navarre, situé à Pampelune. Ce sujet a été aussi peu étudiée que l'histoire, l'identité et la mémoire de la famille royale de Navarre sous les règnes de Catherine de Foix (1483-1517) et Henri II (1517-1555).L'organisation des archives fait partie de la construction politique des rois de Navarre, d'une identité politique dans laquelle le Béarn (avec la Navarre) exerce depuis la fin du XVe siècle un rôle prépondérant en tant que territoire indépendant au marge de France. C'est la politique menée par ces rois, qui explique le processus de centralisation dans le chartrier de Pau d'archives procédant de leurs divers domaines (même si la plupart d'entre eux sont des territoires dépendants de la Couronne de France).Enfin, nous voulons citer l'étude réalisé de l'évolution des techniques ou systèmes d'archivage de la documentation du trésor de chartes de Pau dans la longue durée : En ce qui concerne tout d’abord l'évolution des modèles de conservation, classement et description archivistique entre la fin du Moyen Âge et l'époque moderne, se met en place une organisation des archives de plus en plus claire et efficace. L'inventaire de la première moitié du XVIe siècle est divisée par les divers domaines familiales mais nous montre une pauvre organisation pauvre qui ne suit aucun ordre thématique et méthodique dans la façon dont les documents avaient été répertoriés. En revanche, le registre élaboré au début de la décennie 1580 suit une organisation plus méthodique, comme le prouve la division de chaque titre par chapitres thématiques, et la subdivision de chaque chapitre en liasses numérotés. En plus, à la différence des nombreux systèmes de cotation documentaire utilisés par les archivistes dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle, ceux qui ont élaboré l'inventaire du début de la décennie 1580 ont opté pour l’uniformisation d’un système de cotation numérique en chiffres romains.En ce qui concerne l'évolution des modèles de conservation, de classement et de description archivistique, cette étude nous explique aussi les systèmes successifs de cotation de la documentation du trésor de chartes de Pau en fonction des contextes dans lesquels ils ont été réalisés à l’époque moderne et plus particulièrement au XIXe siècle, à l'époque de la naissance de la dénommée comme l'archivistique moderne
This international-wide thesis(theory), has not only the objective to restore a history(story) of the family Foix-Béarn-Navarre from their archives. It is rather a question of highlighting the complex links between the royal family of Navarre and its archives in particular between XVth century and the XVIIth century, by envisaging the status and the role of archives established(constituted) in the construction of the history(story), the identity and the memory of this house between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern period.For the realization of this thesis(theory), we studied, among others, two voluminous inventories realize in the XVIth century who allowed us to know the evolution of the history(story) of archives kept(preserved) in the time(period) in the treasure of the castle of Pau. Concretely these two inventories mark an important time(period) of auto-assertion of the power of the royal family of Navarre, because the first one of these inventories was of a big interest for this family in the process of creation of a modern State with Béarn, under Henri II de Navarre's reign, and the second (realize by 1580-1582) was the last inventory of the sovereignty, because from the arrived of Henri III de Navarre in the throne of France, the archives of the treasure of this castle fossilized.We have to underline at the beginning of this summary the international dimension(size) of the subject of this thesis(theory) because a part(party) of the archives of this royal house, kept(preserved) at present in the ADPA is in narrow relation with documents kept(guarded) at the moment in Archivo General of Navarre, situated in Pamplona. This subject was little studied as well as the history(story), the identity and the memory of the royal family of Navarre under the reigns of Catherine de Foix ( 1483-1517 ) and Henri II ( 1517-1555 ).The organization of archives is a part of the political construction of kings of Navarre, of a political identity in which Béarn (with Navarre) exercises since the end of the XVth century a leading role as independent territory in margin of France. It is the politics led by these kings, that explains the process of centralization in the chartrier of Pau of archives proceeding of their diverse domains (even if most of them are territories dependent on the Crown of France).Finally, we want to quote the study realized by the evolution of techniques or archive systems of the documentation of the treasure of charters of Pau in the long lasting: as regards first of all the evolution of the models of preservation, classification(ranking) and the archival description between the end of the Middle Ages and the modern time(period), is set up an organization of the more and more clear and effective archives. The inventory of the first half of the XVIth century is divided by the diverse domains station wagons but shows us a poor poor organization which follows no thematic and methodical order in the way documents had been listed. On the other hand, the register developed at the beginning of decade 1580 follows a more methodical organization, as proves him(it) the division of every title by thematic chapters, and subdivision of every chapter in bundles numbered. Besides, unlike the numerous systems of documentary quotation used by the archivists in the first half of the XVIth century, those who developed the inventory of the beginning of decade 1580 opted for the standardization of a system of digital quotation in Roman numerals.As regards the evolution of the models of preservation, classification(ranking) and archival description, this study also explains us the successive systems of quotation of the documentation of the treasure of charters of Pau according to the contexts in which they were realized in the modern time(period) and more particularly in the XIXth century, at the time of the birth of the called(mentioned) as archival modern
Esta tesis de dimensión internacional no tiene como único objetivo restituir une historia de la familia Foix-Bearne-Navarra, a partir de sus archivos. Se trata más bien de poner en evidencia los complejos lazos entre la familia real de Navarra y sus archivos, principalmente entre los siglos XV -XVII, abordando el estatus y el papel de los archivos constituidos en la construcción de la historia, la identidad y la memoria de esta casa real entre el final de la Edad Media y el comienzo de la Edad Moderna.Para la realización de esta tesis, hemos estudiado, entre otros aspectos, dios voluminosos inventarios realizados en el siglo XVI, que nos han permitido conocer la evolución de los archivos conservados en el "trésor" del castillo de Pau. Ambos inventarios marcan una época importante de autoafirmación del poder de la familia real de Navarra, ya que el primero tuvo un gran interés para dicha familia en el proceso de creación de un Estado Moderno en Bearne, bajo el reinado de Enrique II de Navarra, y el segundo (realizado hacia 1580-1582) fue el último inventario de la soberanía, ya que a partir de la llegada de Enrique III de Navarra al trono de Francia, los archivos de Pau se fosilizaron.Hemos comentado al inicio de este resumen la dimensión internacional del sujeto de esta tesis, ya que una parte de los archivos de esta casa real, conservado actualmente en los ADPA está en estrecha relación con documentos custodiados en el Archivo General de Navarra, situado en Pamplona. Este tema ha sido tan poco estudiado como la historia, identidad y memoria de la familia real de Navarra bajo los reinados de Catalina de Foix (1483-1517) y Enrique II (1517-1555). La organización de los archivos forma parte de la construcción política de los reyes de los reyes de Navarra, de una identidad política en la que Bearne ejerce desde fines del siglo XV un papel preponderante (junto a Navarra) en tanto que territorio independiente al margen de Francia. La política desarrollada por estos reyes explica el proceso de centralización en el cartulario de Pau de archivos procedentes de sus diversos dominios (incluso si la mayor parte de los mismos son territorios dependientes de la Corona de Francia).Finalmente, queremos citar el estudio realizado de la evolución de las técnicas de archivo de la documentación del "tresor de chartes" de Pau en el tiempo : En primer lugar, en lo concerniente a la evolución de los modelos de conservación, clasificación y descripción archivística entre el fin de la Edad Media y la época moderna, se lleva a cabo una organización cada vez más clara y eficaz. El inventario de la primera mitad del siglo XVI está dividido por los diversos dominios familiares pero nos muestra una pobre organización que no sigue ningún orden temático ni metódico en la manera en la que los documentos son clasificados. Por el contrario, el registro elaborado a inicios de la década 1580 sigue una organización más metódica, como lo prueba la división de cada título en capítulos temáticos, y la subdivisión de cada capítulo en legajos numerados. Además, a diferencia de los numerosos sistemas de signaturas utilizados por los archivistas en la primera mitad del siglo XVI, quienes elaboraron el inventario de comienzos de los años 1580 optaron por la uniformización en un único sistema de signatura (utilizando las cifras romanas).En lo que concierne a la evolución de los modelos de conservación, de clasificación y de descripción archivística, este estudio nos explica también los sucesivos sistemas de signaturas de la documentación del "trésor de chartes" de Pau, en función de los contextos en los que fueron realizados en la época moderna y más particularmente en el siglo XIX, época del nacimiento de lo que conocemos como la archivística moderna

Background InVietnam, the proportion of people aged 60 and above has increased rapidly in recent decades. The majority live in rural areas where socioeconomic status is more disadvantaged than in urban areas.Vietnam’s economic status is improving but disparities in income and living conditions are widening between groups and regions. A consistent and emerging danger of communicable diseases and an increase of non-communicable diseases exist concurrently. The emigration of young people and the impact of other socioeconomic changes leave more elderly on their own and with less family support. Introduction of user fees and development of a private sector improve the coverage and quality of health care but increase household health expenditures and inequalities in health care. Life expectancy at birth has increased, but not much is known about changes during old age. There is a lack of evidence, particularly in rural settings, about health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among older people within the context of socioeconomic changes and health-sector reform. Knowledge of long-term elderly care needs in the community and the relevant models are still limited. To provide evidence for developing new policies and models of care, this thesis aimed to assess general health status, health care needs, and perspectives on future health care options for community-dwelling older people. Methods An abridged life table was used to estimate cohort life expectancies at old age from longitudinal data collected by FilaBavi DSS during 1999-2006. This covered 7,668 people aged 60 and above with 43,272 person-years. A 2007 cross-sectional survey was conducted among people aged 60 and over living in 2,240 households that were randomly selected from the FilaBavi DSS. Interviews used a structured questionnaire to assess HRQoL, daily care needs, and willingness to use and to pay for models of care. Participant and household socioeconomic characteristics were extracted from the 2007 DSS re-census. Differences in life expectancy are examined by socioeconomic factors. The EQ-5D index is calculated based on the time trade-off tariff. Distributions of study subjects by study variables are described with 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate analyses are performed to identify socioeconomic determinants of HRQoL, need of support, ADL index, and willingness to use and pay for models of care. In addition, four focus group discussions with the elderly, their household members, and community association representatives were conducted to explore perspectives on the use of services by applying content analysis. Results Life expectancy at age 60 increased by approximately one year from 1999-2002 to 2003-2006, but tended to decrease in the most vulnerable groups. There is a wide gap in life expectancy by poverty status and living arrangement. The sex gap in life expectancy is consistent across all socioeconomic groups and is wider among the more disadvantaged populations.  The EQ-5D index at old age is 0.876. Younger age groups, position as household head, working, literacy, and belonging to better wealth quintiles are determinants of higher HRQoL. Ageing has a primary influence on HRQoL that is mainly due to reduction in physical (rather than mental) functions. Being a household head and working at old age are advantageous for attaining better HRQoL in physical rather than psychological terms. Economic conditions affect HRQoL through sensory rather than physical functions. Long-term living conditions are more likely to affect HRQoL than short-term economic conditions. Dependence in instrumental or intellectual activities of daily living (ADLs) is more common than in basic ADLs. People who need complete help are fewer than those who need some help in almost all ADLs. Over two-fifths of people who needed help received enough support in all ADL dimensions. Children and grand-children are confirmed to be the main caregivers. Presence of chronic illness, age groups, sex, educational level, marital status, household membership, working status, household size, living arrangement, residential area, household wealth, and poverty status are determinants of the need for care. Use of mobile teams is the most requested service; the fewest respondents intend to use a nursing centre. Households expect to use services for their elderly to a greater extent than did the elderly themselves. Willingness to use services decreases when potential fees increase. The proportion of respondents who require free services is 2 to 3 times higher than those willing to pay full cost. Households are willing to pay more for day care and nursing centres than are the elderly. The elderly are more willing to pay for mobile teams than are their households. ADL index, age group, sex, literacy, marital status, living arrangement, head of household status, living area, working status, poverty and household wealth are factors related to willingness to use services.   Conclusions                                                                                         There is a trend of increasing life expectancy at older ages in ruralVietnam. Inequalities in life expectancy exist between socioeconomic groups. HRQoL at old age is at a high level, but varies substantially according to socioeconomic factors. An unmet need of daily care for older people remains. Family is the main source of support for care. Need for care is in more demand among disadvantaged groups.  Development of a social network for community-based long-term elderly care is needed. The network should focus on instrumental and intellectual ADLs rather than basic ADLs. Home-based care is more essential than institutionalized care. Community-based elderly care will be used and partly paid for if it is provided by the government or associations. The determinants of elderly health and care needs should be addressed by appropriate social and health policies with greater targeting of the poorest and most disadvantaged groups. Building capacity for health professionals and informal caregivers, as well as support for the most vulnerable elderly groups, is essential for providing and assessing the services.
Aging and Living Conditions Program
Vietnam-Sweden Collaborative Program in Health, SIDA/Sarec

abstract: The aims of the study are to investigate the relationship between density and social equity. Social equity is an important social goal with regard to urban development, especially smart growth and sustainable development; however, a definition of the concept of social equity from an urban planning perspective was still lacking. In response to these deficiencies, the study used quantitative and qualitative methods and synthesized multiple social and spatial perspectives to provide guidance for density and social equity planning, community design, and public policy. This study used data for the area of King County, Washington to explore the empirical relationship between density and social equity at the neighborhood level. In examining access to several facilities, this study found that distances to parks and grocery stores were shorter than those to other facilities, such as the library, hospital, police station, and fire station. In terms of the relationship between density and accessibility, the results show that higher density is associated with better accessibility in neighborhoods. Density is also positively associated with both income diversity and affordable housing for low-income families. In terms of the relationship between density and crime, density is positively associated with violent crime, while density is negatively associated with property crime. The findings of this study can aid in the development and evaluation of urban policy and density planning aimed at promoting social benefits in urban space. Therefore, this study is useful to a range of stakeholders, including urban planners, policy makers, residents, and social science researchers across different disciplines.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Geography 2014

The urban planning profession and the various professions associated with it (architecture, landscape architecture, real estate development, engineering, to name a few) play critical roles in shaping the urban fabric. Within these professions, it is important to understand the interplay of factors - economical, political, social, and/or environmental – that influence the way cities, and their citizens, develop in an increasingly urbanizing world. Urbanism presents both challenges and opportunities. Along with meeting the basic needs of any growing population, there is equally a goal among the urban planning profession to raise the standard of living. Additionally, questions on how to meet and absorb this change, while encouraging opportunities for new development, are of increasing concern to planners and other key stakeholders. As Patsey Healy has stated, “ ‘capacity’ and ‘quality’ (of land and property development) are central preoccupations of urban policy” (211). In order to meet these concerns, the planning profession requires more frequent and creative dialogues with the development community. If planners are concerned about better quality development, then it is crucial that they work more closely with those professions that are building the development projects. This requires a recognition of the potential to encourage a confluence of conflicting ideologies and values. The purpose of this paper is to examine the various factors that influence the interface between planning and development, and to see how these two professions can negotiate to establish policy objectives that provide better quality developments. This paper will also present a case study of a public-private partnership that was created for the 2007 North American Industrial and Office Properties (NAIOP) competition. The case study will demonstrate how one development proposal can suggest a mutually beneficial partnership between two key stakeholders: planners and developers.

The central hypothesis of this thesis is that aspects of the use of kinterms in Arandic languages (or dialects) are dependent upon pragmatic factors to do with broad levels of relationship beyond the genealogical, especially those between people and country, and between countries and Dreamings. It is suggested that other pragmatic factors such as the notions of closeness and distance are significant in determining the use of kinterms. Through an analysis of ‘unexpected’ uses of kinterms it is shown that systematic patterns of skewing exist in Arandic systems, and the factors which determine this are explored. Particular types of kin are marked by the use of specialised kinterms, by respectful codes of behaviour, and by the use of special registers.

碩士
玄奘大學
宗教與文化學系碩士在職專班
107
The research of this thesis is through the collection of literature, the review of previous research results, research methods and research framework. And the actual field investigation, to explore the development and current situation of the Sanshan King's faith in Hsinchu County, and based on the actual survey results, through interpretation and analysis, to present the connotation and culture of faith. The introduction mainly explains the research motivation, purpose, evolution, origin, development and belief of the Sanshan King's faith. An overview of the distribution of the beliefs of the Sanshan Kings in the development of the southeastern mountainous area of Hsinchu, the Datun Sanxiang, and the Zhudongyulin Hengshan, and the relationship between the local development history of Hsinchu County and the Sanshan King. The belief organization activities, administrative organization, sacrificial organization of the Sanshan King of Hsinchu County, the ceremonial organization of the temples, the sacrificial circle, the circle of faith, the Sanshan Kings Association of Hsinchu County, the conditions of various ceremonies, religious and cultural activities. From the activities of the Sanshan King's Faith Organization, observe the performance of the ceremonial activities in the ceremonial ceremonies, and analyze the development trend of the ceremonies in various regions. From the demonstration of the gods' beliefs in the temple, he analyzes the relationship between his god and the belief of the kings of the Three Mountains, and thus understands the evolution of the king of the Three Mountains. Conclusion, the above observations of the general section, and dialogue with scholars, explain the characteristics of the Sanshan King's faith in Hsinchu County, the transformation of a single belief. From the author's research process, the difficulties in research are proposed, and the direction in which future researchers can work hard is suggested. This study explores the development and current status of the Sanshan King's faith in Hsinchu County. Based on the actual survey results, interpretations and analysis, presents the connotation and culture of faith. Furthermore, this study illustrates the evolution, origin, development, and historical process of the beliefs of the Sanshan Kings in Hsinchu County. According to the different ceremonies of Sanshan Kings, to analyze the influence and understand the evolution of the Sanshan Kings.

碩士
玄奘大學
宗教學系碩士在職專班
102
This thesis is based on a research focused on the belief and development of San-Sun Kings around the Zhuolan Area in Miaoli County, which were explored through literature reviews, field researches, and in-depth interviews. In this thesis, five chapters were used to present the results. First of all, the motivations, purpose, methods and relevant literatures used of this research were explained in the first chapter. Then, the second chapter discusses the history, overview of human geography and settlement development in Zhuolan areas. Next, the origin of belief in San-Sun Kings was investigated. Also, historic development, important rituals, and the management committee’s structure and operation of Er-Lun Temple were organized and summarized. In the fourth chapter, belief and future development of San-Sun Kings were analyzed from six perspectives obtained from in-depth interviews including degrees of devoutness, narrations of inductions, religiously cognitive beliefs, religious behaviors, and their opinions toward the temple marketing and future development of the temple. Finally, recommendations and a conclusion were made using the key points obtained from the previous chapters. The results indicated that: 1. There are plenty religious activities and inductions. Also, there is a strong relationship between the belief in San-Sun Kings and local society. 2. San-Sun Kings, the gods protect new immigrants from aboriginal people and bless them for their successes in colonization, gradually turned into the almighty gods. 3. Er-Lun Temple, incorporated with local characteristics, actively engaged in social welfare activities. 4. The management Committee of Er-Lun Temple is lack of talented staffs who equipped with marketing skill to market temple using innovative and creative methods. Based on my research findings, regional folks beliefs are unceasingly altered both in quantity and quality with the progress of time. In order to enhance competitiveness and to achieve the objective of sustainable development of Er-Lun Temple, the organizational system of Er-Lun Temple should get rid of disputes of local religious factions, actively recruit talented individuals into the management committee, and incorporate with local characteristics.

碩士
國立屏東教育大學
數理教育研究所
101
The purpose of this study was to understand the performance of the fourth grade students in Pingtung County, and to compare the fourth grade students’ performance difference between different ethnic groups, areas, socioeconomic status and gender. By hierarchy cluster sampling method, this study selected 350 fourth grade students in Pingtung County. The instruments of the study were self-written tests on the subject of fraction. Based on the knowledge attributes of mathematics, the tests were classified into three sections: stating concepts, using procedures, and making connections. The main data collecting method was written tests. The data analysis of the study was through descriptive statistics and one-way multivariate analysis of variance. The results of the study showed the followings: 1. Fourth grade students in Pingtung County have the best performance in "using procedures" dimension, and followed by "stating concepts" dimension, and have the worst performance in "making connections" dimension. 2. The performance of fraction for three ethnic groups: "Han" students' performance was significantly better than the "New residents" students and "Aboriginal" students in the stating concepts; "Han" students' performance was significantly better than "Aboriginal" students in the using procedures; but in the making connections, the performance for students of three ethnic groups were no significant differences. 3. The performance of fraction for three areas: in the stating concepts, using procedures, and making connections, "city area" students' performance were significantly better than the "remote area" students and "special remote area" students, and there was no significant difference between "remote area" students and "special remote area" students. 4. The performance of fraction for students of different socioeconomic status: the "non-low socioeconomic status" students' performance was significantly better than "low socioeconomic status" students in the stating concepts; but in the using procedures and making connections, the performance for students of different socioeconomic status were no significant difference. 5. The performance of fraction for students of different genders: the performance for students of different genders were no significant difference in three kinds of knowledge attributes.

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2005.
Advisor: Dr. Marilyn J. Young, Florida State University, College of Communication, Dept. of Communication. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 27, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 113 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

碩士
銘傳大學
公共事務學系碩士在職專班
97
The purpose of this study is to understand whether the differences in student’s physical health , leisure athletic behavior, leisure athletic participation are the results of students’ gender and seniority. The study takes the students in Kin-Chen Junior High School as the population and quota sampling is used to select 400 students for this study. Major analytical methods used in this study include descriptive statistics, independent T-test, one way ANOVA, and Chi-Square test. Based on the 397 valid cases, the research findings are as follows: (1)Students’ gender and seniority are statistically significant in determining their physical fitness. (2)Students’ leisure athletic attitudes are influenced by their gender and seniority. (3)Students’ leisure athletics participation is influenced by their gender and seniority. (4)Students’ leisure athletic attitudes and leisure athletic participation are positively correlated. (5)There is a positive correlation between students’ leisure athletic attitude and physical fitness. (6)There is a positive correlation between students’ leisure athletic participation and physical fitness.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
90
Since 1998, the Government has continuously pushed for the creation of the “Townscape Plan” with the aim of improving the town’s development. For a long time, the Government has used a concentrated control mode to drive the plan. But that process had lost its direction, therefore the Central Government gave back the directing power to the County and the Town Committee. The Manual Study looks at past results and gives suggestions of new methods for the County and Town Committee in finding their answer. The Manual Study is based on the Kin Men County, which has a most diverse and complex example for Townscape. Kin Men is an isolated island that has many natural resources. In recent years, the Central Government created many authorities such as the County, the Town Committee, the Military and the National Park authorities. To be able to use the town’s unique features to create a new townscape, a long time is needed to plan and develop a worthy scheme. Thus the Manual Study helps to provide a base model of long term townscape planning. The plan includes a wide range of questions to help with the planning process. Such questions were placed upon the local authority and committee leaders, which in return generated such information like the unique features of the town. The Manual Study also examines the problems and results from past plans of the local authority. To create the base model of the townscape, we must also take into account the needs of the local authority and community. The Manual Study gives suggestions of new methods of approaching the problem, and assists to establish the new face of Townscaping.